util: import GTree as QTree

The only reason to add this implementation is to control the memory allocator
used. Some users (e.g. TCG) cannot work reliably in multi-threaded
environments (e.g. forking in user-mode) with GTree's allocator, GSlice.
See https://gitlab.com/qemu-project/qemu/-/issues/285 for details.

Importing GTree is a temporary workaround until GTree migrates away
from GSlice.

This implementation is identical to that in glib v2.75.0, except that
we don't import recent additions to the API nor deprecated API calls,
none of which are used in QEMU.

I've imported tests from glib and added a benchmark just to
make sure that performance is similar. Note: it cannot be identical
because (1) we are not using GSlice, (2) we use different compilation flags
(e.g. -fPIC) and (3) we're linking statically.

$ cat /proc/cpuinfo| grep 'model name' | head -1
model name      : AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 5850U with Radeon Graphics
$ echo '0' | sudo tee /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/boost
$ tests/bench/qtree-bench

 Tree         Op      32            1024            4096          131072         1048576
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GTree     Lookup   83.23           43.08           25.31           19.40           16.22
QTree     Lookup  113.42 (1.36x)   53.83 (1.25x)   28.38 (1.12x)   17.64 (0.91x)   13.04 (0.80x)
GTree     Insert   44.23           29.37           25.83           19.49           17.03
QTree     Insert   46.87 (1.06x)   25.62 (0.87x)   24.29 (0.94x)   16.83 (0.86x)   12.97 (0.76x)
GTree     Remove   53.27           35.15           31.43           24.64           16.70
QTree     Remove   57.32 (1.08x)   41.76 (1.19x)   38.37 (1.22x)   29.30 (1.19x)   15.07 (0.90x)
GTree  RemoveAll  135.44          127.52          126.72          120.11           64.34
QTree  RemoveAll  127.15 (0.94x)  110.37 (0.87x)  107.97 (0.85x)   97.13 (0.81x)   55.10 (0.86x)
GTree   Traverse  277.71          276.09          272.78          246.72           98.47
QTree   Traverse  370.33 (1.33x)  411.97 (1.49x)  400.23 (1.47x)  262.82 (1.07x)   78.52 (0.80x)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

As a sanity check, the same benchmark when Glib's version
is >= $glib_dropped_gslice_version (i.e. QTree == GTree):

 Tree         Op      32            1024            4096          131072         1048576
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GTree     Lookup   82.72           43.09           24.18           19.73           16.09
QTree     Lookup   81.82 (0.99x)   43.10 (1.00x)   24.20 (1.00x)   19.76 (1.00x)   16.26 (1.01x)
GTree     Insert   45.07           29.62           26.34           19.90           17.18
QTree     Insert   45.72 (1.01x)   29.60 (1.00x)   26.38 (1.00x)   19.71 (0.99x)   17.20 (1.00x)
GTree     Remove   54.48           35.36           31.77           24.97           16.95
QTree     Remove   54.46 (1.00x)   35.32 (1.00x)   31.77 (1.00x)   24.91 (1.00x)   17.15 (1.01x)
GTree  RemoveAll  140.68          127.36          125.43          121.45           68.20
QTree  RemoveAll  140.65 (1.00x)  127.64 (1.00x)  125.01 (1.00x)  121.73 (1.00x)   67.06 (0.98x)
GTree   Traverse  278.68          276.05          266.75          251.65          104.93
QTree   Traverse  278.31 (1.00x)  275.78 (1.00x)  266.42 (1.00x)  247.89 (0.99x)  104.58 (1.00x)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Signed-off-by: Emilio Cota <cota@braap.org>
Message-Id: <20230205163758.416992-2-cota@braap.org>
Signed-off-by: Richard Henderson <richard.henderson@linaro.org>

9 files changed, 2235 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/configure b/configure
index 05bed4f4a1..800b5850f4 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -231,6 +231,7 @@ safe_stack=""
 use_containers="yes"
 gdb_bin=$(command -v "gdb-multiarch" || command -v "gdb")
 gdb_arches=""
+glib_has_gslice="no"
 
 if test -e "$source_path/.git"
 then
@@ -1494,6 +1495,17 @@ for i in $glib_modules; do
     fi
 done
 
+# Check whether glib has gslice, which we have to avoid for correctness.
+# TODO: remove this check and the corresponding workaround (qtree) when
+# the minimum supported glib is >= $glib_dropped_gslice_version.
+glib_dropped_gslice_version=2.75.3
+for i in $glib_modules; do
+    if ! $pkg_config --atleast-version=$glib_dropped_gslice_version $i; then
+        glib_has_gslice="yes"
+	break
+    fi
+done
+
 glib_bindir="$($pkg_config --variable=bindir glib-2.0)"
 if test -z "$glib_bindir" ; then
 	glib_bindir="$($pkg_config --variable=prefix glib-2.0)"/bin
@@ -2420,6 +2432,9 @@ echo "GLIB_CFLAGS=$glib_cflags" >> $config_host_mak
 echo "GLIB_LIBS=$glib_libs" >> $config_host_mak
 echo "GLIB_BINDIR=$glib_bindir" >> $config_host_mak
 echo "GLIB_VERSION=$($pkg_config --modversion glib-2.0)" >> $config_host_mak
+if test "$glib_has_gslice" = "yes" ; then
+    echo "HAVE_GLIB_WITH_SLICE_ALLOCATOR=y" >> $config_host_mak
+fi
 echo "QEMU_LDFLAGS=$QEMU_LDFLAGS" >> $config_host_mak
 echo "EXESUF=$EXESUF" >> $config_host_mak
 
diff --git a/include/qemu/qtree.h b/include/qemu/qtree.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..69fe74b50d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/qemu/qtree.h
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+/*
+ * GLIB - Library of useful routines for C programming
+ * Copyright (C) 1995-1997  Peter Mattis, Spencer Kimball and Josh MacDonald
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Modified by the GLib Team and others 1997-2000.  See the AUTHORS
+ * file for a list of people on the GLib Team.  See the ChangeLog
+ * files for a list of changes.  These files are distributed with
+ * GLib at ftp://ftp.gtk.org/pub/gtk/.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * QTree is a partial import of Glib's GTree. The parts excluded correspond
+ * to API calls either deprecated (e.g. g_tree_traverse) or recently added
+ * (e.g. g_tree_search_node, added in 2.68); neither have callers in QEMU.
+ *
+ * The reason for this import is to allow us to control the memory allocator
+ * used by the tree implementation. Until Glib 2.75.3, GTree uses Glib's
+ * slice allocator, which causes problems when forking in user-mode;
+ * see https://gitlab.com/qemu-project/qemu/-/issues/285 and glib's
+ * "45b5a6c1e gslice: Remove slice allocator and use malloc() instead".
+ *
+ * TODO: remove QTree when QEMU's minimum Glib version is >= 2.75.3.
+ */
+
+#ifndef QEMU_QTREE_H
+#define QEMU_QTREE_H
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_GLIB_WITH_SLICE_ALLOCATOR
+
+typedef struct _QTree  QTree;
+
+typedef struct _QTreeNode QTreeNode;
+
+typedef gboolean (*QTraverseNodeFunc)(QTreeNode *node,
+                                      gpointer user_data);
+
+/*
+ * Balanced binary trees
+ */
+QTree *q_tree_new(GCompareFunc key_compare_func);
+QTree *q_tree_new_with_data(GCompareDataFunc key_compare_func,
+                            gpointer key_compare_data);
+QTree *q_tree_new_full(GCompareDataFunc key_compare_func,
+                       gpointer key_compare_data,
+                       GDestroyNotify key_destroy_func,
+                       GDestroyNotify value_destroy_func);
+QTree *q_tree_ref(QTree *tree);
+void q_tree_unref(QTree *tree);
+void q_tree_destroy(QTree *tree);
+void q_tree_insert(QTree *tree,
+                   gpointer key,
+                   gpointer value);
+void q_tree_replace(QTree *tree,
+                    gpointer key,
+                    gpointer value);
+gboolean q_tree_remove(QTree *tree,
+                       gconstpointer key);
+gboolean q_tree_steal(QTree *tree,
+                      gconstpointer key);
+gpointer q_tree_lookup(QTree *tree,
+                       gconstpointer key);
+gboolean q_tree_lookup_extended(QTree *tree,
+                                gconstpointer lookup_key,
+                                gpointer *orig_key,
+                                gpointer *value);
+void q_tree_foreach(QTree *tree,
+                    GTraverseFunc func,
+                    gpointer user_data);
+gpointer q_tree_search(QTree *tree,
+                       GCompareFunc search_func,
+                       gconstpointer user_data);
+gint q_tree_height(QTree *tree);
+gint q_tree_nnodes(QTree *tree);
+
+#else /* !HAVE_GLIB_WITH_SLICE_ALLOCATOR */
+
+typedef GTree QTree;
+typedef GTreeNode QTreeNode;
+typedef GTraverseNodeFunc QTraverseNodeFunc;
+
+static inline QTree *q_tree_new(GCompareFunc key_compare_func)
+{
+    return g_tree_new(key_compare_func);
+}
+
+static inline QTree *q_tree_new_with_data(GCompareDataFunc key_compare_func,
+                                          gpointer key_compare_data)
+{
+    return g_tree_new_with_data(key_compare_func, key_compare_data);
+}
+
+static inline QTree *q_tree_new_full(GCompareDataFunc key_compare_func,
+                                     gpointer key_compare_data,
+                                     GDestroyNotify key_destroy_func,
+                                     GDestroyNotify value_destroy_func)
+{
+    return g_tree_new_full(key_compare_func, key_compare_data,
+                           key_destroy_func, value_destroy_func);
+}
+
+static inline QTree *q_tree_ref(QTree *tree)
+{
+    return g_tree_ref(tree);
+}
+
+static inline void q_tree_unref(QTree *tree)
+{
+    g_tree_unref(tree);
+}
+
+static inline void q_tree_destroy(QTree *tree)
+{
+    g_tree_destroy(tree);
+}
+
+static inline void q_tree_insert(QTree *tree,
+                                 gpointer key,
+                                 gpointer value)
+{
+    g_tree_insert(tree, key, value);
+}
+
+static inline void q_tree_replace(QTree *tree,
+                                  gpointer key,
+                                  gpointer value)
+{
+    g_tree_replace(tree, key, value);
+}
+
+static inline gboolean q_tree_remove(QTree *tree,
+                                     gconstpointer key)
+{
+    return g_tree_remove(tree, key);
+}
+
+static inline gboolean q_tree_steal(QTree *tree,
+                                    gconstpointer key)
+{
+    return g_tree_steal(tree, key);
+}
+
+static inline gpointer q_tree_lookup(QTree *tree,
+                                     gconstpointer key)
+{
+    return g_tree_lookup(tree, key);
+}
+
+static inline gboolean q_tree_lookup_extended(QTree *tree,
+                                              gconstpointer lookup_key,
+                                              gpointer *orig_key,
+                                              gpointer *value)
+{
+    return g_tree_lookup_extended(tree, lookup_key, orig_key, value);
+}
+
+static inline void q_tree_foreach(QTree *tree,
+                                  GTraverseFunc func,
+                                  gpointer user_data)
+{
+    return g_tree_foreach(tree, func, user_data);
+}
+
+static inline gpointer q_tree_search(QTree *tree,
+                                     GCompareFunc search_func,
+                                     gconstpointer user_data)
+{
+    return g_tree_search(tree, search_func, user_data);
+}
+
+static inline gint q_tree_height(QTree *tree)
+{
+    return g_tree_height(tree);
+}
+
+static inline gint q_tree_nnodes(QTree *tree)
+{
+    return g_tree_nnodes(tree);
+}
+
+#endif /* HAVE_GLIB_WITH_SLICE_ALLOCATOR */
+
+#endif /* QEMU_QTREE_H */
diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
index 29f8644d6d..c44d05a13f 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -508,6 +508,10 @@ glib = declare_dependency(compile_args: config_host['GLIB_CFLAGS'].split(),
                           })
 # override glib dep with the configure results (for subprojects)
 meson.override_dependency('glib-2.0', glib)
+# pass down whether Glib has the slice allocator
+if config_host.has_key('HAVE_GLIB_WITH_SLICE_ALLOCATOR')
+  config_host_data.set('HAVE_GLIB_WITH_SLICE_ALLOCATOR', true)
+endif
 
 gio = not_found
 gdbus_codegen = not_found
diff --git a/tests/bench/meson.build b/tests/bench/meson.build
index 7477a1f401..4e6b469066 100644
--- a/tests/bench/meson.build
+++ b/tests/bench/meson.build
@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ xbzrle_bench = executable('xbzrle-bench',
                        dependencies: [qemuutil,migration])
 endif
 
+qtree_bench = executable('qtree-bench',
+                         sources: 'qtree-bench.c',
+                         dependencies: [qemuutil])
+
 executable('atomic_add-bench',
            sources: files('atomic_add-bench.c'),
            dependencies: [qemuutil],
diff --git a/tests/bench/qtree-bench.c b/tests/bench/qtree-bench.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f3d7edc76d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/bench/qtree-bench.c
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "qemu/qtree.h"
+#include "qemu/timer.h"
+
+enum tree_op {
+    OP_LOOKUP,
+    OP_INSERT,
+    OP_REMOVE,
+    OP_REMOVE_ALL,
+    OP_TRAVERSE,
+};
+
+struct benchmark {
+    const char * const name;
+    enum tree_op op;
+    bool fill_on_init;
+};
+
+enum impl_type {
+    IMPL_GTREE,
+    IMPL_QTREE,
+};
+
+struct tree_implementation {
+    const char * const name;
+    enum impl_type type;
+};
+
+static const struct benchmark benchmarks[] = {
+    {
+        .name = "Lookup",
+        .op = OP_LOOKUP,
+        .fill_on_init = true,
+    },
+    {
+        .name = "Insert",
+        .op = OP_INSERT,
+        .fill_on_init = false,
+    },
+    {
+        .name = "Remove",
+        .op = OP_REMOVE,
+        .fill_on_init = true,
+    },
+    {
+        .name = "RemoveAll",
+        .op = OP_REMOVE_ALL,
+        .fill_on_init = true,
+    },
+    {
+        .name = "Traverse",
+        .op = OP_TRAVERSE,
+        .fill_on_init = true,
+    },
+};
+
+static const struct tree_implementation impls[] = {
+    {
+        .name = "GTree",
+        .type = IMPL_GTREE,
+    },
+    {
+        .name = "QTree",
+        .type = IMPL_QTREE,
+    },
+};
+
+static int compare_func(const void *ap, const void *bp)
+{
+    const size_t *a = ap;
+    const size_t *b = bp;
+
+    return *a - *b;
+}
+
+static void init_empty_tree_and_keys(enum impl_type impl,
+                                     void **ret_tree, size_t **ret_keys,
+                                     size_t n_elems)
+{
+    size_t *keys = g_malloc_n(n_elems, sizeof(*keys));
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n_elems; i++) {
+        keys[i] = i;
+    }
+
+    void *tree;
+    switch (impl) {
+    case IMPL_GTREE:
+        tree = g_tree_new(compare_func);
+        break;
+    case IMPL_QTREE:
+        tree = q_tree_new(compare_func);
+        break;
+    default:
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+
+    *ret_tree = tree;
+    *ret_keys = keys;
+}
+
+static gboolean traverse_func(gpointer key, gpointer value, gpointer data)
+{
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+static inline void remove_all(void *tree, enum impl_type impl)
+{
+    switch (impl) {
+    case IMPL_GTREE:
+        g_tree_destroy(tree);
+        break;
+    case IMPL_QTREE:
+        q_tree_destroy(tree);
+        break;
+    default:
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+}
+
+static int64_t run_benchmark(const struct benchmark *bench,
+                             enum impl_type impl,
+                             size_t n_elems)
+{
+    void *tree;
+    size_t *keys;
+
+    init_empty_tree_and_keys(impl, &tree, &keys, n_elems);
+    if (bench->fill_on_init) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < n_elems; i++) {
+            switch (impl) {
+            case IMPL_GTREE:
+                g_tree_insert(tree, &keys[i], &keys[i]);
+                break;
+            case IMPL_QTREE:
+                q_tree_insert(tree, &keys[i], &keys[i]);
+                break;
+            default:
+                g_assert_not_reached();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    int64_t start_ns = get_clock();
+    switch (bench->op) {
+    case OP_LOOKUP:
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < n_elems; i++) {
+            void *value;
+            switch (impl) {
+            case IMPL_GTREE:
+                value = g_tree_lookup(tree, &keys[i]);
+                break;
+            case IMPL_QTREE:
+                value = q_tree_lookup(tree, &keys[i]);
+                break;
+            default:
+                g_assert_not_reached();
+            }
+            (void)value;
+        }
+        break;
+    case OP_INSERT:
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < n_elems; i++) {
+            switch (impl) {
+            case IMPL_GTREE:
+                g_tree_insert(tree, &keys[i], &keys[i]);
+                break;
+            case IMPL_QTREE:
+                q_tree_insert(tree, &keys[i], &keys[i]);
+                break;
+            default:
+                g_assert_not_reached();
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+    case OP_REMOVE:
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < n_elems; i++) {
+            switch (impl) {
+            case IMPL_GTREE:
+                g_tree_remove(tree, &keys[i]);
+                break;
+            case IMPL_QTREE:
+                q_tree_remove(tree, &keys[i]);
+                break;
+            default:
+                g_assert_not_reached();
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+    case OP_REMOVE_ALL:
+        remove_all(tree, impl);
+        break;
+    case OP_TRAVERSE:
+        switch (impl) {
+        case IMPL_GTREE:
+            g_tree_foreach(tree, traverse_func, NULL);
+            break;
+        case IMPL_QTREE:
+            q_tree_foreach(tree, traverse_func, NULL);
+            break;
+        default:
+            g_assert_not_reached();
+        }
+        break;
+    default:
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+    int64_t ns = get_clock() - start_ns;
+
+    if (bench->op != OP_REMOVE_ALL) {
+        remove_all(tree, impl);
+    }
+    g_free(keys);
+
+    return ns;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+    size_t sizes[] = {
+        32,
+        1024,
+        1024 * 4,
+        1024 * 128,
+        1024 * 1024,
+    };
+
+    double res[ARRAY_SIZE(benchmarks)][ARRAY_SIZE(impls)][ARRAY_SIZE(sizes)];
+    for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(sizes); i++) {
+        size_t size = sizes[i];
+        for (int j = 0; j < ARRAY_SIZE(impls); j++) {
+            const struct tree_implementation *impl = &impls[j];
+            for (int k = 0; k < ARRAY_SIZE(benchmarks); k++) {
+                const struct benchmark *bench = &benchmarks[k];
+
+                /* warm-up run */
+                run_benchmark(bench, impl->type, size);
+
+                int64_t total_ns = 0;
+                int64_t n_runs = 0;
+                while (total_ns < 2e8 || n_runs < 5) {
+                    total_ns += run_benchmark(bench, impl->type, size);
+                    n_runs++;
+                }
+                double ns_per_run = (double)total_ns / n_runs;
+
+                /* Throughput, in Mops/s */
+                res[k][j][i] = size / ns_per_run * 1e3;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    printf("# Results' breakdown: Tree, Op and #Elements. Units: Mops/s\n");
+    printf("%5s %10s ", "Tree", "Op");
+    for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(sizes); i++) {
+        printf("%7zu         ", sizes[i]);
+    }
+    printf("\n");
+    char separator[97];
+    for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(separator) - 1; i++) {
+        separator[i] = '-';
+    }
+    separator[ARRAY_SIZE(separator) - 1] = '\0';
+    printf("%s\n", separator);
+    for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(benchmarks); i++) {
+        for (int j = 0; j < ARRAY_SIZE(impls); j++) {
+            printf("%5s %10s ", impls[j].name, benchmarks[i].name);
+            for (int k = 0; k < ARRAY_SIZE(sizes); k++) {
+                printf("%7.2f ", res[i][j][k]);
+                if (j == 0) {
+                    printf("        ");
+                } else {
+                    if (res[i][0][k] != 0) {
+                        double speedup = res[i][j][k] / res[i][0][k];
+                        printf("(%4.2fx) ", speedup);
+                    } else {
+                        printf("(     ) ");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            printf("\n");
+        }
+    }
+    printf("%s\n", separator);
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/meson.build b/tests/unit/meson.build
index fa63cfe6ff..3bc78d8660 100644
--- a/tests/unit/meson.build
+++ b/tests/unit/meson.build
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ tests = {
   'test-rcu-slist': [],
   'test-qdist': [],
   'test-qht': [],
+  'test-qtree': [],
   'test-bitops': [],
   'test-bitcnt': [],
   'test-qgraph': ['../qtest/libqos/qgraph.c'],
diff --git a/tests/unit/test-qtree.c b/tests/unit/test-qtree.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d836d22c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/test-qtree.c
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+ *
+ * Tests for QTree.
+ * Original source: glib
+ *   https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/glib/-/blob/main/glib/tests/tree.c
+ *   LGPL license.
+ *   Copyright (C) 1995-1997 Peter Mattis, Spencer Kimball and Josh MacDonald
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "qemu/qtree.h"
+
+static gint my_compare(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b)
+{
+    const char *cha = a;
+    const char *chb = b;
+
+    return *cha - *chb;
+}
+
+static gint my_compare_with_data(gconstpointer a,
+                                 gconstpointer b,
+                                 gpointer user_data)
+{
+    const char *cha = a;
+    const char *chb = b;
+
+    /* just check that we got the right data */
+    g_assert(GPOINTER_TO_INT(user_data) == 123);
+
+    return *cha - *chb;
+}
+
+static gint my_search(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b)
+{
+    return my_compare(b, a);
+}
+
+static gpointer destroyed_key;
+static gpointer destroyed_value;
+static guint destroyed_key_count;
+static guint destroyed_value_count;
+
+static void my_key_destroy(gpointer key)
+{
+    destroyed_key = key;
+    destroyed_key_count++;
+}
+
+static void my_value_destroy(gpointer value)
+{
+    destroyed_value = value;
+    destroyed_value_count++;
+}
+
+static gint my_traverse(gpointer key, gpointer value, gpointer data)
+{
+    char *ch = key;
+
+    g_assert((*ch) > 0);
+
+    if (*ch == 'd') {
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+char chars[] =
+    "0123456789"
+    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+    "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+
+char chars2[] =
+    "0123456789"
+    "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+
+static gint check_order(gpointer key, gpointer value, gpointer data)
+{
+    char **p = data;
+    char *ch = key;
+
+    g_assert(**p == *ch);
+
+    (*p)++;
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+static void test_tree_search(void)
+{
+    gint i;
+    QTree *tree;
+    gboolean removed;
+    gchar c;
+    gchar *p, *d;
+
+    tree = q_tree_new_with_data(my_compare_with_data, GINT_TO_POINTER(123));
+
+    for (i = 0; chars[i]; i++) {
+        q_tree_insert(tree, &chars[i], &chars[i]);
+    }
+
+    q_tree_foreach(tree, my_traverse, NULL);
+
+    g_assert(q_tree_nnodes(tree) == strlen(chars));
+    g_assert(q_tree_height(tree) == 6);
+
+    p = chars;
+    q_tree_foreach(tree, check_order, &p);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
+        removed = q_tree_remove(tree, &chars[i + 10]);
+        g_assert(removed);
+    }
+
+    c = '\0';
+    removed = q_tree_remove(tree, &c);
+    g_assert(!removed);
+
+    q_tree_foreach(tree, my_traverse, NULL);
+
+    g_assert(q_tree_nnodes(tree) == strlen(chars2));
+    g_assert(q_tree_height(tree) == 6);
+
+    p = chars2;
+    q_tree_foreach(tree, check_order, &p);
+
+    for (i = 25; i >= 0; i--) {
+        q_tree_insert(tree, &chars[i + 10], &chars[i + 10]);
+    }
+
+    p = chars;
+    q_tree_foreach(tree, check_order, &p);
+
+    c = '0';
+    p = q_tree_lookup(tree, &c);
+    g_assert(p && *p == c);
+    g_assert(q_tree_lookup_extended(tree, &c, (gpointer *)&d, (gpointer *)&p));
+    g_assert(c == *d && c == *p);
+
+    c = 'A';
+    p = q_tree_lookup(tree, &c);
+    g_assert(p && *p == c);
+
+    c = 'a';
+    p = q_tree_lookup(tree, &c);
+    g_assert(p && *p == c);
+
+    c = 'z';
+    p = q_tree_lookup(tree, &c);
+    g_assert(p && *p == c);
+
+    c = '!';
+    p = q_tree_lookup(tree, &c);
+    g_assert(p == NULL);
+
+    c = '=';
+    p = q_tree_lookup(tree, &c);
+    g_assert(p == NULL);
+
+    c = '|';
+    p = q_tree_lookup(tree, &c);
+    g_assert(p == NULL);
+
+    c = '0';
+    p = q_tree_search(tree, my_search, &c);
+    g_assert(p && *p == c);
+
+    c = 'A';
+    p = q_tree_search(tree, my_search, &c);
+    g_assert(p && *p == c);
+
+    c = 'a';
+    p = q_tree_search(tree, my_search, &c);
+    g_assert(p && *p == c);
+
+    c = 'z';
+    p = q_tree_search(tree, my_search, &c);
+    g_assert(p && *p == c);
+
+    c = '!';
+    p = q_tree_search(tree, my_search, &c);
+    g_assert(p == NULL);
+
+    c = '=';
+    p = q_tree_search(tree, my_search, &c);
+    g_assert(p == NULL);
+
+    c = '|';
+    p = q_tree_search(tree, my_search, &c);
+    g_assert(p == NULL);
+
+    q_tree_destroy(tree);
+}
+
+static void test_tree_remove(void)
+{
+    QTree *tree;
+    char c, d;
+    gint i;
+    gboolean removed;
+
+    tree = q_tree_new_full((GCompareDataFunc)my_compare, NULL,
+                           my_key_destroy,
+                           my_value_destroy);
+
+    for (i = 0; chars[i]; i++) {
+        q_tree_insert(tree, &chars[i], &chars[i]);
+    }
+
+    c = '0';
+    q_tree_insert(tree, &c, &c);
+    g_assert(destroyed_key == &c);
+    g_assert(destroyed_value == &chars[0]);
+    destroyed_key = NULL;
+    destroyed_value = NULL;
+
+    d = '1';
+    q_tree_replace(tree, &d, &d);
+    g_assert(destroyed_key == &chars[1]);
+    g_assert(destroyed_value == &chars[1]);
+    destroyed_key = NULL;
+    destroyed_value = NULL;
+
+    c = '2';
+    removed = q_tree_remove(tree, &c);
+    g_assert(removed);
+    g_assert(destroyed_key == &chars[2]);
+    g_assert(destroyed_value == &chars[2]);
+    destroyed_key = NULL;
+    destroyed_value = NULL;
+
+    c = '3';
+    removed = q_tree_steal(tree, &c);
+    g_assert(removed);
+    g_assert(destroyed_key == NULL);
+    g_assert(destroyed_value == NULL);
+
+    const gchar *remove = "omkjigfedba";
+    for (i = 0; remove[i]; i++) {
+        removed = q_tree_remove(tree, &remove[i]);
+        g_assert(removed);
+    }
+
+    q_tree_destroy(tree);
+}
+
+static void test_tree_destroy(void)
+{
+    QTree *tree;
+    gint i;
+
+    tree = q_tree_new(my_compare);
+
+    for (i = 0; chars[i]; i++) {
+        q_tree_insert(tree, &chars[i], &chars[i]);
+    }
+
+    g_assert(q_tree_nnodes(tree) == strlen(chars));
+
+    g_test_message("nnodes: %d", q_tree_nnodes(tree));
+    q_tree_ref(tree);
+    q_tree_destroy(tree);
+
+    g_test_message("nnodes: %d", q_tree_nnodes(tree));
+    g_assert(q_tree_nnodes(tree) == 0);
+
+    q_tree_unref(tree);
+}
+
+static void test_tree_insert(void)
+{
+    QTree *tree;
+    gchar *p;
+    gint i;
+    gchar *scrambled;
+
+    tree = q_tree_new(my_compare);
+
+    for (i = 0; chars[i]; i++) {
+        q_tree_insert(tree, &chars[i], &chars[i]);
+    }
+    p = chars;
+    q_tree_foreach(tree, check_order, &p);
+
+    q_tree_unref(tree);
+    tree = q_tree_new(my_compare);
+
+    for (i = strlen(chars) - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        q_tree_insert(tree, &chars[i], &chars[i]);
+    }
+    p = chars;
+    q_tree_foreach(tree, check_order, &p);
+
+    q_tree_unref(tree);
+    tree = q_tree_new(my_compare);
+
+    scrambled = g_strdup(chars);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
+        gchar tmp;
+        gint a, b;
+
+        a = g_random_int_range(0, strlen(scrambled));
+        b = g_random_int_range(0, strlen(scrambled));
+        tmp = scrambled[a];
+        scrambled[a] = scrambled[b];
+        scrambled[b] = tmp;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; scrambled[i]; i++) {
+        q_tree_insert(tree, &scrambled[i], &scrambled[i]);
+    }
+    p = chars;
+    q_tree_foreach(tree, check_order, &p);
+
+    g_free(scrambled);
+    q_tree_unref(tree);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+    g_test_init(&argc, &argv, NULL);
+
+    g_test_add_func("/qtree/search", test_tree_search);
+    g_test_add_func("/qtree/remove", test_tree_remove);
+    g_test_add_func("/qtree/destroy", test_tree_destroy);
+    g_test_add_func("/qtree/insert", test_tree_insert);
+
+    return g_test_run();
+}
diff --git a/util/meson.build b/util/meson.build
index 26c73e586b..3c2cfc6ede 100644
--- a/util/meson.build
+++ b/util/meson.build
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ util_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_WIN32', if_true: files('oslib-win32.c'))
 util_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_WIN32', if_true: files('qemu-thread-win32.c'))
 util_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_WIN32', if_true: winmm)
 util_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_WIN32', if_true: pathcch)
+util_ss.add(when: 'HAVE_GLIB_WITH_SLICE_ALLOCATOR', if_true: files('qtree.c'))
 util_ss.add(files('envlist.c', 'path.c', 'module.c'))
 util_ss.add(files('host-utils.c'))
 util_ss.add(files('bitmap.c', 'bitops.c'))
diff --git a/util/qtree.c b/util/qtree.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..deb46c187f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/qtree.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1390 @@
+/*
+ * GLIB - Library of useful routines for C programming
+ * Copyright (C) 1995-1997  Peter Mattis, Spencer Kimball and Josh MacDonald
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Modified by the GLib Team and others 1997-2000.  See the AUTHORS
+ * file for a list of people on the GLib Team.  See the ChangeLog
+ * files for a list of changes.  These files are distributed with
+ * GLib at ftp://ftp.gtk.org/pub/gtk/.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * MT safe
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "qemu/qtree.h"
+
+/**
+ * SECTION:trees-binary
+ * @title: Balanced Binary Trees
+ * @short_description: a sorted collection of key/value pairs optimized
+ *                     for searching and traversing in order
+ *
+ * The #QTree structure and its associated functions provide a sorted
+ * collection of key/value pairs optimized for searching and traversing
+ * in order. This means that most of the operations  (access, search,
+ * insertion, deletion, ...) on #QTree are O(log(n)) in average and O(n)
+ * in worst case for time complexity. But, note that maintaining a
+ * balanced sorted #QTree of n elements is done in time O(n log(n)).
+ *
+ * To create a new #QTree use q_tree_new().
+ *
+ * To insert a key/value pair into a #QTree use q_tree_insert()
+ * (O(n log(n))).
+ *
+ * To remove a key/value pair use q_tree_remove() (O(n log(n))).
+ *
+ * To look up the value corresponding to a given key, use
+ * q_tree_lookup() and q_tree_lookup_extended().
+ *
+ * To find out the number of nodes in a #QTree, use q_tree_nnodes(). To
+ * get the height of a #QTree, use q_tree_height().
+ *
+ * To traverse a #QTree, calling a function for each node visited in
+ * the traversal, use q_tree_foreach().
+ *
+ * To destroy a #QTree, use q_tree_destroy().
+ **/
+
+#define MAX_GTREE_HEIGHT 40
+
+/**
+ * QTree:
+ *
+ * The QTree struct is an opaque data structure representing a
+ * [balanced binary tree][glib-Balanced-Binary-Trees]. It should be
+ * accessed only by using the following functions.
+ */
+struct _QTree {
+    QTreeNode        *root;
+    GCompareDataFunc  key_compare;
+    GDestroyNotify    key_destroy_func;
+    GDestroyNotify    value_destroy_func;
+    gpointer          key_compare_data;
+    guint             nnodes;
+    gint              ref_count;
+};
+
+struct _QTreeNode {
+    gpointer   key;         /* key for this node */
+    gpointer   value;       /* value stored at this node */
+    QTreeNode *left;        /* left subtree */
+    QTreeNode *right;       /* right subtree */
+    gint8      balance;     /* height (right) - height (left) */
+    guint8     left_child;
+    guint8     right_child;
+};
+
+
+static QTreeNode *q_tree_node_new(gpointer       key,
+                                  gpointer       value);
+static QTreeNode *q_tree_insert_internal(QTree *tree,
+                                         gpointer key,
+                                         gpointer value,
+                                         gboolean replace);
+static gboolean   q_tree_remove_internal(QTree         *tree,
+                                         gconstpointer  key,
+                                         gboolean       steal);
+static QTreeNode *q_tree_node_balance(QTreeNode     *node);
+static QTreeNode *q_tree_find_node(QTree         *tree,
+                                   gconstpointer  key);
+static QTreeNode *q_tree_node_search(QTreeNode *node,
+                                     GCompareFunc search_func,
+                                     gconstpointer data);
+static QTreeNode *q_tree_node_rotate_left(QTreeNode     *node);
+static QTreeNode *q_tree_node_rotate_right(QTreeNode     *node);
+#ifdef Q_TREE_DEBUG
+static void       q_tree_node_check(QTreeNode     *node);
+#endif
+
+static QTreeNode*
+q_tree_node_new(gpointer key,
+                gpointer value)
+{
+    QTreeNode *node = g_new(QTreeNode, 1);
+
+    node->balance = 0;
+    node->left = NULL;
+    node->right = NULL;
+    node->left_child = FALSE;
+    node->right_child = FALSE;
+    node->key = key;
+    node->value = value;
+
+    return node;
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_new:
+ * @key_compare_func: the function used to order the nodes in the #QTree.
+ *   It should return values similar to the standard strcmp() function -
+ *   0 if the two arguments are equal, a negative value if the first argument
+ *   comes before the second, or a positive value if the first argument comes
+ *   after the second.
+ *
+ * Creates a new #QTree.
+ *
+ * Returns: a newly allocated #QTree
+ */
+QTree *
+q_tree_new(GCompareFunc key_compare_func)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(key_compare_func != NULL, NULL);
+
+    return q_tree_new_full((GCompareDataFunc) key_compare_func, NULL,
+                           NULL, NULL);
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_new_with_data:
+ * @key_compare_func: qsort()-style comparison function
+ * @key_compare_data: data to pass to comparison function
+ *
+ * Creates a new #QTree with a comparison function that accepts user data.
+ * See q_tree_new() for more details.
+ *
+ * Returns: a newly allocated #QTree
+ */
+QTree *
+q_tree_new_with_data(GCompareDataFunc key_compare_func,
+                     gpointer         key_compare_data)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(key_compare_func != NULL, NULL);
+
+    return q_tree_new_full(key_compare_func, key_compare_data,
+                           NULL, NULL);
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_new_full:
+ * @key_compare_func: qsort()-style comparison function
+ * @key_compare_data: data to pass to comparison function
+ * @key_destroy_func: a function to free the memory allocated for the key
+ *   used when removing the entry from the #QTree or %NULL if you don't
+ *   want to supply such a function
+ * @value_destroy_func: a function to free the memory allocated for the
+ *   value used when removing the entry from the #QTree or %NULL if you
+ *   don't want to supply such a function
+ *
+ * Creates a new #QTree like q_tree_new() and allows to specify functions
+ * to free the memory allocated for the key and value that get called when
+ * removing the entry from the #QTree.
+ *
+ * Returns: a newly allocated #QTree
+ */
+QTree *
+q_tree_new_full(GCompareDataFunc key_compare_func,
+                gpointer         key_compare_data,
+                GDestroyNotify   key_destroy_func,
+                GDestroyNotify   value_destroy_func)
+{
+    QTree *tree;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(key_compare_func != NULL, NULL);
+
+    tree = g_new(QTree, 1);
+    tree->root               = NULL;
+    tree->key_compare        = key_compare_func;
+    tree->key_destroy_func   = key_destroy_func;
+    tree->value_destroy_func = value_destroy_func;
+    tree->key_compare_data   = key_compare_data;
+    tree->nnodes             = 0;
+    tree->ref_count          = 1;
+
+    return tree;
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_node_first:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ *
+ * Returns the first in-order node of the tree, or %NULL
+ * for an empty tree.
+ *
+ * Returns: (nullable) (transfer none): the first node in the tree
+ *
+ * Since: 2.68 in GLib. Internal in Qtree, i.e. not in the public API.
+ */
+static QTreeNode *
+q_tree_node_first(QTree *tree)
+{
+    QTreeNode *tmp;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(tree != NULL, NULL);
+
+    if (!tree->root) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    tmp = tree->root;
+
+    while (tmp->left_child) {
+        tmp = tmp->left;
+    }
+
+    return tmp;
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_node_previous
+ * @node: a #QTree node
+ *
+ * Returns the previous in-order node of the tree, or %NULL
+ * if the passed node was already the first one.
+ *
+ * Returns: (nullable) (transfer none): the previous node in the tree
+ *
+ * Since: 2.68 in GLib. Internal in Qtree, i.e. not in the public API.
+ */
+static QTreeNode *
+q_tree_node_previous(QTreeNode *node)
+{
+    QTreeNode *tmp;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(node != NULL, NULL);
+
+    tmp = node->left;
+
+    if (node->left_child) {
+        while (tmp->right_child) {
+            tmp = tmp->right;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return tmp;
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_node_next
+ * @node: a #QTree node
+ *
+ * Returns the next in-order node of the tree, or %NULL
+ * if the passed node was already the last one.
+ *
+ * Returns: (nullable) (transfer none): the next node in the tree
+ *
+ * Since: 2.68 in GLib. Internal in Qtree, i.e. not in the public API.
+ */
+static QTreeNode *
+q_tree_node_next(QTreeNode *node)
+{
+    QTreeNode *tmp;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(node != NULL, NULL);
+
+    tmp = node->right;
+
+    if (node->right_child) {
+        while (tmp->left_child) {
+            tmp = tmp->left;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return tmp;
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_remove_all:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ *
+ * Removes all nodes from a #QTree and destroys their keys and values,
+ * then resets the #QTree’s root to %NULL.
+ *
+ * Since: 2.70 in GLib. Internal in Qtree, i.e. not in the public API.
+ */
+static void
+q_tree_remove_all(QTree *tree)
+{
+    QTreeNode *node;
+    QTreeNode *next;
+
+    g_return_if_fail(tree != NULL);
+
+    node = q_tree_node_first(tree);
+
+    while (node) {
+        next = q_tree_node_next(node);
+
+        if (tree->key_destroy_func) {
+            tree->key_destroy_func(node->key);
+        }
+        if (tree->value_destroy_func) {
+            tree->value_destroy_func(node->value);
+        }
+        g_free(node);
+
+#ifdef Q_TREE_DEBUG
+        g_assert(tree->nnodes > 0);
+        tree->nnodes--;
+#endif
+
+        node = next;
+    }
+
+#ifdef Q_TREE_DEBUG
+    g_assert(tree->nnodes == 0);
+#endif
+
+    tree->root = NULL;
+#ifndef Q_TREE_DEBUG
+    tree->nnodes = 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_ref:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ *
+ * Increments the reference count of @tree by one.
+ *
+ * It is safe to call this function from any thread.
+ *
+ * Returns: the passed in #QTree
+ *
+ * Since: 2.22
+ */
+QTree *
+q_tree_ref(QTree *tree)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(tree != NULL, NULL);
+
+    g_atomic_int_inc(&tree->ref_count);
+
+    return tree;
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_unref:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ *
+ * Decrements the reference count of @tree by one.
+ * If the reference count drops to 0, all keys and values will
+ * be destroyed (if destroy functions were specified) and all
+ * memory allocated by @tree will be released.
+ *
+ * It is safe to call this function from any thread.
+ *
+ * Since: 2.22
+ */
+void
+q_tree_unref(QTree *tree)
+{
+    g_return_if_fail(tree != NULL);
+
+    if (g_atomic_int_dec_and_test(&tree->ref_count)) {
+        q_tree_remove_all(tree);
+        g_free(tree);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_destroy:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ *
+ * Removes all keys and values from the #QTree and decreases its
+ * reference count by one. If keys and/or values are dynamically
+ * allocated, you should either free them first or create the #QTree
+ * using q_tree_new_full(). In the latter case the destroy functions
+ * you supplied will be called on all keys and values before destroying
+ * the #QTree.
+ */
+void
+q_tree_destroy(QTree *tree)
+{
+    g_return_if_fail(tree != NULL);
+
+    q_tree_remove_all(tree);
+    q_tree_unref(tree);
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_insert_node:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ * @key: the key to insert
+ * @value: the value corresponding to the key
+ *
+ * Inserts a key/value pair into a #QTree.
+ *
+ * If the given key already exists in the #QTree its corresponding value
+ * is set to the new value. If you supplied a @value_destroy_func when
+ * creating the #QTree, the old value is freed using that function. If
+ * you supplied a @key_destroy_func when creating the #QTree, the passed
+ * key is freed using that function.
+ *
+ * The tree is automatically 'balanced' as new key/value pairs are added,
+ * so that the distance from the root to every leaf is as small as possible.
+ * The cost of maintaining a balanced tree while inserting new key/value
+ * result in a O(n log(n)) operation where most of the other operations
+ * are O(log(n)).
+ *
+ * Returns: (transfer none): the inserted (or set) node.
+ *
+ * Since: 2.68 in GLib. Internal in Qtree, i.e. not in the public API.
+ */
+static QTreeNode *
+q_tree_insert_node(QTree    *tree,
+                   gpointer  key,
+                   gpointer  value)
+{
+    QTreeNode *node;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(tree != NULL, NULL);
+
+    node = q_tree_insert_internal(tree, key, value, FALSE);
+
+#ifdef Q_TREE_DEBUG
+    q_tree_node_check(tree->root);
+#endif
+
+    return node;
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_insert:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ * @key: the key to insert
+ * @value: the value corresponding to the key
+ *
+ * Inserts a key/value pair into a #QTree.
+ *
+ * Inserts a new key and value into a #QTree as q_tree_insert_node() does,
+ * only this function does not return the inserted or set node.
+ */
+void
+q_tree_insert(QTree    *tree,
+              gpointer  key,
+              gpointer  value)
+{
+    q_tree_insert_node(tree, key, value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_replace_node:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ * @key: the key to insert
+ * @value: the value corresponding to the key
+ *
+ * Inserts a new key and value into a #QTree similar to q_tree_insert_node().
+ * The difference is that if the key already exists in the #QTree, it gets
+ * replaced by the new key. If you supplied a @value_destroy_func when
+ * creating the #QTree, the old value is freed using that function. If you
+ * supplied a @key_destroy_func when creating the #QTree, the old key is
+ * freed using that function.
+ *
+ * The tree is automatically 'balanced' as new key/value pairs are added,
+ * so that the distance from the root to every leaf is as small as possible.
+ *
+ * Returns: (transfer none): the inserted (or set) node.
+ *
+ * Since: 2.68 in GLib. Internal in Qtree, i.e. not in the public API.
+ */
+static QTreeNode *
+q_tree_replace_node(QTree    *tree,
+                    gpointer  key,
+                    gpointer  value)
+{
+    QTreeNode *node;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(tree != NULL, NULL);
+
+    node = q_tree_insert_internal(tree, key, value, TRUE);
+
+#ifdef Q_TREE_DEBUG
+    q_tree_node_check(tree->root);
+#endif
+
+    return node;
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_replace:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ * @key: the key to insert
+ * @value: the value corresponding to the key
+ *
+ * Inserts a new key and value into a #QTree as q_tree_replace_node() does,
+ * only this function does not return the inserted or set node.
+ */
+void
+q_tree_replace(QTree    *tree,
+               gpointer  key,
+               gpointer  value)
+{
+    q_tree_replace_node(tree, key, value);
+}
+
+/* internal insert routine */
+static QTreeNode *
+q_tree_insert_internal(QTree    *tree,
+                       gpointer  key,
+                       gpointer  value,
+                       gboolean  replace)
+{
+    QTreeNode *node, *retnode;
+    QTreeNode *path[MAX_GTREE_HEIGHT];
+    int idx;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(tree != NULL, NULL);
+
+    if (!tree->root) {
+        tree->root = q_tree_node_new(key, value);
+        tree->nnodes++;
+        return tree->root;
+    }
+
+    idx = 0;
+    path[idx++] = NULL;
+    node = tree->root;
+
+    while (1) {
+        int cmp = tree->key_compare(key, node->key, tree->key_compare_data);
+
+        if (cmp == 0) {
+            if (tree->value_destroy_func) {
+                tree->value_destroy_func(node->value);
+            }
+
+            node->value = value;
+
+            if (replace) {
+                if (tree->key_destroy_func) {
+                    tree->key_destroy_func(node->key);
+                }
+
+                node->key = key;
+            } else {
+                /* free the passed key */
+                if (tree->key_destroy_func) {
+                    tree->key_destroy_func(key);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return node;
+        } else if (cmp < 0) {
+            if (node->left_child) {
+                path[idx++] = node;
+                node = node->left;
+            } else {
+                QTreeNode *child = q_tree_node_new(key, value);
+
+                child->left = node->left;
+                child->right = node;
+                node->left = child;
+                node->left_child = TRUE;
+                node->balance -= 1;
+
+                tree->nnodes++;
+
+                retnode = child;
+                break;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (node->right_child) {
+                path[idx++] = node;
+                node = node->right;
+            } else {
+                QTreeNode *child = q_tree_node_new(key, value);
+
+                child->right = node->right;
+                child->left = node;
+                node->right = child;
+                node->right_child = TRUE;
+                node->balance += 1;
+
+                tree->nnodes++;
+
+                retnode = child;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Restore balance. This is the goodness of a non-recursive
+     * implementation, when we are done with balancing we 'break'
+     * the loop and we are done.
+     */
+    while (1) {
+        QTreeNode *bparent = path[--idx];
+        gboolean left_node = (bparent && node == bparent->left);
+        g_assert(!bparent || bparent->left == node || bparent->right == node);
+
+        if (node->balance < -1 || node->balance > 1) {
+            node = q_tree_node_balance(node);
+            if (bparent == NULL) {
+                tree->root = node;
+            } else if (left_node) {
+                bparent->left = node;
+            } else {
+                bparent->right = node;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (node->balance == 0 || bparent == NULL) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (left_node) {
+            bparent->balance -= 1;
+        } else {
+            bparent->balance += 1;
+        }
+
+        node = bparent;
+    }
+
+    return retnode;
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_remove:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ * @key: the key to remove
+ *
+ * Removes a key/value pair from a #QTree.
+ *
+ * If the #QTree was created using q_tree_new_full(), the key and value
+ * are freed using the supplied destroy functions, otherwise you have to
+ * make sure that any dynamically allocated values are freed yourself.
+ * If the key does not exist in the #QTree, the function does nothing.
+ *
+ * The cost of maintaining a balanced tree while removing a key/value
+ * result in a O(n log(n)) operation where most of the other operations
+ * are O(log(n)).
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE if the key was found (prior to 2.8, this function
+ *     returned nothing)
+ */
+gboolean
+q_tree_remove(QTree         *tree,
+              gconstpointer  key)
+{
+    gboolean removed;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(tree != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    removed = q_tree_remove_internal(tree, key, FALSE);
+
+#ifdef Q_TREE_DEBUG
+    q_tree_node_check(tree->root);
+#endif
+
+    return removed;
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_steal:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ * @key: the key to remove
+ *
+ * Removes a key and its associated value from a #QTree without calling
+ * the key and value destroy functions.
+ *
+ * If the key does not exist in the #QTree, the function does nothing.
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE if the key was found (prior to 2.8, this function
+ *     returned nothing)
+ */
+gboolean
+q_tree_steal(QTree         *tree,
+             gconstpointer  key)
+{
+    gboolean removed;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(tree != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    removed = q_tree_remove_internal(tree, key, TRUE);
+
+#ifdef Q_TREE_DEBUG
+    q_tree_node_check(tree->root);
+#endif
+
+    return removed;
+}
+
+/* internal remove routine */
+static gboolean
+q_tree_remove_internal(QTree         *tree,
+                       gconstpointer  key,
+                       gboolean       steal)
+{
+    QTreeNode *node, *parent, *balance;
+    QTreeNode *path[MAX_GTREE_HEIGHT];
+    int idx;
+    gboolean left_node;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(tree != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    if (!tree->root) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    idx = 0;
+    path[idx++] = NULL;
+    node = tree->root;
+
+    while (1) {
+        int cmp = tree->key_compare(key, node->key, tree->key_compare_data);
+
+        if (cmp == 0) {
+            break;
+        } else if (cmp < 0) {
+            if (!node->left_child) {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+
+            path[idx++] = node;
+            node = node->left;
+        } else {
+            if (!node->right_child) {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+
+            path[idx++] = node;
+            node = node->right;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * The following code is almost equal to q_tree_remove_node,
+     * except that we do not have to call q_tree_node_parent.
+     */
+    balance = parent = path[--idx];
+    g_assert(!parent || parent->left == node || parent->right == node);
+    left_node = (parent && node == parent->left);
+
+    if (!node->left_child) {
+        if (!node->right_child) {
+            if (!parent) {
+                tree->root = NULL;
+            } else if (left_node) {
+                parent->left_child = FALSE;
+                parent->left = node->left;
+                parent->balance += 1;
+            } else {
+                parent->right_child = FALSE;
+                parent->right = node->right;
+                parent->balance -= 1;
+            }
+        } else {
+            /* node has a right child */
+            QTreeNode *tmp = q_tree_node_next(node);
+            tmp->left = node->left;
+
+            if (!parent) {
+                tree->root = node->right;
+            } else if (left_node) {
+                parent->left = node->right;
+                parent->balance += 1;
+            } else {
+                parent->right = node->right;
+                parent->balance -= 1;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        /* node has a left child */
+        if (!node->right_child) {
+            QTreeNode *tmp = q_tree_node_previous(node);
+            tmp->right = node->right;
+
+            if (parent == NULL) {
+                tree->root = node->left;
+            } else if (left_node) {
+                parent->left = node->left;
+                parent->balance += 1;
+            } else {
+                parent->right = node->left;
+                parent->balance -= 1;
+            }
+        } else {
+            /* node has a both children (pant, pant!) */
+            QTreeNode *prev = node->left;
+            QTreeNode *next = node->right;
+            QTreeNode *nextp = node;
+            int old_idx = idx + 1;
+            idx++;
+
+            /* path[idx] == parent */
+            /* find the immediately next node (and its parent) */
+            while (next->left_child) {
+                path[++idx] = nextp = next;
+                next = next->left;
+            }
+
+            path[old_idx] = next;
+            balance = path[idx];
+
+            /* remove 'next' from the tree */
+            if (nextp != node) {
+                if (next->right_child) {
+                    nextp->left = next->right;
+                } else {
+                    nextp->left_child = FALSE;
+                }
+                nextp->balance += 1;
+
+                next->right_child = TRUE;
+                next->right = node->right;
+            } else {
+                node->balance -= 1;
+            }
+
+            /* set the prev to point to the right place */
+            while (prev->right_child) {
+                prev = prev->right;
+            }
+            prev->right = next;
+
+            /* prepare 'next' to replace 'node' */
+            next->left_child = TRUE;
+            next->left = node->left;
+            next->balance = node->balance;
+
+            if (!parent) {
+                tree->root = next;
+            } else if (left_node) {
+                parent->left = next;
+            } else {
+                parent->right = next;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* restore balance */
+    if (balance) {
+        while (1) {
+            QTreeNode *bparent = path[--idx];
+            g_assert(!bparent ||
+                     bparent->left == balance ||
+                     bparent->right == balance);
+            left_node = (bparent && balance == bparent->left);
+
+            if (balance->balance < -1 || balance->balance > 1) {
+                balance = q_tree_node_balance(balance);
+                if (!bparent) {
+                    tree->root = balance;
+                } else if (left_node) {
+                    bparent->left = balance;
+                } else {
+                    bparent->right = balance;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (balance->balance != 0 || !bparent) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            if (left_node) {
+                bparent->balance += 1;
+            } else {
+                bparent->balance -= 1;
+            }
+
+            balance = bparent;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!steal) {
+        if (tree->key_destroy_func) {
+            tree->key_destroy_func(node->key);
+        }
+        if (tree->value_destroy_func) {
+            tree->value_destroy_func(node->value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    g_free(node);
+
+    tree->nnodes--;
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_lookup_node:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ * @key: the key to look up
+ *
+ * Gets the tree node corresponding to the given key. Since a #QTree is
+ * automatically balanced as key/value pairs are added, key lookup
+ * is O(log n) (where n is the number of key/value pairs in the tree).
+ *
+ * Returns: (nullable) (transfer none): the tree node corresponding to
+ *          the key, or %NULL if the key was not found
+ *
+ * Since: 2.68 in GLib. Internal in Qtree, i.e. not in the public API.
+ */
+static QTreeNode *
+q_tree_lookup_node(QTree         *tree,
+                   gconstpointer  key)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(tree != NULL, NULL);
+
+    return q_tree_find_node(tree, key);
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_lookup:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ * @key: the key to look up
+ *
+ * Gets the value corresponding to the given key. Since a #QTree is
+ * automatically balanced as key/value pairs are added, key lookup
+ * is O(log n) (where n is the number of key/value pairs in the tree).
+ *
+ * Returns: the value corresponding to the key, or %NULL
+ *     if the key was not found
+ */
+gpointer
+q_tree_lookup(QTree         *tree,
+              gconstpointer  key)
+{
+    QTreeNode *node;
+
+    node = q_tree_lookup_node(tree, key);
+
+    return node ? node->value : NULL;
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_lookup_extended:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ * @lookup_key: the key to look up
+ * @orig_key: (out) (optional) (nullable): returns the original key
+ * @value: (out) (optional) (nullable): returns the value associated with
+ *         the key
+ *
+ * Looks up a key in the #QTree, returning the original key and the
+ * associated value. This is useful if you need to free the memory
+ * allocated for the original key, for example before calling
+ * q_tree_remove().
+ *
+ * Returns: %TRUE if the key was found in the #QTree
+ */
+gboolean
+q_tree_lookup_extended(QTree         *tree,
+                       gconstpointer  lookup_key,
+                       gpointer      *orig_key,
+                       gpointer      *value)
+{
+    QTreeNode *node;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(tree != NULL, FALSE);
+
+    node = q_tree_find_node(tree, lookup_key);
+
+    if (node) {
+        if (orig_key) {
+            *orig_key = node->key;
+        }
+        if (value) {
+            *value = node->value;
+        }
+        return TRUE;
+    } else {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_foreach:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ * @func: the function to call for each node visited.
+ *     If this function returns %TRUE, the traversal is stopped.
+ * @user_data: user data to pass to the function
+ *
+ * Calls the given function for each of the key/value pairs in the #QTree.
+ * The function is passed the key and value of each pair, and the given
+ * @data parameter. The tree is traversed in sorted order.
+ *
+ * The tree may not be modified while iterating over it (you can't
+ * add/remove items). To remove all items matching a predicate, you need
+ * to add each item to a list in your #GTraverseFunc as you walk over
+ * the tree, then walk the list and remove each item.
+ */
+void
+q_tree_foreach(QTree         *tree,
+               GTraverseFunc  func,
+               gpointer       user_data)
+{
+    QTreeNode *node;
+
+    g_return_if_fail(tree != NULL);
+
+    if (!tree->root) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    node = q_tree_node_first(tree);
+
+    while (node) {
+        if ((*func)(node->key, node->value, user_data)) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        node = q_tree_node_next(node);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_search_node:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ * @search_func: a function used to search the #QTree
+ * @user_data: the data passed as the second argument to @search_func
+ *
+ * Searches a #QTree using @search_func.
+ *
+ * The @search_func is called with a pointer to the key of a key/value
+ * pair in the tree, and the passed in @user_data. If @search_func returns
+ * 0 for a key/value pair, then the corresponding node is returned as
+ * the result of q_tree_search(). If @search_func returns -1, searching
+ * will proceed among the key/value pairs that have a smaller key; if
+ * @search_func returns 1, searching will proceed among the key/value
+ * pairs that have a larger key.
+ *
+ * Returns: (nullable) (transfer none): the node corresponding to the
+ *          found key, or %NULL if the key was not found
+ *
+ * Since: 2.68 in GLib. Internal in Qtree, i.e. not in the public API.
+ */
+static QTreeNode *
+q_tree_search_node(QTree         *tree,
+                   GCompareFunc   search_func,
+                   gconstpointer  user_data)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(tree != NULL, NULL);
+
+    if (!tree->root) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return q_tree_node_search(tree->root, search_func, user_data);
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_search:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ * @search_func: a function used to search the #QTree
+ * @user_data: the data passed as the second argument to @search_func
+ *
+ * Searches a #QTree using @search_func.
+ *
+ * The @search_func is called with a pointer to the key of a key/value
+ * pair in the tree, and the passed in @user_data. If @search_func returns
+ * 0 for a key/value pair, then the corresponding value is returned as
+ * the result of q_tree_search(). If @search_func returns -1, searching
+ * will proceed among the key/value pairs that have a smaller key; if
+ * @search_func returns 1, searching will proceed among the key/value
+ * pairs that have a larger key.
+ *
+ * Returns: the value corresponding to the found key, or %NULL
+ *     if the key was not found
+ */
+gpointer
+q_tree_search(QTree         *tree,
+              GCompareFunc   search_func,
+              gconstpointer  user_data)
+{
+    QTreeNode *node;
+
+    node = q_tree_search_node(tree, search_func, user_data);
+
+    return node ? node->value : NULL;
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_height:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ *
+ * Gets the height of a #QTree.
+ *
+ * If the #QTree contains no nodes, the height is 0.
+ * If the #QTree contains only one root node the height is 1.
+ * If the root node has children the height is 2, etc.
+ *
+ * Returns: the height of @tree
+ */
+gint
+q_tree_height(QTree *tree)
+{
+    QTreeNode *node;
+    gint height;
+
+    g_return_val_if_fail(tree != NULL, 0);
+
+    if (!tree->root) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    height = 0;
+    node = tree->root;
+
+    while (1) {
+        height += 1 + MAX(node->balance, 0);
+
+        if (!node->left_child) {
+            return height;
+        }
+
+        node = node->left;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * q_tree_nnodes:
+ * @tree: a #QTree
+ *
+ * Gets the number of nodes in a #QTree.
+ *
+ * Returns: the number of nodes in @tree
+ */
+gint
+q_tree_nnodes(QTree *tree)
+{
+    g_return_val_if_fail(tree != NULL, 0);
+
+    return tree->nnodes;
+}
+
+static QTreeNode *
+q_tree_node_balance(QTreeNode *node)
+{
+    if (node->balance < -1) {
+        if (node->left->balance > 0) {
+            node->left = q_tree_node_rotate_left(node->left);
+        }
+        node = q_tree_node_rotate_right(node);
+    } else if (node->balance > 1) {
+        if (node->right->balance < 0) {
+            node->right = q_tree_node_rotate_right(node->right);
+        }
+        node = q_tree_node_rotate_left(node);
+    }
+
+    return node;
+}
+
+static QTreeNode *
+q_tree_find_node(QTree        *tree,
+                 gconstpointer key)
+{
+    QTreeNode *node;
+    gint cmp;
+
+    node = tree->root;
+    if (!node) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    while (1) {
+        cmp = tree->key_compare(key, node->key, tree->key_compare_data);
+        if (cmp == 0) {
+            return node;
+        } else if (cmp < 0) {
+            if (!node->left_child) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
+
+            node = node->left;
+        } else {
+            if (!node->right_child) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
+
+            node = node->right;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static QTreeNode *
+q_tree_node_search(QTreeNode     *node,
+                   GCompareFunc   search_func,
+                   gconstpointer  data)
+{
+    gint dir;
+
+    if (!node) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    while (1) {
+        dir = (*search_func)(node->key, data);
+        if (dir == 0) {
+            return node;
+        } else if (dir < 0) {
+            if (!node->left_child) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
+
+            node = node->left;
+        } else {
+            if (!node->right_child) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
+
+            node = node->right;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static QTreeNode *
+q_tree_node_rotate_left(QTreeNode *node)
+{
+    QTreeNode *right;
+    gint a_bal;
+    gint b_bal;
+
+    right = node->right;
+
+    if (right->left_child) {
+        node->right = right->left;
+    } else {
+        node->right_child = FALSE;
+        right->left_child = TRUE;
+    }
+    right->left = node;
+
+    a_bal = node->balance;
+    b_bal = right->balance;
+
+    if (b_bal <= 0) {
+        if (a_bal >= 1) {
+            right->balance = b_bal - 1;
+        } else {
+            right->balance = a_bal + b_bal - 2;
+        }
+        node->balance = a_bal - 1;
+    } else {
+        if (a_bal <= b_bal) {
+            right->balance = a_bal - 2;
+        } else {
+            right->balance = b_bal - 1;
+        }
+        node->balance = a_bal - b_bal - 1;
+    }
+
+    return right;
+}
+
+static QTreeNode *
+q_tree_node_rotate_right(QTreeNode *node)
+{
+    QTreeNode *left;
+    gint a_bal;
+    gint b_bal;
+
+    left = node->left;
+
+    if (left->right_child) {
+        node->left = left->right;
+    } else {
+        node->left_child = FALSE;
+        left->right_child = TRUE;
+    }
+    left->right = node;
+
+    a_bal = node->balance;
+    b_bal = left->balance;
+
+    if (b_bal <= 0) {
+        if (b_bal > a_bal) {
+            left->balance = b_bal + 1;
+        } else {
+            left->balance = a_bal + 2;
+        }
+        node->balance = a_bal - b_bal + 1;
+    } else {
+        if (a_bal <= -1) {
+            left->balance = b_bal + 1;
+        } else {
+            left->balance = a_bal + b_bal + 2;
+        }
+        node->balance = a_bal + 1;
+    }
+
+    return left;
+}
+
+#ifdef Q_TREE_DEBUG
+static gint
+q_tree_node_height(QTreeNode *node)
+{
+    gint left_height;
+    gint right_height;
+
+    if (node) {
+        left_height = 0;
+        right_height = 0;
+
+        if (node->left_child) {
+            left_height = q_tree_node_height(node->left);
+        }
+
+        if (node->right_child) {
+            right_height = q_tree_node_height(node->right);
+        }
+
+        return MAX(left_height, right_height) + 1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void q_tree_node_check(QTreeNode *node)
+{
+    gint left_height;
+    gint right_height;
+    gint balance;
+    QTreeNode *tmp;
+
+    if (node) {
+        if (node->left_child) {
+            tmp = q_tree_node_previous(node);
+            g_assert(tmp->right == node);
+        }
+
+        if (node->right_child) {
+            tmp = q_tree_node_next(node);
+            g_assert(tmp->left == node);
+        }
+
+        left_height = 0;
+        right_height = 0;
+
+        if (node->left_child) {
+            left_height = q_tree_node_height(node->left);
+        }
+        if (node->right_child) {
+            right_height = q_tree_node_height(node->right);
+        }
+
+        balance = right_height - left_height;
+        g_assert(balance == node->balance);
+
+        if (node->left_child) {
+            q_tree_node_check(node->left);
+        }
+        if (node->right_child) {
+            q_tree_node_check(node->right);
+        }
+    }
+}
+#endif