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-rw-r--r--docs/atomics.txt4
-rw-r--r--docs/bitmaps.md352
-rw-r--r--docs/multi-thread-compression.txt149
-rw-r--r--docs/qapi-code-gen.txt487
-rw-r--r--docs/qmp/qmp-events.txt22
-rw-r--r--docs/qmp/qmp-spec.txt115
6 files changed, 982 insertions, 147 deletions
diff --git a/docs/atomics.txt b/docs/atomics.txt
index 6f2997bc65..ef285e3c2a 100644
--- a/docs/atomics.txt
+++ b/docs/atomics.txt
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ note that the other barrier may actually be in a driver that runs in
the guest!
For the purposes of pairing, smp_read_barrier_depends() and smp_rmb()
-both count as read barriers. A read barriers shall pair with a write
+both count as read barriers. A read barrier shall pair with a write
barrier or a full barrier; a write barrier shall pair with a read
barrier or a full barrier. A full barrier can pair with anything.
For example:
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ For example:
smp_rmb();
y = a;
-Note that the "writing" thread are accessing the variables in the
+Note that the "writing" thread is accessing the variables in the
opposite order as the "reading" thread. This is expected: stores
before the write barrier will normally match the loads after the
read barrier, and vice versa. The same is true for more than 2
diff --git a/docs/bitmaps.md b/docs/bitmaps.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f066b48aa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/bitmaps.md
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+<!--
+Copyright 2015 John Snow <jsnow@redhat.com> and Red Hat, Inc.
+All rights reserved.
+
+This file is licensed via The FreeBSD Documentation License, the full text of
+which is included at the end of this document.
+-->
+
+# Dirty Bitmaps and Incremental Backup
+
+* Dirty Bitmaps are objects that track which data needs to be backed up for the
+ next incremental backup.
+
+* Dirty bitmaps can be created at any time and attached to any node
+ (not just complete drives.)
+
+## Dirty Bitmap Names
+
+* A dirty bitmap's name is unique to the node, but bitmaps attached to different
+ nodes can share the same name.
+
+## Bitmap Modes
+
+* A Bitmap can be "frozen," which means that it is currently in-use by a backup
+ operation and cannot be deleted, renamed, written to, reset,
+ etc.
+
+## Basic QMP Usage
+
+### Supported Commands ###
+
+* block-dirty-bitmap-add
+* block-dirty-bitmap-remove
+* block-dirty-bitmap-clear
+
+### Creation
+
+* To create a new bitmap, enabled, on the drive with id=drive0:
+
+```json
+{ "execute": "block-dirty-bitmap-add",
+ "arguments": {
+ "node": "drive0",
+ "name": "bitmap0"
+ }
+}
+```
+
+* This bitmap will have a default granularity that matches the cluster size of
+ its associated drive, if available, clamped to between [4KiB, 64KiB].
+ The current default for qcow2 is 64KiB.
+
+* To create a new bitmap that tracks changes in 32KiB segments:
+
+```json
+{ "execute": "block-dirty-bitmap-add",
+ "arguments": {
+ "node": "drive0",
+ "name": "bitmap0",
+ "granularity": 32768
+ }
+}
+```
+
+### Deletion
+
+* Bitmaps that are frozen cannot be deleted.
+
+* Deleting the bitmap does not impact any other bitmaps attached to the same
+ node, nor does it affect any backups already created from this node.
+
+* Because bitmaps are only unique to the node to which they are attached,
+ you must specify the node/drive name here, too.
+
+```json
+{ "execute": "block-dirty-bitmap-remove",
+ "arguments": {
+ "node": "drive0",
+ "name": "bitmap0"
+ }
+}
+```
+
+### Resetting
+
+* Resetting a bitmap will clear all information it holds.
+
+* An incremental backup created from an empty bitmap will copy no data,
+ as if nothing has changed.
+
+```json
+{ "execute": "block-dirty-bitmap-clear",
+ "arguments": {
+ "node": "drive0",
+ "name": "bitmap0"
+ }
+}
+```
+
+## Transactions (Not yet implemented)
+
+* Transactional commands are forthcoming in a future version,
+ and are not yet available for use. This section serves as
+ documentation of intent for their design and usage.
+
+### Justification
+
+Bitmaps can be safely modified when the VM is paused or halted by using
+the basic QMP commands. For instance, you might perform the following actions:
+
+1. Boot the VM in a paused state.
+2. Create a full drive backup of drive0.
+3. Create a new bitmap attached to drive0.
+4. Resume execution of the VM.
+5. Incremental backups are ready to be created.
+
+At this point, the bitmap and drive backup would be correctly in sync,
+and incremental backups made from this point forward would be correctly aligned
+to the full drive backup.
+
+This is not particularly useful if we decide we want to start incremental
+backups after the VM has been running for a while, for which we will need to
+perform actions such as the following:
+
+1. Boot the VM and begin execution.
+2. Using a single transaction, perform the following operations:
+ * Create bitmap0.
+ * Create a full drive backup of drive0.
+3. Incremental backups are now ready to be created.
+
+### Supported Bitmap Transactions
+
+* block-dirty-bitmap-add
+* block-dirty-bitmap-clear
+
+The usages are identical to their respective QMP commands, but see below
+for examples.
+
+### Example: New Incremental Backup
+
+As outlined in the justification, perhaps we want to create a new incremental
+backup chain attached to a drive.
+
+```json
+{ "execute": "transaction",
+ "arguments": {
+ "actions": [
+ {"type": "block-dirty-bitmap-add",
+ "data": {"node": "drive0", "name": "bitmap0"} },
+ {"type": "drive-backup",
+ "data": {"device": "drive0", "target": "/path/to/full_backup.img",
+ "sync": "full", "format": "qcow2"} }
+ ]
+ }
+}
+```
+
+### Example: New Incremental Backup Anchor Point
+
+Maybe we just want to create a new full backup with an existing bitmap and
+want to reset the bitmap to track the new chain.
+
+```json
+{ "execute": "transaction",
+ "arguments": {
+ "actions": [
+ {"type": "block-dirty-bitmap-clear",
+ "data": {"node": "drive0", "name": "bitmap0"} },
+ {"type": "drive-backup",
+ "data": {"device": "drive0", "target": "/path/to/new_full_backup.img",
+ "sync": "full", "format": "qcow2"} }
+ ]
+ }
+}
+```
+
+## Incremental Backups
+
+The star of the show.
+
+**Nota Bene!** Only incremental backups of entire drives are supported for now.
+So despite the fact that you can attach a bitmap to any arbitrary node, they are
+only currently useful when attached to the root node. This is because
+drive-backup only supports drives/devices instead of arbitrary nodes.
+
+### Example: First Incremental Backup
+
+1. Create a full backup and sync it to the dirty bitmap, as in the transactional
+examples above; or with the VM offline, manually create a full copy and then
+create a new bitmap before the VM begins execution.
+
+ * Let's assume the full backup is named 'full_backup.img'.
+ * Let's assume the bitmap you created is 'bitmap0' attached to 'drive0'.
+
+2. Create a destination image for the incremental backup that utilizes the
+full backup as a backing image.
+
+ * Let's assume it is named 'incremental.0.img'.
+
+ ```sh
+ # qemu-img create -f qcow2 incremental.0.img -b full_backup.img -F qcow2
+ ```
+
+3. Issue the incremental backup command:
+
+ ```json
+ { "execute": "drive-backup",
+ "arguments": {
+ "device": "drive0",
+ "bitmap": "bitmap0",
+ "target": "incremental.0.img",
+ "format": "qcow2",
+ "sync": "dirty-bitmap",
+ "mode": "existing"
+ }
+ }
+ ```
+
+### Example: Second Incremental Backup
+
+1. Create a new destination image for the incremental backup that points to the
+ previous one, e.g.: 'incremental.1.img'
+
+ ```sh
+ # qemu-img create -f qcow2 incremental.1.img -b incremental.0.img -F qcow2
+ ```
+
+2. Issue a new incremental backup command. The only difference here is that we
+ have changed the target image below.
+
+ ```json
+ { "execute": "drive-backup",
+ "arguments": {
+ "device": "drive0",
+ "bitmap": "bitmap0",
+ "target": "incremental.1.img",
+ "format": "qcow2",
+ "sync": "dirty-bitmap",
+ "mode": "existing"
+ }
+ }
+ ```
+
+## Errors
+
+* In the event of an error that occurs after a backup job is successfully
+ launched, either by a direct QMP command or a QMP transaction, the user
+ will receive a BLOCK_JOB_COMPLETE event with a failure message, accompanied
+ by a BLOCK_JOB_ERROR event.
+
+* In the case of an event being cancelled, the user will receive a
+ BLOCK_JOB_CANCELLED event instead of a pair of COMPLETE and ERROR events.
+
+* In either case, the incremental backup data contained within the bitmap is
+ safely rolled back, and the data within the bitmap is not lost. The image
+ file created for the failed attempt can be safely deleted.
+
+* Once the underlying problem is fixed (e.g. more storage space is freed up),
+ you can simply retry the incremental backup command with the same bitmap.
+
+### Example
+
+1. Create a target image:
+
+ ```sh
+ # qemu-img create -f qcow2 incremental.0.img -b full_backup.img -F qcow2
+ ```
+
+2. Attempt to create an incremental backup via QMP:
+
+ ```json
+ { "execute": "drive-backup",
+ "arguments": {
+ "device": "drive0",
+ "bitmap": "bitmap0",
+ "target": "incremental.0.img",
+ "format": "qcow2",
+ "sync": "dirty-bitmap",
+ "mode": "existing"
+ }
+ }
+ ```
+
+3. Receive an event notifying us of failure:
+
+ ```json
+ { "timestamp": { "seconds": 1424709442, "microseconds": 844524 },
+ "data": { "speed": 0, "offset": 0, "len": 67108864,
+ "error": "No space left on device",
+ "device": "drive1", "type": "backup" },
+ "event": "BLOCK_JOB_COMPLETED" }
+ ```
+
+4. Delete the failed incremental, and re-create the image.
+
+ ```sh
+ # rm incremental.0.img
+ # qemu-img create -f qcow2 incremental.0.img -b full_backup.img -F qcow2
+ ```
+
+5. Retry the command after fixing the underlying problem,
+ such as freeing up space on the backup volume:
+
+ ```json
+ { "execute": "drive-backup",
+ "arguments": {
+ "device": "drive0",
+ "bitmap": "bitmap0",
+ "target": "incremental.0.img",
+ "format": "qcow2",
+ "sync": "dirty-bitmap",
+ "mode": "existing"
+ }
+ }
+ ```
+
+6. Receive confirmation that the job completed successfully:
+
+ ```json
+ { "timestamp": { "seconds": 1424709668, "microseconds": 526525 },
+ "data": { "device": "drive1", "type": "backup",
+ "speed": 0, "len": 67108864, "offset": 67108864},
+ "event": "BLOCK_JOB_COMPLETED" }
+ ```
+
+<!--
+The FreeBSD Documentation License
+
+Redistribution and use in source (Markdown) and 'compiled' forms (SGML, HTML,
+PDF, PostScript, RTF and so forth) with or without modification, are permitted
+provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+Redistributions of source code (Markdown) must retain the above copyright
+notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer of this file
+unmodified.
+
+Redistributions in compiled form (transformed to other DTDs, converted to PDF,
+PostScript, RTF and other formats) must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or
+other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+THIS DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
+THIS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
diff --git a/docs/multi-thread-compression.txt b/docs/multi-thread-compression.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3d477c3bd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/multi-thread-compression.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+Use multiple thread (de)compression in live migration
+=====================================================
+Copyright (C) 2015 Intel Corporation
+Author: Liang Li <liang.z.li@intel.com>
+
+This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPLv2 or later. See
+the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+
+Contents:
+=========
+* Introduction
+* When to use
+* Performance
+* Usage
+* TODO
+
+Introduction
+============
+Instead of sending the guest memory directly, this solution will
+compress the RAM page before sending; after receiving, the data will
+be decompressed. Using compression in live migration can help
+to reduce the data transferred about 60%, this is very useful when the
+bandwidth is limited, and the total migration time can also be reduced
+about 70% in a typical case. In addition to this, the VM downtime can be
+reduced about 50%. The benefit depends on data's compressibility in VM.
+
+The process of compression will consume additional CPU cycles, and the
+extra CPU cycles will increase the migration time. On the other hand,
+the amount of data transferred will decrease; this factor can reduce
+the total migration time. If the process of the compression is quick
+enough, then the total migration time can be reduced, and multiple
+thread compression can be used to accelerate the compression process.
+
+The decompression speed of Zlib is at least 4 times as quick as
+compression, if the source and destination CPU have equal speed,
+keeping the compression thread count 4 times the decompression
+thread count can avoid resource waste.
+
+Compression level can be used to control the compression speed and the
+compression ratio. High compression ratio will take more time, level 0
+stands for no compression, level 1 stands for the best compression
+speed, and level 9 stands for the best compression ratio. Users can
+select a level number between 0 and 9.
+
+
+When to use the multiple thread compression in live migration
+=============================================================
+Compression of data will consume extra CPU cycles; so in a system with
+high overhead of CPU, avoid using this feature. When the network
+bandwidth is very limited and the CPU resource is adequate, use of
+multiple thread compression will be very helpful. If both the CPU and
+the network bandwidth are adequate, use of multiple thread compression
+can still help to reduce the migration time.
+
+Performance
+===========
+Test environment:
+
+CPU: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2680 0 @ 2.70GHz
+Socket Count: 2
+RAM: 128G
+NIC: Intel I350 (10/100/1000Mbps)
+Host OS: CentOS 7 64-bit
+Guest OS: RHEL 6.5 64-bit
+Parameter: qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -smp 4 -m 4096
+ /share/ia32e_rhel6u5.qcow -monitor stdio
+
+There is no additional application is running on the guest when doing
+the test.
+
+
+Speed limit: 1000Gb/s
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+ | original | compress thread: 8
+ | way | decompress thread: 2
+ | | compression level: 1
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+total time(msec): | 3333 | 1833
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+downtime(msec): | 100 | 27
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+transferred ram(kB):| 363536 | 107819
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+throughput(mbps): | 893.73 | 482.22
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+total ram(kB): | 4211524 | 4211524
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+There is an application running on the guest which write random numbers
+to RAM block areas periodically.
+
+Speed limit: 1000Gb/s
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+ | original | compress thread: 8
+ | way | decompress thread: 2
+ | | compression level: 1
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+total time(msec): | 37369 | 15989
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+downtime(msec): | 337 | 173
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+transferred ram(kB):| 4274143 | 1699824
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+throughput(mbps): | 936.99 | 870.95
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+total ram(kB): | 4211524 | 4211524
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Usage
+=====
+1. Verify both the source and destination QEMU are able
+to support the multiple thread compression migration:
+ {qemu} info_migrate_capabilities
+ {qemu} ... compress: off ...
+
+2. Activate compression on the source:
+ {qemu} migrate_set_capability compress on
+
+3. Set the compression thread count on source:
+ {qemu} migrate_set_parameter compress_threads 12
+
+4. Set the compression level on the source:
+ {qemu} migrate_set_parameter compress_level 1
+
+5. Set the decompression thread count on destination:
+ {qemu} migrate_set_parameter decompress_threads 3
+
+6. Start outgoing migration:
+ {qemu} migrate -d tcp:destination.host:4444
+ {qemu} info migrate
+ Capabilities: ... compress: on
+ ...
+
+The following are the default settings:
+ compress: off
+ compress_threads: 8
+ decompress_threads: 2
+ compress_level: 1 (which means best speed)
+
+So, only the first two steps are required to use the multiple
+thread compression in migration. You can do more if the default
+settings are not appropriate.
+
+TODO
+====
+Some faster (de)compression method such as LZ4 and Quicklz can help
+to reduce the CPU consumption when doing (de)compression. If using
+these faster (de)compression method, less (de)compression threads
+are needed when doing the migration.
diff --git a/docs/qapi-code-gen.txt b/docs/qapi-code-gen.txt
index 8313ba6af8..269a1f3d27 100644
--- a/docs/qapi-code-gen.txt
+++ b/docs/qapi-code-gen.txt
@@ -1,61 +1,193 @@
= How to use the QAPI code generator =
-QAPI is a native C API within QEMU which provides management-level
-functionality to internal/external users. For external
-users/processes, this interface is made available by a JSON-based
-QEMU Monitor protocol that is provided by the QMP server.
-
-To map QMP-defined interfaces to the native C QAPI implementations,
-a JSON-based schema is used to define types and function
-signatures, and a set of scripts is used to generate types/signatures,
-and marshaling/dispatch code. The QEMU Guest Agent also uses these
-scripts, paired with a separate schema, to generate
-marshaling/dispatch code for the guest agent server running in the
-guest.
+Copyright IBM Corp. 2011
+Copyright (C) 2012-2015 Red Hat, Inc.
-This document will describe how the schemas, scripts, and resulting
-code are used.
+This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or
+later. See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+== Introduction ==
-== QMP/Guest agent schema ==
-
-This file defines the types, commands, and events used by QMP. It should
-fully describe the interface used by QMP.
+QAPI is a native C API within QEMU which provides management-level
+functionality to internal and external users. For external
+users/processes, this interface is made available by a JSON-based wire
+format for the QEMU Monitor Protocol (QMP) for controlling qemu, as
+well as the QEMU Guest Agent (QGA) for communicating with the guest.
+The remainder of this document uses "Client JSON Protocol" when
+referring to the wire contents of a QMP or QGA connection.
-This file is designed to be loosely based on JSON although it's technically
-executable Python. While dictionaries are used, they are parsed as
-OrderedDicts so that ordering is preserved.
+To map Client JSON Protocol interfaces to the native C QAPI
+implementations, a JSON-based schema is used to define types and
+function signatures, and a set of scripts is used to generate types,
+signatures, and marshaling/dispatch code. This document will describe
+how the schemas, scripts, and resulting code are used.
-There are two basic syntaxes used, type definitions and command definitions.
-The first syntax defines a type and is represented by a dictionary. There are
-three kinds of user-defined types that are supported: complex types,
-enumeration types and union types.
+== QMP/Guest agent schema ==
-Generally speaking, types definitions should always use CamelCase for the type
-names. Command names should be all lower case with words separated by a hyphen.
+A QAPI schema file is designed to be loosely based on JSON
+(http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc7159.txt) with changes for quoting style
+and the use of comments; a QAPI schema file is then parsed by a python
+code generation program. A valid QAPI schema consists of a series of
+top-level expressions, with no commas between them. Where
+dictionaries (JSON objects) are used, they are parsed as python
+OrderedDicts so that ordering is preserved (for predictable layout of
+generated C structs and parameter lists). Ordering doesn't matter
+between top-level expressions or the keys within an expression, but
+does matter within dictionary values for 'data' and 'returns' members
+of a single expression. QAPI schema input is written using 'single
+quotes' instead of JSON's "double quotes" (in contrast, Client JSON
+Protocol uses no comments, and while input accepts 'single quotes' as
+an extension, output is strict JSON using only "double quotes"). As
+in JSON, trailing commas are not permitted in arrays or dictionaries.
+Input must be ASCII (although QMP supports full Unicode strings, the
+QAPI parser does not). At present, there is no place where a QAPI
+schema requires the use of JSON numbers or null.
+
+Comments are allowed; anything between an unquoted # and the following
+newline is ignored. Although there is not yet a documentation
+generator, a form of stylized comments has developed for consistently
+documenting details about an expression and when it was added to the
+schema. The documentation is delimited between two lines of ##, then
+the first line names the expression, an optional overview is provided,
+then individual documentation about each member of 'data' is provided,
+and finally, a 'Since: x.y.z' tag lists the release that introduced
+the expression. Optional fields are tagged with the phrase
+'#optional', often with their default value; and extensions added
+after the expression was first released are also given a '(since
+x.y.z)' comment. For example:
+
+ ##
+ # @BlockStats:
+ #
+ # Statistics of a virtual block device or a block backing device.
+ #
+ # @device: #optional If the stats are for a virtual block device, the name
+ # corresponding to the virtual block device.
+ #
+ # @stats: A @BlockDeviceStats for the device.
+ #
+ # @parent: #optional This describes the file block device if it has one.
+ #
+ # @backing: #optional This describes the backing block device if it has one.
+ # (Since 2.0)
+ #
+ # Since: 0.14.0
+ ##
+ { 'struct': 'BlockStats',
+ 'data': {'*device': 'str', 'stats': 'BlockDeviceStats',
+ '*parent': 'BlockStats',
+ '*backing': 'BlockStats'} }
+
+The schema sets up a series of types, as well as commands and events
+that will use those types. Forward references are allowed: the parser
+scans in two passes, where the first pass learns all type names, and
+the second validates the schema and generates the code. This allows
+the definition of complex structs that can have mutually recursive
+types, and allows for indefinite nesting of Client JSON Protocol that
+satisfies the schema. A type name should not be defined more than
+once. It is permissible for the schema to contain additional types
+not used by any commands or events in the Client JSON Protocol, for
+the side effect of generated C code used internally.
+
+There are seven top-level expressions recognized by the parser:
+'include', 'command', 'struct', 'enum', 'union', 'alternate', and
+'event'. There are several groups of types: simple types (a number of
+built-in types, such as 'int' and 'str'; as well as enumerations),
+complex types (structs and two flavors of unions), and alternate types
+(a choice between other types). The 'command' and 'event' expressions
+can refer to existing types by name, or list an anonymous type as a
+dictionary. Listing a type name inside an array refers to a
+single-dimension array of that type; multi-dimension arrays are not
+directly supported (although an array of a complex struct that
+contains an array member is possible).
+
+Types, commands, and events share a common namespace. Therefore,
+generally speaking, type definitions should always use CamelCase for
+user-defined type names, while built-in types are lowercase. Type
+definitions should not end in 'Kind', as this namespace is used for
+creating implicit C enums for visiting union types. Command names,
+and field names within a type, should be all lower case with words
+separated by a hyphen. However, some existing older commands and
+complex types use underscore; when extending such expressions,
+consistency is preferred over blindly avoiding underscore. Event
+names should be ALL_CAPS with words separated by underscore. The
+special string '**' appears for some commands that manually perform
+their own type checking rather than relying on the type-safe code
+produced by the qapi code generators.
+
+Any name (command, event, type, field, or enum value) beginning with
+"x-" is marked experimental, and may be withdrawn or changed
+incompatibly in a future release. Downstream vendors may add
+extensions; such extensions should begin with a prefix matching
+"__RFQDN_" (for the reverse-fully-qualified-domain-name of the
+vendor), even if the rest of the name uses dash (example:
+__com.redhat_drive-mirror). Other than downstream extensions (with
+leading underscore and the use of dots), all names should begin with a
+letter, and contain only ASCII letters, digits, dash, and underscore.
+It is okay to reuse names that match C keywords; the generator will
+rename a field named "default" in the QAPI to "q_default" in the
+generated C code.
+
+In the rest of this document, usage lines are given for each
+expression type, with literal strings written in lower case and
+placeholders written in capitals. If a literal string includes a
+prefix of '*', that key/value pair can be omitted from the expression.
+For example, a usage statement that includes '*base':STRUCT-NAME
+means that an expression has an optional key 'base', which if present
+must have a value that forms a struct name.
+
+
+=== Built-in Types ===
+
+The following types are built-in to the parser:
+ 'str' - arbitrary UTF-8 string
+ 'int' - 64-bit signed integer (although the C code may place further
+ restrictions on acceptable range)
+ 'number' - floating point number
+ 'bool' - JSON value of true or false
+ 'int8', 'int16', 'int32', 'int64' - like 'int', but enforce maximum
+ bit size
+ 'uint8', 'uint16', 'uint32', 'uint64' - unsigned counterparts
+ 'size' - like 'uint64', but allows scaled suffix from command line
+ visitor
=== Includes ===
+Usage: { 'include': STRING }
+
The QAPI schema definitions can be modularized using the 'include' directive:
- { 'include': 'path/to/file.json'}
+ { 'include': 'path/to/file.json' }
The directive is evaluated recursively, and include paths are relative to the
-file using the directive. Multiple includes of the same file are safe.
+file using the directive. Multiple includes of the same file are
+safe. No other keys should appear in the expression, and the include
+value should be a string.
+
+As a matter of style, it is a good idea to have all files be
+self-contained, but at the moment, nothing prevents an included file
+from making a forward reference to a type that is only introduced by
+an outer file. The parser may be made stricter in the future to
+prevent incomplete include files.
-=== Complex types ===
+=== Struct types ===
-A complex type is a dictionary containing a single key whose value is a
-dictionary. This corresponds to a struct in C or an Object in JSON. An
-example of a complex type is:
+Usage: { 'struct': STRING, 'data': DICT, '*base': STRUCT-NAME }
- { 'type': 'MyType',
+A struct is a dictionary containing a single 'data' key whose
+value is a dictionary. This corresponds to a struct in C or an Object
+in JSON. Each value of the 'data' dictionary must be the name of a
+type, or a one-element array containing a type name. An example of a
+struct is:
+
+ { 'struct': 'MyType',
'data': { 'member1': 'str', 'member2': 'int', '*member3': 'str' } }
-The use of '*' as a prefix to the name means the member is optional.
+The use of '*' as a prefix to the name means the member is optional in
+the corresponding JSON protocol usage.
The default initialization value of an optional argument should not be changed
between versions of QEMU unless the new default maintains backward
@@ -84,13 +216,13 @@ A structure that is used in both input and output of various commands
must consider the backwards compatibility constraints of both directions
of use.
-A complex type definition can specify another complex type as its base.
+A struct definition can specify another struct as its base.
In this case, the fields of the base type are included as top-level fields
-of the new complex type's dictionary in the QMP wire format. An example
-definition is:
+of the new struct's dictionary in the Client JSON Protocol wire
+format. An example definition is:
- { 'type': 'BlockdevOptionsGenericFormat', 'data': { 'file': 'str' } }
- { 'type': 'BlockdevOptionsGenericCOWFormat',
+ { 'struct': 'BlockdevOptionsGenericFormat', 'data': { 'file': 'str' } }
+ { 'struct': 'BlockdevOptionsGenericCOWFormat',
'base': 'BlockdevOptionsGenericFormat',
'data': { '*backing': 'str' } }
@@ -100,97 +232,158 @@ both fields like this:
{ "file": "/some/place/my-image",
"backing": "/some/place/my-backing-file" }
+
=== Enumeration types ===
-An enumeration type is a dictionary containing a single key whose value is a
-list of strings. An example enumeration is:
+Usage: { 'enum': STRING, 'data': ARRAY-OF-STRING }
+
+An enumeration type is a dictionary containing a single 'data' key
+whose value is a list of strings. An example enumeration is:
{ 'enum': 'MyEnum', 'data': [ 'value1', 'value2', 'value3' ] }
+Nothing prevents an empty enumeration, although it is probably not
+useful. The list of strings should be lower case; if an enum name
+represents multiple words, use '-' between words. The string 'max' is
+not allowed as an enum value, and values should not be repeated.
+
+The enumeration values are passed as strings over the Client JSON
+Protocol, but are encoded as C enum integral values in generated code.
+While the C code starts numbering at 0, it is better to use explicit
+comparisons to enum values than implicit comparisons to 0; the C code
+will also include a generated enum member ending in _MAX for tracking
+the size of the enum, useful when using common functions for
+converting between strings and enum values. Since the wire format
+always passes by name, it is acceptable to reorder or add new
+enumeration members in any location without breaking clients of Client
+JSON Protocol; however, removing enum values would break
+compatibility. For any struct that has a field that will only contain
+a finite set of string values, using an enum type for that field is
+better than open-coding the field to be type 'str'.
+
+
=== Union types ===
-Union types are used to let the user choose between several different data
-types. A union type is defined using a dictionary as explained in the
-following paragraphs.
+Usage: { 'union': STRING, 'data': DICT }
+or: { 'union': STRING, 'data': DICT, 'base': STRUCT-NAME,
+ 'discriminator': ENUM-MEMBER-OF-BASE }
+Union types are used to let the user choose between several different
+variants for an object. There are two flavors: simple (no
+discriminator or base), flat (both discriminator and base). A union
+type is defined using a data dictionary as explained in the following
+paragraphs.
-A simple union type defines a mapping from discriminator values to data types
-like in this example:
+A simple union type defines a mapping from automatic discriminator
+values to data types like in this example:
- { 'type': 'FileOptions', 'data': { 'filename': 'str' } }
- { 'type': 'Qcow2Options',
+ { 'struct': 'FileOptions', 'data': { 'filename': 'str' } }
+ { 'struct': 'Qcow2Options',
'data': { 'backing-file': 'str', 'lazy-refcounts': 'bool' } }
{ 'union': 'BlockdevOptions',
'data': { 'file': 'FileOptions',
'qcow2': 'Qcow2Options' } }
-In the QMP wire format, a simple union is represented by a dictionary that
-contains the 'type' field as a discriminator, and a 'data' field that is of the
-specified data type corresponding to the discriminator value:
+In the Client JSON Protocol, a simple union is represented by a
+dictionary that contains the 'type' field as a discriminator, and a
+'data' field that is of the specified data type corresponding to the
+discriminator value, as in these examples:
+ { "type": "file", "data" : { "filename": "/some/place/my-image" } }
{ "type": "qcow2", "data" : { "backing-file": "/some/place/my-image",
"lazy-refcounts": true } }
+The generated C code uses a struct containing a union. Additionally,
+an implicit C enum 'NameKind' is created, corresponding to the union
+'Name', for accessing the various branches of the union. No branch of
+the union can be named 'max', as this would collide with the implicit
+enum. The value for each branch can be of any type.
-A union definition can specify a complex type as its base. In this case, the
-fields of the complex type are included as top-level fields of the union
-dictionary in the QMP wire format. An example definition is:
- { 'type': 'BlockdevCommonOptions', 'data': { 'readonly': 'bool' } }
- { 'union': 'BlockdevOptions',
- 'base': 'BlockdevCommonOptions',
- 'data': { 'raw': 'RawOptions',
- 'qcow2': 'Qcow2Options' } }
+A flat union definition specifies a struct as its base, and
+avoids nesting on the wire. All branches of the union must be
+complex types, and the top-level fields of the union dictionary on
+the wire will be combination of fields from both the base type and the
+appropriate branch type (when merging two dictionaries, there must be
+no keys in common). The 'discriminator' field must be the name of an
+enum-typed member of the base struct.
-And it looks like this on the wire:
-
- { "type": "qcow2",
- "readonly": false,
- "data" : { "backing-file": "/some/place/my-image",
- "lazy-refcounts": true } }
-
-
-Flat union types avoid the nesting on the wire. They are used whenever a
-specific field of the base type is declared as the discriminator ('type' is
-then no longer generated). The discriminator must be of enumeration type.
-The above example can then be modified as follows:
+The following example enhances the above simple union example by
+adding a common field 'readonly', renaming the discriminator to
+something more applicable, and reducing the number of {} required on
+the wire:
{ 'enum': 'BlockdevDriver', 'data': [ 'raw', 'qcow2' ] }
- { 'type': 'BlockdevCommonOptions',
+ { 'struct': 'BlockdevCommonOptions',
'data': { 'driver': 'BlockdevDriver', 'readonly': 'bool' } }
{ 'union': 'BlockdevOptions',
'base': 'BlockdevCommonOptions',
'discriminator': 'driver',
- 'data': { 'raw': 'RawOptions',
+ 'data': { 'file': 'FileOptions',
'qcow2': 'Qcow2Options' } }
-Resulting in this JSON object:
+Resulting in these JSON objects:
+
+ { "driver": "file", "readonly": true,
+ "filename": "/some/place/my-image" }
+ { "driver": "qcow2", "readonly": false,
+ "backing-file": "/some/place/my-image", "lazy-refcounts": true }
+
+Notice that in a flat union, the discriminator name is controlled by
+the user, but because it must map to a base member with enum type, the
+code generator can ensure that branches exist for all values of the
+enum (although the order of the keys need not match the declaration of
+the enum). In the resulting generated C data types, a flat union is
+represented as a struct with the base member fields included directly,
+and then a union of structures for each branch of the struct.
+
+A simple union can always be re-written as a flat union where the base
+class has a single member named 'type', and where each branch of the
+union has a struct with a single member named 'data'. That is,
- { "driver": "qcow2",
- "readonly": false,
- "backing-file": "/some/place/my-image",
- "lazy-refcounts": true }
+ { 'union': 'Simple', 'data': { 'one': 'str', 'two': 'int' } }
+is identical on the wire to:
-A special type of unions are anonymous unions. They don't form a dictionary in
-the wire format but allow the direct use of different types in their place. As
-they aren't structured, they don't have any explicit discriminator but use
-the (QObject) data type of their value as an implicit discriminator. This means
-that they are restricted to using only one discriminator value per QObject
-type. For example, you cannot have two different complex types in an anonymous
-union, or two different integer types.
+ { 'enum': 'Enum', 'data': ['one', 'two'] }
+ { 'struct': 'Base', 'data': { 'type': 'Enum' } }
+ { 'struct': 'Branch1', 'data': { 'data': 'str' } }
+ { 'struct': 'Branch2', 'data': { 'data': 'int' } }
+ { 'union': 'Flat': 'base': 'Base', 'discriminator': 'type',
+ 'data': { 'one': 'Branch1', 'two': 'Branch2' } }
-Anonymous unions are declared using an empty dictionary as their discriminator.
-The discriminator values never appear on the wire, they are only used in the
-generated C code. Anonymous unions cannot have a base type.
- { 'union': 'BlockRef',
- 'discriminator': {},
+=== Alternate types ===
+
+Usage: { 'alternate': STRING, 'data': DICT }
+
+An alternate type is one that allows a choice between two or more JSON
+data types (string, integer, number, or object, but currently not
+array) on the wire. The definition is similar to a simple union type,
+where each branch of the union names a QAPI type. For example:
+
+ { 'alternate': 'BlockRef',
'data': { 'definition': 'BlockdevOptions',
'reference': 'str' } }
-This example allows using both of the following example objects:
+Just like for a simple union, an implicit C enum 'NameKind' is created
+to enumerate the branches for the alternate 'Name'.
+
+Unlike a union, the discriminator string is never passed on the wire
+for the Client JSON Protocol. Instead, the value's JSON type serves
+as an implicit discriminator, which in turn means that an alternate
+can only express a choice between types represented differently in
+JSON. If a branch is typed as the 'bool' built-in, the alternate
+accepts true and false; if it is typed as any of the various numeric
+built-ins, it accepts a JSON number; if it is typed as a 'str'
+built-in or named enum type, it accepts a JSON string; and if it is
+typed as a complex type (struct or union), it accepts a JSON object.
+Two different complex types, for instance, aren't permitted, because
+both are represented as a JSON object.
+
+The example alternate declaration above allows using both of the
+following example objects:
{ "file": "my_existing_block_device_id" }
{ "file": { "driver": "file",
@@ -200,23 +393,95 @@ This example allows using both of the following example objects:
=== Commands ===
-Commands are defined by using a list containing three members. The first
-member is the command name, the second member is a dictionary containing
-arguments, and the third member is the return type.
-
-An example command is:
+Usage: { 'command': STRING, '*data': COMPLEX-TYPE-NAME-OR-DICT,
+ '*returns': TYPE-NAME-OR-DICT,
+ '*gen': false, '*success-response': false }
+
+Commands are defined by using a dictionary containing several members,
+where three members are most common. The 'command' member is a
+mandatory string, and determines the "execute" value passed in a
+Client JSON Protocol command exchange.
+
+The 'data' argument maps to the "arguments" dictionary passed in as
+part of a Client JSON Protocol command. The 'data' member is optional
+and defaults to {} (an empty dictionary). If present, it must be the
+string name of a complex type, a one-element array containing the name
+of a complex type, or a dictionary that declares an anonymous type
+with the same semantics as a 'struct' expression, with one exception
+noted below when 'gen' is used.
+
+The 'returns' member describes what will appear in the "return" field
+of a Client JSON Protocol reply on successful completion of a command.
+The member is optional from the command declaration; if absent, the
+"return" field will be an empty dictionary. If 'returns' is present,
+it must be the string name of a complex or built-in type, a
+one-element array containing the name of a complex or built-in type,
+or a dictionary that declares an anonymous type with the same
+semantics as a 'struct' expression, with one exception noted below
+when 'gen' is used. Although it is permitted to have the 'returns'
+member name a built-in type or an array of built-in types, any command
+that does this cannot be extended to return additional information in
+the future; thus, new commands should strongly consider returning a
+dictionary-based type or an array of dictionaries, even if the
+dictionary only contains one field at the present.
+
+All commands in Client JSON Protocol use a dictionary to report
+failure, with no way to specify that in QAPI. Where the error return
+is different than the usual GenericError class in order to help the
+client react differently to certain error conditions, it is worth
+documenting this in the comments before the command declaration.
+
+Some example commands:
+
+ { 'command': 'my-first-command',
+ 'data': { 'arg1': 'str', '*arg2': 'str' } }
+ { 'struct': 'MyType', 'data': { '*value': 'str' } }
+ { 'command': 'my-second-command',
+ 'returns': [ 'MyType' ] }
+
+which would validate this Client JSON Protocol transaction:
+
+ => { "execute": "my-first-command",
+ "arguments": { "arg1": "hello" } }
+ <= { "return": { } }
+ => { "execute": "my-second-command" }
+ <= { "return": [ { "value": "one" }, { } ] }
+
+In rare cases, QAPI cannot express a type-safe representation of a
+corresponding Client JSON Protocol command. In these cases, if the
+command expression includes the key 'gen' with boolean value false,
+then the 'data' or 'returns' member that intends to bypass generated
+type-safety and do its own manual validation should use an inline
+dictionary definition, with a value of '**' rather than a valid type
+name for the keys that the generated code will not validate. Please
+try to avoid adding new commands that rely on this, and instead use
+type-safe unions. For an example of bypass usage:
+
+ { 'command': 'netdev_add',
+ 'data': {'type': 'str', 'id': 'str', '*props': '**'},
+ 'gen': false }
+
+Normally, the QAPI schema is used to describe synchronous exchanges,
+where a response is expected. But in some cases, the action of a
+command is expected to change state in a way that a successful
+response is not possible (although the command will still return a
+normal dictionary error on failure). When a successful reply is not
+possible, the command expression should include the optional key
+'success-response' with boolean value false. So far, only QGA makes
+use of this field.
- { 'command': 'my-command',
- 'data': { 'arg1': 'str', '*arg2': 'str' },
- 'returns': 'str' }
=== Events ===
-Events are defined with the keyword 'event'. When 'data' is also specified,
-additional info will be included in the event. Finally there will be C API
-generated in qapi-event.h; when called by QEMU code, a message with timestamp
-will be emitted on the wire. If timestamp is -1, it means failure to retrieve
-host time.
+Usage: { 'event': STRING, '*data': COMPLEX-TYPE-NAME-OR-DICT }
+
+Events are defined with the keyword 'event'. It is not allowed to
+name an event 'MAX', since the generator also produces a C enumeration
+of all event names with a generated _MAX value at the end. When
+'data' is also specified, additional info will be included in the
+event, with similar semantics to a 'struct' expression. Finally there
+will be C API generated in qapi-event.h; when called by QEMU code, a
+message with timestamp will be emitted on the wire.
An example event is:
@@ -234,9 +499,9 @@ Resulting in this JSON object:
Schemas are fed into 3 scripts to generate all the code/files that, paired
with the core QAPI libraries, comprise everything required to take JSON
-commands read in by a QMP/guest agent server, unmarshal the arguments into
+commands read in by a Client JSON Protocol server, unmarshal the arguments into
the underlying C types, call into the corresponding C function, and map the
-response back to a QMP/guest agent response to be returned to the user.
+response back to a Client JSON Protocol response to be returned to the user.
As an example, we'll use the following schema, which describes a single
complex user-defined type (which will produce a C struct, along with a list
@@ -245,7 +510,7 @@ case we want to accept/return a list of this type with a command), and a
command which takes that type as a parameter and returns the same type:
$ cat example-schema.json
- { 'type': 'UserDefOne',
+ { 'struct': 'UserDefOne',
'data': { 'integer': 'int', 'string': 'str' } }
{ 'command': 'my-command',
@@ -311,7 +576,7 @@ Example:
#ifndef EXAMPLE_QAPI_TYPES_H
#define EXAMPLE_QAPI_TYPES_H
-[Builtin types omitted...]
+[Built-in types omitted...]
typedef struct UserDefOne UserDefOne;
@@ -324,7 +589,7 @@ Example:
struct UserDefOneList *next;
} UserDefOneList;
-[Functions on builtin types omitted...]
+[Functions on built-in types omitted...]
struct UserDefOne
{
@@ -423,7 +688,7 @@ Example:
#ifndef EXAMPLE_QAPI_VISIT_H
#define EXAMPLE_QAPI_VISIT_H
-[Visitors for builtin types omitted...]
+[Visitors for built-in types omitted...]
void visit_type_UserDefOne(Visitor *m, UserDefOne **obj, const char *name, Error **errp);
void visit_type_UserDefOneList(Visitor *m, UserDefOneList **obj, const char *name, Error **errp);
diff --git a/docs/qmp/qmp-events.txt b/docs/qmp/qmp-events.txt
index 3be468f6d6..6dc2cca7de 100644
--- a/docs/qmp/qmp-events.txt
+++ b/docs/qmp/qmp-events.txt
@@ -31,21 +31,27 @@ Example:
BLOCK_IMAGE_CORRUPTED
---------------------
-Emitted when a disk image is being marked corrupt.
+Emitted when a disk image is being marked corrupt. The image can be
+identified by its device or node name. The 'device' field is always
+present for compatibility reasons, but it can be empty ("") if the
+image does not have a device name associated.
Data:
-- "device": Device name (json-string)
-- "msg": Informative message (e.g., reason for the corruption) (json-string)
-- "offset": If the corruption resulted from an image access, this is the access
- offset into the image (json-int)
-- "size": If the corruption resulted from an image access, this is the access
- size (json-int)
+- "device": Device name (json-string)
+- "node-name": Node name (json-string, optional)
+- "msg": Informative message (e.g., reason for the corruption)
+ (json-string)
+- "offset": If the corruption resulted from an image access, this
+ is the host's access offset into the image
+ (json-int, optional)
+- "size": If the corruption resulted from an image access, this
+ is the access size (json-int, optional)
Example:
{ "event": "BLOCK_IMAGE_CORRUPTED",
- "data": { "device": "ide0-hd0",
+ "data": { "device": "ide0-hd0", "node-name": "node0",
"msg": "Prevented active L1 table overwrite", "offset": 196608,
"size": 65536 },
"timestamp": { "seconds": 1378126126, "microseconds": 966463 } }
diff --git a/docs/qmp/qmp-spec.txt b/docs/qmp/qmp-spec.txt
index 22568c644e..4c28cd9438 100644
--- a/docs/qmp/qmp-spec.txt
+++ b/docs/qmp/qmp-spec.txt
@@ -1,10 +1,21 @@
QEMU Machine Protocol Specification
+0. About This Document
+======================
+
+Copyright (C) 2009-2015 Red Hat, Inc.
+
+This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or
+later. See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+
1. Introduction
===============
-This document specifies the QEMU Machine Protocol (QMP), a JSON-based protocol
-which is available for applications to operate QEMU at the machine-level.
+This document specifies the QEMU Machine Protocol (QMP), a JSON-based
+protocol which is available for applications to operate QEMU at the
+machine-level. It is also in use by the QEMU Guest Agent (QGA), which
+is available for host applications to interact with the guest
+operating system.
2. Protocol Specification
=========================
@@ -18,14 +29,27 @@ following format:
json-DATA-STRUCTURE-NAME
-Where DATA-STRUCTURE-NAME is any valid JSON data structure, as defined by
-the JSON standard:
+Where DATA-STRUCTURE-NAME is any valid JSON data structure, as defined
+by the JSON standard:
+
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc7159.txt
-http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt
+The protocol is always encoded in UTF-8 except for synchronization
+bytes (documented below); although thanks to json-string escape
+sequences, the server will reply using only the strict ASCII subset.
-For convenience, json-object members and json-array elements mentioned in
-this document will be in a certain order. However, in real protocol usage
-they can be in ANY order, thus no particular order should be assumed.
+For convenience, json-object members mentioned in this document will
+be in a certain order. However, in real protocol usage they can be in
+ANY order, thus no particular order should be assumed. On the other
+hand, use of json-array elements presumes that preserving order is
+important unless specifically documented otherwise. Repeating a key
+within a json-object gives unpredictable results.
+
+Also for convenience, the server will accept an extension of
+'single-quoted' strings in place of the usual "double-quoted"
+json-string, and both input forms of strings understand an additional
+escape sequence of "\'" for a single quote. The server will only use
+double quoting on output.
2.1 General Definitions
-----------------------
@@ -52,7 +76,16 @@ The greeting message format is:
- The "version" member contains the Server's version information (the format
is the same of the query-version command)
- The "capabilities" member specify the availability of features beyond the
- baseline specification
+ baseline specification; the order of elements in this array has no
+ particular significance, so a client must search the entire array
+ when looking for a particular capability
+
+2.2.1 Capabilities
+------------------
+
+As of the date this document was last revised, no server or client
+capability strings have been defined.
+
2.3 Issuing Commands
--------------------
@@ -65,10 +98,14 @@ The format for command execution is:
- The "execute" member identifies the command to be executed by the Server
- The "arguments" member is used to pass any arguments required for the
- execution of the command, it is optional when no arguments are required
+ execution of the command, it is optional when no arguments are
+ required. Each command documents what contents will be considered
+ valid when handling the json-argument
- The "id" member is a transaction identification associated with the
command execution, it is optional and will be part of the response if
- provided
+ provided. The "id" member can be any json-value, although most
+ clients merely use a json-number incremented for each successive
+ command
2.4 Commands Responses
----------------------
@@ -81,13 +118,15 @@ of a command execution: success or error.
The format of a success response is:
-{ "return": json-object, "id": json-value }
+{ "return": json-value, "id": json-value }
Where,
-- The "return" member contains the command returned data, which is defined
- in a per-command basis or an empty json-object if the command does not
- return data
+- The "return" member contains the data returned by the command, which
+ is defined on a per-command basis (usually a json-object or
+ json-array of json-objects, but sometimes a json-number, json-string,
+ or json-array of json-strings); it is an empty json-object if the
+ command does not return data
- The "id" member contains the transaction identification associated
with the command execution if issued by the Client
@@ -114,7 +153,8 @@ if provided by the client.
-----------------------
As a result of state changes, the Server may send messages unilaterally
-to the Client at any time. They are called "asynchronous events".
+to the Client at any time, when not in the middle of any other
+response. They are called "asynchronous events".
The format of asynchronous events is:
@@ -126,13 +166,27 @@ The format of asynchronous events is:
- The "event" member contains the event's name
- The "data" member contains event specific data, which is defined in a
per-event basis, it is optional
-- The "timestamp" member contains the exact time of when the event occurred
- in the Server. It is a fixed json-object with time in seconds and
- microseconds
+- The "timestamp" member contains the exact time of when the event
+ occurred in the Server. It is a fixed json-object with time in
+ seconds and microseconds relative to the Unix Epoch (1 Jan 1970); if
+ there is a failure to retrieve host time, both members of the
+ timestamp will be set to -1.
For a listing of supported asynchronous events, please, refer to the
qmp-events.txt file.
+2.5 QGA Synchronization
+-----------------------
+
+When using QGA, an additional synchronization feature is built into
+the protocol. If the Client sends a raw 0xFF sentinel byte (not valid
+JSON), then the Server will reset its state and discard all pending
+data prior to the sentinel. Conversely, if the Client makes use of
+the 'guest-sync-delimited' command, the Server will send a raw 0xFF
+sentinel byte prior to its response, to aid the Client in discarding
+any data prior to the sentinel.
+
+
3. QMP Examples
===============
@@ -145,32 +199,37 @@ This section provides some examples of real QMP usage, in all of them
S: { "QMP": { "version": { "qemu": { "micro": 50, "minor": 6, "major": 1 },
"package": ""}, "capabilities": []}}
-3.2 Simple 'stop' execution
+3.2 Client QMP negotiation
+--------------------------
+C: { "execute": "qmp_capabilities" }
+S: { "return": {}}
+
+3.3 Simple 'stop' execution
---------------------------
C: { "execute": "stop" }
S: { "return": {} }
-3.3 KVM information
+3.4 KVM information
-------------------
C: { "execute": "query-kvm", "id": "example" }
S: { "return": { "enabled": true, "present": true }, "id": "example"}
-3.4 Parsing error
+3.5 Parsing error
------------------
C: { "execute": }
S: { "error": { "class": "GenericError", "desc": "Invalid JSON syntax" } }
-3.5 Powerdown event
+3.6 Powerdown event
-------------------
S: { "timestamp": { "seconds": 1258551470, "microseconds": 802384 },
"event": "POWERDOWN" }
4. Capabilities Negotiation
-----------------------------
+===========================
When a Client successfully establishes a connection, the Server is in
Capabilities Negotiation mode.
@@ -189,7 +248,7 @@ effect, all commands (except qmp_capabilities) are allowed and asynchronous
messages are delivered.
5 Compatibility Considerations
-------------------------------
+==============================
All protocol changes or new features which modify the protocol format in an
incompatible way are disabled by default and will be advertised by the
@@ -213,12 +272,16 @@ However, Clients must not assume any particular:
- Amount of errors generated by a command, that is, new errors can be added
to any existing command in newer versions of the Server
+Any command or field name beginning with "x-" is deemed experimental,
+and may be withdrawn or changed in an incompatible manner in a future
+release.
+
Of course, the Server does guarantee to send valid JSON. But apart from
this, a Client should be "conservative in what they send, and liberal in
what they accept".
6. Downstream extension of QMP
-------------------------------
+==============================
We recommend that downstream consumers of QEMU do *not* modify QMP.
Management tools should be able to support both upstream and downstream