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# JSON-RPC Interface
The headless daemon `bitcoind` has the JSON-RPC API enabled by default, the GUI
`bitcoin-qt` has it disabled by default. This can be changed with the `-server`
option. In the GUI it is possible to execute RPC methods in the Debug Console
Dialog.
## Endpoints
There are two JSON-RPC endpoints on the server:
1. `/`
2. `/wallet/<walletname>/`
### `/` endpoint
This endpoint is always active.
It can always service non-wallet requests and can service wallet requests when
exactly one wallet is loaded.
### `/wallet/<walletname>/` endpoint
This endpoint is only activated when the wallet component has been compiled in.
It can service both wallet and non-wallet requests.
It MUST be used for wallet requests when two or more wallets are loaded.
This is the endpoint used by bitcoin-cli when a `-rpcwallet=` parameter is passed in.
Best practice would dictate using the `/wallet/<walletname>/` endpoint for ALL
requests when multiple wallets are in use.
### Examples
```sh
# Get block count from the / endpoint when rpcuser=alice and rpcport=38332
$ curl --user alice --data-binary '{"jsonrpc": "1.0", "id": "0", "method": "getblockcount", "params": []}' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' localhost:38332/
# Get balance from the /wallet/walletname endpoint when rpcuser=alice, rpcport=38332 and rpcwallet=desc-wallet
$ curl --user alice --data-binary '{"jsonrpc": "1.0", "id": "0", "method": "getbalance", "params": []}' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' localhost:38332/wallet/desc-wallet
```
## Parameter passing
The JSON-RPC server supports both _by-position_ and _by-name_ [parameter
structures](https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification#parameter_structures)
described in the JSON-RPC specification. For extra convenience, to avoid the
need to name every parameter value, all RPC methods accept a named parameter
called `args`, which can be set to an array of initial positional values that
are combined with named values.
Examples:
```sh
# "params": ["mywallet", false, false, "", false, false, true]
bitcoin-cli createwallet mywallet false false "" false false true
# "params": {"wallet_name": "mywallet", "load_on_startup": true}
bitcoin-cli -named createwallet wallet_name=mywallet load_on_startup=true
# "params": {"args": ["mywallet"], "load_on_startup": true}
bitcoin-cli -named createwallet mywallet load_on_startup=true
```
## Versioning
The RPC interface might change from one major version of Bitcoin Core to the
next. This makes the RPC interface implicitly versioned on the major version.
The version tuple can be retrieved by e.g. the `getnetworkinfo` RPC in
`version`.
Usually deprecated features can be re-enabled during the grace-period of one
major version via the `-deprecatedrpc=` command line option. The release notes
of a new major release come with detailed instructions on what RPC features
were deprecated and how to re-enable them temporarily.
## Security
The RPC interface allows other programs to control Bitcoin Core,
including the ability to spend funds from your wallets, affect consensus
verification, read private data, and otherwise perform operations that
can cause loss of money, data, or privacy. This section suggests how
you should use and configure Bitcoin Core to reduce the risk that its
RPC interface will be abused.
- **Securing the executable:** Anyone with physical or remote access to
the computer, container, or virtual machine running Bitcoin Core can
compromise either the whole program or just the RPC interface. This
includes being able to record any passphrases you enter for unlocking
your encrypted wallets or changing settings so that your Bitcoin Core
program tells you that certain transactions have multiple
confirmations even when they aren't part of the best block chain. For
this reason, you should not use Bitcoin Core for security sensitive
operations on systems you do not exclusively control, such as shared
computers or virtual private servers.
- **Securing local network access:** By default, the RPC interface can
only be accessed by a client running on the same computer and only
after the client provides a valid authentication credential (username
and passphrase). Any program on your computer with access to the file
system and local network can obtain this level of access.
Additionally, other programs on your computer can attempt to provide
an RPC interface on the same port as used by Bitcoin Core in order to
trick you into revealing your authentication credentials. For this
reason, it is important to only use Bitcoin Core for
security-sensitive operations on a computer whose other programs you
trust.
- **Securing remote network access:** You may optionally allow other
computers to remotely control Bitcoin Core by setting the `rpcallowip`
and `rpcbind` configuration parameters. These settings are only meant
for enabling connections over secure private networks or connections
that have been otherwise secured (e.g. using a VPN or port forwarding
with SSH or stunnel). **Do not enable RPC connections over the public
Internet.** Although Bitcoin Core's RPC interface does use
authentication, it does not use encryption, so your login credentials
are sent as clear text that can be read by anyone on your network
path. Additionally, the RPC interface has not been hardened to
withstand arbitrary Internet traffic, so changing the above settings
to expose it to the Internet (even using something like a Tor onion
service) could expose you to unconsidered vulnerabilities. See
`bitcoind -help` for more information about these settings and other
settings described in this document.
Related, if you use Bitcoin Core inside a Docker container, you may
need to expose the RPC port to the host system. The default way to
do this in Docker also exposes the port to the public Internet.
Instead, expose it only on the host system's localhost, for example:
`-p 127.0.0.1:8332:8332`
- **Secure authentication:** By default, when no `rpcpassword` is specified, Bitcoin Core generates unique
login credentials each time it restarts and puts them into a file
readable only by the user that started Bitcoin Core, allowing any of
that user's RPC clients with read access to the file to login
automatically. The file is `.cookie` in the Bitcoin Core
configuration directory, and using these credentials is the preferred
RPC authentication method. If you need to generate static login
credentials for your programs, you can use the script in the
`share/rpcauth` directory in the Bitcoin Core source tree. As a final
fallback, you can directly use manually-chosen `rpcuser` and
`rpcpassword` configuration parameters---but you must ensure that you
choose a strong and unique passphrase (and still don't use insecure
networks, as mentioned above).
- **Secure string handling:** The RPC interface does not guarantee any
escaping of data beyond what's necessary to encode it as JSON,
although it does usually provide serialized data using a hex
representation of the bytes. If you use RPC data in your programs or
provide its data to other programs, you must ensure any problem strings
are properly escaped. For example, the `createwallet` RPC accepts
arguments such as `wallet_name` which is a string and could be used
for a path traversal attack without application level checks. Multiple
websites have been manipulated because they displayed decoded hex strings
that included HTML `<script>` tags. For this reason, and others, it is
recommended to display all serialized data in hex form only.
## RPC consistency guarantees
State that can be queried via RPCs is guaranteed to be at least up-to-date with
the chain state immediately prior to the call's execution. However, the state
returned by RPCs that reflect the mempool may not be up-to-date with the
current mempool state.
### Transaction Pool
The mempool state returned via an RPC is consistent with itself and with the
chain state at the time of the call. Thus, the mempool state only encompasses
transactions that are considered mine-able by the node at the time of the RPC.
The mempool state returned via an RPC reflects all effects of mempool and chain
state related RPCs that returned prior to this call.
### Wallet
The wallet state returned via an RPC is consistent with itself and with the
chain state at the time of the call.
Wallet RPCs will return the latest chain state consistent with prior non-wallet
RPCs. The effects of all blocks (and transactions in blocks) at the time of the
call is reflected in the state of all wallet transactions. For example, if a
block contains transactions that conflicted with mempool transactions, the
wallet would reflect the removal of these mempool transactions in the state.
However, the wallet may not be up-to-date with the current state of the mempool
or the state of the mempool by an RPC that returned before this RPC. For
example, a wallet transaction that was BIP-125-replaced in the mempool prior to
this RPC may not yet be reflected as such in this RPC response.
## Limitations
There is a known issue in the JSON-RPC interface that can cause a node to crash if
too many http connections are being opened at the same time because the system runs
out of available file descriptors. To prevent this from happening you might
want to increase the number of maximum allowed file descriptors in your system
and try to prevent opening too many connections to your JSON-RPC interface at the
same time if this is under your control. It is hard to give general advice
since this depends on your system but if you make several hundred requests at
once you are definitely at risk of encountering this issue.
|
