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-rw-r--r--bip-0340/reference.py22
-rw-r--r--bip-0340/test-vectors.csv30
-rw-r--r--bip-0340/test-vectors.py55
3 files changed, 66 insertions, 41 deletions
diff --git a/bip-0340/reference.py b/bip-0340/reference.py
index f2a944f..9b5592e 100644
--- a/bip-0340/reference.py
+++ b/bip-0340/reference.py
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def bytes_from_int(x):
def bytes_from_point(P):
return bytes_from_int(x(P))
-def point_from_bytes(b):
+def lift_x_square_y(b):
x = int_from_bytes(b)
if x >= p:
return None
@@ -61,6 +61,13 @@ def point_from_bytes(b):
return None
return [x, y]
+def lift_x_even_y(b):
+ P = lift_x_square_y(b)
+ if P is None:
+ return None
+ else:
+ return [x(P), y(P) if y(P) % 2 == 0 else p - y(P)]
+
def int_from_bytes(b):
return int.from_bytes(b, byteorder="big")
@@ -73,6 +80,9 @@ def is_square(x):
def has_square_y(P):
return not is_infinity(P) and is_square(y(P))
+def has_even_y(P):
+ return y(P) % 2 == 0
+
def pubkey_gen(seckey):
x = int_from_bytes(seckey)
if not (1 <= x <= n - 1):
@@ -87,13 +97,13 @@ def schnorr_sign(msg, seckey0):
if not (1 <= seckey0 <= n - 1):
raise ValueError('The secret key must be an integer in the range 1..n-1.')
P = point_mul(G, seckey0)
- seckey = seckey0 if has_square_y(P) else n - seckey0
- k0 = int_from_bytes(tagged_hash("BIPSchnorrDerive", bytes_from_int(seckey) + msg)) % n
+ seckey = seckey0 if has_even_y(P) else n - seckey0
+ k0 = int_from_bytes(tagged_hash("BIP340/nonce", bytes_from_int(seckey) + bytes_from_point(P) + msg)) % n
if k0 == 0:
raise RuntimeError('Failure. This happens only with negligible probability.')
R = point_mul(G, k0)
k = n - k0 if not has_square_y(R) else k0
- e = int_from_bytes(tagged_hash("BIPSchnorr", bytes_from_point(R) + bytes_from_point(P) + msg)) % n
+ e = int_from_bytes(tagged_hash("BIP340/challenge", bytes_from_point(R) + bytes_from_point(P) + msg)) % n
return bytes_from_point(R) + bytes_from_int((k + e * seckey) % n)
def schnorr_verify(msg, pubkey, sig):
@@ -103,14 +113,14 @@ def schnorr_verify(msg, pubkey, sig):
raise ValueError('The public key must be a 32-byte array.')
if len(sig) != 64:
raise ValueError('The signature must be a 64-byte array.')
- P = point_from_bytes(pubkey)
+ P = lift_x_even_y(pubkey)
if (P is None):
return False
r = int_from_bytes(sig[0:32])
s = int_from_bytes(sig[32:64])
if (r >= p or s >= n):
return False
- e = int_from_bytes(tagged_hash("BIPSchnorr", sig[0:32] + pubkey + msg)) % n
+ e = int_from_bytes(tagged_hash("BIP340/challenge", sig[0:32] + pubkey + msg)) % n
R = point_add(point_mul(G, s), point_mul(P, n - e))
if R is None or not has_square_y(R) or x(R) != r:
return False
diff --git a/bip-0340/test-vectors.csv b/bip-0340/test-vectors.csv
index 3970803..096fe2e 100644
--- a/bip-0340/test-vectors.csv
+++ b/bip-0340/test-vectors.csv
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
index,secret key,public key,message,signature,verification result,comment
-0,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001,79BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,528F745793E8472C0329742A463F59E58F3A3F1A4AC09C28F6F8514D4D0322A258BD08398F82CF67B812AB2C7717CE566F877C2F8795C846146978E8F04782AE,TRUE,
-1,B7E151628AED2A6ABF7158809CF4F3C762E7160F38B4DA56A784D9045190CFEF,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,667C2F778E0616E611BD0C14B8A600C5884551701A949EF0EBFD72D452D64E844160BCFC3F466ECB8FACD19ADE57D8699D74E7207D78C6AEDC3799B52A8E0598,TRUE,
-2,C90FDAA22168C234C4C6628B80DC1CD129024E088A67CC74020BBEA63B14E5C9,DD308AFEC5777E13121FA72B9CC1B7CC0139715309B086C960E18FD969774EB8,5E2D58D8B3BCDF1ABADEC7829054F90DDA9805AAB56C77333024B9D0A508B75C,2D941B38E32624BF0AC7669C0971B990994AF6F9B18426BF4F4E7EC10E6CDF386CF646C6DDAFCFA7F1993EEB2E4D66416AEAD1DDAE2F22D63CAD901412D116C6,TRUE,
-3,0B432B2677937381AEF05BB02A66ECD012773062CF3FA2549E44F58ED2401710,25D1DFF95105F5253C4022F628A996AD3A0D95FBF21D468A1B33F8C160D8F517,FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF,8BD2C11604B0A87A443FCC2E5D90E5328F934161B18864FB48CE10CB59B45FB9B5B2A0F129BD88F5BDC05D5C21E5C57176B913002335784F9777A24BD317CD36,TRUE,test fails if msg is reduced modulo p or n
-4,,D69C3509BB99E412E68B0FE8544E72837DFA30746D8BE2AA65975F29D22DC7B9,4DF3C3F68FCC83B27E9D42C90431A72499F17875C81A599B566C9889B9696703,00000000000000000000003B78CE563F89A0ED9414F5AA28AD0D96D6795F9C63EE374AC7FAE927D334CCB190F6FB8FD27A2DDC639CCEE46D43F113A4035A2C7F,TRUE,
-5,,EEFDEA4CDB677750A420FEE807EACF21EB9898AE79B9768766E4FAA04A2D4A34,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,667C2F778E0616E611BD0C14B8A600C5884551701A949EF0EBFD72D452D64E844160BCFC3F466ECB8FACD19ADE57D8699D74E7207D78C6AEDC3799B52A8E0598,FALSE,public key not on the curve
-6,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,F9308A019258C31049344F85F89D5229B531C845836F99B08601F113BCE036F9935554D1AA5F0374E5CDAACB3925035C7C169B27C4426DF0A6B19AF3BAEAB138,FALSE,has_square_y(R) is false
-7,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,10AC49A6A2EBF604189C5F40FC75AF2D42D77DE9A2782709B1EB4EAF1CFE9108D7003B703A3499D5E29529D39BA040A44955127140F81A8A89A96F992AC0FE79,FALSE,negated message
-8,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,667C2F778E0616E611BD0C14B8A600C5884551701A949EF0EBFD72D452D64E84BE9F4303C0B9913470532E6521A827951D39F5C631CFD98CE39AC4D7A5A83BA9,FALSE,negated s value
-9,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000099D2F0EBC2996808208633CD9926BF7EC3DAB73DAAD36E85B3040A698E6D1CE0,FALSE,sG - eP is infinite. Test fails in single verification if has_square_y(inf) is defined as true and x(inf) as 0
-10,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000124E81D89F01304695CE943F7D5EBD00EF726A0864B4FF33895B4E86BEADC5456,FALSE,sG - eP is infinite. Test fails in single verification if has_square_y(inf) is defined as true and x(inf) as 1
-11,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,4A298DACAE57395A15D0795DDBFD1DCB564DA82B0F269BC70A74F8220429BA1D4160BCFC3F466ECB8FACD19ADE57D8699D74E7207D78C6AEDC3799B52A8E0598,FALSE,sig[0:32] is not an X coordinate on the curve
-12,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC2F4160BCFC3F466ECB8FACD19ADE57D8699D74E7207D78C6AEDC3799B52A8E0598,FALSE,sig[0:32] is equal to field size
-13,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,667C2F778E0616E611BD0C14B8A600C5884551701A949EF0EBFD72D452D64E84FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141,FALSE,sig[32:64] is equal to curve order
-14,,FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC30,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,667C2F778E0616E611BD0C14B8A600C5884551701A949EF0EBFD72D452D64E844160BCFC3F466ECB8FACD19ADE57D8699D74E7207D78C6AEDC3799B52A8E0598,FALSE,public key is not a valid X coordinate because it exceeds the field size
+0,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003,F9308A019258C31049344F85F89D5229B531C845836F99B08601F113BCE036F9,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,514F0E96BB9AD56A245A7F4ED1030D4DE3FB0F5DE285116514292B2F910C979201D5C686A9D968E169C3ED1C2249C81F2BD27D53C42D15FA275EA6445389410A,TRUE,
+1,B7E151628AED2A6ABF7158809CF4F3C762E7160F38B4DA56A784D9045190CFEF,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,74556372D3369E8C53E6B84B5D7EE9AE0220EB37A6EA5501EF828FBFBA90A864092EF727796DACA51118BE8FBD70B3EC50536E65DB6F3B3B3FE1049862018B02,TRUE,
+2,C90FDAA22168C234C4C6628B80DC1CD129024E088A67CC74020BBEA63B14E5C9,DD308AFEC5777E13121FA72B9CC1B7CC0139715309B086C960E18FD969774EB8,7E2D58D8B3BCDF1ABADEC7829054F90DDA9805AAB56C77333024B9D0A508B75C,FAD73AE779EDD67BA40772867FEF9F20F151EB4BFDDECC53B90DD3017FC5D6035670DB8C83BA96EAF51C069B2AA7CEEF556787AE897F84F8D822C4ED7115B851,TRUE,
+3,0B432B2677937381AEF05BB02A66ECD012773062CF3FA2549E44F58ED2401710,25D1DFF95105F5253C4022F628A996AD3A0D95FBF21D468A1B33F8C160D8F517,FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF,60DC1A7E50D2269424060FF66361601075EB4B516DE89BF1D91B1D6AD78900DACDA5AC4B697491430CAA7604C8D819B2150DEC26E8D01E2981DDA071D7556CD3,TRUE,test fails if msg is reduced modulo p or n
+4,,D69C3509BB99E412E68B0FE8544E72837DFA30746D8BE2AA65975F29D22DC7B9,4DF3C3F68FCC83B27E9D42C90431A72499F17875C81A599B566C9889B9696703,00000000000000000000003B78CE563F89A0ED9414F5AA28AD0D96D6795F9C630EC50E5363E227ACAC6F542CE1C0B186657E0E0D1A6FFE283A33438DE4738419,TRUE,
+5,,EEFDEA4CDB677750A420FEE807EACF21EB9898AE79B9768766E4FAA04A2D4A34,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,74556372D3369E8C53E6B84B5D7EE9AE0220EB37A6EA5501EF828FBFBA90A864092EF727796DACA51118BE8FBD70B3EC50536E65DB6F3B3B3FE1049862018B02,FALSE,public key not on the curve
+6,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,F9308A019258C31049344F85F89D5229B531C845836F99B08601F113BCE036F995A579DA959FA739FCE39E8BD16FECB5CDCF97060B2C73CDE60E87ABCA1AA5D9,FALSE,has_square_y(R) is false
+7,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,0B3E00AF0641F28B4B52F7E7AD3DDEB9BD313F9E382563BA9C9A8274F45D3D72D8F733F2901432C8DD99C739B0C1EE4030E79A94318278EC4E7160A65CDE8015,FALSE,negated message
+8,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,74556372D3369E8C53E6B84B5D7EE9AE0220EB37A6EA5501EF828FBFBA90A864F6D108D88692535AEEE74170428F4C126A5B6E80D3D965007FF159F46E34B63F,FALSE,negated s value
+9,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009915EE59F07F9DBBAEDC31BFCC9B34AD49DE669CD24773BCED77DDA36D073EC8,FALSE,sG - eP is infinite. Test fails in single verification if has_square_y(inf) is defined as true and x(inf) as 0
+10,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001C7EC918B2B9CF34071BB54BED7EB4BB6BAB148E9A7E36E6B228F95DFA08B43EC,FALSE,sG - eP is infinite. Test fails in single verification if has_square_y(inf) is defined as true and x(inf) as 1
+11,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,4A298DACAE57395A15D0795DDBFD1DCB564DA82B0F269BC70A74F8220429BA1D092EF727796DACA51118BE8FBD70B3EC50536E65DB6F3B3B3FE1049862018B02,FALSE,sig[0:32] is not an X coordinate on the curve
+12,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC2F092EF727796DACA51118BE8FBD70B3EC50536E65DB6F3B3B3FE1049862018B02,FALSE,sig[0:32] is equal to field size
+13,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,74556372D3369E8C53E6B84B5D7EE9AE0220EB37A6EA5501EF828FBFBA90A864FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141,FALSE,sig[32:64] is equal to curve order
+14,,FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC30,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,74556372D3369E8C53E6B84B5D7EE9AE0220EB37A6EA5501EF828FBFBA90A864092EF727796DACA51118BE8FBD70B3EC50536E65DB6F3B3B3FE1049862018B02,FALSE,public key is not a valid X coordinate because it exceeds the field size
diff --git a/bip-0340/test-vectors.py b/bip-0340/test-vectors.py
index 195b61b..d4674e9 100644
--- a/bip-0340/test-vectors.py
+++ b/bip-0340/test-vectors.py
@@ -2,14 +2,24 @@ import sys
from reference import *
def vector0():
- seckey = bytes_from_int(1)
+ seckey = bytes_from_int(3)
msg = bytes_from_int(0)
sig = schnorr_sign(msg, seckey)
pubkey = pubkey_gen(seckey)
- # The point reconstructed from the public key has an even Y coordinate.
- pubkey_point = point_from_bytes(pubkey)
- assert(pubkey_point[1] & 1 == 0)
+ # We should have at least one test vector where the seckey needs to be
+ # negated and one where it doesn't. In this one the seckey doesn't need to
+ # be negated.
+ x = int_from_bytes(seckey)
+ P = point_mul(G, x)
+ assert(y(P) % 2 == 0)
+
+ # For historic reasons (pubkey tiebreaker was squareness and not evenness)
+ # we should have at least one test vector where the the point reconstructed
+ # from the public key has a square and one where it has a non-square Y
+ # coordinate. In this one Y is non-square.
+ pubkey_point = lift_x_even_y(pubkey)
+ assert(not has_square_y(pubkey_point))
return (seckey, pubkey, msg, sig, "TRUE", None)
@@ -17,28 +27,33 @@ def vector1():
seckey = bytes_from_int(0xB7E151628AED2A6ABF7158809CF4F3C762E7160F38B4DA56A784D9045190CFEF)
msg = bytes_from_int(0x243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89)
sig = schnorr_sign(msg, seckey)
- pubkey = pubkey_gen(seckey)
-
- # The point reconstructed from the public key has an odd Y coordinate.
- pubkey_point = point_from_bytes(pubkey)
- assert(pubkey_point[1] & 1 == 1)
-
- return (seckey, pubkey, msg, sig, "TRUE", None)
+ return (seckey, pubkey_gen(seckey), msg, sig, "TRUE", None)
def vector2():
seckey = bytes_from_int(0xC90FDAA22168C234C4C6628B80DC1CD129024E088A67CC74020BBEA63B14E5C9)
- msg = bytes_from_int(0x5E2D58D8B3BCDF1ABADEC7829054F90DDA9805AAB56C77333024B9D0A508B75C)
+ msg = bytes_from_int(0x7E2D58D8B3BCDF1ABADEC7829054F90DDA9805AAB56C77333024B9D0A508B75C)
sig = schnorr_sign(msg, seckey)
+ # The point reconstructed from the public key has a square Y coordinate.
+ pubkey = pubkey_gen(seckey)
+ pubkey_point = lift_x_even_y(pubkey)
+ assert(has_square_y(pubkey_point))
+
# This signature vector would not verify if the implementer checked the
# squareness of the X coordinate of R instead of the Y coordinate.
- R = point_from_bytes(sig[0:32])
+ R = lift_x_square_y(sig[0:32])
assert(not is_square(R[0]))
- return (seckey, pubkey_gen(seckey), msg, sig, "TRUE", None)
+ return (seckey, pubkey, msg, sig, "TRUE", None)
def vector3():
seckey = bytes_from_int(0x0B432B2677937381AEF05BB02A66ECD012773062CF3FA2549E44F58ED2401710)
+
+ # Need to negate this seckey before signing
+ x = int_from_bytes(seckey)
+ P = point_mul(G, x)
+ assert(y(P) % 2 != 0)
+
msg = bytes_from_int(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
sig = schnorr_sign(msg, seckey)
return (seckey, pubkey_gen(seckey), msg, sig, "TRUE", "test fails if msg is reduced modulo p or n")
@@ -53,9 +68,9 @@ def insecure_schnorr_sign_fixed_nonce(msg, seckey0, k):
if not (1 <= seckey0 <= n - 1):
raise ValueError('The secret key must be an integer in the range 1..n-1.')
P = point_mul(G, seckey0)
- seckey = seckey0 if has_square_y(P) else n - seckey0
+ seckey = seckey0 if has_even_y(P) else n - seckey0
R = point_mul(G, k)
- e = int_from_bytes(tagged_hash("BIPSchnorr", bytes_from_point(R) + bytes_from_point(P) + msg)) % n
+ e = int_from_bytes(tagged_hash("BIP340/challenge", bytes_from_point(R) + bytes_from_point(P) + msg)) % n
return bytes_from_point(R) + bytes_from_int((k + e * seckey) % n)
# Creates a singature with a small x(R) by using k = 1/2
@@ -78,7 +93,7 @@ def vector5():
sig = schnorr_sign(msg, seckey)
pubkey = bytes_from_int(0xEEFDEA4CDB677750A420FEE807EACF21EB9898AE79B9768766E4FAA04A2D4A34)
- assert(point_from_bytes(pubkey) is None)
+ assert(lift_x_even_y(pubkey) is None)
return (None, pubkey, msg, sig, "FALSE", "public key not on the curve")
@@ -156,7 +171,7 @@ def vector11():
# Replace R's X coordinate with an X coordinate that's not on the curve
x_not_on_curve = bytes_from_int(0x4A298DACAE57395A15D0795DDBFD1DCB564DA82B0F269BC70A74F8220429BA1D)
- assert(point_from_bytes(x_not_on_curve) is None)
+ assert(lift_x_square_y(x_not_on_curve) is None)
sig = x_not_on_curve + sig[32:64]
return (None, pubkey_gen(seckey), msg, sig, "FALSE", "sig[0:32] is not an X coordinate on the curve")
@@ -201,10 +216,10 @@ def vector14():
pubkey_int = p + 1
pubkey = bytes_from_int(pubkey_int)
- assert(point_from_bytes(pubkey) is None)
+ assert(lift_x_even_y(pubkey) is None)
# If an implementation would reduce a given public key modulo p then the
# pubkey would be valid
- assert(point_from_bytes(bytes_from_int(pubkey_int % p)) is not None)
+ assert(lift_x_even_y(bytes_from_int(pubkey_int % p)) is not None)
return (None, pubkey, msg, sig, "FALSE", "public key is not a valid X coordinate because it exceeds the field size")
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.26.2) at 2024-11-22 04:45:02 +0000