Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#29412: p2p: Don't process mutated blocks

d8087adc7ebd4ea05dd3843e5a92e8115fd7bbcc [test] IsBlockMutated unit tests (dergoegge)
1ed2c9829700054526156297552bb47230406098 Add transaction_identifier::size to allow Span conversion (dergoegge)
1ec6bbeb8d27d31647d1433ccb87b362f6d81f90 [validation] Cache merkle root and witness commitment checks (dergoegge)
5bf4f5ba32da4627f152b54d266df9b2aa930457 [test] Add regression test for #27608 (dergoegge)
49257c0304828a185c273fcb99742c54bbef0c8e [net processing] Don't process mutated blocks (dergoegge)
2d8495e0800f5332748cd50eaad801ff77671bba [validation] Merkle root malleation should be caught by IsBlockMutated (dergoegge)
66abce1d98115e41f394bc4f4f52341960ddc839 [validation] Introduce IsBlockMutated (dergoegge)
e7669e1343aec4298fd30d539847963e6fa5619c [refactor] Cleanup merkle root checks (dergoegge)
95bddb930aa72edd40fdff52cf447202995b0dce [validation] Isolate merkle root checks (dergoegge)

Pull request description:

  This PR proposes to check for mutated blocks early as a defense-in-depth mitigation against attacks leveraging mutated blocks.

  We introduce `IsBlockMutated` which catches all known forms of block malleation and use it to do an early mutation check whenever we receive a `block` message.

  We have observed attacks that abused mutated blocks in the past, which could have been prevented by simply not processing mutated blocks (e.g. https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/27608 for which a regression test is included in this PR).

ACKs for top commit:
  achow101:
    ACK d8087adc7ebd4ea05dd3843e5a92e8115fd7bbcc
  maflcko:
    ACK d8087adc7ebd4ea05dd3843e5a92e8115fd7bbcc 🏄
  fjahr:
    Code review ACK d8087adc7ebd4ea05dd3843e5a92e8115fd7bbcc
  sr-gi:
    Code review ACK https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/d8087adc7ebd4ea05dd3843e5a92e8115fd7bbcc

Tree-SHA512: 618ff4ea7f168e10f07504d3651290efbb1bb2ab3b838ffff3527c028caf6c52dedad18d04d3dbc627977479710930e200f2dfae18a08f627efe7e64a57e535f

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