Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#23810: docs: avoid C-style casts; use modern C++ casts

75347236f212f327a5bba10d8a900cc58ebe5de0 docs: document c-style cast prohibition (Pasta)

Pull request description:

  In the words of practicalswift:
  ```
  A C-style cast is equivalent to try casting in the following order:

      const_cast(...)
      static_cast(...)
      const_cast(static_cast(...))
      reinterpret_cast(...)
      const_cast(reinterpret_cast(...))

  By using static_cast<T>(...) explicitly we avoid the possibility of an unintentional and
  dangerous reinterpret_cast. Furthermore static_cast<T>(...) allows for easier grepping of casts.

  For a more thorough discussion, see "ES.49: If you must use a cast, use a named cast"
  in the C++ Core Guidelines (Stroustrup & Sutter).
  ```

  Modern tooling, specifically `-Wold-style-cast` can enable us to enforce never using C-style casts. I believe this is especially important due to the number of C-style casts the codebase is currently being used as a reinterpret_cast. reinterpret_casts are especially dangerous, and should never be done via C-style casts.

  Update the docs to suggest the use of named cast or functional casts.

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Tree-SHA512: 29a98de396f0c78e32d8a1831319162203c4405a670da5add5da956fcc7df200a1cec162ef1cfac4ddfb02714b66406081d40ed435c7f0f28581cfa24d94fac1

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