Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#30147: contrib: Fixup verify-binaries OS platform parsing

3ab25201909bece9066ac6191670bcee09791d54 contrib: Fixup verify-binaries OS platform parsing (Ben Westgate)

Pull request description:

  Closes #30145.

  This PR solves two major issues in the `parse_version_string` function of verify-binaries:
  1. `-aarch64` binaries cannot be specifically downloaded. The -platform string gets interpreted as a release candidate that doesn't exist due to containing sub-string "rc".
  2. Specifying a platform with a "-" in the name causes the parser to ignore both "-platform" AND "-rcN" and download the potentially wrong (non-rc) version for every platform. This also prevented specifying just one platform binary the user wished to download.

  It also updates the accompanying `test.py` to cover problem two and adds two examples that were formerly broken to `README.md` to show what is now possible. Including the most useful case of downloading only 1 specific platform's binary.

  This improves the Bitcoin verify-binaries tools user experience by not:
  1. Failing to download for inexplicable reasons,
  2. Downloading more files than what the user told it to, or in the worst case
  3. Downloading only the wrong files.

  * A test was added to cover the command `verify-binaries/verify.py pub 22.0-x86_64-linux-gnu.tar.gz` which checks that _bitcoin-22.0-x86_64-linux-gnu.tar.gz_ downloads successfully AND ONLY _bitcoin-22.0-x86_64-linux-gnu.tar.gz_ downloads.
  * The steps to reproduce each bug are in the referenced issue #30145. Explanation of the potential issue as well as reasoning for the way the bug was fixed are in my commit descriptions.
  * This delivers the promised feature of "only download the binaries for a certain platform", by allowing strings with '-' to be accepted, allowing for single file downloads for any specific platform which was not always possible before.
  * Removes 6 lines of code from the offending `parse_version_string` function, while fixing the bugs/errors, and extending the functionality to be practical for users with slow connections.
  * Makes the error message more helpful when no file matches the provided platform string, now prints "Did you mean: `closest-match`" to help correct typos.

  Thanks for reading my PR. I look forward to getting this helpful tool in its best shape yet.

  Log of this branch passing the new test.py:
  ```
  python3 test.py
  ✓ 'Nonexistent version should fail' passed
  ✓ 'Malformed version should fail' passed
  ✓ '--min-good-sigs 20 should fail' passed
  - testing verification (22.0-x86_64-linux-gnu.tar.gz)
  ✓ '22.0-x86_64-linux-gnu.tar.gz should succeed' passed
  - testing verification (22.0)
  ✓ '22.0 should succeed' passed
  ```

  Log of master failing the new test.py:
  ```
  python3 test.py
  ✓ 'Nonexistent version should fail' passed
  ✓ 'Malformed version should fail' passed
  ✓ '--min-good-sigs 20 should fail' passed
  - testing verification (22.0-x86_64-linux-gnu.tar.gz)
  ✓ '22.0-x86_64-linux-gnu.tar.gz should succeed' passed
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "/home/ben/Documents/GitHub/bitcoin/contrib/verify-binaries/test.py", line 74, in <module>
      main()
    File "/home/ben/Documents/GitHub/bitcoin/contrib/verify-binaries/test.py", line 27, in main
      assert len(v) == 1
             ^^^^^^^^^^^
  AssertionError
  ```

ACKs for top commit:
  stickies-v:
    re-ACK 3ab25201909bece9066ac6191670bcee09791d54
  willcl-ark:
    re-ACK 3ab25201909bece9066ac6191670bcee09791d54

Tree-SHA512: 6093228bb876cd0ac84d1cd2630074e17a3f09c4b23325b9419d859a5721a802f928844575233b135df52b882287dd18d6fadf4419d88ec0a2cdf82db315329e

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