path: root/hw/pc.c

/*
 * QEMU PC System Emulator
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2003-2004 Fabrice Bellard
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 * THE SOFTWARE.
 */
#include "vl.h"

/* output Bochs bios info messages */
//#define DEBUG_BIOS

#define BIOS_FILENAME "bios.bin"
#define VGABIOS_FILENAME "vgabios.bin"
#define VGABIOS_CIRRUS_FILENAME "vgabios-cirrus.bin"

/* Leave a chunk of memory at the top of RAM for the BIOS ACPI tables.  */
#define ACPI_DATA_SIZE       0x10000

static fdctrl_t *floppy_controller;
static RTCState *rtc_state;
static PITState *pit;
static IOAPICState *ioapic;
static PCIDevice *i440fx_state;

static void ioport80_write(void *opaque, uint32_t addr, uint32_t data)
{
}

/* MSDOS compatibility mode FPU exception support */
static qemu_irq ferr_irq;
/* XXX: add IGNNE support */
void cpu_set_ferr(CPUX86State *s)
{
    qemu_irq_raise(ferr_irq);
}

static void ioportF0_write(void *opaque, uint32_t addr, uint32_t data)
{
    qemu_irq_lower(ferr_irq);
}

/* TSC handling */
uint64_t cpu_get_tsc(CPUX86State *env)
{
    /* Note: when using kqemu, it is more logical to return the host TSC
       because kqemu does not trap the RDTSC instruction for
       performance reasons */
#if USE_KQEMU
    if (env->kqemu_enabled) {
        return cpu_get_real_ticks();
    } else
#endif
    {
        return cpu_get_ticks();
    }
}

/* SMM support */
void cpu_smm_update(CPUState *env)
{
    if (i440fx_state && env == first_cpu)
        i440fx_set_smm(i440fx_state, (env->hflags >> HF_SMM_SHIFT) & 1);
}


/* IRQ handling */
int cpu_get_pic_interrupt(CPUState *env)
{
    int intno;

    intno = apic_get_interrupt(env);
    if (intno >= 0) {
        /* set irq request if a PIC irq is still pending */
        /* XXX: improve that */
        pic_update_irq(isa_pic);
        return intno;
    }
    /* read the irq from the PIC */
    intno = pic_read_irq(isa_pic);
    return intno;
}

static void pic_irq_request(void *opaque, int irq, int level)
{
    CPUState *env = opaque;
    if (level)
        cpu_interrupt(env, CPU_INTERRUPT_HARD);
    else
        cpu_reset_interrupt(env, CPU_INTERRUPT_HARD);
}

/* PC cmos mappings */

#define REG_EQUIPMENT_BYTE          0x14

static int cmos_get_fd_drive_type(int fd0)
{
    int val;

    switch (fd0) {
    case 0:
        /* 1.44 Mb 3"5 drive */
        val = 4;
        break;
    case 1:
        /* 2.88 Mb 3"5 drive */
        val = 5;
        break;
    case 2:
        /* 1.2 Mb 5"5 drive */
        val = 2;
        break;
    default:
        val = 0;
        break;
    }
    return val;
}

static void cmos_init_hd(int type_ofs, int info_ofs, BlockDriverState *hd)
{
    RTCState *s = rtc_state;
    int cylinders, heads, sectors;
    bdrv_get_geometry_hint(hd, &cylinders, &heads, &sectors);
    rtc_set_memory(s, type_ofs, 47);
    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs, cylinders);
    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 1, cylinders >> 8);
    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 2, heads);
    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 3, 0xff);
    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 4, 0xff);
    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 5, 0xc0 | ((heads > 8) << 3));
    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 6, cylinders);
    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 7, cylinders >> 8);
    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 8, sectors);
}

/* hd_table must contain 4 block drivers */
static void cmos_init(int ram_size, int boot_device, BlockDriverState **hd_table)
{
    RTCState *s = rtc_state;
    int val;
    int fd0, fd1, nb;
    int i;

    /* various important CMOS locations needed by PC/Bochs bios */

    /* memory size */
    val = 640; /* base memory in K */
    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x15, val);
    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x16, val >> 8);

    val = (ram_size / 1024) - 1024;
    if (val > 65535)
        val = 65535;
    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x17, val);
    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x18, val >> 8);
    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x30, val);
    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x31, val >> 8);

    if (ram_size > (16 * 1024 * 1024))
        val = (ram_size / 65536) - ((16 * 1024 * 1024) / 65536);
    else
        val = 0;
    if (val > 65535)
        val = 65535;
    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x34, val);
    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x35, val >> 8);

    switch(boot_device) {
    case 'a':
    case 'b':
        rtc_set_memory(s, 0x3d, 0x01); /* floppy boot */
        if (!fd_bootchk)
            rtc_set_memory(s, 0x38, 0x01); /* disable signature check */
        break;
    default:
    case 'c':
        rtc_set_memory(s, 0x3d, 0x02); /* hard drive boot */
        break;
    case 'd':
        rtc_set_memory(s, 0x3d, 0x03); /* CD-ROM boot */
        break;
    case 'n':
        rtc_set_memory(s, 0x3d, 0x04); /* Network boot */
        break;
    }

    /* floppy type */

    fd0 = fdctrl_get_drive_type(floppy_controller, 0);
    fd1 = fdctrl_get_drive_type(floppy_controller, 1);

    val = (cmos_get_fd_drive_type(fd0) << 4) | cmos_get_fd_drive_type(fd1);
    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x10, val);

    val = 0;
    nb = 0;
    if (fd0 < 3)
        nb++;
    if (fd1 < 3)
        nb++;
    switch (nb) {
    case 0:
        break;
    case 1:
        val |= 0x01; /* 1 drive, ready for boot */
        break;
    case 2:
        val |= 0x41; /* 2 drives, ready for boot */
        break;
    }
    val |= 0x02; /* FPU is there */
    val |= 0x04; /* PS/2 mouse installed */
    rtc_set_memory(s, REG_EQUIPMENT_BYTE, val);

    /* hard drives */

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x12, (hd_table[0] ? 0xf0 : 0) | (hd_table[1] ? 0x0f : 0));
    if (hd_table[0])
        cmos_init_hd(0x19, 0x1b, hd_table[0]);
    if (hd_table[1])
        cmos_init_hd(0x1a, 0x24, hd_table[1]);

    val = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
        if (hd_table[i]) {
            int cylinders, heads, sectors, translation;
            /* NOTE: bdrv_get_geometry_hint() returns the physical
                geometry.  It is always such that: 1 <= sects <= 63, 1
                <= heads <= 16, 1 <= cylinders <= 16383. The BIOS
                geometry can be different if a translation is done. */
            translation = bdrv_get_translation_hint(hd_table[i]);
            if (translation == BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_AUTO) {
                bdrv_get_geometry_hint(hd_table[i], &cylinders, &heads, &sectors);
                if (cylinders <= 1024 && heads <= 16 && sectors <= 63) {
                    /* No translation. */
                    translation = 0;
                } else {
                    /* LBA translation. */
                    translation = 1;
                }
            } else {
                translation--;
            }
            val |= translation << (i * 2);
        }
    }
    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x39, val);
}

void ioport_set_a20(int enable)
{
    /* XXX: send to all CPUs ? */
    cpu_x86_set_a20(first_cpu, enable);
}

int ioport_get_a20(void)
{
    return ((first_cpu->a20_mask >> 20) & 1);
}

static void ioport92_write(void *opaque, uint32_t addr, uint32_t val)
{
    ioport_set_a20((val >> 1) & 1);
    /* XXX: bit 0 is fast reset */
}

static uint32_t ioport92_read(void *opaque, uint32_t addr)
{
    return ioport_get_a20() << 1;
}

/***********************************************************/
/* Bochs BIOS debug ports */

void bochs_bios_write(void *opaque, uint32_t addr, uint32_t val)
{
    static const char shutdown_str[8] = "Shutdown";
    static int shutdown_index = 0;

    switch(addr) {
        /* Bochs BIOS messages */
    case 0x400:
    case 0x401:
        fprintf(stderr, "BIOS panic at rombios.c, line %d\n", val);
        exit(1);
    case 0x402:
    case 0x403:
#ifdef DEBUG_BIOS
        fprintf(stderr, "%c", val);
#endif
        break;
    case 0x8900:
        /* same as Bochs power off */
        if (val == shutdown_str[shutdown_index]) {
            shutdown_index++;
            if (shutdown_index == 8) {
                shutdown_index = 0;
                qemu_system_shutdown_request();
            }
        } else {
            shutdown_index = 0;
        }
        break;

        /* LGPL'ed VGA BIOS messages */
    case 0x501:
    case 0x502:
        fprintf(stderr, "VGA BIOS panic, line %d\n", val);
        exit(1);
    case 0x500:
    case 0x503:
#ifdef DEBUG_BIOS
        fprintf(stderr, "%c", val);
#endif
        break;
    }
}

void bochs_bios_init(void)
{
    register_ioport_write(0x400, 1, 2, bochs_bios_write, NULL);
    register_ioport_write(0x401, 1, 2, bochs_bios_write, NULL);
    register_ioport_write(0x402, 1, 1, bochs_bios_write, NULL);
    register_ioport_write(0x403, 1, 1, bochs_bios_write, NULL);
    register_ioport_write(0x8900, 1, 1, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x501, 1, 2, bochs_bios_write, NULL);
    register_ioport_write(0x502, 1, 2, bochs_bios_write, NULL);
    register_ioport_write(0x500, 1, 1, bochs_bios_write, NULL);
    register_ioport_write(0x503, 1, 1, bochs_bios_write, NULL);
}

/* Generate an initial boot sector which sets state and jump to
   a specified vector */
static void generate_bootsect(uint32_t gpr[8], uint16_t segs[6], uint16_t ip)
{
    uint8_t bootsect[512], *p;
    int i;

    if (bs_table[0] == NULL) {
	fprintf(stderr, "A disk image must be given for 'hda' when booting "
		"a Linux kernel\n");
	exit(1);
    }

    memset(bootsect, 0, sizeof(bootsect));

    /* Copy the MSDOS partition table if possible */
    bdrv_read(bs_table[0], 0, bootsect, 1);

    /* Make sure we have a partition signature */
    bootsect[510] = 0x55;
    bootsect[511] = 0xaa;

    /* Actual code */
    p = bootsect;
    *p++ = 0xfa;		/* CLI */
    *p++ = 0xfc;		/* CLD */

    for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
	if (i == 1)		/* Skip CS */
	    continue;

	*p++ = 0xb8;		/* MOV AX,imm16 */
	*p++ = segs[i];
	*p++ = segs[i] >> 8;
	*p++ = 0x8e;		/* MOV <seg>,AX */
	*p++ = 0xc0 + (i << 3);
    }

    for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
	*p++ = 0x66;		/* 32-bit operand size */
	*p++ = 0xb8 + i;	/* MOV <reg>,imm32 */
	*p++ = gpr[i];
	*p++ = gpr[i] >> 8;
	*p++ = gpr[i] >> 16;
	*p++ = gpr[i] >> 24;
    }

    *p++ = 0xea;		/* JMP FAR */
    *p++ = ip;			/* IP */
    *p++ = ip >> 8;
    *p++ = segs[1];		/* CS */
    *p++ = segs[1] >> 8;

    bdrv_set_boot_sector(bs_table[0], bootsect, sizeof(bootsect));
}

int load_kernel(const char *filename, uint8_t *addr,
                uint8_t *real_addr)
{
    int fd, size;
    int setup_sects;

    fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY);
    if (fd < 0)
        return -1;

    /* load 16 bit code */
    if (read(fd, real_addr, 512) != 512)
        goto fail;
    setup_sects = real_addr[0x1F1];
    if (!setup_sects)
        setup_sects = 4;
    if (read(fd, real_addr + 512, setup_sects * 512) !=
        setup_sects * 512)
        goto fail;

    /* load 32 bit code */
    size = read(fd, addr, 16 * 1024 * 1024);
    if (size < 0)
        goto fail;
    close(fd);
    return size;
 fail:
    close(fd);
    return -1;
}

static long get_file_size(FILE *f)
{
    long where, size;

    /* XXX: on Unix systems, using fstat() probably makes more sense */

    where = ftell(f);
    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
    size = ftell(f);
    fseek(f, where, SEEK_SET);

    return size;
}

static void load_linux(const char *kernel_filename,
		       const char *initrd_filename,
		       const char *kernel_cmdline)
{
    uint16_t protocol;
    uint32_t gpr[8];
    uint16_t seg[6];
    uint16_t real_seg;
    int setup_size, kernel_size, initrd_size, cmdline_size;
    uint32_t initrd_max;
    uint8_t header[1024];
    uint8_t *real_addr, *prot_addr, *cmdline_addr, *initrd_addr;
    FILE *f, *fi;

    /* Align to 16 bytes as a paranoia measure */
    cmdline_size = (strlen(kernel_cmdline)+16) & ~15;

    /* load the kernel header */
    f = fopen(kernel_filename, "rb");
    if (!f || !(kernel_size = get_file_size(f)) ||
	fread(header, 1, 1024, f) != 1024) {
	fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not load kernel '%s'\n",
		kernel_filename);
	exit(1);
    }

    /* kernel protocol version */
    fprintf(stderr, "header magic: %#x\n", ldl_p(header+0x202));
    if (ldl_p(header+0x202) == 0x53726448)
	protocol = lduw_p(header+0x206);
    else
	protocol = 0;

    if (protocol < 0x200 || !(header[0x211] & 0x01)) {
	/* Low kernel */
	real_addr    = phys_ram_base + 0x90000;
	cmdline_addr = phys_ram_base + 0x9a000 - cmdline_size;
	prot_addr    = phys_ram_base + 0x10000;
    } else if (protocol < 0x202) {
	/* High but ancient kernel */
	real_addr    = phys_ram_base + 0x90000;
	cmdline_addr = phys_ram_base + 0x9a000 - cmdline_size;
	prot_addr    = phys_ram_base + 0x100000;
    } else {
	/* High and recent kernel */
	real_addr    = phys_ram_base + 0x10000;
	cmdline_addr = phys_ram_base + 0x20000;
	prot_addr    = phys_ram_base + 0x100000;
    }

    fprintf(stderr,
	    "qemu: real_addr     = %#zx\n"
	    "qemu: cmdline_addr  = %#zx\n"
	    "qemu: prot_addr     = %#zx\n",
	    real_addr-phys_ram_base,
	    cmdline_addr-phys_ram_base,
	    prot_addr-phys_ram_base);

    /* highest address for loading the initrd */
    if (protocol >= 0x203)
	initrd_max = ldl_p(header+0x22c);
    else
	initrd_max = 0x37ffffff;

    if (initrd_max >= ram_size-ACPI_DATA_SIZE)
	initrd_max = ram_size-ACPI_DATA_SIZE-1;

    /* kernel command line */
    pstrcpy(cmdline_addr, 4096, kernel_cmdline);

    if (protocol >= 0x202) {
	stl_p(header+0x228, cmdline_addr-phys_ram_base);
    } else {
	stw_p(header+0x20, 0xA33F);
	stw_p(header+0x22, cmdline_addr-real_addr);
    }

    /* loader type */
    /* High nybble = B reserved for Qemu; low nybble is revision number.
       If this code is substantially changed, you may want to consider
       incrementing the revision. */
    if (protocol >= 0x200)
	header[0x210] = 0xB0;

    /* heap */
    if (protocol >= 0x201) {
	header[0x211] |= 0x80;	/* CAN_USE_HEAP */
	stw_p(header+0x224, cmdline_addr-real_addr-0x200);
    }

    /* load initrd */
    if (initrd_filename) {
	if (protocol < 0x200) {
	    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: linux kernel too old to load a ram disk\n");
	    exit(1);
	}

	fi = fopen(initrd_filename, "rb");
	if (!fi) {
	    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not load initial ram disk '%s'\n",
		    initrd_filename);
	    exit(1);
	}

	initrd_size = get_file_size(fi);
	initrd_addr = phys_ram_base + ((initrd_max-initrd_size) & ~4095);

	fprintf(stderr, "qemu: loading initrd (%#x bytes) at %#zx\n",
		initrd_size, initrd_addr-phys_ram_base);

	if (fread(initrd_addr, 1, initrd_size, fi) != initrd_size) {
	    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: read error on initial ram disk '%s'\n",
		    initrd_filename);
	    exit(1);
	}
	fclose(fi);

	stl_p(header+0x218, initrd_addr-phys_ram_base);
	stl_p(header+0x21c, initrd_size);
    }

    /* store the finalized header and load the rest of the kernel */
    memcpy(real_addr, header, 1024);

    setup_size = header[0x1f1];
    if (setup_size == 0)
	setup_size = 4;

    setup_size = (setup_size+1)*512;
    kernel_size -= setup_size;	/* Size of protected-mode code */

    if (fread(real_addr+1024, 1, setup_size-1024, f) != setup_size-1024 ||
	fread(prot_addr, 1, kernel_size, f) != kernel_size) {
	fprintf(stderr, "qemu: read error on kernel '%s'\n",
		kernel_filename);
	exit(1);
    }
    fclose(f);

    /* generate bootsector to set up the initial register state */
    real_seg = (real_addr-phys_ram_base) >> 4;
    seg[0] = seg[2] = seg[3] = seg[4] = seg[4] = real_seg;
    seg[1] = real_seg+0x20;	/* CS */
    memset(gpr, 0, sizeof gpr);
    gpr[4] = cmdline_addr-real_addr-16;	/* SP (-16 is paranoia) */

    generate_bootsect(gpr, seg, 0);
}

static void main_cpu_reset(void *opaque)
{
    CPUState *env = opaque;
    cpu_reset(env);
}

static const int ide_iobase[2] = { 0x1f0, 0x170 };
static const int ide_iobase2[2] = { 0x3f6, 0x376 };
static const int ide_irq[2] = { 14, 15 };

#define NE2000_NB_MAX 6

static int ne2000_io[NE2000_NB_MAX] = { 0x300, 0x320, 0x340, 0x360, 0x280, 0x380 };
static int ne2000_irq[NE2000_NB_MAX] = { 9, 10, 11, 3, 4, 5 };

static int serial_io[MAX_SERIAL_PORTS] = { 0x3f8, 0x2f8, 0x3e8, 0x2e8 };
static int serial_irq[MAX_SERIAL_PORTS] = { 4, 3, 4, 3 };

static int parallel_io[MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS] = { 0x378, 0x278, 0x3bc };
static int parallel_irq[MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS] = { 7, 7, 7 };

#ifdef HAS_AUDIO
static void audio_init (PCIBus *pci_bus, qemu_irq *pic)
{
    struct soundhw *c;
    int audio_enabled = 0;

    for (c = soundhw; !audio_enabled && c->name; ++c) {
        audio_enabled = c->enabled;
    }

    if (audio_enabled) {
        AudioState *s;

        s = AUD_init ();
        if (s) {
            for (c = soundhw; c->name; ++c) {
                if (c->enabled) {
                    if (c->isa) {
                        c->init.init_isa (s, pic);
                    }
                    else {
                        if (pci_bus) {
                            c->init.init_pci (pci_bus, s);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
#endif

static void pc_init_ne2k_isa(NICInfo *nd, qemu_irq *pic)
{
    static int nb_ne2k = 0;

    if (nb_ne2k == NE2000_NB_MAX)
        return;
    isa_ne2000_init(ne2000_io[nb_ne2k], pic[ne2000_irq[nb_ne2k]], nd);
    nb_ne2k++;
}

/* PC hardware initialisation */
static void pc_init1(int ram_size, int vga_ram_size, int boot_device,
                     DisplayState *ds, const char **fd_filename, int snapshot,
                     const char *kernel_filename, const char *kernel_cmdline,
                     const char *initrd_filename,
                     int pci_enabled)
{
    char buf[1024];
    int ret, linux_boot, i;
    ram_addr_t ram_addr, vga_ram_addr, bios_offset, vga_bios_offset;
    int bios_size, isa_bios_size, vga_bios_size;
    PCIBus *pci_bus;
    int piix3_devfn = -1;
    CPUState *env;
    NICInfo *nd;
    qemu_irq *cpu_irq;
    qemu_irq *i8259;

    linux_boot = (kernel_filename != NULL);

    /* init CPUs */
    for(i = 0; i < smp_cpus; i++) {
        env = cpu_init();
        if (i != 0)
            env->hflags |= HF_HALTED_MASK;
        if (smp_cpus > 1) {
            /* XXX: enable it in all cases */
            env->cpuid_features |= CPUID_APIC;
        }
        register_savevm("cpu", i, 4, cpu_save, cpu_load, env);
        qemu_register_reset(main_cpu_reset, env);
        if (pci_enabled) {
            apic_init(env);
        }
        vmport_init(env);
    }

    /* allocate RAM */
    ram_addr = qemu_ram_alloc(ram_size);
    cpu_register_physical_memory(0, ram_size, ram_addr);

    /* allocate VGA RAM */
    vga_ram_addr = qemu_ram_alloc(vga_ram_size);

    /* BIOS load */
    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s/%s", bios_dir, BIOS_FILENAME);
    bios_size = get_image_size(buf);
    if (bios_size <= 0 ||
        (bios_size % 65536) != 0) {
        goto bios_error;
    }
    bios_offset = qemu_ram_alloc(bios_size);
    ret = load_image(buf, phys_ram_base + bios_offset);
    if (ret != bios_size) {
    bios_error:
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not load PC BIOS '%s'\n", buf);
        exit(1);
    }

    /* VGA BIOS load */
    if (cirrus_vga_enabled) {
        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s/%s", bios_dir, VGABIOS_CIRRUS_FILENAME);
    } else {
        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s/%s", bios_dir, VGABIOS_FILENAME);
    }
    vga_bios_size = get_image_size(buf);
    if (vga_bios_size <= 0 || vga_bios_size > 65536)
        goto vga_bios_error;
    vga_bios_offset = qemu_ram_alloc(65536);

    ret = load_image(buf, phys_ram_base + vga_bios_offset);
    if (ret != vga_bios_size) {
    vga_bios_error:
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not load VGA BIOS '%s'\n", buf);
        exit(1);
    }

    /* setup basic memory access */
    cpu_register_physical_memory(0xc0000, 0x10000,
                                 vga_bios_offset | IO_MEM_ROM);

    /* map the last 128KB of the BIOS in ISA space */
    isa_bios_size = bios_size;
    if (isa_bios_size > (128 * 1024))
        isa_bios_size = 128 * 1024;
    cpu_register_physical_memory(0xd0000, (192 * 1024) - isa_bios_size,
                                 IO_MEM_UNASSIGNED);
    cpu_register_physical_memory(0x100000 - isa_bios_size,
                                 isa_bios_size,
                                 (bios_offset + bios_size - isa_bios_size) | IO_MEM_ROM);

    {
        ram_addr_t option_rom_offset;
        int size, offset;

        offset = 0;
        for (i = 0; i < nb_option_roms; i++) {
            size = get_image_size(option_rom[i]);
            if (size < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Could not load option rom '%s'\n",
                        option_rom[i]);
                exit(1);
            }
            if (size > (0x10000 - offset))
                goto option_rom_error;
            option_rom_offset = qemu_ram_alloc(size);
            ret = load_image(option_rom[i], phys_ram_base + option_rom_offset);
            if (ret != size) {
            option_rom_error:
                fprintf(stderr, "Too many option ROMS\n");
                exit(1);
            }
            size = (size + 4095) & ~4095;
            cpu_register_physical_memory(0xd0000 + offset,
                                         size, option_rom_offset | IO_MEM_ROM);
            offset += size;
        }
    }

    /* map all the bios at the top of memory */
    cpu_register_physical_memory((uint32_t)(-bios_size),
                                 bios_size, bios_offset | IO_MEM_ROM);

    bochs_bios_init();

    if (linux_boot)
	load_linux(kernel_filename, initrd_filename, kernel_cmdline);

    cpu_irq = qemu_allocate_irqs(pic_irq_request, first_cpu, 1);
    i8259 = i8259_init(cpu_irq[0]);
    ferr_irq = i8259[13];

    if (pci_enabled) {
        pci_bus = i440fx_init(&i440fx_state, i8259);
        piix3_devfn = piix3_init(pci_bus, -1);
    } else {
        pci_bus = NULL;
    }

    /* init basic PC hardware */
    register_ioport_write(0x80, 1, 1, ioport80_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0xf0, 1, 1, ioportF0_write, NULL);

    if (cirrus_vga_enabled) {
        if (pci_enabled) {
            pci_cirrus_vga_init(pci_bus,
                                ds, phys_ram_base + vga_ram_addr,
                                vga_ram_addr, vga_ram_size);
        } else {
            isa_cirrus_vga_init(ds, phys_ram_base + vga_ram_addr,
                                vga_ram_addr, vga_ram_size);
        }
    } else if (vmsvga_enabled) {
        if (pci_enabled)
            pci_vmsvga_init(pci_bus, ds, phys_ram_base + ram_size,
                            ram_size, vga_ram_size);
        else
            fprintf(stderr, "%s: vmware_vga: no PCI bus\n", __FUNCTION__);
    } else {
        if (pci_enabled) {
            pci_vga_init(pci_bus, ds, phys_ram_base + vga_ram_addr,
                         vga_ram_addr, vga_ram_size, 0, 0);
        } else {
            isa_vga_init(ds, phys_ram_base + vga_ram_addr,
                         vga_ram_addr, vga_ram_size);
        }
    }

    rtc_state = rtc_init(0x70, i8259[8]);

    register_ioport_read(0x92, 1, 1, ioport92_read, NULL);
    register_ioport_write(0x92, 1, 1, ioport92_write, NULL);

    if (pci_enabled) {
        ioapic = ioapic_init();
    }
    pit = pit_init(0x40, i8259[0]);
    pcspk_init(pit);
    if (pci_enabled) {
        pic_set_alt_irq_func(isa_pic, ioapic_set_irq, ioapic);
    }

    for(i = 0; i < MAX_SERIAL_PORTS; i++) {
        if (serial_hds[i]) {
            serial_init(serial_io[i], i8259[serial_irq[i]], serial_hds[i]);
        }
    }

    for(i = 0; i < MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS; i++) {
        if (parallel_hds[i]) {
            parallel_init(parallel_io[i], i8259[parallel_irq[i]],
                          parallel_hds[i]);
        }
    }

    for(i = 0; i < nb_nics; i++) {
        nd = &nd_table[i];
        if (!nd->model) {
            if (pci_enabled) {
                nd->model = "ne2k_pci";
            } else {
                nd->model = "ne2k_isa";
            }
        }
        if (strcmp(nd->model, "ne2k_isa") == 0) {
            pc_init_ne2k_isa(nd, i8259);
        } else if (pci_enabled) {
            if (strcmp(nd->model, "?") == 0)
                fprintf(stderr, "qemu: Supported ISA NICs: ne2k_isa\n");
            pci_nic_init(pci_bus, nd, -1);
        } else if (strcmp(nd->model, "?") == 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: Supported ISA NICs: ne2k_isa\n");
            exit(1);
        } else {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: Unsupported NIC: %s\n", nd->model);
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    if (pci_enabled) {
        pci_piix3_ide_init(pci_bus, bs_table, piix3_devfn + 1, i8259);
    } else {
        for(i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
            isa_ide_init(ide_iobase[i], ide_iobase2[i], i8259[ide_irq[i]],
                         bs_table[2 * i], bs_table[2 * i + 1]);
        }
    }

    i8042_init(i8259[1], i8259[12], 0x60);
    DMA_init(0);
#ifdef HAS_AUDIO
    audio_init(pci_enabled ? pci_bus : NULL, i8259);
#endif

    floppy_controller = fdctrl_init(i8259[6], 2, 0, 0x3f0, fd_table);

    cmos_init(ram_size, boot_device, bs_table);

    if (pci_enabled && usb_enabled) {
        usb_uhci_piix3_init(pci_bus, piix3_devfn + 2);
    }

    if (pci_enabled && acpi_enabled) {
        uint8_t *eeprom_buf = qemu_mallocz(8 * 256); /* XXX: make this persistent */
        i2c_bus *smbus;

        /* TODO: Populate SPD eeprom data.  */
        smbus = piix4_pm_init(pci_bus, piix3_devfn + 3, 0xb100);
        for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
            smbus_eeprom_device_init(smbus, 0x50 + i, eeprom_buf + (i * 256));
        }
    }

    if (i440fx_state) {
        i440fx_init_memory_mappings(i440fx_state);
    }
#if 0
    /* ??? Need to figure out some way for the user to
       specify SCSI devices.  */
    if (pci_enabled) {
        void *scsi;
        BlockDriverState *bdrv;

        scsi = lsi_scsi_init(pci_bus, -1);
        bdrv = bdrv_new("scsidisk");
        bdrv_open(bdrv, "scsi_disk.img", 0);
        lsi_scsi_attach(scsi, bdrv, -1);
        bdrv = bdrv_new("scsicd");
        bdrv_open(bdrv, "scsi_cd.iso", 0);
        bdrv_set_type_hint(bdrv, BDRV_TYPE_CDROM);
        lsi_scsi_attach(scsi, bdrv, -1);
    }
#endif
}

static void pc_init_pci(int ram_size, int vga_ram_size, int boot_device,
                        DisplayState *ds, const char **fd_filename,
                        int snapshot,
                        const char *kernel_filename,
                        const char *kernel_cmdline,
                        const char *initrd_filename,
                        const char *cpu_model)
{
    pc_init1(ram_size, vga_ram_size, boot_device,
             ds, fd_filename, snapshot,
             kernel_filename, kernel_cmdline,
             initrd_filename, 1);
}

static void pc_init_isa(int ram_size, int vga_ram_size, int boot_device,
                        DisplayState *ds, const char **fd_filename,
                        int snapshot,
                        const char *kernel_filename,
                        const char *kernel_cmdline,
                        const char *initrd_filename,
                        const char *cpu_model)
{
    pc_init1(ram_size, vga_ram_size, boot_device,
             ds, fd_filename, snapshot,
             kernel_filename, kernel_cmdline,
             initrd_filename, 0);
}

QEMUMachine pc_machine = {
    "pc",
    "Standard PC",
    pc_init_pci,
};

QEMUMachine isapc_machine = {
    "isapc",
    "ISA-only PC",
    pc_init_isa,
};