Merge tag 'for-upstream' of https://repo.or.cz/qemu/kevin into staging

Block layer patches

- Lock the graph, part 2 (BlockDriver callbacks)
- virtio-scsi: fix SCSIDevice hot unplug with IOThread
- rbd: Add support for layered encryption

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# gpg: Signature made Thu 23 Feb 2023 18:49:41 GMT
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# gpg:                issuer "kwolf@redhat.com"
# gpg: Good signature from "Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>" [full]
# Primary key fingerprint: DC3D EB15 9A9A F95D 3D74  56FE 7F09 B272 C88F 2FD6

* tag 'for-upstream' of https://repo.or.cz/qemu/kevin: (29 commits)
  block/rbd: Add support for layered encryption
  block/rbd: Add luks-any encryption opening option
  block/rbd: Remove redundant stack variable passphrase_len
  virtio-scsi: reset SCSI devices from main loop thread
  dma-helpers: prevent dma_blk_cb() vs dma_aio_cancel() race
  scsi: protect req->aiocb with AioContext lock
  block: Mark bdrv_co_refresh_total_sectors() and callers GRAPH_RDLOCK
  block: Mark bdrv_*_dirty_bitmap() and callers GRAPH_RDLOCK
  block: Mark bdrv_co_delete_file() and callers GRAPH_RDLOCK
  block: Mark bdrv_(un)register_buf() GRAPH_RDLOCK
  block: Mark bdrv_co_eject/lock_medium() and callers GRAPH_RDLOCK
  block: Mark bdrv_co_is_inserted() and callers GRAPH_RDLOCK
  block: Mark bdrv_co_io_(un)plug() and callers GRAPH_RDLOCK
  block: Mark bdrv_co_create() and callers GRAPH_RDLOCK
  block: Mark preadv_snapshot/snapshot_block_status GRAPH_RDLOCK
  block: Mark bdrv_co_copy_range() GRAPH_RDLOCK
  block: Mark bdrv_co_do_pwrite_zeroes() GRAPH_RDLOCK
  block: Mark bdrv_co_pwrite_sync() and callers GRAPH_RDLOCK
  block: Mark public read/write functions GRAPH_RDLOCK
  block: Mark read/write in block/io.c GRAPH_RDLOCK
  ...

Signed-off-by: Peter Maydell <peter.maydell@linaro.org>

42 files changed, 929 insertions, 662 deletions

diff --git a/block/backup.c b/block/backup.c
index 5b8863b88c..db3791f4d1 100644
--- a/block/backup.c
+++ b/block/backup.c
@@ -269,7 +269,10 @@ static int coroutine_fn backup_run(Job *job, Error **errp)
                 return -ECANCELED;
             }
 
+            /* rdlock protects the subsequent call to bdrv_is_allocated() */
+            bdrv_graph_co_rdlock();
             ret = block_copy_reset_unallocated(s->bcs, offset, &count);
+            bdrv_graph_co_rdunlock();
             if (ret < 0) {
                 return ret;
             }
diff --git a/block/blkdebug.c b/block/blkdebug.c
index 28772be73f..978c8cff9e 100644
--- a/block/blkdebug.c
+++ b/block/blkdebug.c
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ static int rule_check(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset, uint64_t bytes,
     return -error;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 blkdebug_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                    QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
@@ -647,7 +647,7 @@ blkdebug_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
     return bdrv_co_preadv(bs->file, offset, bytes, qiov, flags);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 blkdebug_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                     QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
@@ -668,7 +668,7 @@ blkdebug_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
     return bdrv_co_pwritev(bs->file, offset, bytes, qiov, flags);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn blkdebug_co_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK coroutine_fn blkdebug_co_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     int err = rule_check(bs, 0, 0, BLKDEBUG_IO_TYPE_FLUSH);
 
@@ -679,9 +679,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn blkdebug_co_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
     return bdrv_co_flush(bs->file->bs);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn blkdebug_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                  int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                                                  BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+blkdebug_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                          BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     uint32_t align = MAX(bs->bl.request_alignment,
                          bs->bl.pwrite_zeroes_alignment);
@@ -712,8 +712,8 @@ static int coroutine_fn blkdebug_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return bdrv_co_pwrite_zeroes(bs->file, offset, bytes, flags);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn blkdebug_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                             int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+blkdebug_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
 {
     uint32_t align = bs->bl.pdiscard_alignment;
     int err;
@@ -967,7 +967,8 @@ static bool blkdebug_debug_is_suspended(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *tag)
     return false;
 }
 
-static int64_t coroutine_fn blkdebug_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int64_t coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+blkdebug_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     return bdrv_co_getlength(bs->file->bs);
 }
diff --git a/block/blklogwrites.c b/block/blklogwrites.c
index b00b8a6dd0..3ea7141cb5 100644
--- a/block/blklogwrites.c
+++ b/block/blklogwrites.c
@@ -267,7 +267,8 @@ static void blk_log_writes_close(BlockDriverState *bs)
     s->log_file = NULL;
 }
 
-static int64_t coroutine_fn blk_log_writes_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int64_t coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+blk_log_writes_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     return bdrv_co_getlength(bs->file->bs);
 }
@@ -294,7 +295,7 @@ static void blk_log_writes_refresh_limits(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
     bs->bl.request_alignment = s->sectorsize;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 blk_log_writes_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                          QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
@@ -307,7 +308,7 @@ typedef struct BlkLogWritesFileReq {
     uint64_t bytes;
     int file_flags;
     QEMUIOVector *qiov;
-    int (*func)(struct BlkLogWritesFileReq *r);
+    int GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR (*func)(struct BlkLogWritesFileReq *r);
     int file_ret;
 } BlkLogWritesFileReq;
 
@@ -319,7 +320,8 @@ typedef struct {
     int log_ret;
 } BlkLogWritesLogReq;
 
-static void coroutine_fn blk_log_writes_co_do_log(BlkLogWritesLogReq *lr)
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+blk_log_writes_co_do_log(BlkLogWritesLogReq *lr)
 {
     BDRVBlkLogWritesState *s = lr->bs->opaque;
     uint64_t cur_log_offset = s->cur_log_sector << s->sectorbits;
@@ -368,15 +370,16 @@ static void coroutine_fn blk_log_writes_co_do_log(BlkLogWritesLogReq *lr)
     }
 }
 
-static void coroutine_fn blk_log_writes_co_do_file(BlkLogWritesFileReq *fr)
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+blk_log_writes_co_do_file(BlkLogWritesFileReq *fr)
 {
     fr->file_ret = fr->func(fr);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 blk_log_writes_co_log(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset, uint64_t bytes,
                       QEMUIOVector *qiov, int flags,
-                      int (*file_func)(BlkLogWritesFileReq *r),
+                      int /*GRAPH_RDLOCK*/ (*file_func)(BlkLogWritesFileReq *r),
                       uint64_t entry_flags, bool is_zero_write)
 {
     QEMUIOVector log_qiov;
@@ -428,32 +431,33 @@ blk_log_writes_co_log(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset, uint64_t bytes,
     return fr.file_ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 blk_log_writes_co_do_file_pwritev(BlkLogWritesFileReq *fr)
 {
     return bdrv_co_pwritev(fr->bs->file, fr->offset, fr->bytes,
                            fr->qiov, fr->file_flags);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 blk_log_writes_co_do_file_pwrite_zeroes(BlkLogWritesFileReq *fr)
 {
     return bdrv_co_pwrite_zeroes(fr->bs->file, fr->offset, fr->bytes,
                                  fr->file_flags);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn blk_log_writes_co_do_file_flush(BlkLogWritesFileReq *fr)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+blk_log_writes_co_do_file_flush(BlkLogWritesFileReq *fr)
 {
     return bdrv_co_flush(fr->bs->file->bs);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 blk_log_writes_co_do_file_pdiscard(BlkLogWritesFileReq *fr)
 {
     return bdrv_co_pdiscard(fr->bs->file, fr->offset, fr->bytes);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 blk_log_writes_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                           QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
@@ -461,7 +465,7 @@ blk_log_writes_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                                  blk_log_writes_co_do_file_pwritev, 0, false);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 blk_log_writes_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
                                 int64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
@@ -470,14 +474,15 @@ blk_log_writes_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
                                  true);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn blk_log_writes_co_flush_to_disk(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+blk_log_writes_co_flush_to_disk(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     return blk_log_writes_co_log(bs, 0, 0, NULL, 0,
                                  blk_log_writes_co_do_file_flush,
                                  LOG_FLUSH_FLAG, false);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 blk_log_writes_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
 {
     return blk_log_writes_co_log(bs, offset, bytes, NULL, 0,
diff --git a/block/blkreplay.c b/block/blkreplay.c
index 16543f585a..04f53eea41 100644
--- a/block/blkreplay.c
+++ b/block/blkreplay.c
@@ -40,7 +40,8 @@ fail:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int64_t coroutine_fn blkreplay_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int64_t coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+blkreplay_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     return bdrv_co_getlength(bs->file->bs);
 }
@@ -69,8 +70,9 @@ static void block_request_create(uint64_t reqid, BlockDriverState *bs,
     replay_block_event(req->bh, reqid);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn blkreplay_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs,
-    int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+blkreplay_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                    QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     uint64_t reqid = blkreplay_next_id();
     int ret = bdrv_co_preadv(bs->file, offset, bytes, qiov, flags);
@@ -80,8 +82,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn blkreplay_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn blkreplay_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs,
-    int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+blkreplay_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                     QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     uint64_t reqid = blkreplay_next_id();
     int ret = bdrv_co_pwritev(bs->file, offset, bytes, qiov, flags);
@@ -91,8 +94,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn blkreplay_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn blkreplay_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
-    int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+blkreplay_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                           BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     uint64_t reqid = blkreplay_next_id();
     int ret = bdrv_co_pwrite_zeroes(bs->file, offset, bytes, flags);
@@ -102,8 +106,8 @@ static int coroutine_fn blkreplay_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn blkreplay_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                              int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+blkreplay_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
 {
     uint64_t reqid = blkreplay_next_id();
     int ret = bdrv_co_pdiscard(bs->file, offset, bytes);
@@ -113,7 +117,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn blkreplay_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn blkreplay_co_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK blkreplay_co_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     uint64_t reqid = blkreplay_next_id();
     int ret = bdrv_co_flush(bs->file->bs);
diff --git a/block/blkverify.c b/block/blkverify.c
index edf1a550f2..1c16f86b2e 100644
--- a/block/blkverify.c
+++ b/block/blkverify.c
@@ -155,7 +155,8 @@ static void blkverify_close(BlockDriverState *bs)
     s->test_file = NULL;
 }
 
-static int64_t coroutine_fn blkverify_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int64_t coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+blkverify_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BDRVBlkverifyState *s = bs->opaque;
 
@@ -256,7 +257,7 @@ blkverify_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
     return blkverify_co_prwv(bs, &r, offset, bytes, qiov, qiov, flags, true);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn blkverify_co_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK blkverify_co_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BDRVBlkverifyState *s = bs->opaque;
 
diff --git a/block/block-backend.c b/block/block-backend.c
index ef512f7c48..278b04ce69 100644
--- a/block/block-backend.c
+++ b/block/block-backend.c
@@ -1235,8 +1235,8 @@ void blk_set_disable_request_queuing(BlockBackend *blk, bool disable)
     blk->disable_request_queuing = disable;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int blk_check_byte_request(BlockBackend *blk,
-                                               int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+blk_check_byte_request(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
 {
     int64_t len;
 
@@ -1244,7 +1244,7 @@ static coroutine_fn int blk_check_byte_request(BlockBackend *blk,
         return -EIO;
     }
 
-    if (!blk_is_available(blk)) {
+    if (!blk_co_is_available(blk)) {
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
     }
 
@@ -1289,6 +1289,7 @@ blk_co_do_preadv_part(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
     IO_CODE();
 
     blk_wait_while_drained(blk);
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD();
 
     /* Call blk_bs() only after waiting, the graph may have changed */
     bs = blk_bs(blk);
@@ -1363,6 +1364,7 @@ blk_co_do_pwritev_part(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
     IO_CODE();
 
     blk_wait_while_drained(blk);
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD();
 
     /* Call blk_bs() only after waiting, the graph may have changed */
     bs = blk_bs(blk);
@@ -1431,6 +1433,7 @@ int coroutine_fn blk_co_block_status_above(BlockBackend *blk,
                                            BlockDriverState **file)
 {
     IO_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD();
     return bdrv_co_block_status_above(blk_bs(blk), base, offset, bytes, pnum,
                                       map, file);
 }
@@ -1441,6 +1444,7 @@ int coroutine_fn blk_co_is_allocated_above(BlockBackend *blk,
                                            int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum)
 {
     IO_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD();
     return bdrv_co_is_allocated_above(blk_bs(blk), base, include_base, offset,
                                       bytes, pnum);
 }
@@ -1602,8 +1606,9 @@ BlockAIOCB *blk_aio_pwrite_zeroes(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t offset,
 int64_t coroutine_fn blk_co_getlength(BlockBackend *blk)
 {
     IO_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD();
 
-    if (!blk_is_available(blk)) {
+    if (!blk_co_is_available(blk)) {
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
     }
 
@@ -1623,8 +1628,9 @@ void blk_get_geometry(BlockBackend *blk, uint64_t *nb_sectors_ptr)
 int64_t coroutine_fn blk_co_nb_sectors(BlockBackend *blk)
 {
     IO_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD();
 
-    if (!blk_is_available(blk)) {
+    if (!blk_co_is_available(blk)) {
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
     }
 
@@ -1670,8 +1676,9 @@ blk_co_do_ioctl(BlockBackend *blk, unsigned long int req, void *buf)
     IO_CODE();
 
     blk_wait_while_drained(blk);
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD();
 
-    if (!blk_is_available(blk)) {
+    if (!blk_co_is_available(blk)) {
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
     }
 
@@ -1716,6 +1723,7 @@ blk_co_do_pdiscard(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
     IO_CODE();
 
     blk_wait_while_drained(blk);
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD();
 
     ret = blk_check_byte_request(blk, offset, bytes);
     if (ret < 0) {
@@ -1759,10 +1767,11 @@ int coroutine_fn blk_co_pdiscard(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t offset,
 /* To be called between exactly one pair of blk_inc/dec_in_flight() */
 static int coroutine_fn blk_co_do_flush(BlockBackend *blk)
 {
-    blk_wait_while_drained(blk);
     IO_CODE();
+    blk_wait_while_drained(blk);
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD();
 
-    if (!blk_is_available(blk)) {
+    if (!blk_co_is_available(blk)) {
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
     }
 
@@ -1989,20 +1998,22 @@ bool coroutine_fn blk_co_is_inserted(BlockBackend *blk)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
     IO_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     return bs && bdrv_co_is_inserted(bs);
 }
 
-bool blk_is_available(BlockBackend *blk)
+bool coroutine_fn blk_co_is_available(BlockBackend *blk)
 {
     IO_CODE();
-    return blk_is_inserted(blk) && !blk_dev_is_tray_open(blk);
+    return blk_co_is_inserted(blk) && !blk_dev_is_tray_open(blk);
 }
 
 void coroutine_fn blk_co_lock_medium(BlockBackend *blk, bool locked)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
     IO_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD();
 
     if (bs) {
         bdrv_co_lock_medium(bs, locked);
@@ -2014,6 +2025,7 @@ void coroutine_fn blk_co_eject(BlockBackend *blk, bool eject_flag)
     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
     char *id;
     IO_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD();
 
     if (bs) {
         bdrv_co_eject(bs, eject_flag);
@@ -2321,6 +2333,7 @@ void coroutine_fn blk_co_io_plug(BlockBackend *blk)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
     IO_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD();
 
     if (bs) {
         bdrv_co_io_plug(bs);
@@ -2331,6 +2344,7 @@ void coroutine_fn blk_co_io_unplug(BlockBackend *blk)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
     IO_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD();
 
     if (bs) {
         bdrv_co_io_unplug(bs);
@@ -2372,7 +2386,8 @@ int coroutine_fn blk_co_truncate(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t offset, bool exact,
                                  Error **errp)
 {
     IO_OR_GS_CODE();
-    if (!blk_is_available(blk)) {
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD();
+    if (!blk_co_is_available(blk)) {
         error_setg(errp, "No medium inserted");
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
     }
@@ -2627,6 +2642,7 @@ int coroutine_fn blk_co_copy_range(BlockBackend *blk_in, int64_t off_in,
 {
     int r;
     IO_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD();
 
     r = blk_check_byte_request(blk_in, off_in, bytes);
     if (r) {
@@ -2636,6 +2652,7 @@ int coroutine_fn blk_co_copy_range(BlockBackend *blk_in, int64_t off_in,
     if (r) {
         return r;
     }
+
     return bdrv_co_copy_range(blk_in->root, off_in,
                               blk_out->root, off_out,
                               bytes, read_flags, write_flags);
diff --git a/block/block-copy.c b/block/block-copy.c
index 30a4da0f2e..e13d7bc6b6 100644
--- a/block/block-copy.c
+++ b/block/block-copy.c
@@ -469,10 +469,9 @@ static coroutine_fn int block_copy_task_run(AioTaskPool *pool,
  * value of @method should be used for subsequent tasks.
  * Returns 0 on success.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn block_copy_do_copy(BlockCopyState *s,
-                                           int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                                           BlockCopyMethod *method,
-                                           bool *error_is_read)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+block_copy_do_copy(BlockCopyState *s, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                   BlockCopyMethod *method, bool *error_is_read)
 {
     int ret;
     int64_t nbytes = MIN(offset + bytes, s->len) - offset;
@@ -558,8 +557,10 @@ static coroutine_fn int block_copy_task_entry(AioTask *task)
     BlockCopyMethod method = t->method;
     int ret;
 
-    ret = block_copy_do_copy(s, t->req.offset, t->req.bytes, &method,
-                             &error_is_read);
+    WITH_GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD() {
+        ret = block_copy_do_copy(s, t->req.offset, t->req.bytes, &method,
+                                 &error_is_read);
+    }
 
     WITH_QEMU_LOCK_GUARD(&s->lock) {
         if (s->method == t->method) {
@@ -581,9 +582,9 @@ static coroutine_fn int block_copy_task_entry(AioTask *task)
     return ret;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int block_copy_block_status(BlockCopyState *s,
-                                                int64_t offset,
-                                                int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum)
+static coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+int block_copy_block_status(BlockCopyState *s, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                            int64_t *pnum)
 {
     int64_t num;
     BlockDriverState *base;
@@ -618,9 +619,9 @@ static coroutine_fn int block_copy_block_status(BlockCopyState *s,
  * Check if the cluster starting at offset is allocated or not.
  * return via pnum the number of contiguous clusters sharing this allocation.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn block_copy_is_cluster_allocated(BlockCopyState *s,
-                                                        int64_t offset,
-                                                        int64_t *pnum)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+block_copy_is_cluster_allocated(BlockCopyState *s, int64_t offset,
+                                int64_t *pnum)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs = s->source->bs;
     int64_t count, total_count = 0;
@@ -630,6 +631,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn block_copy_is_cluster_allocated(BlockCopyState *s,
     assert(QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(offset, s->cluster_size));
 
     while (true) {
+        /* protected in backup_run() */
         ret = bdrv_co_is_allocated(bs, offset, bytes, &count);
         if (ret < 0) {
             return ret;
@@ -704,7 +706,7 @@ int64_t coroutine_fn block_copy_reset_unallocated(BlockCopyState *s,
  * Returns 1 if dirty clusters found and successfully copied, 0 if no dirty
  * clusters found and -errno on failure.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 block_copy_dirty_clusters(BlockCopyCallState *call_state)
 {
     BlockCopyState *s = call_state->s;
@@ -827,7 +829,8 @@ void block_copy_kick(BlockCopyCallState *call_state)
  * it means that some I/O operation failed in context of _this_ block_copy call,
  * not some parallel operation.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn block_copy_common(BlockCopyCallState *call_state)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+block_copy_common(BlockCopyCallState *call_state)
 {
     int ret;
     BlockCopyState *s = call_state->s;
@@ -892,6 +895,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn block_copy_common(BlockCopyCallState *call_state)
 
 static void coroutine_fn block_copy_async_co_entry(void *opaque)
 {
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD();
     block_copy_common(opaque);
 }
 
diff --git a/block/bochs.c b/block/bochs.c
index 46e7958316..2f5ae52c90 100644
--- a/block/bochs.c
+++ b/block/bochs.c
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ static int64_t seek_to_sector(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num)
     return bitmap_offset + (512 * (s->bitmap_blocks + extent_offset));
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 bochs_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                 QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
diff --git a/block/commit.c b/block/commit.c
index 387a720d03..2b20fd0fd4 100644
--- a/block/commit.c
+++ b/block/commit.c
@@ -206,8 +206,9 @@ static const BlockJobDriver commit_job_driver = {
     },
 };
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_commit_top_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs,
-    int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_commit_top_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                       QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     return bdrv_co_preadv(bs->backing, offset, bytes, qiov, flags);
 }
diff --git a/block/copy-before-write.c b/block/copy-before-write.c
index c9fb809ba0..646d8227a4 100644
--- a/block/copy-before-write.c
+++ b/block/copy-before-write.c
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ typedef struct BDRVCopyBeforeWriteState {
     int snapshot_error;
 } BDRVCopyBeforeWriteState;
 
-static coroutine_fn int cbw_co_preadv(
-        BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-        QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+cbw_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+              QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     return bdrv_co_preadv(bs->file, offset, bytes, qiov, flags);
 }
@@ -149,8 +149,8 @@ static coroutine_fn int cbw_do_copy_before_write(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn cbw_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                        int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+cbw_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
 {
     int ret = cbw_do_copy_before_write(bs, offset, bytes, 0);
     if (ret < 0) {
@@ -160,8 +160,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn cbw_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return bdrv_co_pdiscard(bs->file, offset, bytes);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn cbw_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
-        int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+cbw_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                     BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     int ret = cbw_do_copy_before_write(bs, offset, bytes, flags);
     if (ret < 0) {
@@ -171,11 +172,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn cbw_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return bdrv_co_pwrite_zeroes(bs->file, offset, bytes, flags);
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int cbw_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                       int64_t offset,
-                                       int64_t bytes,
-                                       QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                       BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+int cbw_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                   QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     int ret = cbw_do_copy_before_write(bs, offset, bytes, flags);
     if (ret < 0) {
@@ -185,7 +184,7 @@ static coroutine_fn int cbw_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return bdrv_co_pwritev(bs->file, offset, bytes, qiov, flags);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn cbw_co_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK cbw_co_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     if (!bs->file) {
         return 0;
@@ -257,7 +256,7 @@ cbw_snapshot_read_unlock(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockReq *req)
     g_free(req);
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 cbw_co_preadv_snapshot(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                        QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset)
 {
@@ -289,7 +288,7 @@ cbw_co_preadv_snapshot(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 cbw_co_snapshot_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
                              bool want_zero, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                              int64_t *pnum, int64_t *map,
@@ -322,8 +321,8 @@ cbw_co_snapshot_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn cbw_co_pdiscard_snapshot(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                 int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+cbw_co_pdiscard_snapshot(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
 {
     BDRVCopyBeforeWriteState *s = bs->opaque;
 
diff --git a/block/copy-on-read.c b/block/copy-on-read.c
index 3280eb2feb..cc0f848b0f 100644
--- a/block/copy-on-read.c
+++ b/block/copy-on-read.c
@@ -121,17 +121,16 @@ static void cor_child_perm(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *c,
 }
 
 
-static int64_t coroutine_fn cor_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int64_t coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK cor_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     return bdrv_co_getlength(bs->file->bs);
 }
 
 
-static int coroutine_fn cor_co_preadv_part(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                           int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                                           QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                           size_t qiov_offset,
-                                           BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+cor_co_preadv_part(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                   QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset,
+                   BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     int64_t n;
     int local_flags;
@@ -180,50 +179,49 @@ static int coroutine_fn cor_co_preadv_part(BlockDriverState *bs,
 }
 
 
-static int coroutine_fn cor_co_pwritev_part(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                            int64_t offset,
-                                            int64_t bytes,
-                                            QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                            size_t qiov_offset,
-                                            BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+cor_co_pwritev_part(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                    QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset,
+                    BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     return bdrv_co_pwritev_part(bs->file, offset, bytes, qiov, qiov_offset,
                                 flags);
 }
 
 
-static int coroutine_fn cor_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                             int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                                             BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+cor_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                     BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     return bdrv_co_pwrite_zeroes(bs->file, offset, bytes, flags);
 }
 
 
-static int coroutine_fn cor_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                        int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+cor_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
 {
     return bdrv_co_pdiscard(bs->file, offset, bytes);
 }
 
 
-static int coroutine_fn cor_co_pwritev_compressed(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                  int64_t offset,
-                                                  int64_t bytes,
-                                                  QEMUIOVector *qiov)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+cor_co_pwritev_compressed(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                          QEMUIOVector *qiov)
 {
     return bdrv_co_pwritev(bs->file, offset, bytes, qiov,
                            BDRV_REQ_WRITE_COMPRESSED);
 }
 
 
-static void coroutine_fn cor_co_eject(BlockDriverState *bs, bool eject_flag)
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+cor_co_eject(BlockDriverState *bs, bool eject_flag)
 {
     bdrv_co_eject(bs->file->bs, eject_flag);
 }
 
 
-static void coroutine_fn cor_co_lock_medium(BlockDriverState *bs, bool locked)
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+cor_co_lock_medium(BlockDriverState *bs, bool locked)
 {
     bdrv_co_lock_medium(bs->file->bs, locked);
 }
diff --git a/block/coroutines.h b/block/coroutines.h
index 2a1e0b3c9d..dd9f3d449b 100644
--- a/block/coroutines.h
+++ b/block/coroutines.h
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ bdrv_co_check(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvCheckResult *res, BdrvCheckMode fix);
 int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 bdrv_co_invalidate_cache(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
 
-int coroutine_fn
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 bdrv_co_common_block_status_above(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                   BlockDriverState *base,
                                   bool include_base,
diff --git a/block/create.c b/block/create.c
index 4df43f11f4..bf67b9947c 100644
--- a/block/create.c
+++ b/block/create.c
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn blockdev_create_run(Job *job, Error **errp)
     int ret;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD();
 
     job_progress_set_remaining(&s->common, 1);
     ret = s->drv->bdrv_co_create(s->opts, errp);
@@ -59,6 +60,12 @@ static const JobDriver blockdev_create_job_driver = {
     .run           = blockdev_create_run,
 };
 
+/* Checking whether the function is present doesn't require the graph lock */
+static inline bool TSA_NO_TSA has_bdrv_co_create(BlockDriver *drv)
+{
+    return drv->bdrv_co_create;
+}
+
 void qmp_blockdev_create(const char *job_id, BlockdevCreateOptions *options,
                          Error **errp)
 {
@@ -79,7 +86,7 @@ void qmp_blockdev_create(const char *job_id, BlockdevCreateOptions *options,
     }
 
     /* Error out if the driver doesn't support .bdrv_co_create */
-    if (!drv->bdrv_co_create) {
+    if (!has_bdrv_co_create(drv)) {
         error_setg(errp, "Driver does not support blockdev-create");
         return;
     }
diff --git a/block/crypto.c b/block/crypto.c
index 72ac30568c..ca67289187 100644
--- a/block/crypto.c
+++ b/block/crypto.c
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ block_crypto_co_create_generic(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t size,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 block_crypto_co_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, bool exact,
                          PreallocMode prealloc, BdrvRequestFlags flags,
                          Error **errp)
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ static int block_crypto_reopen_prepare(BDRVReopenState *state,
  */
 #define BLOCK_CRYPTO_MAX_IO_SIZE (1024 * 1024)
 
-static coroutine_fn int
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 block_crypto_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                        QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ block_crypto_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
 }
 
 
-static coroutine_fn int
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 block_crypto_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                         QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
@@ -530,7 +530,8 @@ static void block_crypto_refresh_limits(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
 }
 
 
-static int64_t coroutine_fn block_crypto_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int64_t coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+block_crypto_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BlockCrypto *crypto = bs->opaque;
     int64_t len = bdrv_co_getlength(bs->file->bs);
@@ -664,10 +665,9 @@ fail:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn block_crypto_co_create_opts_luks(BlockDriver *drv,
-                                                         const char *filename,
-                                                         QemuOpts *opts,
-                                                         Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+block_crypto_co_create_opts_luks(BlockDriver *drv, const char *filename,
+                                 QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
 {
     QCryptoBlockCreateOptions *create_opts = NULL;
     BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
diff --git a/block/dirty-bitmap.c b/block/dirty-bitmap.c
index 1e7aee4010..13a1979755 100644
--- a/block/dirty-bitmap.c
+++ b/block/dirty-bitmap.c
@@ -394,6 +394,7 @@ int coroutine_fn
 bdrv_co_remove_persistent_dirty_bitmap(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *name,
                                        Error **errp)
 {
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
     if (bs->drv && bs->drv->bdrv_co_remove_persistent_dirty_bitmap) {
         return bs->drv->bdrv_co_remove_persistent_dirty_bitmap(bs, name, errp);
     }
@@ -415,6 +416,7 @@ bdrv_co_can_store_new_dirty_bitmap(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *name,
                                    uint32_t granularity, Error **errp)
 {
     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     if (!drv) {
         error_setg_errno(errp, ENOMEDIUM,
diff --git a/block/file-posix.c b/block/file-posix.c
index 9a99111f45..5760cf22d1 100644
--- a/block/file-posix.c
+++ b/block/file-posix.c
@@ -2607,10 +2607,9 @@ out:
     return result;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn raw_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv,
-                                           const char *filename,
-                                           QemuOpts *opts,
-                                           Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+raw_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv, const char *filename,
+                   QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
 {
     BlockdevCreateOptions options;
     int64_t total_size = 0;
@@ -2920,8 +2919,8 @@ static void coroutine_fn check_cache_dropped(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
 }
 #endif /* __linux__ */
 
-static void coroutine_fn raw_co_invalidate_cache(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                 Error **errp)
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+raw_co_invalidate_cache(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
     int ret;
@@ -3272,7 +3271,7 @@ static void raw_abort_perm_update(BlockDriverState *bs)
     raw_handle_perm_lock(bs, RAW_PL_ABORT, 0, 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn raw_co_copy_range_from(
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK raw_co_copy_range_from(
         BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *src, int64_t src_offset,
         BdrvChild *dst, int64_t dst_offset, int64_t bytes,
         BdrvRequestFlags read_flags, BdrvRequestFlags write_flags)
@@ -3281,14 +3280,12 @@ static int coroutine_fn raw_co_copy_range_from(
                                  read_flags, write_flags);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn raw_co_copy_range_to(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                             BdrvChild *src,
-                                             int64_t src_offset,
-                                             BdrvChild *dst,
-                                             int64_t dst_offset,
-                                             int64_t bytes,
-                                             BdrvRequestFlags read_flags,
-                                             BdrvRequestFlags write_flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+raw_co_copy_range_to(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                     BdrvChild *src, int64_t src_offset,
+                     BdrvChild *dst, int64_t dst_offset,
+                     int64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags read_flags,
+                     BdrvRequestFlags write_flags)
 {
     RawPosixAIOData acb;
     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
diff --git a/block/file-win32.c b/block/file-win32.c
index 200d244116..c7d0b85306 100644
--- a/block/file-win32.c
+++ b/block/file-win32.c
@@ -613,10 +613,9 @@ static int raw_co_create(BlockdevCreateOptions *options, Error **errp)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn raw_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv,
-                                           const char *filename,
-                                           QemuOpts *opts,
-                                           Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+raw_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv, const char *filename,
+                   QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
 {
     BlockdevCreateOptions options;
     int64_t total_size = 0;
diff --git a/block/filter-compress.c b/block/filter-compress.c
index 2e2a65966c..ac285f4b66 100644
--- a/block/filter-compress.c
+++ b/block/filter-compress.c
@@ -55,45 +55,43 @@ static int compress_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
 }
 
 
-static int64_t coroutine_fn compress_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int64_t coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+compress_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     return bdrv_co_getlength(bs->file->bs);
 }
 
 
-static int coroutine_fn compress_co_preadv_part(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                                                QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                                size_t qiov_offset,
-                                                BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+compress_co_preadv_part(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                        QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset,
+                        BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     return bdrv_co_preadv_part(bs->file, offset, bytes, qiov, qiov_offset,
                                flags);
 }
 
 
-static int coroutine_fn compress_co_pwritev_part(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                 int64_t offset,
-                                                 int64_t bytes,
-                                                 QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                                 size_t qiov_offset,
-                                                 BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+compress_co_pwritev_part(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                         QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset,
+                         BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     return bdrv_co_pwritev_part(bs->file, offset, bytes, qiov, qiov_offset,
                                 flags | BDRV_REQ_WRITE_COMPRESSED);
 }
 
 
-static int coroutine_fn compress_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                  int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                                                  BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+compress_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                          BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     return bdrv_co_pwrite_zeroes(bs->file, offset, bytes, flags);
 }
 
 
-static int coroutine_fn compress_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                             int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+compress_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
 {
     return bdrv_co_pdiscard(bs->file, offset, bytes);
 }
@@ -117,14 +115,14 @@ static void compress_refresh_limits(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
 }
 
 
-static void coroutine_fn
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 compress_co_eject(BlockDriverState *bs, bool eject_flag)
 {
     bdrv_co_eject(bs->file->bs, eject_flag);
 }
 
 
-static void coroutine_fn
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 compress_co_lock_medium(BlockDriverState *bs, bool locked)
 {
     bdrv_co_lock_medium(bs->file->bs, locked);
diff --git a/block/io.c b/block/io.c
index d2be37b11e..8974d46941 100644
--- a/block/io.c
+++ b/block/io.c
@@ -160,6 +160,7 @@ void bdrv_refresh_limits(BlockDriverState *bs, Transaction *tran, Error **errp)
     bool have_limits;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    assume_graph_lock(); /* FIXME */
 
     if (tran) {
         BdrvRefreshLimitsState *s = g_new(BdrvRefreshLimitsState, 1);
@@ -932,6 +933,7 @@ int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_pwrite_sync(BdrvChild *child, int64_t offset,
 {
     int ret;
     IO_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     ret = bdrv_co_pwrite(child, offset, bytes, buf, flags);
     if (ret < 0) {
@@ -959,16 +961,16 @@ static void bdrv_co_io_em_complete(void *opaque, int ret)
     aio_co_wake(co->coroutine);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_driver_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                           int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                                           QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                           size_t qiov_offset, int flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_driver_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                   QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset, int flags)
 {
     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
     int64_t sector_num;
     unsigned int nb_sectors;
     QEMUIOVector local_qiov;
     int ret;
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     bdrv_check_qiov_request(offset, bytes, qiov, qiov_offset, &error_abort);
     assert(!(flags & ~bs->supported_read_flags));
@@ -1028,11 +1030,10 @@ out:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_driver_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                            int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                                            QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                            size_t qiov_offset,
-                                            BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_driver_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                    QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset,
+                    BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
     bool emulate_fua = false;
@@ -1040,6 +1041,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_driver_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs,
     unsigned int nb_sectors;
     QEMUIOVector local_qiov;
     int ret;
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     bdrv_check_qiov_request(offset, bytes, qiov, qiov_offset, &error_abort);
 
@@ -1110,7 +1112,7 @@ emulate_flags:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 bdrv_driver_pwritev_compressed(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
                                int64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
                                size_t qiov_offset)
@@ -1118,6 +1120,7 @@ bdrv_driver_pwritev_compressed(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
     QEMUIOVector local_qiov;
     int ret;
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     bdrv_check_qiov_request(offset, bytes, qiov, qiov_offset, &error_abort);
 
@@ -1145,9 +1148,9 @@ bdrv_driver_pwritev_compressed(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_do_copy_on_readv(BdrvChild *child,
-        int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-        size_t qiov_offset, int flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_co_do_copy_on_readv(BdrvChild *child, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                         QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset, int flags)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs = child->bs;
 
@@ -1309,9 +1312,10 @@ err:
  * handles copy on read, zeroing after EOF, and fragmentation of large
  * reads; any other features must be implemented by the caller.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_aligned_preadv(BdrvChild *child,
-    BdrvTrackedRequest *req, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-    int64_t align, QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset, int flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_aligned_preadv(BdrvChild *child, BdrvTrackedRequest *req,
+                    int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, int64_t align,
+                    QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset, int flags)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs = child->bs;
     int64_t total_bytes, max_bytes;
@@ -1478,10 +1482,9 @@ static bool bdrv_init_padding(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return true;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int bdrv_padding_rmw_read(BdrvChild *child,
-                                              BdrvTrackedRequest *req,
-                                              BdrvRequestPadding *pad,
-                                              bool zero_middle)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_padding_rmw_read(BdrvChild *child, BdrvTrackedRequest *req,
+                      BdrvRequestPadding *pad, bool zero_middle)
 {
     QEMUIOVector local_qiov;
     BlockDriverState *bs = child->bs;
@@ -1669,8 +1672,9 @@ fail:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_do_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
-    int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_co_do_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                         BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
     QEMUIOVector qiov;
@@ -1686,6 +1690,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_do_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
                         bs->bl.request_alignment);
     int max_transfer = MIN_NON_ZERO(bs->bl.max_transfer, MAX_BOUNCE_BUFFER);
 
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
     bdrv_check_request(offset, bytes, &error_abort);
 
     if (!drv) {
@@ -1889,10 +1894,11 @@ bdrv_co_write_req_finish(BdrvChild *child, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
  * Forwards an already correctly aligned write request to the BlockDriver,
  * after possibly fragmenting it.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_aligned_pwritev(BdrvChild *child,
-    BdrvTrackedRequest *req, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-    int64_t align, QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset,
-    BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_aligned_pwritev(BdrvChild *child, BdrvTrackedRequest *req,
+                     int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, int64_t align,
+                     QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset,
+                     BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs = child->bs;
     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
@@ -1976,11 +1982,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_aligned_pwritev(BdrvChild *child,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_do_zero_pwritev(BdrvChild *child,
-                                                int64_t offset,
-                                                int64_t bytes,
-                                                BdrvRequestFlags flags,
-                                                BdrvTrackedRequest *req)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_co_do_zero_pwritev(BdrvChild *child, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                        BdrvRequestFlags flags, BdrvTrackedRequest *req)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs = child->bs;
     QEMUIOVector local_qiov;
@@ -2153,6 +2157,7 @@ int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_pwrite_zeroes(BdrvChild *child, int64_t offset,
 {
     IO_CODE();
     trace_bdrv_co_pwrite_zeroes(child->bs, offset, bytes, flags);
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     if (!(child->bs->open_flags & BDRV_O_UNMAP)) {
         flags &= ~BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP;
@@ -2224,11 +2229,10 @@ int bdrv_flush_all(void)
  * BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID bit is set, 'map' and 'file' (if non-NULL) are
  * set to the host mapping and BDS corresponding to the guest offset.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                             bool want_zero,
-                                             int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                                             int64_t *pnum, int64_t *map,
-                                             BlockDriverState **file)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, bool want_zero,
+                     int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                     int64_t *pnum, int64_t *map, BlockDriverState **file)
 {
     int64_t total_size;
     int64_t n; /* bytes */
@@ -2240,6 +2244,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
     bool has_filtered_child;
 
     assert(pnum);
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
     *pnum = 0;
     total_size = bdrv_getlength(bs);
     if (total_size < 0) {
@@ -2470,6 +2475,7 @@ bdrv_co_common_block_status_above(BlockDriverState *bs,
     IO_CODE();
 
     assert(!include_base || base); /* Can't include NULL base */
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     if (!depth) {
         depth = &dummy;
@@ -2836,6 +2842,7 @@ int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
     int ret = 0;
     IO_CODE();
 
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
     bdrv_inc_in_flight(bs);
 
     if (!bdrv_co_is_inserted(bs) || bdrv_is_read_only(bs) ||
@@ -2961,6 +2968,7 @@ int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_pdiscard(BdrvChild *child, int64_t offset,
     int head, tail, align;
     BlockDriverState *bs = child->bs;
     IO_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     if (!bs || !bs->drv || !bdrv_co_is_inserted(bs)) {
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
@@ -3080,6 +3088,7 @@ int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_ioctl(BlockDriverState *bs, int req, void *buf)
     };
     BlockAIOCB *acb;
     IO_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     bdrv_inc_in_flight(bs);
     if (!drv || (!drv->bdrv_aio_ioctl && !drv->bdrv_co_ioctl)) {
@@ -3144,6 +3153,7 @@ void coroutine_fn bdrv_co_io_plug(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BdrvChild *child;
     IO_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     QLIST_FOREACH(child, &bs->children, next) {
         bdrv_co_io_plug(child->bs);
@@ -3161,6 +3171,7 @@ void coroutine_fn bdrv_co_io_unplug(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BdrvChild *child;
     IO_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     assert(bs->io_plugged);
     if (qatomic_fetch_dec(&bs->io_plugged) == 1) {
@@ -3176,13 +3187,15 @@ void coroutine_fn bdrv_co_io_unplug(BlockDriverState *bs)
 }
 
 /* Helper that undoes bdrv_register_buf() when it fails partway through */
-static void bdrv_register_buf_rollback(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                       void *host,
-                                       size_t size,
-                                       BdrvChild *final_child)
+static void GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_register_buf_rollback(BlockDriverState *bs, void *host, size_t size,
+                           BdrvChild *final_child)
 {
     BdrvChild *child;
 
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
+
     QLIST_FOREACH(child, &bs->children, next) {
         if (child == final_child) {
             break;
@@ -3202,6 +3215,8 @@ bool bdrv_register_buf(BlockDriverState *bs, void *host, size_t size,
     BdrvChild *child;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     if (bs->drv && bs->drv->bdrv_register_buf) {
         if (!bs->drv->bdrv_register_buf(bs, host, size, errp)) {
             return false;
@@ -3221,6 +3236,8 @@ void bdrv_unregister_buf(BlockDriverState *bs, void *host, size_t size)
     BdrvChild *child;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     if (bs->drv && bs->drv->bdrv_unregister_buf) {
         bs->drv->bdrv_unregister_buf(bs, host, size);
     }
@@ -3229,7 +3246,7 @@ void bdrv_unregister_buf(BlockDriverState *bs, void *host, size_t size)
     }
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_copy_range_internal(
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_co_copy_range_internal(
         BdrvChild *src, int64_t src_offset, BdrvChild *dst,
         int64_t dst_offset, int64_t bytes,
         BdrvRequestFlags read_flags, BdrvRequestFlags write_flags,
@@ -3237,6 +3254,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_copy_range_internal(
 {
     BdrvTrackedRequest req;
     int ret;
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     /* TODO We can support BDRV_REQ_NO_FALLBACK here */
     assert(!(read_flags & BDRV_REQ_NO_FALLBACK));
@@ -3318,6 +3336,7 @@ int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_copy_range_from(BdrvChild *src, int64_t src_offset,
                                          BdrvRequestFlags write_flags)
 {
     IO_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
     trace_bdrv_co_copy_range_from(src, src_offset, dst, dst_offset, bytes,
                                   read_flags, write_flags);
     return bdrv_co_copy_range_internal(src, src_offset, dst, dst_offset,
@@ -3335,6 +3354,7 @@ int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_copy_range_to(BdrvChild *src, int64_t src_offset,
                                        BdrvRequestFlags write_flags)
 {
     IO_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
     trace_bdrv_co_copy_range_to(src, src_offset, dst, dst_offset, bytes,
                                 read_flags, write_flags);
     return bdrv_co_copy_range_internal(src, src_offset, dst, dst_offset,
@@ -3347,6 +3367,8 @@ int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_copy_range(BdrvChild *src, int64_t src_offset,
                                     BdrvRequestFlags write_flags)
 {
     IO_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
+
     return bdrv_co_copy_range_from(src, src_offset,
                                    dst, dst_offset,
                                    bytes, read_flags, write_flags);
@@ -3380,6 +3402,7 @@ int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_truncate(BdrvChild *child, int64_t offset, bool exact,
     int64_t old_size, new_bytes;
     int ret;
     IO_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     /* if bs->drv == NULL, bs is closed, so there's nothing to do here */
     if (!drv) {
@@ -3517,6 +3540,7 @@ bdrv_co_preadv_snapshot(BdrvChild *child, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
     int ret;
     IO_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     if (!drv) {
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
@@ -3542,6 +3566,7 @@ bdrv_co_snapshot_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
     int ret;
     IO_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     if (!drv) {
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
@@ -3565,6 +3590,7 @@ bdrv_co_pdiscard_snapshot(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
     int ret;
     IO_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     if (!drv) {
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
diff --git a/block/iscsi.c b/block/iscsi.c
index dc9a33bbff..9fc0bed90b 100644
--- a/block/iscsi.c
+++ b/block/iscsi.c
@@ -2190,14 +2190,12 @@ static void coroutine_fn iscsi_co_invalidate_cache(BlockDriverState *bs,
     iscsi_allocmap_invalidate(iscsilun);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn iscsi_co_copy_range_from(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                 BdrvChild *src,
-                                                 int64_t src_offset,
-                                                 BdrvChild *dst,
-                                                 int64_t dst_offset,
-                                                 int64_t bytes,
-                                                 BdrvRequestFlags read_flags,
-                                                 BdrvRequestFlags write_flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+iscsi_co_copy_range_from(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                         BdrvChild *src, int64_t src_offset,
+                         BdrvChild *dst, int64_t dst_offset,
+                         int64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags read_flags,
+                         BdrvRequestFlags write_flags)
 {
     return bdrv_co_copy_range_to(src, src_offset, dst, dst_offset, bytes,
                                  read_flags, write_flags);
@@ -2331,14 +2329,12 @@ static void iscsi_xcopy_data(struct iscsi_data *data,
                               src_lba, dst_lba);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn iscsi_co_copy_range_to(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                               BdrvChild *src,
-                                               int64_t src_offset,
-                                               BdrvChild *dst,
-                                               int64_t dst_offset,
-                                               int64_t bytes,
-                                               BdrvRequestFlags read_flags,
-                                               BdrvRequestFlags write_flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+iscsi_co_copy_range_to(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                       BdrvChild *src, int64_t src_offset,
+                       BdrvChild *dst, int64_t dst_offset,
+                       int64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags read_flags,
+                       BdrvRequestFlags write_flags)
 {
     IscsiLun *dst_lun = dst->bs->opaque;
     IscsiLun *src_lun;
diff --git a/block/mirror.c b/block/mirror.c
index 0f6551cf5b..663e2b7002 100644
--- a/block/mirror.c
+++ b/block/mirror.c
@@ -389,8 +389,10 @@ static void coroutine_fn mirror_co_read(void *opaque)
     op->is_in_flight = true;
     trace_mirror_one_iteration(s, op->offset, op->bytes);
 
-    ret = bdrv_co_preadv(s->mirror_top_bs->backing, op->offset, op->bytes,
-                         &op->qiov, 0);
+    WITH_GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD() {
+        ret = bdrv_co_preadv(s->mirror_top_bs->backing, op->offset, op->bytes,
+                             &op->qiov, 0);
+    }
     mirror_read_complete(op, ret);
 }
 
@@ -557,9 +559,11 @@ static uint64_t coroutine_fn mirror_iteration(MirrorBlockJob *s)
         MirrorMethod mirror_method = MIRROR_METHOD_COPY;
 
         assert(!(offset % s->granularity));
-        ret = bdrv_block_status_above(source, NULL, offset,
-                                      nb_chunks * s->granularity,
-                                      &io_bytes, NULL, NULL);
+        WITH_GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD() {
+            ret = bdrv_block_status_above(source, NULL, offset,
+                                        nb_chunks * s->granularity,
+                                        &io_bytes, NULL, NULL);
+        }
         if (ret < 0) {
             io_bytes = MIN(nb_chunks * s->granularity, max_io_bytes);
         } else if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) {
@@ -862,8 +866,10 @@ static int coroutine_fn mirror_dirty_init(MirrorBlockJob *s)
             return 0;
         }
 
-        ret = bdrv_is_allocated_above(bs, s->base_overlay, true, offset, bytes,
-                                      &count);
+        WITH_GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD() {
+            ret = bdrv_is_allocated_above(bs, s->base_overlay, true, offset,
+                                          bytes, &count);
+        }
         if (ret < 0) {
             return ret;
         }
@@ -895,6 +901,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn mirror_run(Job *job, Error **errp)
 {
     MirrorBlockJob *s = container_of(job, MirrorBlockJob, common.job);
     BlockDriverState *bs = s->mirror_top_bs->backing->bs;
+    MirrorBDSOpaque *mirror_top_opaque = s->mirror_top_bs->opaque;
     BlockDriverState *target_bs = blk_bs(s->target);
     bool need_drain = true;
     BlockDeviceIoStatus iostatus;
@@ -909,7 +916,10 @@ static int coroutine_fn mirror_run(Job *job, Error **errp)
         goto immediate_exit;
     }
 
+    bdrv_graph_co_rdlock();
     s->bdev_length = bdrv_co_getlength(bs);
+    bdrv_graph_co_rdunlock();
+
     if (s->bdev_length < 0) {
         ret = s->bdev_length;
         goto immediate_exit;
@@ -984,6 +994,12 @@ static int coroutine_fn mirror_run(Job *job, Error **errp)
         }
     }
 
+    /*
+     * Only now the job is fully initialised and mirror_top_bs should start
+     * accessing it.
+     */
+    mirror_top_opaque->job = s;
+
     assert(!s->dbi);
     s->dbi = bdrv_dirty_iter_new(s->dirty_bitmap);
     for (;;) {
@@ -1425,15 +1441,17 @@ static void coroutine_fn active_write_settle(MirrorOp *op)
     g_free(op);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_mirror_top_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs,
-    int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_mirror_top_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                       QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     return bdrv_co_preadv(bs->backing, offset, bytes, qiov, flags);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_mirror_top_do_write(BlockDriverState *bs,
-    MirrorMethod method, uint64_t offset, uint64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-    int flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_mirror_top_do_write(BlockDriverState *bs, MirrorMethod method,
+                         uint64_t offset, uint64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
+                         int flags)
 {
     MirrorOp *op = NULL;
     MirrorBDSOpaque *s = bs->opaque;
@@ -1482,8 +1500,9 @@ out:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_mirror_top_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs,
-    int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_mirror_top_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                        QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     MirrorBDSOpaque *s = bs->opaque;
     QEMUIOVector bounce_qiov;
@@ -1523,7 +1542,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_mirror_top_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_mirror_top_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_mirror_top_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     if (bs->backing == NULL) {
         /* we can be here after failed bdrv_append in mirror_start_job */
@@ -1532,15 +1551,16 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_mirror_top_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
     return bdrv_co_flush(bs->backing->bs);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_mirror_top_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
-    int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_mirror_top_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
+                              int64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     return bdrv_mirror_top_do_write(bs, MIRROR_METHOD_ZERO, offset, bytes, NULL,
                                     flags);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_mirror_top_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs,
-    int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_mirror_top_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
 {
     return bdrv_mirror_top_do_write(bs, MIRROR_METHOD_DISCARD, offset, bytes,
                                     NULL, 0);
@@ -1703,7 +1723,6 @@ static BlockJob *mirror_start_job(
     if (!s) {
         goto fail;
     }
-    bs_opaque->job = s;
 
     /* The block job now has a reference to this node */
     bdrv_unref(mirror_top_bs);
diff --git a/block/parallels.c b/block/parallels.c
index d4378e09de..013684801a 100644
--- a/block/parallels.c
+++ b/block/parallels.c
@@ -165,9 +165,9 @@ static int64_t block_status(BDRVParallelsState *s, int64_t sector_num,
     return start_off;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int64_t allocate_clusters(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                              int64_t sector_num,
-                                              int nb_sectors, int *pnum)
+static int64_t coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+allocate_clusters(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
+                  int nb_sectors, int *pnum)
 {
     int ret = 0;
     BDRVParallelsState *s = bs->opaque;
@@ -261,7 +261,8 @@ static coroutine_fn int64_t allocate_clusters(BlockDriverState *bs,
 }
 
 
-static coroutine_fn int parallels_co_flush_to_os(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+parallels_co_flush_to_os(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BDRVParallelsState *s = bs->opaque;
     unsigned long size = DIV_ROUND_UP(s->header_size, s->bat_dirty_block);
@@ -320,9 +321,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn parallels_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return BDRV_BLOCK_DATA | BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int parallels_co_writev(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                            int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,
-                                            QEMUIOVector *qiov, int flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+parallels_co_writev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,
+                    QEMUIOVector *qiov, int flags)
 {
     BDRVParallelsState *s = bs->opaque;
     uint64_t bytes_done = 0;
@@ -363,8 +364,9 @@ static coroutine_fn int parallels_co_writev(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int parallels_co_readv(BlockDriverState *bs,
-        int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors, QEMUIOVector *qiov)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+parallels_co_readv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,
+                   QEMUIOVector *qiov)
 {
     BDRVParallelsState *s = bs->opaque;
     uint64_t bytes_done = 0;
@@ -414,9 +416,9 @@ static coroutine_fn int parallels_co_readv(BlockDriverState *bs,
 }
 
 
-static int coroutine_fn parallels_co_check(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                           BdrvCheckResult *res,
-                                           BdrvCheckMode fix)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+parallels_co_check(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvCheckResult *res,
+                   BdrvCheckMode fix)
 {
     BDRVParallelsState *s = bs->opaque;
     int64_t size, prev_off, high_off;
@@ -620,10 +622,9 @@ exit:
     goto out;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn parallels_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv,
-                                                 const char *filename,
-                                                 QemuOpts *opts,
-                                                 Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+parallels_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv, const char *filename,
+                         QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
 {
     BlockdevCreateOptions *create_options = NULL;
     BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
diff --git a/block/preallocate.c b/block/preallocate.c
index c0dcf8c346..71c3601809 100644
--- a/block/preallocate.c
+++ b/block/preallocate.c
@@ -226,16 +226,17 @@ static void preallocate_reopen_abort(BDRVReopenState *state)
     state->opaque = NULL;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int preallocate_co_preadv_part(
-        BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-        QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+preallocate_co_preadv_part(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                           QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset,
+                           BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     return bdrv_co_preadv_part(bs->file, offset, bytes, qiov, qiov_offset,
                                flags);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn preallocate_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                               int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+preallocate_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
 {
     return bdrv_co_pdiscard(bs->file, offset, bytes);
 }
@@ -269,8 +270,9 @@ static bool has_prealloc_perms(BlockDriverState *bs)
  * want_merge_zero is used to merge write-zero request with preallocation in
  * one bdrv_co_pwrite_zeroes() call.
  */
-static bool coroutine_fn handle_write(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
-                                      int64_t bytes, bool want_merge_zero)
+static bool coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+handle_write(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+             bool want_merge_zero)
 {
     BDRVPreallocateState *s = bs->opaque;
     int64_t end = offset + bytes;
@@ -345,8 +347,9 @@ static bool coroutine_fn handle_write(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
     return want_merge_zero;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn preallocate_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
-        int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+preallocate_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
+                             int64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     bool want_merge_zero =
         !(flags & ~(BDRV_REQ_ZERO_WRITE | BDRV_REQ_NO_FALLBACK));
@@ -357,12 +360,10 @@ static int coroutine_fn preallocate_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return bdrv_co_pwrite_zeroes(bs->file, offset, bytes, flags);
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int preallocate_co_pwritev_part(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                    int64_t offset,
-                                                    int64_t bytes,
-                                                    QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                                    size_t qiov_offset,
-                                                    BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+preallocate_co_pwritev_part(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                            QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset,
+                            BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     handle_write(bs, offset, bytes, false);
 
@@ -370,7 +371,7 @@ static coroutine_fn int preallocate_co_pwritev_part(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                 flags);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 preallocate_co_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
                         bool exact, PreallocMode prealloc,
                         BdrvRequestFlags flags, Error **errp)
@@ -437,12 +438,13 @@ preallocate_co_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn preallocate_co_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK preallocate_co_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     return bdrv_co_flush(bs->file->bs);
 }
 
-static int64_t coroutine_fn preallocate_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int64_t coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+preallocate_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     int64_t ret;
     BDRVPreallocateState *s = bs->opaque;
diff --git a/block/qcow.c b/block/qcow.c
index 20c53b447b..490e4f819e 100644
--- a/block/qcow.c
+++ b/block/qcow.c
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ typedef struct BDRVQcowState {
 
 static QemuOptsList qcow_create_opts;
 
-static int coroutine_fn decompress_cluster(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                           uint64_t cluster_offset);
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+decompress_cluster(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t cluster_offset);
 
 static int qcow_probe(const uint8_t *buf, int buf_size, const char *filename)
 {
@@ -350,11 +350,10 @@ static int qcow_reopen_prepare(BDRVReopenState *state,
  * return 0 if not allocated, 1 if *result is assigned, and negative
  * errno on failure.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn get_cluster_offset(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                           uint64_t offset, int allocate,
-                                           int compressed_size,
-                                           int n_start, int n_end,
-                                           uint64_t *result)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+get_cluster_offset(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset, int allocate,
+                   int compressed_size, int n_start, int n_end,
+                   uint64_t *result)
 {
     BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
     int min_index, i, j, l1_index, l2_index, ret;
@@ -525,11 +524,10 @@ static int coroutine_fn get_cluster_offset(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return 1;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn qcow_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                             bool want_zero,
-                                             int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                                             int64_t *pnum, int64_t *map,
-                                             BlockDriverState **file)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, bool want_zero,
+                     int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum,
+                     int64_t *map, BlockDriverState **file)
 {
     BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
     int index_in_cluster, ret;
@@ -586,8 +584,8 @@ static int decompress_buffer(uint8_t *out_buf, int out_buf_size,
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn decompress_cluster(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                           uint64_t cluster_offset)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+decompress_cluster(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t cluster_offset)
 {
     BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
     int ret, csize;
@@ -619,9 +617,9 @@ static void qcow_refresh_limits(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
     bs->bl.request_alignment = BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int qcow_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
-                                       int64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                       BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+               QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
     int offset_in_cluster;
@@ -715,9 +713,9 @@ static coroutine_fn int qcow_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int qcow_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
-                                        int64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                        BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     BDRVQcowState *s = bs->opaque;
     int offset_in_cluster;
@@ -923,9 +921,9 @@ exit:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn qcow_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv,
-                                            const char *filename,
-                                            QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv, const char *filename,
+                    QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
 {
     BlockdevCreateOptions *create_options = NULL;
     BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
@@ -1046,7 +1044,7 @@ static int qcow_make_empty(BlockDriverState *bs)
 
 /* XXX: put compressed sectors first, then all the cluster aligned
    tables to avoid losing bytes in alignment */
-static coroutine_fn int
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 qcow_co_pwritev_compressed(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                            QEMUIOVector *qiov)
 {
diff --git a/block/qcow2-cluster.c b/block/qcow2-cluster.c
index 870be106b6..a9e6622fe3 100644
--- a/block/qcow2-cluster.c
+++ b/block/qcow2-cluster.c
@@ -491,10 +491,9 @@ static int count_contiguous_subclusters(BlockDriverState *bs, int nb_clusters,
     return count;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn do_perform_cow_read(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                            uint64_t src_cluster_offset,
-                                            unsigned offset_in_cluster,
-                                            QEMUIOVector *qiov)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+do_perform_cow_read(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t src_cluster_offset,
+                    unsigned offset_in_cluster, QEMUIOVector *qiov)
 {
     int ret;
 
@@ -535,10 +534,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn do_perform_cow_read(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn do_perform_cow_write(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                             uint64_t cluster_offset,
-                                             unsigned offset_in_cluster,
-                                             QEMUIOVector *qiov)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+do_perform_cow_write(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t cluster_offset,
+                     unsigned offset_in_cluster, QEMUIOVector *qiov)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int ret;
@@ -886,7 +884,8 @@ int coroutine_fn qcow2_alloc_compressed_cluster_offset(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn perform_cow(BlockDriverState *bs, QCowL2Meta *m)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+perform_cow(BlockDriverState *bs, QCowL2Meta *m)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     Qcow2COWRegion *start = &m->cow_start;
diff --git a/block/qcow2.c b/block/qcow2.c
index ee0e5b45cc..30fd53fa64 100644
--- a/block/qcow2.c
+++ b/block/qcow2.c
@@ -601,9 +601,9 @@ static void qcow2_add_check_result(BdrvCheckResult *out,
     }
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn qcow2_co_check_locked(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                              BdrvCheckResult *result,
-                                              BdrvCheckMode fix)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_co_check_locked(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvCheckResult *result,
+                      BdrvCheckMode fix)
 {
     BdrvCheckResult snapshot_res = {};
     BdrvCheckResult refcount_res = {};
@@ -640,9 +640,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn qcow2_co_check_locked(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn qcow2_co_check(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                       BdrvCheckResult *result,
-                                       BdrvCheckMode fix)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_co_check(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvCheckResult *result,
+               BdrvCheckMode fix)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int ret;
@@ -1294,9 +1294,9 @@ static int validate_compression_type(BDRVQcow2State *s, Error **errp)
 }
 
 /* Called with s->lock held.  */
-static int coroutine_fn qcow2_do_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options,
-                                      int flags, bool open_data_file,
-                                      Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_do_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
+              bool open_data_file, Error **errp)
 {
     ERRP_GUARD();
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
@@ -1890,6 +1890,8 @@ static void coroutine_fn qcow2_open_entry(void *opaque)
     QCow2OpenCo *qoc = opaque;
     BDRVQcow2State *s = qoc->bs->opaque;
 
+    assume_graph_lock(); /* FIXME */
+
     qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
     qoc->ret = qcow2_do_open(qoc->bs, qoc->options, qoc->flags, true,
                              qoc->errp);
@@ -2137,9 +2139,8 @@ static int coroutine_fn qcow2_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return status;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int qcow2_handle_l2meta(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                            QCowL2Meta **pl2meta,
-                                            bool link_l2)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_handle_l2meta(BlockDriverState *bs, QCowL2Meta **pl2meta, bool link_l2)
 {
     int ret = 0;
     QCowL2Meta *l2meta = *pl2meta;
@@ -2170,7 +2171,7 @@ out:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 qcow2_co_preadv_encrypted(BlockDriverState *bs,
                            uint64_t host_offset,
                            uint64_t offset,
@@ -2271,12 +2272,10 @@ static coroutine_fn int qcow2_add_task(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return 0;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_preadv_task(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                             QCow2SubclusterType subc_type,
-                                             uint64_t host_offset,
-                                             uint64_t offset, uint64_t bytes,
-                                             QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                             size_t qiov_offset)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_co_preadv_task(BlockDriverState *bs, QCow2SubclusterType subc_type,
+                     uint64_t host_offset, uint64_t offset, uint64_t bytes,
+                     QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
 
@@ -2315,7 +2314,11 @@ static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_preadv_task(BlockDriverState *bs,
     g_assert_not_reached();
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_preadv_task_entry(AioTask *task)
+/*
+ * This function can count as GRAPH_RDLOCK because qcow2_co_preadv_part() holds
+ * the graph lock and keeps it until this coroutine has terminated.
+ */
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_co_preadv_task_entry(AioTask *task)
 {
     Qcow2AioTask *t = container_of(task, Qcow2AioTask, task);
 
@@ -2326,11 +2329,10 @@ static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_preadv_task_entry(AioTask *task)
                                 t->qiov, t->qiov_offset);
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_preadv_part(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                             int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                                             QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                             size_t qiov_offset,
-                                             BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_co_preadv_part(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                     QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset,
+                     BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int ret = 0;
@@ -2450,7 +2452,8 @@ static bool merge_cow(uint64_t offset, unsigned bytes,
  * Return 1 if the COW regions read as zeroes, 0 if not, < 0 on error.
  * Note that returning 0 does not guarantee non-zero data.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn is_zero_cow(BlockDriverState *bs, QCowL2Meta *m)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+is_zero_cow(BlockDriverState *bs, QCowL2Meta *m)
 {
     /*
      * This check is designed for optimization shortcut so it must be
@@ -2468,8 +2471,8 @@ static int coroutine_fn is_zero_cow(BlockDriverState *bs, QCowL2Meta *m)
                                 m->cow_end.nb_bytes);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn handle_alloc_space(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                           QCowL2Meta *l2meta)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+handle_alloc_space(BlockDriverState *bs, QCowL2Meta *l2meta)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     QCowL2Meta *m;
@@ -2532,12 +2535,10 @@ static int coroutine_fn handle_alloc_space(BlockDriverState *bs,
  * l2meta  - if not NULL, qcow2_co_pwritev_task() will consume it. Caller must
  *           not use it somehow after qcow2_co_pwritev_task() call
  */
-static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_pwritev_task(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                              uint64_t host_offset,
-                                              uint64_t offset, uint64_t bytes,
-                                              QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                              uint64_t qiov_offset,
-                                              QCowL2Meta *l2meta)
+static coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+int qcow2_co_pwritev_task(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t host_offset,
+                          uint64_t offset, uint64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
+                          uint64_t qiov_offset, QCowL2Meta *l2meta)
 {
     int ret;
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
@@ -2603,7 +2604,11 @@ out_locked:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_pwritev_task_entry(AioTask *task)
+/*
+ * This function can count as GRAPH_RDLOCK because qcow2_co_pwritev_part() holds
+ * the graph lock and keeps it until this coroutine has terminated.
+ */
+static coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK int qcow2_co_pwritev_task_entry(AioTask *task)
 {
     Qcow2AioTask *t = container_of(task, Qcow2AioTask, task);
 
@@ -2614,9 +2619,10 @@ static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_pwritev_task_entry(AioTask *task)
                                  t->l2meta);
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_pwritev_part(
-        BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-        QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_co_pwritev_part(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                      QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset,
+                      BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int offset_in_cluster;
@@ -2771,8 +2777,8 @@ static void qcow2_close(BlockDriverState *bs)
     qcow2_do_close(bs, true);
 }
 
-static void coroutine_fn qcow2_co_invalidate_cache(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                   Error **errp)
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_co_invalidate_cache(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
 {
     ERRP_GUARD();
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
@@ -3183,9 +3189,9 @@ static int qcow2_set_up_encryption(BlockDriverState *bs,
  *
  * Returns: 0 on success, -errno on failure.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn preallocate_co(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
-                                       uint64_t new_length, PreallocMode mode,
-                                       Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+preallocate_co(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset, uint64_t new_length,
+               PreallocMode mode, Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     uint64_t bytes;
@@ -3810,10 +3816,9 @@ out:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn qcow2_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv,
-                                             const char *filename,
-                                             QemuOpts *opts,
-                                             Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv, const char *filename, QemuOpts *opts,
+                     Error **errp)
 {
     BlockdevCreateOptions *create_options = NULL;
     QDict *qdict;
@@ -3974,8 +3979,9 @@ static bool is_zero(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
     return res >= 0 && (res & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) && bytes == 0;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
-    int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                       BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     int ret;
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
@@ -4058,7 +4064,7 @@ static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 qcow2_co_copy_range_from(BlockDriverState *bs,
                          BdrvChild *src, int64_t src_offset,
                          BdrvChild *dst, int64_t dst_offset,
@@ -4141,7 +4147,7 @@ out:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 qcow2_co_copy_range_to(BlockDriverState *bs,
                        BdrvChild *src, int64_t src_offset,
                        BdrvChild *dst, int64_t dst_offset,
@@ -4209,9 +4215,9 @@ fail:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn qcow2_co_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
-                                          bool exact, PreallocMode prealloc,
-                                          BdrvRequestFlags flags, Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_co_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, bool exact,
+                  PreallocMode prealloc, BdrvRequestFlags flags, Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     uint64_t old_length;
@@ -4585,7 +4591,7 @@ fail:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 qcow2_co_pwritev_compressed_task(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                  uint64_t offset, uint64_t bytes,
                                  QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset)
@@ -4649,7 +4655,13 @@ fail:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_pwritev_compressed_task_entry(AioTask *task)
+/*
+ * This function can count as GRAPH_RDLOCK because
+ * qcow2_co_pwritev_compressed_part() holds the graph lock and keeps it until
+ * this coroutine has terminated.
+ */
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_co_pwritev_compressed_task_entry(AioTask *task)
 {
     Qcow2AioTask *t = container_of(task, Qcow2AioTask, task);
 
@@ -4663,7 +4675,7 @@ static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_pwritev_compressed_task_entry(AioTask *task)
  * XXX: put compressed sectors first, then all the cluster aligned
  * tables to avoid losing bytes in alignment
  */
-static coroutine_fn int
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 qcow2_co_pwritev_compressed_part(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                  int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                                  QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset)
@@ -4726,7 +4738,7 @@ qcow2_co_pwritev_compressed_part(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 qcow2_co_preadv_compressed(BlockDriverState *bs,
                            uint64_t l2_entry,
                            uint64_t offset,
@@ -5288,8 +5300,8 @@ static int64_t qcow2_check_vmstate_request(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return pos;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_save_vmstate(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                              QEMUIOVector *qiov, int64_t pos)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_co_save_vmstate(BlockDriverState *bs, QEMUIOVector *qiov, int64_t pos)
 {
     int64_t offset = qcow2_check_vmstate_request(bs, qiov, pos);
     if (offset < 0) {
@@ -5300,8 +5312,8 @@ static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_save_vmstate(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return bs->drv->bdrv_co_pwritev_part(bs, offset, qiov->size, qiov, 0, 0);
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_load_vmstate(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                              QEMUIOVector *qiov, int64_t pos)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_co_load_vmstate(BlockDriverState *bs, QEMUIOVector *qiov, int64_t pos)
 {
     int64_t offset = qcow2_check_vmstate_request(bs, qiov, pos);
     if (offset < 0) {
diff --git a/block/qcow2.h b/block/qcow2.h
index 2285f18a73..c59e33c01c 100644
--- a/block/qcow2.h
+++ b/block/qcow2.h
@@ -846,7 +846,7 @@ int qcow2_validate_table(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
                          Error **errp);
 
 /* qcow2-refcount.c functions */
-int coroutine_fn qcow2_refcount_init(BlockDriverState *bs);
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_refcount_init(BlockDriverState *bs);
 void qcow2_refcount_close(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
 int qcow2_get_refcount(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t cluster_index,
@@ -893,14 +893,17 @@ int qcow2_inc_refcounts_imrt(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvCheckResult *res,
 int qcow2_change_refcount_order(BlockDriverState *bs, int refcount_order,
                                 BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb,
                                 void *cb_opaque, Error **errp);
-int coroutine_fn qcow2_shrink_reftable(BlockDriverState *bs);
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_shrink_reftable(BlockDriverState *bs);
 int64_t qcow2_get_last_cluster(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t size);
 int coroutine_fn qcow2_detect_metadata_preallocation(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
 /* qcow2-cluster.c functions */
 int qcow2_grow_l1_table(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t min_size,
                         bool exact_size);
-int coroutine_fn qcow2_shrink_l1_table(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t max_size);
+
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_shrink_l1_table(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t max_size);
+
 int qcow2_write_l1_entry(BlockDriverState *bs, int l1_index);
 int qcow2_encrypt_sectors(BDRVQcow2State *s, int64_t sector_num,
                           uint8_t *buf, int nb_sectors, bool enc, Error **errp);
@@ -918,14 +921,17 @@ int coroutine_fn qcow2_alloc_compressed_cluster_offset(BlockDriverState *bs,
 void qcow2_parse_compressed_l2_entry(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t l2_entry,
                                      uint64_t *coffset, int *csize);
 
-int coroutine_fn qcow2_alloc_cluster_link_l2(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                             QCowL2Meta *m);
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_alloc_cluster_link_l2(BlockDriverState *bs, QCowL2Meta *m);
+
 void qcow2_alloc_cluster_abort(BlockDriverState *bs, QCowL2Meta *m);
 int qcow2_cluster_discard(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
                           uint64_t bytes, enum qcow2_discard_type type,
                           bool full_discard);
-int coroutine_fn qcow2_subcluster_zeroize(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
-                                          uint64_t bytes, int flags);
+
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_subcluster_zeroize(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset, uint64_t bytes,
+                         int flags);
 
 int qcow2_expand_zero_clusters(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb,
@@ -948,9 +954,10 @@ void qcow2_free_snapshots(BlockDriverState *bs);
 int qcow2_read_snapshots(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
 int qcow2_write_snapshots(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
-int coroutine_fn qcow2_check_read_snapshot_table(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                 BdrvCheckResult *result,
-                                                 BdrvCheckMode fix);
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_check_read_snapshot_table(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvCheckResult *result,
+                                BdrvCheckMode fix);
+
 int coroutine_fn qcow2_check_fix_snapshot_table(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                                 BdrvCheckResult *result,
                                                 BdrvCheckMode fix);
diff --git a/block/qed-check.c b/block/qed-check.c
index a6612be00f..8fd94f405e 100644
--- a/block/qed-check.c
+++ b/block/qed-check.c
@@ -107,7 +107,8 @@ static unsigned int qed_check_l2_table(QEDCheck *check, QEDTable *table)
 /**
  * Descend tables and check each cluster is referenced once only
  */
-static int coroutine_fn qed_check_l1_table(QEDCheck *check, QEDTable *table)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_check_l1_table(QEDCheck *check, QEDTable *table)
 {
     BDRVQEDState *s = check->s;
     unsigned int i, num_invalid_l1 = 0;
diff --git a/block/qed-table.c b/block/qed-table.c
index e41c87a157..3b331ce709 100644
--- a/block/qed-table.c
+++ b/block/qed-table.c
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@
 #include "qemu/memalign.h"
 
 /* Called with table_lock held.  */
-static int coroutine_fn qed_read_table(BDRVQEDState *s, uint64_t offset,
-                                       QEDTable *table)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_read_table(BDRVQEDState *s, uint64_t offset, QEDTable *table)
 {
     unsigned int bytes = s->header.cluster_size * s->header.table_size;
 
@@ -63,9 +63,9 @@ out:
  *
  * Called with table_lock held.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn qed_write_table(BDRVQEDState *s, uint64_t offset,
-                                        QEDTable *table, unsigned int index,
-                                        unsigned int n, bool flush)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_write_table(BDRVQEDState *s, uint64_t offset, QEDTable *table,
+                unsigned int index, unsigned int n, bool flush)
 {
     unsigned int sector_mask = BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE / sizeof(uint64_t) - 1;
     unsigned int start, end, i;
diff --git a/block/qed.c b/block/qed.c
index 175a46c67b..ed94bb61ca 100644
--- a/block/qed.c
+++ b/block/qed.c
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ int qed_write_header_sync(BDRVQEDState *s)
  *
  * No new allocating reqs can start while this function runs.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn qed_write_header(BDRVQEDState *s)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK qed_write_header(BDRVQEDState *s)
 {
     /* We must write full sectors for O_DIRECT but cannot necessarily generate
      * the data following the header if an unrecognized compat feature is
@@ -282,11 +282,12 @@ static void coroutine_fn qed_unplug_allocating_write_reqs(BDRVQEDState *s)
     qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->table_lock);
 }
 
-static void coroutine_fn qed_need_check_timer(BDRVQEDState *s)
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK qed_need_check_timer(BDRVQEDState *s)
 {
     int ret;
 
     trace_qed_need_check_timer_cb(s);
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     if (!qed_plug_allocating_write_reqs(s)) {
         return;
@@ -312,6 +313,7 @@ static void coroutine_fn qed_need_check_timer(BDRVQEDState *s)
 static void coroutine_fn qed_need_check_timer_entry(void *opaque)
 {
     BDRVQEDState *s = opaque;
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD();
 
     qed_need_check_timer(opaque);
     bdrv_dec_in_flight(s->bs);
@@ -393,8 +395,8 @@ static void bdrv_qed_init_state(BlockDriverState *bs)
 }
 
 /* Called with table_lock held.  */
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_qed_do_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options,
-                                         int flags, Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_qed_do_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags, Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVQEDState *s = bs->opaque;
     QEDHeader le_header;
@@ -555,7 +557,7 @@ typedef struct QEDOpenCo {
     int ret;
 } QEDOpenCo;
 
-static void coroutine_fn bdrv_qed_open_entry(void *opaque)
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_qed_open_entry(void *opaque)
 {
     QEDOpenCo *qoc = opaque;
     BDRVQEDState *s = qoc->bs->opaque;
@@ -577,6 +579,8 @@ static int bdrv_qed_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
     };
     int ret;
 
+    assume_graph_lock(); /* FIXME */
+
     ret = bdrv_open_file_child(NULL, options, "file", bs, errp);
     if (ret < 0) {
         return ret;
@@ -750,10 +754,9 @@ out:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_qed_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv,
-                                                const char *filename,
-                                                QemuOpts *opts,
-                                                Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_qed_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv, const char *filename,
+                        QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
 {
     BlockdevCreateOptions *create_options = NULL;
     QDict *qdict;
@@ -822,11 +825,10 @@ fail:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_qed_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                 bool want_zero,
-                                                 int64_t pos, int64_t bytes,
-                                                 int64_t *pnum, int64_t *map,
-                                                 BlockDriverState **file)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_qed_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, bool want_zero, int64_t pos,
+                         int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum, int64_t *map,
+                         BlockDriverState **file)
 {
     BDRVQEDState *s = bs->opaque;
     size_t len = MIN(bytes, SIZE_MAX);
@@ -879,8 +881,8 @@ static BDRVQEDState *acb_to_s(QEDAIOCB *acb)
  * This function reads qiov->size bytes starting at pos from the backing file.
  * If there is no backing file then zeroes are read.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn qed_read_backing_file(BDRVQEDState *s, uint64_t pos,
-                                              QEMUIOVector *qiov)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_read_backing_file(BDRVQEDState *s, uint64_t pos, QEMUIOVector *qiov)
 {
     if (s->bs->backing) {
         BLKDBG_EVENT(s->bs->file, BLKDBG_READ_BACKING_AIO);
@@ -898,9 +900,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn qed_read_backing_file(BDRVQEDState *s, uint64_t pos,
  * @len:        Number of bytes
  * @offset:     Byte offset in image file
  */
-static int coroutine_fn qed_copy_from_backing_file(BDRVQEDState *s,
-                                                   uint64_t pos, uint64_t len,
-                                                   uint64_t offset)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_copy_from_backing_file(BDRVQEDState *s, uint64_t pos, uint64_t len,
+                           uint64_t offset)
 {
     QEMUIOVector qiov;
     int ret;
@@ -993,7 +995,7 @@ static void coroutine_fn qed_aio_complete(QEDAIOCB *acb)
  *
  * Called with table_lock held.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn qed_aio_write_l1_update(QEDAIOCB *acb)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK qed_aio_write_l1_update(QEDAIOCB *acb)
 {
     BDRVQEDState *s = acb_to_s(acb);
     CachedL2Table *l2_table = acb->request.l2_table;
@@ -1023,7 +1025,8 @@ static int coroutine_fn qed_aio_write_l1_update(QEDAIOCB *acb)
  *
  * Called with table_lock held.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn qed_aio_write_l2_update(QEDAIOCB *acb, uint64_t offset)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_aio_write_l2_update(QEDAIOCB *acb, uint64_t offset)
 {
     BDRVQEDState *s = acb_to_s(acb);
     bool need_alloc = acb->find_cluster_ret == QED_CLUSTER_L1;
@@ -1061,7 +1064,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn qed_aio_write_l2_update(QEDAIOCB *acb, uint64_t offset)
  *
  * Called with table_lock *not* held.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn qed_aio_write_main(QEDAIOCB *acb)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK qed_aio_write_main(QEDAIOCB *acb)
 {
     BDRVQEDState *s = acb_to_s(acb);
     uint64_t offset = acb->cur_cluster +
@@ -1079,7 +1082,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn qed_aio_write_main(QEDAIOCB *acb)
  *
  * Called with table_lock held.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn qed_aio_write_cow(QEDAIOCB *acb)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK qed_aio_write_cow(QEDAIOCB *acb)
 {
     BDRVQEDState *s = acb_to_s(acb);
     uint64_t start, len, offset;
@@ -1157,7 +1160,8 @@ static bool qed_should_set_need_check(BDRVQEDState *s)
  *
  * Called with table_lock held.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn qed_aio_write_alloc(QEDAIOCB *acb, size_t len)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_aio_write_alloc(QEDAIOCB *acb, size_t len)
 {
     BDRVQEDState *s = acb_to_s(acb);
     int ret;
@@ -1220,8 +1224,8 @@ static int coroutine_fn qed_aio_write_alloc(QEDAIOCB *acb, size_t len)
  *
  * Called with table_lock held.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn qed_aio_write_inplace(QEDAIOCB *acb, uint64_t offset,
-                                              size_t len)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_aio_write_inplace(QEDAIOCB *acb, uint64_t offset, size_t len)
 {
     BDRVQEDState *s = acb_to_s(acb);
     int r;
@@ -1263,8 +1267,8 @@ out:
  *
  * Called with table_lock held.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn qed_aio_write_data(void *opaque, int ret,
-                                           uint64_t offset, size_t len)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_aio_write_data(void *opaque, int ret, uint64_t offset, size_t len)
 {
     QEDAIOCB *acb = opaque;
 
@@ -1296,8 +1300,8 @@ static int coroutine_fn qed_aio_write_data(void *opaque, int ret,
  *
  * Called with table_lock held.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn qed_aio_read_data(void *opaque, int ret,
-                                          uint64_t offset, size_t len)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_aio_read_data(void *opaque, int ret, uint64_t offset, size_t len)
 {
     QEDAIOCB *acb = opaque;
     BDRVQEDState *s = acb_to_s(acb);
@@ -1334,7 +1338,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn qed_aio_read_data(void *opaque, int ret,
 /**
  * Begin next I/O or complete the request
  */
-static int coroutine_fn qed_aio_next_io(QEDAIOCB *acb)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK qed_aio_next_io(QEDAIOCB *acb)
 {
     BDRVQEDState *s = acb_to_s(acb);
     uint64_t offset;
@@ -1379,9 +1383,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn qed_aio_next_io(QEDAIOCB *acb)
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn qed_co_request(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
-                                       QEMUIOVector *qiov, int nb_sectors,
-                                       int flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_co_request(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
+               int nb_sectors, int flags)
 {
     QEDAIOCB acb = {
         .bs         = bs,
@@ -1398,24 +1402,23 @@ static int coroutine_fn qed_co_request(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
     return qed_aio_next_io(&acb);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_qed_co_readv(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                          int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,
-                                          QEMUIOVector *qiov)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_qed_co_readv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,
+                  QEMUIOVector *qiov)
 {
     return qed_co_request(bs, sector_num, qiov, nb_sectors, 0);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_qed_co_writev(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                           int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,
-                                           QEMUIOVector *qiov, int flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_qed_co_writev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,
+                   QEMUIOVector *qiov, int flags)
 {
     return qed_co_request(bs, sector_num, qiov, nb_sectors, QED_AIOCB_WRITE);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_qed_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                  int64_t offset,
-                                                  int64_t bytes,
-                                                  BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_qed_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                          BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     BDRVQEDState *s = bs->opaque;
 
@@ -1569,8 +1572,8 @@ static int bdrv_qed_change_backing_file(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static void coroutine_fn bdrv_qed_co_invalidate_cache(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                      Error **errp)
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_qed_co_invalidate_cache(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVQEDState *s = bs->opaque;
     int ret;
@@ -1586,9 +1589,9 @@ static void coroutine_fn bdrv_qed_co_invalidate_cache(BlockDriverState *bs,
     }
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn bdrv_qed_co_check(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                          BdrvCheckResult *result,
-                                          BdrvCheckMode fix)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_qed_co_check(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvCheckResult *result,
+                  BdrvCheckMode fix)
 {
     BDRVQEDState *s = bs->opaque;
     int ret;
diff --git a/block/qed.h b/block/qed.h
index 3d12bf78d4..988654cb86 100644
--- a/block/qed.h
+++ b/block/qed.h
@@ -200,33 +200,40 @@ void qed_commit_l2_cache_entry(L2TableCache *l2_cache, CachedL2Table *l2_table);
 /**
  * Table I/O functions
  */
-int coroutine_fn qed_read_l1_table_sync(BDRVQEDState *s);
-int coroutine_fn qed_write_l1_table(BDRVQEDState *s, unsigned int index,
-                                    unsigned int n);
-int coroutine_fn qed_write_l1_table_sync(BDRVQEDState *s, unsigned int index,
-                                         unsigned int n);
-int coroutine_fn qed_read_l2_table_sync(BDRVQEDState *s, QEDRequest *request,
-                                        uint64_t offset);
-int coroutine_fn qed_read_l2_table(BDRVQEDState *s, QEDRequest *request,
-                                   uint64_t offset);
-int coroutine_fn qed_write_l2_table(BDRVQEDState *s, QEDRequest *request,
-                                    unsigned int index, unsigned int n,
-                                    bool flush);
-int coroutine_fn qed_write_l2_table_sync(BDRVQEDState *s, QEDRequest *request,
-                                         unsigned int index, unsigned int n,
-                                         bool flush);
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK qed_read_l1_table_sync(BDRVQEDState *s);
+
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_write_l1_table(BDRVQEDState *s, unsigned int index, unsigned int n);
+
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_write_l1_table_sync(BDRVQEDState *s, unsigned int index, unsigned int n);
+
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_read_l2_table_sync(BDRVQEDState *s, QEDRequest *request, uint64_t offset);
+
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_read_l2_table(BDRVQEDState *s, QEDRequest *request, uint64_t offset);
+
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_write_l2_table(BDRVQEDState *s, QEDRequest *request, unsigned int index,
+                   unsigned int n, bool flush);
+
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_write_l2_table_sync(BDRVQEDState *s, QEDRequest *request,
+                        unsigned int index, unsigned int n, bool flush);
 
 /**
  * Cluster functions
  */
-int coroutine_fn qed_find_cluster(BDRVQEDState *s, QEDRequest *request,
-                                  uint64_t pos, size_t *len,
-                                  uint64_t *img_offset);
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_find_cluster(BDRVQEDState *s, QEDRequest *request, uint64_t pos,
+                 size_t *len, uint64_t *img_offset);
 
 /**
  * Consistency check
  */
-int coroutine_fn qed_check(BDRVQEDState *s, BdrvCheckResult *result, bool fix);
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qed_check(BDRVQEDState *s, BdrvCheckResult *result, bool fix);
 
 QEDTable *qed_alloc_table(BDRVQEDState *s);
 
diff --git a/block/quorum.c b/block/quorum.c
index d1dcf2eaba..ff5a0a2da3 100644
--- a/block/quorum.c
+++ b/block/quorum.c
@@ -270,7 +270,11 @@ static void quorum_report_bad_versions(BDRVQuorumState *s,
     }
 }
 
-static void coroutine_fn quorum_rewrite_entry(void *opaque)
+/*
+ * This function can count as GRAPH_RDLOCK because read_quorum_children() holds
+ * the graph lock and keeps it until this coroutine has terminated.
+ */
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK quorum_rewrite_entry(void *opaque)
 {
     QuorumCo *co = opaque;
     QuorumAIOCB *acb = co->acb;
@@ -290,8 +294,8 @@ static void coroutine_fn quorum_rewrite_entry(void *opaque)
     }
 }
 
-static bool quorum_rewrite_bad_versions(QuorumAIOCB *acb,
-                                        QuorumVoteValue *value)
+static bool coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+quorum_rewrite_bad_versions(QuorumAIOCB *acb, QuorumVoteValue *value)
 {
     QuorumVoteVersion *version;
     QuorumVoteItem *item;
@@ -491,7 +495,7 @@ static int quorum_vote_error(QuorumAIOCB *acb)
     return ret;
 }
 
-static void quorum_vote(QuorumAIOCB *acb)
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK quorum_vote(QuorumAIOCB *acb)
 {
     bool quorum = true;
     int i, j, ret;
@@ -571,7 +575,11 @@ free_exit:
     quorum_free_vote_list(&acb->votes);
 }
 
-static void coroutine_fn read_quorum_children_entry(void *opaque)
+/*
+ * This function can count as GRAPH_RDLOCK because read_quorum_children() holds
+ * the graph lock and keeps it until this coroutine has terminated.
+ */
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK read_quorum_children_entry(void *opaque)
 {
     QuorumCo *co = opaque;
     QuorumAIOCB *acb = co->acb;
@@ -599,7 +607,7 @@ static void coroutine_fn read_quorum_children_entry(void *opaque)
     }
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn read_quorum_children(QuorumAIOCB *acb)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK read_quorum_children(QuorumAIOCB *acb)
 {
     BDRVQuorumState *s = acb->bs->opaque;
     int i;
@@ -640,7 +648,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn read_quorum_children(QuorumAIOCB *acb)
     return acb->vote_ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn read_fifo_child(QuorumAIOCB *acb)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK read_fifo_child(QuorumAIOCB *acb)
 {
     BDRVQuorumState *s = acb->bs->opaque;
     int n, ret;
@@ -661,10 +669,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn read_fifo_child(QuorumAIOCB *acb)
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn quorum_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                         int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                                         QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                         BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+quorum_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                 QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     BDRVQuorumState *s = bs->opaque;
     QuorumAIOCB *acb = quorum_aio_get(bs, qiov, offset, bytes, flags);
@@ -683,7 +690,11 @@ static int coroutine_fn quorum_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static void coroutine_fn write_quorum_entry(void *opaque)
+/*
+ * This function can count as GRAPH_RDLOCK because quorum_co_pwritev() holds the
+ * graph lock and keeps it until this coroutine has terminated.
+ */
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK write_quorum_entry(void *opaque)
 {
     QuorumCo *co = opaque;
     QuorumAIOCB *acb = co->acb;
@@ -714,9 +725,9 @@ static void coroutine_fn write_quorum_entry(void *opaque)
     }
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn quorum_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
-                                          int64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                          BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+quorum_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                  QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     BDRVQuorumState *s = bs->opaque;
     QuorumAIOCB *acb = quorum_aio_get(bs, qiov, offset, bytes, flags);
@@ -745,16 +756,16 @@ static int coroutine_fn quorum_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn quorum_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                                                BdrvRequestFlags flags)
-
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+quorum_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                        BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     return quorum_co_pwritev(bs, offset, bytes, NULL,
                              flags | BDRV_REQ_ZERO_WRITE);
 }
 
-static int64_t coroutine_fn quorum_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int64_t coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+quorum_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BDRVQuorumState *s = bs->opaque;
     int64_t result;
@@ -778,7 +789,7 @@ static int64_t coroutine_fn quorum_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
     return result;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int quorum_co_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK int quorum_co_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BDRVQuorumState *s = bs->opaque;
     QuorumVoteVersion *winner = NULL;
@@ -1217,11 +1228,10 @@ static void quorum_child_perm(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *c,
  * return BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO if *all* children agree that a certain
  * region contains zeroes, and BDRV_BLOCK_DATA otherwise.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn quorum_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                               bool want_zero,
-                                               int64_t offset, int64_t count,
-                                               int64_t *pnum, int64_t *map,
-                                               BlockDriverState **file)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+quorum_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, bool want_zero,
+                       int64_t offset, int64_t count,
+                       int64_t *pnum, int64_t *map, BlockDriverState **file)
 {
     BDRVQuorumState *s = bs->opaque;
     int i, ret;
diff --git a/block/raw-format.c b/block/raw-format.c
index 0dc469b629..66783ed8e7 100644
--- a/block/raw-format.c
+++ b/block/raw-format.c
@@ -203,9 +203,9 @@ static inline int raw_adjust_offset(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t *offset,
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn raw_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
-                                      int64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                      BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+raw_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+              QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     int ret;
 
@@ -218,9 +218,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn raw_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
     return bdrv_co_preadv(bs->file, offset, bytes, qiov, flags);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn raw_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
-                                       int64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                       BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+raw_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+               QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     void *buf = NULL;
     BlockDriver *drv;
@@ -292,9 +292,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn raw_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return BDRV_BLOCK_RAW | BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn raw_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                             int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                                             BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+raw_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                     BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     int ret;
 
@@ -305,8 +305,8 @@ static int coroutine_fn raw_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return bdrv_co_pwrite_zeroes(bs->file, offset, bytes, flags);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn raw_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                        int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+raw_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
 {
     int ret;
 
@@ -317,7 +317,8 @@ static int coroutine_fn raw_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return bdrv_co_pdiscard(bs->file, offset, bytes);
 }
 
-static int64_t coroutine_fn raw_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int64_t coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+raw_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     int64_t len;
     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
@@ -384,9 +385,9 @@ static void raw_refresh_limits(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
     }
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn raw_co_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
-                                        bool exact, PreallocMode prealloc,
-                                        BdrvRequestFlags flags, Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+raw_co_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, bool exact,
+                PreallocMode prealloc, BdrvRequestFlags flags, Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
 
@@ -405,18 +406,20 @@ static int coroutine_fn raw_co_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
     return bdrv_co_truncate(bs->file, offset, exact, prealloc, flags, errp);
 }
 
-static void coroutine_fn raw_co_eject(BlockDriverState *bs, bool eject_flag)
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+raw_co_eject(BlockDriverState *bs, bool eject_flag)
 {
     bdrv_co_eject(bs->file->bs, eject_flag);
 }
 
-static void coroutine_fn raw_co_lock_medium(BlockDriverState *bs, bool locked)
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+raw_co_lock_medium(BlockDriverState *bs, bool locked)
 {
     bdrv_co_lock_medium(bs->file->bs, locked);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn raw_co_ioctl(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                     unsigned long int req, void *buf)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+raw_co_ioctl(BlockDriverState *bs, unsigned long int req, void *buf)
 {
     BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
     if (s->offset || s->has_size) {
@@ -430,10 +433,9 @@ static int raw_has_zero_init(BlockDriverState *bs)
     return bdrv_has_zero_init(bs->file->bs);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn raw_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv,
-                                           const char *filename,
-                                           QemuOpts *opts,
-                                           Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+raw_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv, const char *filename,
+                   QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
 {
     return bdrv_co_create_file(filename, opts, errp);
 }
@@ -536,14 +538,12 @@ static int raw_probe_geometry(BlockDriverState *bs, HDGeometry *geo)
     return bdrv_probe_geometry(bs->file->bs, geo);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn raw_co_copy_range_from(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                               BdrvChild *src,
-                                               int64_t src_offset,
-                                               BdrvChild *dst,
-                                               int64_t dst_offset,
-                                               int64_t bytes,
-                                               BdrvRequestFlags read_flags,
-                                               BdrvRequestFlags write_flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+raw_co_copy_range_from(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                       BdrvChild *src, int64_t src_offset,
+                       BdrvChild *dst, int64_t dst_offset,
+                       int64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags read_flags,
+                       BdrvRequestFlags write_flags)
 {
     int ret;
 
@@ -555,14 +555,12 @@ static int coroutine_fn raw_co_copy_range_from(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                    bytes, read_flags, write_flags);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn raw_co_copy_range_to(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                             BdrvChild *src,
-                                             int64_t src_offset,
-                                             BdrvChild *dst,
-                                             int64_t dst_offset,
-                                             int64_t bytes,
-                                             BdrvRequestFlags read_flags,
-                                             BdrvRequestFlags write_flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+raw_co_copy_range_to(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                     BdrvChild *src, int64_t src_offset,
+                     BdrvChild *dst, int64_t dst_offset,
+                     int64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags read_flags,
+                     BdrvRequestFlags write_flags)
 {
     int ret;
 
diff --git a/block/rbd.c b/block/rbd.c
index 5e102fea0d..978671411e 100644
--- a/block/rbd.c
+++ b/block/rbd.c
@@ -72,6 +72,16 @@ static const char rbd_luks2_header_verification[
     'L', 'U', 'K', 'S', 0xBA, 0xBE, 0, 2
 };
 
+static const char rbd_layered_luks_header_verification[
+        RBD_ENCRYPTION_LUKS_HEADER_VERIFICATION_LEN] = {
+    'R', 'B', 'D', 'L', 0xBA, 0xBE, 0, 1
+};
+
+static const char rbd_layered_luks2_header_verification[
+        RBD_ENCRYPTION_LUKS_HEADER_VERIFICATION_LEN] = {
+    'R', 'B', 'D', 'L', 0xBA, 0xBE, 0, 2
+};
+
 typedef enum {
     RBD_AIO_READ,
     RBD_AIO_WRITE,
@@ -386,7 +396,6 @@ static int qemu_rbd_encryption_format(rbd_image_t image,
 {
     int r = 0;
     g_autofree char *passphrase = NULL;
-    size_t passphrase_len;
     rbd_encryption_format_t format;
     rbd_encryption_options_t opts;
     rbd_encryption_luks1_format_options_t luks_opts;
@@ -408,12 +417,12 @@ static int qemu_rbd_encryption_format(rbd_image_t image,
             opts_size = sizeof(luks_opts);
             r = qemu_rbd_convert_luks_create_options(
                     qapi_RbdEncryptionCreateOptionsLUKS_base(&encrypt->u.luks),
-                    &luks_opts.alg, &passphrase, &passphrase_len, errp);
+                    &luks_opts.alg, &passphrase, &luks_opts.passphrase_size,
+                    errp);
             if (r < 0) {
                 return r;
             }
             luks_opts.passphrase = passphrase;
-            luks_opts.passphrase_size = passphrase_len;
             break;
         }
         case RBD_IMAGE_ENCRYPTION_FORMAT_LUKS2: {
@@ -424,12 +433,12 @@ static int qemu_rbd_encryption_format(rbd_image_t image,
             r = qemu_rbd_convert_luks_create_options(
                     qapi_RbdEncryptionCreateOptionsLUKS2_base(
                             &encrypt->u.luks2),
-                    &luks2_opts.alg, &passphrase, &passphrase_len, errp);
+                    &luks2_opts.alg, &passphrase, &luks2_opts.passphrase_size,
+                    errp);
             if (r < 0) {
                 return r;
             }
             luks2_opts.passphrase = passphrase;
-            luks2_opts.passphrase_size = passphrase_len;
             break;
         }
         default: {
@@ -468,9 +477,11 @@ static int qemu_rbd_encryption_load(rbd_image_t image,
 {
     int r = 0;
     g_autofree char *passphrase = NULL;
-    size_t passphrase_len;
     rbd_encryption_luks1_format_options_t luks_opts;
     rbd_encryption_luks2_format_options_t luks2_opts;
+#ifdef LIBRBD_SUPPORTS_ENCRYPTION_LOAD2
+    rbd_encryption_luks_format_options_t luks_any_opts;
+#endif
     rbd_encryption_format_t format;
     rbd_encryption_options_t opts;
     size_t opts_size;
@@ -483,12 +494,11 @@ static int qemu_rbd_encryption_load(rbd_image_t image,
             opts_size = sizeof(luks_opts);
             r = qemu_rbd_convert_luks_options(
                     qapi_RbdEncryptionOptionsLUKS_base(&encrypt->u.luks),
-                    &passphrase, &passphrase_len, errp);
+                    &passphrase, &luks_opts.passphrase_size, errp);
             if (r < 0) {
                 return r;
             }
             luks_opts.passphrase = passphrase;
-            luks_opts.passphrase_size = passphrase_len;
             break;
         }
         case RBD_IMAGE_ENCRYPTION_FORMAT_LUKS2: {
@@ -498,14 +508,29 @@ static int qemu_rbd_encryption_load(rbd_image_t image,
             opts_size = sizeof(luks2_opts);
             r = qemu_rbd_convert_luks_options(
                     qapi_RbdEncryptionOptionsLUKS2_base(&encrypt->u.luks2),
-                    &passphrase, &passphrase_len, errp);
+                    &passphrase, &luks2_opts.passphrase_size, errp);
             if (r < 0) {
                 return r;
             }
             luks2_opts.passphrase = passphrase;
-            luks2_opts.passphrase_size = passphrase_len;
             break;
         }
+#ifdef LIBRBD_SUPPORTS_ENCRYPTION_LOAD2
+        case RBD_IMAGE_ENCRYPTION_FORMAT_LUKS_ANY: {
+            memset(&luks_any_opts, 0, sizeof(luks_any_opts));
+            format = RBD_ENCRYPTION_FORMAT_LUKS;
+            opts = &luks_any_opts;
+            opts_size = sizeof(luks_any_opts);
+            r = qemu_rbd_convert_luks_options(
+                    qapi_RbdEncryptionOptionsLUKSAny_base(&encrypt->u.luks_any),
+                    &passphrase, &luks_any_opts.passphrase_size, errp);
+            if (r < 0) {
+                return r;
+            }
+            luks_any_opts.passphrase = passphrase;
+            break;
+        }
+#endif
         default: {
             r = -ENOTSUP;
             error_setg_errno(
@@ -523,6 +548,128 @@ static int qemu_rbd_encryption_load(rbd_image_t image,
 
     return 0;
 }
+
+#ifdef LIBRBD_SUPPORTS_ENCRYPTION_LOAD2
+static int qemu_rbd_encryption_load2(rbd_image_t image,
+                                     RbdEncryptionOptions *encrypt,
+                                     Error **errp)
+{
+    int r = 0;
+    int encrypt_count = 1;
+    int i;
+    RbdEncryptionOptions *curr_encrypt;
+    rbd_encryption_spec_t *specs;
+    rbd_encryption_luks1_format_options_t *luks_opts;
+    rbd_encryption_luks2_format_options_t *luks2_opts;
+    rbd_encryption_luks_format_options_t *luks_any_opts;
+
+    /* count encryption options */
+    for (curr_encrypt = encrypt->parent; curr_encrypt;
+         curr_encrypt = curr_encrypt->parent) {
+        ++encrypt_count;
+    }
+
+    specs = g_new0(rbd_encryption_spec_t, encrypt_count);
+
+    curr_encrypt = encrypt;
+    for (i = 0; i < encrypt_count; ++i) {
+        switch (curr_encrypt->format) {
+            case RBD_IMAGE_ENCRYPTION_FORMAT_LUKS: {
+                specs[i].format = RBD_ENCRYPTION_FORMAT_LUKS1;
+
+                luks_opts = g_new0(rbd_encryption_luks1_format_options_t, 1);
+                specs[i].opts = luks_opts;
+                specs[i].opts_size = sizeof(*luks_opts);
+
+                r = qemu_rbd_convert_luks_options(
+                        qapi_RbdEncryptionOptionsLUKS_base(
+                                &curr_encrypt->u.luks),
+                        (char **)&luks_opts->passphrase,
+                        &luks_opts->passphrase_size,
+                        errp);
+                break;
+            }
+            case RBD_IMAGE_ENCRYPTION_FORMAT_LUKS2: {
+                specs[i].format = RBD_ENCRYPTION_FORMAT_LUKS2;
+
+                luks2_opts = g_new0(rbd_encryption_luks2_format_options_t, 1);
+                specs[i].opts = luks2_opts;
+                specs[i].opts_size = sizeof(*luks2_opts);
+
+                r = qemu_rbd_convert_luks_options(
+                        qapi_RbdEncryptionOptionsLUKS2_base(
+                                &curr_encrypt->u.luks2),
+                        (char **)&luks2_opts->passphrase,
+                        &luks2_opts->passphrase_size,
+                        errp);
+                break;
+            }
+            case RBD_IMAGE_ENCRYPTION_FORMAT_LUKS_ANY: {
+                specs[i].format = RBD_ENCRYPTION_FORMAT_LUKS;
+
+                luks_any_opts = g_new0(rbd_encryption_luks_format_options_t, 1);
+                specs[i].opts = luks_any_opts;
+                specs[i].opts_size = sizeof(*luks_any_opts);
+
+                r = qemu_rbd_convert_luks_options(
+                        qapi_RbdEncryptionOptionsLUKSAny_base(
+                                &curr_encrypt->u.luks_any),
+                        (char **)&luks_any_opts->passphrase,
+                        &luks_any_opts->passphrase_size,
+                        errp);
+                break;
+            }
+            default: {
+                r = -ENOTSUP;
+                error_setg_errno(
+                        errp, -r, "unknown image encryption format: %u",
+                        curr_encrypt->format);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0) {
+            goto exit;
+        }
+
+        curr_encrypt = curr_encrypt->parent;
+    }
+
+    r = rbd_encryption_load2(image, specs, encrypt_count);
+    if (r < 0) {
+        error_setg_errno(errp, -r, "layered encryption load fail");
+        goto exit;
+    }
+
+exit:
+    for (i = 0; i < encrypt_count; ++i) {
+        if (!specs[i].opts) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        switch (specs[i].format) {
+            case RBD_ENCRYPTION_FORMAT_LUKS1: {
+                luks_opts = specs[i].opts;
+                g_free((void *)luks_opts->passphrase);
+                break;
+            }
+            case RBD_ENCRYPTION_FORMAT_LUKS2: {
+                luks2_opts = specs[i].opts;
+                g_free((void *)luks2_opts->passphrase);
+                break;
+            }
+            case RBD_ENCRYPTION_FORMAT_LUKS: {
+                luks_any_opts = specs[i].opts;
+                g_free((void *)luks_any_opts->passphrase);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        g_free(specs[i].opts);
+    }
+    g_free(specs);
+    return r;
+}
+#endif
 #endif
 
 /* FIXME Deprecate and remove keypairs or make it available in QMP. */
@@ -989,7 +1136,16 @@ static int qemu_rbd_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
 
     if (opts->encrypt) {
 #ifdef LIBRBD_SUPPORTS_ENCRYPTION
-        r = qemu_rbd_encryption_load(s->image, opts->encrypt, errp);
+        if (opts->encrypt->parent) {
+#ifdef LIBRBD_SUPPORTS_ENCRYPTION_LOAD2
+            r = qemu_rbd_encryption_load2(s->image, opts->encrypt, errp);
+#else
+            r = -ENOTSUP;
+            error_setg(errp, "RBD library does not support layered encryption");
+#endif
+        } else {
+            r = qemu_rbd_encryption_load(s->image, opts->encrypt, errp);
+        }
         if (r < 0) {
             goto failed_post_open;
         }
@@ -1281,6 +1437,16 @@ static ImageInfoSpecific *qemu_rbd_get_specific_info(BlockDriverState *bs,
         spec_info->u.rbd.data->encryption_format =
                 RBD_IMAGE_ENCRYPTION_FORMAT_LUKS2;
         spec_info->u.rbd.data->has_encryption_format = true;
+    } else if (memcmp(buf, rbd_layered_luks_header_verification,
+               RBD_ENCRYPTION_LUKS_HEADER_VERIFICATION_LEN) == 0) {
+        spec_info->u.rbd.data->encryption_format =
+                RBD_IMAGE_ENCRYPTION_FORMAT_LUKS;
+        spec_info->u.rbd.data->has_encryption_format = true;
+    } else if (memcmp(buf, rbd_layered_luks2_header_verification,
+               RBD_ENCRYPTION_LUKS_HEADER_VERIFICATION_LEN) == 0) {
+        spec_info->u.rbd.data->encryption_format =
+                RBD_IMAGE_ENCRYPTION_FORMAT_LUKS2;
+        spec_info->u.rbd.data->has_encryption_format = true;
     } else {
         spec_info->u.rbd.data->has_encryption_format = false;
     }
diff --git a/block/replication.c b/block/replication.c
index a27417d310..de01f96184 100644
--- a/block/replication.c
+++ b/block/replication.c
@@ -179,7 +179,8 @@ static void replication_child_perm(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *c,
     return;
 }
 
-static int64_t coroutine_fn replication_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int64_t coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+replication_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     return bdrv_co_getlength(bs->file->bs);
 }
@@ -220,10 +221,9 @@ static int replication_return_value(BDRVReplicationState *s, int ret)
     return ret;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int replication_co_readv(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                             int64_t sector_num,
-                                             int remaining_sectors,
-                                             QEMUIOVector *qiov)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+replication_co_readv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
+                     int remaining_sectors, QEMUIOVector *qiov)
 {
     BDRVReplicationState *s = bs->opaque;
     int ret;
@@ -244,11 +244,9 @@ static coroutine_fn int replication_co_readv(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return replication_return_value(s, ret);
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int replication_co_writev(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                              int64_t sector_num,
-                                              int remaining_sectors,
-                                              QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                              int flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+replication_co_writev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
+                      int remaining_sectors, QEMUIOVector *qiov, int flags)
 {
     BDRVReplicationState *s = bs->opaque;
     QEMUIOVector hd_qiov;
diff --git a/block/snapshot-access.c b/block/snapshot-access.c
index 0a30ec6cd9..67ea339da9 100644
--- a/block/snapshot-access.c
+++ b/block/snapshot-access.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "qemu/cutils.h"
 #include "block/block_int.h"
 
-static coroutine_fn int
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 snapshot_access_co_preadv_part(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                                QEMUIOVector *qiov, size_t qiov_offset,
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ snapshot_access_co_preadv_part(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return bdrv_co_preadv_snapshot(bs->file, offset, bytes, qiov, qiov_offset);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 snapshot_access_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                 bool want_zero, int64_t offset,
                                 int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum,
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ snapshot_access_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                          bytes, pnum, map, file);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn snapshot_access_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                             int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+snapshot_access_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
 {
     return bdrv_co_pdiscard_snapshot(bs->file->bs, offset, bytes);
 }
diff --git a/block/stream.c b/block/stream.c
index e77a033233..7f9e1ecdbb 100644
--- a/block/stream.c
+++ b/block/stream.c
@@ -140,9 +140,11 @@ static int coroutine_fn stream_run(Job *job, Error **errp)
         return 0;
     }
 
-    len = bdrv_getlength(s->target_bs);
-    if (len < 0) {
-        return len;
+    WITH_GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD() {
+        len = bdrv_co_getlength(s->target_bs);
+        if (len < 0) {
+            return len;
+        }
     }
     job_progress_set_remaining(&s->common.job, len);
 
@@ -160,21 +162,25 @@ static int coroutine_fn stream_run(Job *job, Error **errp)
 
         copy = false;
 
-        ret = bdrv_is_allocated(unfiltered_bs, offset, STREAM_CHUNK, &n);
-        if (ret == 1) {
-            /* Allocated in the top, no need to copy.  */
-        } else if (ret >= 0) {
-            /* Copy if allocated in the intermediate images.  Limit to the
-             * known-unallocated area [offset, offset+n*BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE).  */
-            ret = bdrv_is_allocated_above(bdrv_cow_bs(unfiltered_bs),
-                                          s->base_overlay, true,
-                                          offset, n, &n);
-            /* Finish early if end of backing file has been reached */
-            if (ret == 0 && n == 0) {
-                n = len - offset;
+        WITH_GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD() {
+            ret = bdrv_is_allocated(unfiltered_bs, offset, STREAM_CHUNK, &n);
+            if (ret == 1) {
+                /* Allocated in the top, no need to copy.  */
+            } else if (ret >= 0) {
+                /*
+                 * Copy if allocated in the intermediate images.  Limit to the
+                 * known-unallocated area [offset, offset+n*BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE).
+                 */
+                ret = bdrv_is_allocated_above(bdrv_cow_bs(unfiltered_bs),
+                                            s->base_overlay, true,
+                                            offset, n, &n);
+                /* Finish early if end of backing file has been reached */
+                if (ret == 0 && n == 0) {
+                    n = len - offset;
+                }
+
+                copy = (ret > 0);
             }
-
-            copy = (ret > 0);
         }
         trace_stream_one_iteration(s, offset, n, ret);
         if (copy) {
diff --git a/block/throttle.c b/block/throttle.c
index 64fa0f5acc..3aaef18d4e 100644
--- a/block/throttle.c
+++ b/block/throttle.c
@@ -106,15 +106,15 @@ static void throttle_close(BlockDriverState *bs)
 }
 
 
-static int64_t coroutine_fn throttle_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int64_t coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+throttle_co_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     return bdrv_co_getlength(bs->file->bs);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn throttle_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                           int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                                           QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                           BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+throttle_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                   QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
 
     ThrottleGroupMember *tgm = bs->opaque;
@@ -123,10 +123,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn throttle_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return bdrv_co_preadv(bs->file, offset, bytes, qiov, flags);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn throttle_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                            int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                                            QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                            BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+throttle_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                    QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     ThrottleGroupMember *tgm = bs->opaque;
     throttle_group_co_io_limits_intercept(tgm, bytes, true);
@@ -134,9 +133,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn throttle_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return bdrv_co_pwritev(bs->file, offset, bytes, qiov, flags);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn throttle_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                  int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                                                  BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+throttle_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                          BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     ThrottleGroupMember *tgm = bs->opaque;
     throttle_group_co_io_limits_intercept(tgm, bytes, true);
@@ -144,8 +143,8 @@ static int coroutine_fn throttle_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return bdrv_co_pwrite_zeroes(bs->file, offset, bytes, flags);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn throttle_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                             int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+throttle_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
 {
     ThrottleGroupMember *tgm = bs->opaque;
     throttle_group_co_io_limits_intercept(tgm, bytes, true);
@@ -153,16 +152,15 @@ static int coroutine_fn throttle_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return bdrv_co_pdiscard(bs->file, offset, bytes);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn throttle_co_pwritev_compressed(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                       int64_t offset,
-                                                       int64_t bytes,
-                                                       QEMUIOVector *qiov)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+throttle_co_pwritev_compressed(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
+                               int64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov)
 {
     return throttle_co_pwritev(bs, offset, bytes, qiov,
                                BDRV_REQ_WRITE_COMPRESSED);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn throttle_co_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK throttle_co_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     return bdrv_co_flush(bs->file->bs);
 }
diff --git a/block/vdi.c b/block/vdi.c
index 27db67d493..f2434d6153 100644
--- a/block/vdi.c
+++ b/block/vdi.c
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn vdi_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
         (s->header.image_type == VDI_TYPE_STATIC ? BDRV_BLOCK_RECURSE : 0);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 vdi_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
               QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ vdi_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 vdi_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
@@ -898,10 +898,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn vdi_co_create(BlockdevCreateOptions *create_options,
     return vdi_co_do_create(create_options, DEFAULT_CLUSTER_SIZE, errp);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn vdi_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv,
-                                           const char *filename,
-                                           QemuOpts *opts,
-                                           Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vdi_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv, const char *filename,
+                   QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
 {
     QDict *qdict = NULL;
     BlockdevCreateOptions *create_options = NULL;
diff --git a/block/vhdx.c b/block/vhdx.c
index 59fbdb413b..81420722a1 100644
--- a/block/vhdx.c
+++ b/block/vhdx.c
@@ -1172,8 +1172,9 @@ vhdx_co_get_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi)
 }
 
 
-static coroutine_fn int vhdx_co_readv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
-                                      int nb_sectors, QEMUIOVector *qiov)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vhdx_co_readv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,
+              QEMUIOVector *qiov)
 {
     BDRVVHDXState *s = bs->opaque;
     int ret = 0;
@@ -1324,9 +1325,9 @@ int vhdx_user_visible_write(BlockDriverState *bs, BDRVVHDXState *s)
     return ret;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int vhdx_co_writev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
-                                       int nb_sectors, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                       int flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vhdx_co_writev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,
+               QEMUIOVector *qiov, int flags)
 {
     int ret = -ENOTSUP;
     BDRVVHDXState *s = bs->opaque;
@@ -2058,10 +2059,9 @@ delete_and_exit:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn vhdx_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv,
-                                            const char *filename,
-                                            QemuOpts *opts,
-                                            Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vhdx_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv, const char *filename,
+                    QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
 {
     BlockdevCreateOptions *create_options = NULL;
     QDict *qdict;
diff --git a/block/vmdk.c b/block/vmdk.c
index 171c9272ca..f5f49018fe 100644
--- a/block/vmdk.c
+++ b/block/vmdk.c
@@ -1403,13 +1403,11 @@ static void vmdk_refresh_limits(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
  * [@skip_start_sector, @skip_end_sector) is not copied or written, and leave
  * it for call to write user data in the request.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn get_whole_cluster(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                          VmdkExtent *extent,
-                                          uint64_t cluster_offset,
-                                          uint64_t offset,
-                                          uint64_t skip_start_bytes,
-                                          uint64_t skip_end_bytes,
-                                          bool zeroed)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+get_whole_cluster(BlockDriverState *bs, VmdkExtent *extent,
+                  uint64_t cluster_offset, uint64_t offset,
+                  uint64_t skip_start_bytes, uint64_t skip_end_bytes,
+                  bool zeroed)
 {
     int ret = VMDK_OK;
     int64_t cluster_bytes;
@@ -1484,8 +1482,8 @@ exit:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn vmdk_L2update(VmdkExtent *extent, VmdkMetaData *m_data,
-                                      uint32_t offset)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vmdk_L2update(VmdkExtent *extent, VmdkMetaData *m_data, uint32_t offset)
 {
     offset = cpu_to_le32(offset);
     /* update L2 table */
@@ -1536,14 +1534,11 @@ static int coroutine_fn vmdk_L2update(VmdkExtent *extent, VmdkMetaData *m_data,
  *          VMDK_UNALLOC if cluster is not mapped and @allocate is false.
  *          VMDK_ERROR if failed.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn get_cluster_offset(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                           VmdkExtent *extent,
-                                           VmdkMetaData *m_data,
-                                           uint64_t offset,
-                                           bool allocate,
-                                           uint64_t *cluster_offset,
-                                           uint64_t skip_start_bytes,
-                                           uint64_t skip_end_bytes)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+get_cluster_offset(BlockDriverState *bs, VmdkExtent *extent,
+                   VmdkMetaData *m_data, uint64_t offset, bool allocate,
+                   uint64_t *cluster_offset, uint64_t skip_start_bytes,
+                   uint64_t skip_end_bytes)
 {
     unsigned int l1_index, l2_offset, l2_index;
     int min_index, i, j;
@@ -1736,11 +1731,10 @@ static inline uint64_t vmdk_find_offset_in_cluster(VmdkExtent *extent,
     return extent_relative_offset % cluster_size;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn vmdk_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                             bool want_zero,
-                                             int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                                             int64_t *pnum, int64_t *map,
-                                             BlockDriverState **file)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vmdk_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, bool want_zero,
+                     int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum,
+                     int64_t *map, BlockDriverState **file)
 {
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     int64_t index_in_cluster, n, ret;
@@ -1785,7 +1779,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn vmdk_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 vmdk_write_extent(VmdkExtent *extent, int64_t cluster_offset,
                   int64_t offset_in_cluster, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
                   uint64_t qiov_offset, uint64_t n_bytes,
@@ -1867,10 +1861,9 @@ vmdk_write_extent(VmdkExtent *extent, int64_t cluster_offset,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 vmdk_read_extent(VmdkExtent *extent, int64_t cluster_offset,
-                 int64_t offset_in_cluster, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                 int bytes)
+                 int64_t offset_in_cluster, QEMUIOVector *qiov, int bytes)
 {
     int ret;
     int cluster_bytes, buf_bytes;
@@ -1934,7 +1927,7 @@ vmdk_read_extent(VmdkExtent *extent, int64_t cluster_offset,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 vmdk_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
@@ -2016,9 +2009,9 @@ fail:
  *
  * Returns: error code with 0 for success.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn vmdk_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
-                                     uint64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                     bool zeroed, bool zero_dry_run)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vmdk_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset, uint64_t bytes,
+             QEMUIOVector *qiov, bool zeroed, bool zero_dry_run)
 {
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     VmdkExtent *extent = NULL;
@@ -2114,7 +2107,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn vmdk_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 vmdk_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                 QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
@@ -2126,7 +2119,7 @@ vmdk_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 vmdk_co_pwritev_compressed(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                            QEMUIOVector *qiov)
 {
@@ -2154,10 +2147,9 @@ vmdk_co_pwritev_compressed(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
     return vmdk_co_pwritev(bs, offset, bytes, qiov, 0);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn vmdk_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                              int64_t offset,
-                                              int64_t bytes,
-                                              BdrvRequestFlags flags)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vmdk_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                      BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     int ret;
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
@@ -2285,11 +2277,10 @@ exit:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn vmdk_create_extent(const char *filename,
-                                           int64_t filesize, bool flat,
-                                           bool compress, bool zeroed_grain,
-                                           BlockBackend **pbb,
-                                           QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vmdk_create_extent(const char *filename, int64_t filesize, bool flat,
+                   bool compress, bool zeroed_grain, BlockBackend **pbb,
+                   QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
@@ -2367,14 +2358,10 @@ static int filename_decompose(const char *filename, char *path, char *prefix,
  *           non-split format.
  * idx >= 1: get the n-th extent if in a split subformat
  */
-typedef BlockBackend * coroutine_fn (*vmdk_create_extent_fn)(int64_t size,
-                                                             int idx,
-                                                             bool flat,
-                                                             bool split,
-                                                             bool compress,
-                                                             bool zeroed_grain,
-                                                             void *opaque,
-                                                             Error **errp);
+typedef BlockBackend * coroutine_fn /* GRAPH_RDLOCK */
+    (*vmdk_create_extent_fn)(int64_t size, int idx, bool flat, bool split,
+                             bool compress, bool zeroed_grain, void *opaque,
+                             Error **errp);
 
 static void vmdk_desc_add_extent(GString *desc,
                                  const char *extent_line_fmt,
@@ -2387,17 +2374,18 @@ static void vmdk_desc_add_extent(GString *desc,
     g_free(basename);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn vmdk_co_do_create(int64_t size,
-                                          BlockdevVmdkSubformat subformat,
-                                          BlockdevVmdkAdapterType adapter_type,
-                                          const char *backing_file,
-                                          const char *hw_version,
-                                          const char *toolsversion,
-                                          bool compat6,
-                                          bool zeroed_grain,
-                                          vmdk_create_extent_fn extent_fn,
-                                          void *opaque,
-                                          Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vmdk_co_do_create(int64_t size,
+                  BlockdevVmdkSubformat subformat,
+                  BlockdevVmdkAdapterType adapter_type,
+                  const char *backing_file,
+                  const char *hw_version,
+                  const char *toolsversion,
+                  bool compat6,
+                  bool zeroed_grain,
+                  vmdk_create_extent_fn extent_fn,
+                  void *opaque,
+                  Error **errp)
 {
     int extent_idx;
     BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
@@ -2617,10 +2605,10 @@ typedef struct {
     QemuOpts *opts;
 } VMDKCreateOptsData;
 
-static BlockBackend * coroutine_fn vmdk_co_create_opts_cb(int64_t size, int idx,
-                                            bool flat, bool split, bool compress,
-                                            bool zeroed_grain, void *opaque,
-                                            Error **errp)
+static BlockBackend * coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vmdk_co_create_opts_cb(int64_t size, int idx, bool flat, bool split,
+                       bool compress, bool zeroed_grain, void *opaque,
+                       Error **errp)
 {
     BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
     BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
@@ -2659,10 +2647,9 @@ exit:
     return blk;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn vmdk_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv,
-                                            const char *filename,
-                                            QemuOpts *opts,
-                                            Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vmdk_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv, const char *filename,
+                    QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
 {
     Error *local_err = NULL;
     char *desc = NULL;
@@ -2822,8 +2809,8 @@ static BlockBackend * coroutine_fn vmdk_co_create_cb(int64_t size, int idx,
     return blk;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn vmdk_co_create(BlockdevCreateOptions *create_options,
-                                       Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vmdk_co_create(BlockdevCreateOptions *create_options, Error **errp)
 {
     BlockdevCreateOptionsVmdk *opts;
 
@@ -2918,9 +2905,8 @@ static VmdkExtentInfo *vmdk_get_extent_info(VmdkExtent *extent)
     return info;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn vmdk_co_check(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                      BdrvCheckResult *result,
-                                      BdrvCheckMode fix)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vmdk_co_check(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvCheckResult *result, BdrvCheckMode fix)
 {
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     VmdkExtent *extent = NULL;
diff --git a/block/vpc.c b/block/vpc.c
index 3c256fc5a4..b89b0ff8e2 100644
--- a/block/vpc.c
+++ b/block/vpc.c
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ vpc_co_get_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 vpc_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
               QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ fail:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 vpc_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
@@ -1087,10 +1087,9 @@ out:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn vpc_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv,
-                                           const char *filename,
-                                           QemuOpts *opts,
-                                           Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vpc_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv, const char *filename,
+                   QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
 {
     BlockdevCreateOptions *create_options = NULL;
     QDict *qdict;