Merge remote-tracking branch 'remotes/kraxel/tags/audio-20190924-pull-request' into staging

audio: documentation fixes.
audio: new backend api (first part of the surround sound patch series).

# gpg: Signature made Tue 24 Sep 2019 07:19:31 BST
# gpg:                using RSA key 4CB6D8EED3E87138
# gpg: Good signature from "Gerd Hoffmann (work) <kraxel@redhat.com>" [full]
# gpg:                 aka "Gerd Hoffmann <gerd@kraxel.org>" [full]
# gpg:                 aka "Gerd Hoffmann (private) <kraxel@gmail.com>" [full]
# Primary key fingerprint: A032 8CFF B93A 17A7 9901  FE7D 4CB6 D8EE D3E8 7138

* remotes/kraxel/tags/audio-20190924-pull-request:
  audio: split ctl_* functions into enable_* and volume_*
  audio: common rate control code for timer based outputs
  audio: unify input and output mixeng buffer management
  audio: remove remains of the old backend api
  wavaudio: port to the new audio backend api
  spiceaudio: port to the new audio backend api
  sdlaudio: port to the new audio backend api
  paaudio: port to the new audio backend api
  ossaudio: port to the new audio backend api
  noaudio: port to the new audio backend api
  dsoundaudio: port to the new audio backend api
  coreaudio: port to the new audio backend api
  alsaaudio: port to the new audio backend api
  audio: api for mixeng code free backends
  audio: fix ALSA period-length typo in documentation
  audio: fix buffer-length typo in documentation

Signed-off-by: Peter Maydell <peter.maydell@linaro.org>

18 files changed, 1066 insertions, 1904 deletions

diff --git a/audio/Makefile.objs b/audio/Makefile.objs
index dca87f6347..d7490a379f 100644
--- a/audio/Makefile.objs
+++ b/audio/Makefile.objs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ common-obj-y = audio.o audio_legacy.o noaudio.o wavaudio.o mixeng.o
 common-obj-$(CONFIG_SPICE) += spiceaudio.o
 common-obj-$(CONFIG_AUDIO_COREAUDIO) += coreaudio.o
 common-obj-$(CONFIG_AUDIO_DSOUND) += dsoundaudio.o
-common-obj-$(CONFIG_AUDIO_PT_INT) += audio_pt_int.o
 common-obj-$(CONFIG_AUDIO_WIN_INT) += audio_win_int.o
 common-obj-y += wavcapture.o
 
diff --git a/audio/alsaaudio.c b/audio/alsaaudio.c
index 591344dccd..cfe42284a6 100644
--- a/audio/alsaaudio.c
+++ b/audio/alsaaudio.c
@@ -44,9 +44,6 @@ struct pollhlp {
 
 typedef struct ALSAVoiceOut {
     HWVoiceOut hw;
-    int wpos;
-    int pending;
-    void *pcm_buf;
     snd_pcm_t *handle;
     struct pollhlp pollhlp;
     Audiodev *dev;
@@ -55,7 +52,6 @@ typedef struct ALSAVoiceOut {
 typedef struct ALSAVoiceIn {
     HWVoiceIn hw;
     snd_pcm_t *handle;
-    void *pcm_buf;
     struct pollhlp pollhlp;
     Audiodev *dev;
 } ALSAVoiceIn;
@@ -602,102 +598,64 @@ static int alsa_open(bool in, struct alsa_params_req *req,
     return -1;
 }
 
-static snd_pcm_sframes_t alsa_get_avail (snd_pcm_t *handle)
+static size_t alsa_write(HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf, size_t len)
 {
-    snd_pcm_sframes_t avail;
-
-    avail = snd_pcm_avail_update (handle);
-    if (avail < 0) {
-        if (avail == -EPIPE) {
-            if (!alsa_recover (handle)) {
-                avail = snd_pcm_avail_update (handle);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (avail < 0) {
-            alsa_logerr (avail,
-                         "Could not obtain number of available frames\n");
-            return -1;
-        }
-    }
+    ALSAVoiceOut *alsa = (ALSAVoiceOut *) hw;
+    size_t pos = 0;
+    size_t len_frames = len >> hw->info.shift;
+
+    while (len_frames) {
+        char *src = advance(buf, pos);
+        snd_pcm_sframes_t written;
+
+        written = snd_pcm_writei(alsa->handle, src, len_frames);
+
+        if (written <= 0) {
+            switch (written) {
+            case 0:
+                trace_alsa_wrote_zero(len_frames);
+                return pos;
+
+            case -EPIPE:
+                if (alsa_recover(alsa->handle)) {
+                    alsa_logerr(written, "Failed to write %zu frames\n",
+                                len_frames);
+                    return pos;
+                }
+                trace_alsa_xrun_out();
+                continue;
+
+            case -ESTRPIPE:
+                /*
+                 * stream is suspended and waiting for an application
+                 * recovery
+                 */
+                if (alsa_resume(alsa->handle)) {
+                    alsa_logerr(written, "Failed to write %zu frames\n",
+                                len_frames);
+                    return pos;
+                }
+                trace_alsa_resume_out();
+                continue;
 
-    return avail;
-}
+            case -EAGAIN:
+                return pos;
 
-static void alsa_write_pending (ALSAVoiceOut *alsa)
-{
-    HWVoiceOut *hw = &alsa->hw;
-
-    while (alsa->pending) {
-        int left_till_end_samples = hw->samples - alsa->wpos;
-        int len = MIN (alsa->pending, left_till_end_samples);
-        char *src = advance (alsa->pcm_buf, alsa->wpos << hw->info.shift);
-
-        while (len) {
-            snd_pcm_sframes_t written;
-
-            written = snd_pcm_writei (alsa->handle, src, len);
-
-            if (written <= 0) {
-                switch (written) {
-                case 0:
-                    trace_alsa_wrote_zero(len);
-                    return;
-
-                case -EPIPE:
-                    if (alsa_recover (alsa->handle)) {
-                        alsa_logerr (written, "Failed to write %d frames\n",
-                                     len);
-                        return;
-                    }
-                    trace_alsa_xrun_out();
-                    continue;
-
-                case -ESTRPIPE:
-                    /* stream is suspended and waiting for an
-                       application recovery */
-                    if (alsa_resume (alsa->handle)) {
-                        alsa_logerr (written, "Failed to write %d frames\n",
-                                     len);
-                        return;
-                    }
-                    trace_alsa_resume_out();
-                    continue;
-
-                case -EAGAIN:
-                    return;
-
-                default:
-                    alsa_logerr (written, "Failed to write %d frames from %p\n",
-                                 len, src);
-                    return;
-                }
+            default:
+                alsa_logerr(written, "Failed to write %zu frames from %p\n",
+                            len, src);
+                return pos;
             }
-
-            alsa->wpos = (alsa->wpos + written) % hw->samples;
-            alsa->pending -= written;
-            len -= written;
         }
-    }
-}
-
-static size_t alsa_run_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t live)
-{
-    ALSAVoiceOut *alsa = (ALSAVoiceOut *) hw;
-    size_t decr;
-    snd_pcm_sframes_t avail;
 
-    avail = alsa_get_avail (alsa->handle);
-    if (avail < 0) {
-        dolog ("Could not get number of available playback frames\n");
-        return 0;
+        pos += written << hw->info.shift;
+        if (written < len_frames) {
+            break;
+        }
+        len_frames -= written;
     }
 
-    decr = MIN (live, avail);
-    decr = audio_pcm_hw_clip_out (hw, alsa->pcm_buf, decr, alsa->pending);
-    alsa->pending += decr;
-    alsa_write_pending (alsa);
-    return decr;
+    return pos;
 }
 
 static void alsa_fini_out (HWVoiceOut *hw)
@@ -706,9 +664,6 @@ static void alsa_fini_out (HWVoiceOut *hw)
 
     ldebug ("alsa_fini\n");
     alsa_anal_close (&alsa->handle, &alsa->pollhlp);
-
-    g_free(alsa->pcm_buf);
-    alsa->pcm_buf = NULL;
 }
 
 static int alsa_init_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct audsettings *as,
@@ -737,14 +692,6 @@ static int alsa_init_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct audsettings *as,
     audio_pcm_init_info (&hw->info, &obt_as);
     hw->samples = obt.samples;
 
-    alsa->pcm_buf = audio_calloc(__func__, obt.samples, 1 << hw->info.shift);
-    if (!alsa->pcm_buf) {
-        dolog("Could not allocate DAC buffer (%zu samples, each %d bytes)\n",
-              hw->samples, 1 << hw->info.shift);
-        alsa_anal_close1 (&handle);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     alsa->pollhlp.s = hw->s;
     alsa->handle = handle;
     alsa->dev = dev;
@@ -784,34 +731,28 @@ static int alsa_voice_ctl (snd_pcm_t *handle, const char *typ, int ctl)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int alsa_ctl_out (HWVoiceOut *hw, int cmd, ...)
+static void alsa_enable_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, bool enable)
 {
     ALSAVoiceOut *alsa = (ALSAVoiceOut *) hw;
     AudiodevAlsaPerDirectionOptions *apdo = alsa->dev->u.alsa.out;
 
-    switch (cmd) {
-    case VOICE_ENABLE:
-        {
-            bool poll_mode = apdo->try_poll;
+    if (enable) {
+        bool poll_mode = apdo->try_poll;
 
-            ldebug ("enabling voice\n");
-            if (poll_mode && alsa_poll_out (hw)) {
-                poll_mode = 0;
-            }
-            hw->poll_mode = poll_mode;
-            return alsa_voice_ctl (alsa->handle, "playback", VOICE_CTL_PREPARE);
+        ldebug("enabling voice\n");
+        if (poll_mode && alsa_poll_out(hw)) {
+            poll_mode = 0;
         }
-
-    case VOICE_DISABLE:
-        ldebug ("disabling voice\n");
+        hw->poll_mode = poll_mode;
+        alsa_voice_ctl(alsa->handle, "playback", VOICE_CTL_PREPARE);
+    } else {
+        ldebug("disabling voice\n");
         if (hw->poll_mode) {
             hw->poll_mode = 0;
-            alsa_fini_poll (&alsa->pollhlp);
+            alsa_fini_poll(&alsa->pollhlp);
         }
-        return alsa_voice_ctl (alsa->handle, "playback", VOICE_CTL_PAUSE);
+        alsa_voice_ctl(alsa->handle, "playback", VOICE_CTL_PAUSE);
     }
-
-    return -1;
 }
 
 static int alsa_init_in(HWVoiceIn *hw, struct audsettings *as, void *drv_opaque)
@@ -839,14 +780,6 @@ static int alsa_init_in(HWVoiceIn *hw, struct audsettings *as, void *drv_opaque)
     audio_pcm_init_info (&hw->info, &obt_as);
     hw->samples = obt.samples;
 
-    alsa->pcm_buf = audio_calloc(__func__, hw->samples, 1 << hw->info.shift);
-    if (!alsa->pcm_buf) {
-        dolog("Could not allocate ADC buffer (%zu samples, each %d bytes)\n",
-              hw->samples, 1 << hw->info.shift);
-        alsa_anal_close1 (&handle);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     alsa->pollhlp.s = hw->s;
     alsa->handle = handle;
     alsa->dev = dev;
@@ -858,160 +791,73 @@ static void alsa_fini_in (HWVoiceIn *hw)
     ALSAVoiceIn *alsa = (ALSAVoiceIn *) hw;
 
     alsa_anal_close (&alsa->handle, &alsa->pollhlp);
-
-    g_free(alsa->pcm_buf);
-    alsa->pcm_buf = NULL;
 }
 
-static size_t alsa_run_in(HWVoiceIn *hw)
+static size_t alsa_read(HWVoiceIn *hw, void *buf, size_t len)
 {
     ALSAVoiceIn *alsa = (ALSAVoiceIn *) hw;
-    int hwshift = hw->info.shift;
-    int i;
-    size_t live = audio_pcm_hw_get_live_in (hw);
-    size_t dead = hw->samples - live;
-    size_t decr;
-    struct {
-        size_t add;
-        size_t len;
-    } bufs[2] = {
-        { .add = hw->wpos, .len = 0 },
-        { .add = 0,        .len = 0 }
-    };
-    snd_pcm_sframes_t avail;
-    snd_pcm_uframes_t read_samples = 0;
-
-    if (!dead) {
-        return 0;
-    }
+    size_t pos = 0;
 
-    avail = alsa_get_avail (alsa->handle);
-    if (avail < 0) {
-        dolog ("Could not get number of captured frames\n");
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if (!avail) {
-        snd_pcm_state_t state;
-
-        state = snd_pcm_state (alsa->handle);
-        switch (state) {
-        case SND_PCM_STATE_PREPARED:
-            avail = hw->samples;
-            break;
-        case SND_PCM_STATE_SUSPENDED:
-            /* stream is suspended and waiting for an application recovery */
-            if (alsa_resume (alsa->handle)) {
-                dolog ("Failed to resume suspended input stream\n");
-                return 0;
-            }
-            trace_alsa_resume_in();
-            break;
-        default:
-            trace_alsa_no_frames(state);
-            return 0;
-        }
-    }
+    while (len) {
+        void *dst = advance(buf, pos);
+        snd_pcm_sframes_t nread;
 
-    decr = MIN(dead, avail);
-    if (!decr) {
-        return 0;
-    }
+        nread = snd_pcm_readi(alsa->handle, dst, len >> hw->info.shift);
 
-    if (hw->wpos + decr > hw->samples) {
-        bufs[0].len = (hw->samples - hw->wpos);
-        bufs[1].len = (decr - (hw->samples - hw->wpos));
-    }
-    else {
-        bufs[0].len = decr;
-    }
+        if (nread <= 0) {
+            switch (nread) {
+            case 0:
+                trace_alsa_read_zero(len);
+                return pos;;
 
-    for (i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
-        void *src;
-        struct st_sample *dst;
-        snd_pcm_sframes_t nread;
-        snd_pcm_uframes_t len;
-
-        len = bufs[i].len;
-
-        src = advance (alsa->pcm_buf, bufs[i].add << hwshift);
-        dst = hw->conv_buf + bufs[i].add;
-
-        while (len) {
-            nread = snd_pcm_readi (alsa->handle, src, len);
-
-            if (nread <= 0) {
-                switch (nread) {
-                case 0:
-                    trace_alsa_read_zero(len);
-                    goto exit;
-
-                case -EPIPE:
-                    if (alsa_recover (alsa->handle)) {
-                        alsa_logerr (nread, "Failed to read %ld frames\n", len);
-                        goto exit;
-                    }
-                    trace_alsa_xrun_in();
-                    continue;
-
-                case -EAGAIN:
-                    goto exit;
-
-                default:
-                    alsa_logerr (
-                        nread,
-                        "Failed to read %ld frames from %p\n",
-                        len,
-                        src
-                        );
-                    goto exit;
+            case -EPIPE:
+                if (alsa_recover(alsa->handle)) {
+                    alsa_logerr(nread, "Failed to read %zu frames\n", len);
+                    return pos;
                 }
-            }
+                trace_alsa_xrun_in();
+                continue;
 
-            hw->conv (dst, src, nread);
+            case -EAGAIN:
+                return pos;
 
-            src = advance (src, nread << hwshift);
-            dst += nread;
-
-            read_samples += nread;
-            len -= nread;
+            default:
+                alsa_logerr(nread, "Failed to read %zu frames to %p\n",
+                            len, dst);
+                return pos;;
+            }
         }
+
+        pos += nread << hw->info.shift;
+        len -= nread << hw->info.shift;
     }
 
- exit:
-    hw->wpos = (hw->wpos + read_samples) % hw->samples;
-    return read_samples;
+    return pos;
 }
 
-static int alsa_ctl_in (HWVoiceIn *hw, int cmd, ...)
+static void alsa_enable_in(HWVoiceIn *hw, bool enable)
 {
     ALSAVoiceIn *alsa = (ALSAVoiceIn *) hw;
     AudiodevAlsaPerDirectionOptions *apdo = alsa->dev->u.alsa.in;
 
-    switch (cmd) {
-    case VOICE_ENABLE:
-        {
-            bool poll_mode = apdo->try_poll;
+    if (enable) {
+        bool poll_mode = apdo->try_poll;
 
-            ldebug ("enabling voice\n");
-            if (poll_mode && alsa_poll_in (hw)) {
-                poll_mode = 0;
-            }
-            hw->poll_mode = poll_mode;
-
-            return alsa_voice_ctl (alsa->handle, "capture", VOICE_CTL_START);
+        ldebug("enabling voice\n");
+        if (poll_mode && alsa_poll_in(hw)) {
+            poll_mode = 0;
         }
+        hw->poll_mode = poll_mode;
 
-    case VOICE_DISABLE:
+        alsa_voice_ctl(alsa->handle, "capture", VOICE_CTL_START);
+    } else {
         ldebug ("disabling voice\n");
         if (hw->poll_mode) {
             hw->poll_mode = 0;
-            alsa_fini_poll (&alsa->pollhlp);
+            alsa_fini_poll(&alsa->pollhlp);
         }
-        return alsa_voice_ctl (alsa->handle, "capture", VOICE_CTL_PAUSE);
+        alsa_voice_ctl(alsa->handle, "capture", VOICE_CTL_PAUSE);
     }
-
-    return -1;
 }
 
 static void alsa_init_per_direction(AudiodevAlsaPerDirectionOptions *apdo)
@@ -1065,13 +911,13 @@ static void alsa_audio_fini (void *opaque)
 static struct audio_pcm_ops alsa_pcm_ops = {
     .init_out = alsa_init_out,
     .fini_out = alsa_fini_out,
-    .run_out  = alsa_run_out,
-    .ctl_out  = alsa_ctl_out,
+    .write    = alsa_write,
+    .enable_out = alsa_enable_out,
 
     .init_in  = alsa_init_in,
     .fini_in  = alsa_fini_in,
-    .run_in   = alsa_run_in,
-    .ctl_in   = alsa_ctl_in,
+    .read     = alsa_read,
+    .enable_in = alsa_enable_in,
 };
 
 static struct audio_driver alsa_audio_driver = {
diff --git a/audio/audio.c b/audio/audio.c
index e99fcd0694..7128ee98dc 100644
--- a/audio/audio.c
+++ b/audio/audio.c
@@ -541,36 +541,33 @@ static size_t audio_pcm_hw_find_min_in (HWVoiceIn *hw)
     return m;
 }
 
-size_t audio_pcm_hw_get_live_in(HWVoiceIn *hw)
+static size_t audio_pcm_hw_get_live_in(HWVoiceIn *hw)
 {
     size_t live = hw->total_samples_captured - audio_pcm_hw_find_min_in (hw);
-    if (audio_bug(__func__, live > hw->samples)) {
-        dolog("live=%zu hw->samples=%zu\n", live, hw->samples);
+    if (audio_bug(__func__, live > hw->conv_buf->size)) {
+        dolog("live=%zu hw->conv_buf->size=%zu\n", live, hw->conv_buf->size);
         return 0;
     }
     return live;
 }
 
-size_t audio_pcm_hw_clip_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, void *pcm_buf,
-                             size_t live, size_t pending)
+static void audio_pcm_hw_clip_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, void *pcm_buf, size_t len)
 {
-    size_t left = hw->samples - pending;
-    size_t len = MIN (left, live);
     size_t clipped = 0;
+    size_t pos = hw->mix_buf->pos;
 
     while (len) {
-        struct st_sample *src = hw->mix_buf + hw->rpos;
-        uint8_t *dst = advance (pcm_buf, hw->rpos << hw->info.shift);
-        size_t samples_till_end_of_buf = hw->samples - hw->rpos;
-        size_t samples_to_clip = MIN (len, samples_till_end_of_buf);
+        st_sample *src = hw->mix_buf->samples + pos;
+        uint8_t *dst = advance(pcm_buf, clipped << hw->info.shift);
+        size_t samples_till_end_of_buf = hw->mix_buf->size - pos;
+        size_t samples_to_clip = MIN(len, samples_till_end_of_buf);
 
-        hw->clip (dst, src, samples_to_clip);
+        hw->clip(dst, src, samples_to_clip);
 
-        hw->rpos = (hw->rpos + samples_to_clip) % hw->samples;
+        pos = (pos + samples_to_clip) % hw->mix_buf->size;
         len -= samples_to_clip;
         clipped += samples_to_clip;
     }
-    return clipped;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -582,17 +579,17 @@ static size_t audio_pcm_sw_get_rpos_in(SWVoiceIn *sw)
     ssize_t live = hw->total_samples_captured - sw->total_hw_samples_acquired;
     ssize_t rpos;
 
-    if (audio_bug(__func__, live < 0 || live > hw->samples)) {
-        dolog("live=%zu hw->samples=%zu\n", live, hw->samples);
+    if (audio_bug(__func__, live < 0 || live > hw->conv_buf->size)) {
+        dolog("live=%zu hw->conv_buf->size=%zu\n", live, hw->conv_buf->size);
         return 0;
     }
 
-    rpos = hw->wpos - live;
+    rpos = hw->conv_buf->pos - live;
     if (rpos >= 0) {
         return rpos;
     }
     else {
-        return hw->samples + rpos;
+        return hw->conv_buf->size + rpos;
     }
 }
 
@@ -602,11 +599,11 @@ static size_t audio_pcm_sw_read(SWVoiceIn *sw, void *buf, size_t size)
     size_t samples, live, ret = 0, swlim, isamp, osamp, rpos, total = 0;
     struct st_sample *src, *dst = sw->buf;
 
-    rpos = audio_pcm_sw_get_rpos_in (sw) % hw->samples;
+    rpos = audio_pcm_sw_get_rpos_in(sw) % hw->conv_buf->size;
 
     live = hw->total_samples_captured - sw->total_hw_samples_acquired;
-    if (audio_bug(__func__, live > hw->samples)) {
-        dolog("live_in=%zu hw->samples=%zu\n", live, hw->samples);
+    if (audio_bug(__func__, live > hw->conv_buf->size)) {
+        dolog("live_in=%zu hw->conv_buf->size=%zu\n", live, hw->conv_buf->size);
         return 0;
     }
 
@@ -619,11 +616,11 @@ static size_t audio_pcm_sw_read(SWVoiceIn *sw, void *buf, size_t size)
     swlim = MIN (swlim, samples);
 
     while (swlim) {
-        src = hw->conv_buf + rpos;
-        if (hw->wpos > rpos) {
-            isamp = hw->wpos - rpos;
+        src = hw->conv_buf->samples + rpos;
+        if (hw->conv_buf->pos > rpos) {
+            isamp = hw->conv_buf->pos - rpos;
         } else {
-            isamp = hw->samples - rpos;
+            isamp = hw->conv_buf->size - rpos;
         }
 
         if (!isamp) {
@@ -633,13 +630,13 @@ static size_t audio_pcm_sw_read(SWVoiceIn *sw, void *buf, size_t size)
 
         st_rate_flow (sw->rate, src, dst, &isamp, &osamp);
         swlim -= osamp;
-        rpos = (rpos + isamp) % hw->samples;
+        rpos = (rpos + isamp) % hw->conv_buf->size;
         dst += osamp;
         ret += osamp;
         total += isamp;
     }
 
-    if (!(hw->ctl_caps & VOICE_VOLUME_CAP)) {
+    if (!hw->pcm_ops->volume_in) {
         mixeng_volume (sw->buf, ret, &sw->vol);
     }
 
@@ -681,8 +678,8 @@ static size_t audio_pcm_hw_get_live_out (HWVoiceOut *hw, int *nb_live)
     if (nb_live1) {
         size_t live = smin;
 
-        if (audio_bug(__func__, live > hw->samples)) {
-            dolog("live=%zu hw->samples=%zu\n", live, hw->samples);
+        if (audio_bug(__func__, live > hw->mix_buf->size)) {
+            dolog("live=%zu hw->mix_buf->size=%zu\n", live, hw->mix_buf->size);
             return 0;
         }
         return live;
@@ -702,11 +699,11 @@ static size_t audio_pcm_sw_write(SWVoiceOut *sw, void *buf, size_t size)
         return size;
     }
 
-    hwsamples = sw->hw->samples;
+    hwsamples = sw->hw->mix_buf->size;
 
     live = sw->total_hw_samples_mixed;
     if (audio_bug(__func__, live > hwsamples)) {
-        dolog("live=%zu hw->samples=%zu\n", live, hwsamples);
+        dolog("live=%zu hw->mix_buf->size=%zu\n", live, hwsamples);
         return 0;
     }
 
@@ -717,7 +714,7 @@ static size_t audio_pcm_sw_write(SWVoiceOut *sw, void *buf, size_t size)
         return 0;
     }
 
-    wpos = (sw->hw->rpos + live) % hwsamples;
+    wpos = (sw->hw->mix_buf->pos + live) % hwsamples;
     samples = size >> sw->info.shift;
 
     dead = hwsamples - live;
@@ -726,7 +723,7 @@ static size_t audio_pcm_sw_write(SWVoiceOut *sw, void *buf, size_t size)
     if (swlim) {
         sw->conv (sw->buf, buf, swlim);
 
-        if (!(sw->hw->ctl_caps & VOICE_VOLUME_CAP)) {
+        if (!sw->hw->pcm_ops->volume_out) {
             mixeng_volume (sw->buf, swlim, &sw->vol);
         }
     }
@@ -743,7 +740,7 @@ static size_t audio_pcm_sw_write(SWVoiceOut *sw, void *buf, size_t size)
         st_rate_flow_mix (
             sw->rate,
             sw->buf + pos,
-            sw->hw->mix_buf + wpos,
+            sw->hw->mix_buf->samples + wpos,
             &isamp,
             &osamp
             );
@@ -871,7 +868,7 @@ size_t AUD_read(SWVoiceIn *sw, void *buf, size_t size)
 
 int AUD_get_buffer_size_out (SWVoiceOut *sw)
 {
-    return sw->hw->samples << sw->hw->info.shift;
+    return sw->hw->mix_buf->size << sw->hw->info.shift;
 }
 
 void AUD_set_active_out (SWVoiceOut *sw, int on)
@@ -893,7 +890,9 @@ void AUD_set_active_out (SWVoiceOut *sw, int on)
             if (!hw->enabled) {
                 hw->enabled = 1;
                 if (s->vm_running) {
-                    hw->pcm_ops->ctl_out(hw, VOICE_ENABLE);
+                    if (hw->pcm_ops->enable_out) {
+                        hw->pcm_ops->enable_out(hw, true);
+                    }
                     audio_reset_timer (s);
                 }
             }
@@ -938,7 +937,9 @@ void AUD_set_active_in (SWVoiceIn *sw, int on)
             if (!hw->enabled) {
                 hw->enabled = 1;
                 if (s->vm_running) {
-                    hw->pcm_ops->ctl_in(hw, VOICE_ENABLE);
+                    if (hw->pcm_ops->enable_in) {
+                        hw->pcm_ops->enable_in(hw, true);
+                    }
                     audio_reset_timer (s);
                 }
             }
@@ -955,7 +956,9 @@ void AUD_set_active_in (SWVoiceIn *sw, int on)
 
                 if (nb_active == 1) {
                     hw->enabled = 0;
-                    hw->pcm_ops->ctl_in (hw, VOICE_DISABLE);
+                    if (hw->pcm_ops->enable_in) {
+                        hw->pcm_ops->enable_in(hw, false);
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -972,8 +975,9 @@ static size_t audio_get_avail (SWVoiceIn *sw)
     }
 
     live = sw->hw->total_samples_captured - sw->total_hw_samples_acquired;
-    if (audio_bug(__func__, live > sw->hw->samples)) {
-        dolog("live=%zu sw->hw->samples=%zu\n", live, sw->hw->samples);
+    if (audio_bug(__func__, live > sw->hw->conv_buf->size)) {
+        dolog("live=%zu sw->hw->conv_buf->size=%zu\n", live,
+              sw->hw->conv_buf->size);
         return 0;
     }
 
@@ -996,12 +1000,13 @@ static size_t audio_get_free(SWVoiceOut *sw)
 
     live = sw->total_hw_samples_mixed;
 
-    if (audio_bug(__func__, live > sw->hw->samples)) {
-        dolog("live=%zu sw->hw->samples=%zu\n", live, sw->hw->samples);
+    if (audio_bug(__func__, live > sw->hw->mix_buf->size)) {
+        dolog("live=%zu sw->hw->mix_buf->size=%zu\n", live,
+              sw->hw->mix_buf->size);
         return 0;
     }
 
-    dead = sw->hw->samples - live;
+    dead = sw->hw->mix_buf->size - live;
 
 #ifdef DEBUG_OUT
     dolog ("%s: get_free live %d dead %d ret %" PRId64 "\n",
@@ -1026,12 +1031,12 @@ static void audio_capture_mix_and_clear(HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t rpos,
 
             n = samples;
             while (n) {
-                size_t till_end_of_hw = hw->samples - rpos2;
+                size_t till_end_of_hw = hw->mix_buf->size - rpos2;
                 size_t to_write = MIN(till_end_of_hw, n);
                 size_t bytes = to_write << hw->info.shift;
                 size_t written;
 
-                sw->buf = hw->mix_buf + rpos2;
+                sw->buf = hw->mix_buf->samples + rpos2;
                 written = audio_pcm_sw_write (sw, NULL, bytes);
                 if (written - bytes) {
                     dolog("Could not mix %zu bytes into a capture "
@@ -1040,14 +1045,44 @@ static void audio_capture_mix_and_clear(HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t rpos,
                     break;
                 }
                 n -= to_write;
-                rpos2 = (rpos2 + to_write) % hw->samples;
+                rpos2 = (rpos2 + to_write) % hw->mix_buf->size;
             }
         }
     }
 
-    n = MIN(samples, hw->samples - rpos);
-    mixeng_clear(hw->mix_buf + rpos, n);
-    mixeng_clear(hw->mix_buf, samples - n);
+    n = MIN(samples, hw->mix_buf->size - rpos);
+    mixeng_clear(hw->mix_buf->samples + rpos, n);
+    mixeng_clear(hw->mix_buf->samples, samples - n);
+}
+
+static size_t audio_pcm_hw_run_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t live)
+{
+    size_t clipped = 0;
+
+    while (live) {
+        size_t size, decr, proc;
+        void *buf = hw->pcm_ops->get_buffer_out(hw, &size);
+        if (!buf) {
+            /* retrying will likely won't help, drop everything. */
+            hw->mix_buf->pos = (hw->mix_buf->pos + live) % hw->mix_buf->size;
+            return clipped + live;
+        }
+
+        decr = MIN(size >> hw->info.shift, live);
+        audio_pcm_hw_clip_out(hw, buf, decr);
+        proc = hw->pcm_ops->put_buffer_out(hw, buf, decr << hw->info.shift) >>
+            hw->info.shift;
+
+        live -= proc;
+        clipped += proc;
+        hw->mix_buf->pos = (hw->mix_buf->pos + proc) % hw->mix_buf->size;
+
+        if (proc == 0 || proc < decr) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return clipped;
 }
 
 static void audio_run_out (AudioState *s)
@@ -1064,8 +1099,8 @@ static void audio_run_out (AudioState *s)
             live = 0;
         }
 
-        if (audio_bug(__func__, live > hw->samples)) {
-            dolog ("live=%zu hw->samples=%zu\n", live, hw->samples);
+        if (audio_bug(__func__, live > hw->mix_buf->size)) {
+            dolog("live=%zu hw->mix_buf->size=%zu\n", live, hw->mix_buf->size);
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -1076,7 +1111,9 @@ static void audio_run_out (AudioState *s)
 #endif
             hw->enabled = 0;
             hw->pending_disable = 0;
-            hw->pcm_ops->ctl_out (hw, VOICE_DISABLE);
+            if (hw->pcm_ops->enable_out) {
+                hw->pcm_ops->enable_out(hw, false);
+            }
             for (sc = hw->cap_head.lh_first; sc; sc = sc->entries.le_next) {
                 sc->sw.active = 0;
                 audio_recalc_and_notify_capture (sc->cap);
@@ -1096,13 +1133,13 @@ static void audio_run_out (AudioState *s)
             continue;
         }
 
-        prev_rpos = hw->rpos;
-        played = hw->pcm_ops->run_out (hw, live);
+        prev_rpos = hw->mix_buf->pos;
+        played = audio_pcm_hw_run_out(hw, live);
         replay_audio_out(&played);
-        if (audio_bug(__func__, hw->rpos >= hw->samples)) {
-            dolog("hw->rpos=%zu hw->samples=%zu played=%zu\n",
-                  hw->rpos, hw->samples, played);
-            hw->rpos = 0;
+        if (audio_bug(__func__, hw->mix_buf->pos >= hw->mix_buf->size)) {
+            dolog("hw->mix_buf->pos=%zu hw->mix_buf->size=%zu played=%zu\n",
+                  hw->mix_buf->pos, hw->mix_buf->size, played);
+            hw->mix_buf->pos = 0;
         }
 
 #ifdef DEBUG_OUT
@@ -1156,6 +1193,36 @@ static void audio_run_out (AudioState *s)
     }
 }
 
+static size_t audio_pcm_hw_run_in(HWVoiceIn *hw, size_t samples)
+{
+    size_t conv = 0;
+    STSampleBuffer *conv_buf = hw->conv_buf;
+
+    while (samples) {
+        size_t proc;
+        size_t size = samples << hw->info.shift;
+        void *buf = hw->pcm_ops->get_buffer_in(hw, &size);
+
+        assert((size & hw->info.align) == 0);
+        if (size == 0) {
+            hw->pcm_ops->put_buffer_in(hw, buf, size);
+            break;
+        }
+
+        proc = MIN(size >> hw->info.shift,
+                   conv_buf->size - conv_buf->pos);
+
+        hw->conv(conv_buf->samples + conv_buf->pos, buf, proc);
+        conv_buf->pos = (conv_buf->pos + proc) % conv_buf->size;
+
+        samples -= proc;
+        conv += proc;
+        hw->pcm_ops->put_buffer_in(hw, buf, proc << hw->info.shift);
+    }
+
+    return conv;
+}
+
 static void audio_run_in (AudioState *s)
 {
     HWVoiceIn *hw = NULL;
@@ -1165,9 +1232,11 @@ static void audio_run_in (AudioState *s)
         size_t captured = 0, min;
 
         if (replay_mode != REPLAY_MODE_PLAY) {
-            captured = hw->pcm_ops->run_in(hw);
+            captured = audio_pcm_hw_run_in(
+                hw, hw->conv_buf->size - audio_pcm_hw_get_live_in(hw));
         }
-        replay_audio_in(&captured, hw->conv_buf, &hw->wpos, hw->samples);
+        replay_audio_in(&captured, hw->conv_buf->samples, &hw->conv_buf->pos,
+                        hw->conv_buf->size);
 
         min = audio_pcm_hw_find_min_in (hw);
         hw->total_samples_captured += captured - min;
@@ -1198,14 +1267,14 @@ static void audio_run_capture (AudioState *s)
         SWVoiceOut *sw;
 
         captured = live = audio_pcm_hw_get_live_out (hw, NULL);
-        rpos = hw->rpos;
+        rpos = hw->mix_buf->pos;
         while (live) {
-            size_t left = hw->samples - rpos;
+            size_t left = hw->mix_buf->size - rpos;
             size_t to_capture = MIN(live, left);
             struct st_sample *src;
             struct capture_callback *cb;
 
-            src = hw->mix_buf + rpos;
+            src = hw->mix_buf->samples + rpos;
             hw->clip (cap->buf, src, to_capture);
             mixeng_clear (src, to_capture);
 
@@ -1213,10 +1282,10 @@ static void audio_run_capture (AudioState *s)
                 cb->ops.capture (cb->opaque, cap->buf,
                                  to_capture << hw->info.shift);
             }
-            rpos = (rpos + to_capture) % hw->samples;
+            rpos = (rpos + to_capture) % hw->mix_buf->size;
             live -= to_capture;
         }
-        hw->rpos = rpos;
+        hw->mix_buf->pos = rpos;
 
         for (sw = hw->sw_head.lh_first; sw; sw = sw->entries.le_next) {
             if (!sw->active && sw->empty) {
@@ -1259,12 +1328,137 @@ void audio_run(AudioState *s, const char *msg)
 #endif
 }
 
+void *audio_generic_get_buffer_in(HWVoiceIn *hw, size_t *size)
+{
+    ssize_t start;
+
+    if (unlikely(!hw->buf_emul)) {
+        size_t calc_size = hw->conv_buf->size << hw->info.shift;
+        hw->buf_emul = g_malloc(calc_size);
+        hw->size_emul = calc_size;
+        hw->pos_emul = hw->pending_emul = 0;
+    }
+
+    while (hw->pending_emul < hw->size_emul) {
+        size_t read_len = MIN(hw->size_emul - hw->pos_emul,
+                              hw->size_emul - hw->pending_emul);
+        size_t read = hw->pcm_ops->read(hw, hw->buf_emul + hw->pos_emul,
+                                        read_len);
+        hw->pending_emul += read;
+        if (read < read_len) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    start = ((ssize_t) hw->pos_emul) - hw->pending_emul;
+    if (start < 0) {
+        start += hw->size_emul;
+    }
+    assert(start >= 0 && start < hw->size_emul);
+
+    *size = MIN(hw->pending_emul, hw->size_emul - start);
+    return hw->buf_emul + start;
+}
+
+void audio_generic_put_buffer_in(HWVoiceIn *hw, void *buf, size_t size)
+{
+    assert(size <= hw->pending_emul);
+    hw->pending_emul -= size;
+}
+
+void *audio_generic_get_buffer_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t *size)
+{
+    if (unlikely(!hw->buf_emul)) {
+        size_t calc_size = hw->mix_buf->size << hw->info.shift;
+
+        hw->buf_emul = g_malloc(calc_size);
+        hw->size_emul = calc_size;
+        hw->pos_emul = hw->pending_emul = 0;
+    }
+
+    *size = MIN(hw->size_emul - hw->pending_emul,
+                hw->size_emul - hw->pos_emul);
+    return hw->buf_emul + hw->pos_emul;
+}
+
+size_t audio_generic_put_buffer_out_nowrite(HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf,
+                                            size_t size)
+{
+    assert(buf == hw->buf_emul + hw->pos_emul &&
+           size + hw->pending_emul <= hw->size_emul);
+
+    hw->pending_emul += size;
+    hw->pos_emul = (hw->pos_emul + size) % hw->size_emul;
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+size_t audio_generic_put_buffer_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf, size_t size)
+{
+    audio_generic_put_buffer_out_nowrite(hw, buf, size);
+
+    while (hw->pending_emul) {
+        size_t write_len, written;
+        ssize_t start = ((ssize_t) hw->pos_emul) - hw->pending_emul;
+        if (start < 0) {
+            start += hw->size_emul;
+        }
+        assert(start >= 0 && start < hw->size_emul);
+
+        write_len = MIN(hw->pending_emul, hw->size_emul - start);
+
+        written = hw->pcm_ops->write(hw, hw->buf_emul + start, write_len);
+        hw->pending_emul -= written;
+
+        if (written < write_len) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * fake we have written everything. non-written data remain in pending_emul,
+     * so we do not have to clip them multiple times
+     */
+    return size;
+}
+
+size_t audio_generic_write(HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf, size_t size)
+{
+    size_t dst_size, copy_size;
+    void *dst = hw->pcm_ops->get_buffer_out(hw, &dst_size);
+    copy_size = MIN(size, dst_size);
+
+    memcpy(dst, buf, copy_size);
+    return hw->pcm_ops->put_buffer_out(hw, buf, copy_size);
+}
+
+size_t audio_generic_read(HWVoiceIn *hw, void *buf, size_t size)
+{
+    size_t dst_size, copy_size;
+    void *dst = hw->pcm_ops->get_buffer_in(hw, &dst_size);
+    copy_size = MIN(size, dst_size);
+
+    memcpy(dst, buf, copy_size);
+    hw->pcm_ops->put_buffer_in(hw, buf, copy_size);
+    return copy_size;
+}
+
+
 static int audio_driver_init(AudioState *s, struct audio_driver *drv,
                              bool msg, Audiodev *dev)
 {
     s->drv_opaque = drv->init(dev);
 
     if (s->drv_opaque) {
+        if (!drv->pcm_ops->get_buffer_in) {
+            drv->pcm_ops->get_buffer_in = audio_generic_get_buffer_in;
+            drv->pcm_ops->put_buffer_in = audio_generic_put_buffer_in;
+        }
+        if (!drv->pcm_ops->get_buffer_out) {
+            drv->pcm_ops->get_buffer_out = audio_generic_get_buffer_out;
+            drv->pcm_ops->put_buffer_out = audio_generic_put_buffer_out;
+        }
+
         audio_init_nb_voices_out(s, drv);
         audio_init_nb_voices_in(s, drv);
         s->drv = drv;
@@ -1284,15 +1478,18 @@ static void audio_vm_change_state_handler (void *opaque, int running,
     AudioState *s = opaque;
     HWVoiceOut *hwo = NULL;
     HWVoiceIn *hwi = NULL;
-    int op = running ? VOICE_ENABLE : VOICE_DISABLE;
 
     s->vm_running = running;
     while ((hwo = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_out(s, hwo))) {
-        hwo->pcm_ops->ctl_out(hwo, op);
+        if (hwo->pcm_ops->enable_out) {
+            hwo->pcm_ops->enable_out(hwo, running);
+        }
     }
 
     while ((hwi = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_in(s, hwi))) {
-        hwi->pcm_ops->ctl_in(hwi, op);
+        if (hwi->pcm_ops->enable_in) {
+            hwi->pcm_ops->enable_in(hwi, running);
+        }
     }
     audio_reset_timer (s);
 }
@@ -1312,8 +1509,8 @@ static void free_audio_state(AudioState *s)
     QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(hwo, &s->hw_head_out, entries, hwon) {
         SWVoiceCap *sc;
 
-        if (hwo->enabled) {
-            hwo->pcm_ops->ctl_out (hwo, VOICE_DISABLE);
+        if (hwo->enabled && hwo->pcm_ops->enable_out) {
+            hwo->pcm_ops->enable_out(hwo, false);
         }
         hwo->pcm_ops->fini_out (hwo);
 
@@ -1329,8 +1526,8 @@ static void free_audio_state(AudioState *s)
     }
 
     QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(hwi, &s->hw_head_in, entries, hwin) {
-        if (hwi->enabled) {
-            hwi->pcm_ops->ctl_in (hwi, VOICE_DISABLE);
+        if (hwi->enabled && hwi->pcm_ops->enable_in) {
+            hwi->pcm_ops->enable_in(hwi, false);
         }
         hwi->pcm_ops->fini_in (hwi);
         QLIST_REMOVE(hwi, entries);
@@ -1582,11 +1779,11 @@ CaptureVoiceOut *AUD_add_capture(
 
         /* XXX find a more elegant way */
         hw->samples = 4096 * 4;
-        hw->mix_buf = g_new0(struct st_sample, hw->samples);
+        audio_pcm_hw_alloc_resources_out(hw);
 
         audio_pcm_init_info (&hw->info, as);
 
-        cap->buf = g_malloc0_n(hw->samples, 1 << hw->info.shift);
+        cap->buf = g_malloc0_n(hw->mix_buf->size, 1 << hw->info.shift);
 
         hw->clip = mixeng_clip
             [hw->info.nchannels == 2]
@@ -1652,8 +1849,8 @@ void AUD_set_volume_out (SWVoiceOut *sw, int mute, uint8_t lvol, uint8_t rvol)
         sw->vol.l = nominal_volume.l * lvol / 255;
         sw->vol.r = nominal_volume.r * rvol / 255;
 
-        if (hw->pcm_ops->ctl_out) {
-            hw->pcm_ops->ctl_out (hw, VOICE_VOLUME, sw);
+        if (hw->pcm_ops->volume_out) {
+            hw->pcm_ops->volume_out(hw, &sw->vol);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1667,8 +1864,8 @@ void AUD_set_volume_in (SWVoiceIn *sw, int mute, uint8_t lvol, uint8_t rvol)
         sw->vol.l = nominal_volume.l * lvol / 255;
         sw->vol.r = nominal_volume.r * rvol / 255;
 
-        if (hw->pcm_ops->ctl_in) {
-            hw->pcm_ops->ctl_in (hw, VOICE_VOLUME, sw);
+        if (hw->pcm_ops->volume_in) {
+            hw->pcm_ops->volume_in(hw, &sw->vol);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1865,3 +2062,33 @@ const char *audio_get_id(QEMUSoundCard *card)
         return "";
     }
 }
+
+void audio_rate_start(RateCtl *rate)
+{
+    memset(rate, 0, sizeof(RateCtl));
+    rate->start_ticks = qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL);
+}
+
+size_t audio_rate_get_bytes(struct audio_pcm_info *info, RateCtl *rate,
+                            size_t bytes_avail)
+{
+    int64_t now;
+    int64_t ticks;
+    int64_t bytes;
+    int64_t samples;
+    size_t ret;
+
+    now = qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL);
+    ticks = now - rate->start_ticks;
+    bytes = muldiv64(ticks, info->bytes_per_second, NANOSECONDS_PER_SECOND);
+    samples = (bytes - rate->bytes_sent) >> info->shift;
+    if (samples < 0 || samples > 65536) {
+        AUD_log(NULL, "Resetting rate control (%" PRId64 " samples)\n", samples);
+        audio_rate_start(rate);
+        samples = 0;
+    }
+
+    ret = MIN(samples << info->shift, bytes_avail);
+    rate->bytes_sent += ret;
+    return ret;
+}
diff --git a/audio/audio_int.h b/audio/audio_int.h
index a674c5374a..22a703c13e 100644
--- a/audio/audio_int.h
+++ b/audio/audio_int.h
@@ -52,6 +52,11 @@ struct audio_pcm_info {
 typedef struct AudioState AudioState;
 typedef struct SWVoiceCap SWVoiceCap;
 
+typedef struct STSampleBuffer {
+    size_t pos, size;
+    st_sample samples[];
+} STSampleBuffer;
+
 typedef struct HWVoiceOut {
     AudioState *s;
     int enabled;
@@ -60,16 +65,15 @@ typedef struct HWVoiceOut {
     struct audio_pcm_info info;
 
     f_sample *clip;
-
-    size_t rpos;
     uint64_t ts_helper;
 
-    struct st_sample *mix_buf;
+    STSampleBuffer *mix_buf;
+    void *buf_emul;
+    size_t pos_emul, pending_emul, size_emul;
 
     size_t samples;
     QLIST_HEAD (sw_out_listhead, SWVoiceOut) sw_head;
     QLIST_HEAD (sw_cap_listhead, SWVoiceCap) cap_head;
-    int ctl_caps;
     struct audio_pcm_ops *pcm_ops;
     QLIST_ENTRY (HWVoiceOut) entries;
 } HWVoiceOut;
@@ -82,15 +86,15 @@ typedef struct HWVoiceIn {
 
     t_sample *conv;
 
-    size_t wpos;
     size_t total_samples_captured;
     uint64_t ts_helper;
 
-    struct st_sample *conv_buf;
+    STSampleBuffer *conv_buf;
+    void *buf_emul;
+    size_t pos_emul, pending_emul, size_emul;
 
     size_t samples;
     QLIST_HEAD (sw_in_listhead, SWVoiceIn) sw_head;
-    int ctl_caps;
     struct audio_pcm_ops *pcm_ops;
     QLIST_ENTRY (HWVoiceIn) entries;
 } HWVoiceIn;
@@ -142,22 +146,46 @@ struct audio_driver {
     int max_voices_in;
     int voice_size_out;
     int voice_size_in;
-    int ctl_caps;
     QLIST_ENTRY(audio_driver) next;
 };
 
 struct audio_pcm_ops {
-    int  (*init_out)(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct audsettings *as, void *drv_opaque);
-    void (*fini_out)(HWVoiceOut *hw);
-    size_t (*run_out)(HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t live);
-    int  (*ctl_out) (HWVoiceOut *hw, int cmd, ...);
-
-    int  (*init_in) (HWVoiceIn *hw, struct audsettings *as, void *drv_opaque);
-    void (*fini_in) (HWVoiceIn *hw);
-    size_t (*run_in)(HWVoiceIn *hw);
-    int  (*ctl_in)  (HWVoiceIn *hw, int cmd, ...);
+    int    (*init_out)(HWVoiceOut *hw, audsettings *as, void *drv_opaque);
+    void   (*fini_out)(HWVoiceOut *hw);
+    size_t (*write)   (HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf, size_t size);
+    /*
+     * get a buffer that after later can be passed to put_buffer_out; optional
+     * returns the buffer, and writes it's size to size (in bytes)
+     * this is unrelated to the above buffer_size_out function
+     */
+    void  *(*get_buffer_out)(HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t *size);
+    /*
+     * put back the buffer returned by get_buffer_out; optional
+     * buf must be equal the pointer returned by get_buffer_out,
+     * size may be smaller
+     */
+    size_t (*put_buffer_out)(HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf, size_t size);
+    void   (*enable_out)(HWVoiceOut *hw, bool enable);
+    void   (*volume_out)(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct mixeng_volume *vol);
+
+    int    (*init_in) (HWVoiceIn *hw, audsettings *as, void *drv_opaque);
+    void   (*fini_in) (HWVoiceIn *hw);
+    size_t (*read)    (HWVoiceIn *hw, void *buf, size_t size);
+    void  *(*get_buffer_in)(HWVoiceIn *hw, size_t *size);
+    void   (*put_buffer_in)(HWVoiceIn *hw, void *buf, size_t size);
+    void   (*enable_in)(HWVoiceIn *hw, bool enable);
+    void   (*volume_in)(HWVoiceIn *hw, struct mixeng_volume *vol);
 };
 
+void *audio_generic_get_buffer_in(HWVoiceIn *hw, size_t *size);
+void audio_generic_put_buffer_in(HWVoiceIn *hw, void *buf, size_t size);
+void *audio_generic_get_buffer_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t *size);
+size_t audio_generic_put_buffer_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf, size_t size);
+size_t audio_generic_put_buffer_out_nowrite(HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf,
+                                            size_t size);
+size_t audio_generic_write(HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf, size_t size);
+size_t audio_generic_read(HWVoiceIn *hw, void *buf, size_t size);
+
 struct capture_callback {
     struct audio_capture_ops ops;
     void *opaque;
@@ -208,21 +236,19 @@ audio_driver *audio_driver_lookup(const char *name);
 void audio_pcm_init_info (struct audio_pcm_info *info, struct audsettings *as);
 void audio_pcm_info_clear_buf (struct audio_pcm_info *info, void *buf, int len);
 
-size_t audio_pcm_hw_get_live_in(HWVoiceIn *hw);
-
-size_t audio_pcm_hw_clip_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, void *pcm_buf,
-                             size_t live, size_t pending);
-
 int audio_bug (const char *funcname, int cond);
 void *audio_calloc (const char *funcname, int nmemb, size_t size);
 
 void audio_run(AudioState *s, const char *msg);
 
-#define VOICE_ENABLE 1
-#define VOICE_DISABLE 2
-#define VOICE_VOLUME 3
+typedef struct RateCtl {
+    int64_t start_ticks;
+    int64_t bytes_sent;
+} RateCtl;
 
-#define VOICE_VOLUME_CAP (1 << VOICE_VOLUME)
+void audio_rate_start(RateCtl *rate);
+size_t audio_rate_get_bytes(struct audio_pcm_info *info, RateCtl *rate,
+                            size_t bytes_avail);
 
 static inline size_t audio_ring_dist(size_t dst, size_t src, size_t len)
 {
diff --git a/audio/audio_pt_int.c b/audio/audio_pt_int.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 9f9d44ad4a..0000000000
--- a/audio/audio_pt_int.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
-#include "qemu/osdep.h"
-#include "audio.h"
-
-#define AUDIO_CAP "audio-pt"
-
-#include "audio_int.h"
-#include "audio_pt_int.h"
-
-static void GCC_FMT_ATTR(3, 4) logerr (struct audio_pt *pt, int err,
-                                       const char *fmt, ...)
-{
-    va_list ap;
-
-    va_start (ap, fmt);
-    AUD_vlog (pt->drv, fmt, ap);
-    va_end (ap);
-
-    AUD_log (NULL, "\n");
-    AUD_log (pt->drv, "Reason: %s\n", strerror (err));
-}
-
-int audio_pt_init (struct audio_pt *p, void *(*func) (void *),
-                   void *opaque, const char *drv, const char *cap)
-{
-    int err, err2;
-    const char *efunc;
-    sigset_t set, old_set;
-
-    p->drv = drv;
-
-    err = sigfillset (&set);
-    if (err) {
-        logerr(p, errno, "%s(%s): sigfillset failed", cap, __func__);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    err = pthread_mutex_init (&p->mutex, NULL);
-    if (err) {
-        efunc = "pthread_mutex_init";
-        goto err0;
-    }
-
-    err = pthread_cond_init (&p->cond, NULL);
-    if (err) {
-        efunc = "pthread_cond_init";
-        goto err1;
-    }
-
-    err = pthread_sigmask (SIG_BLOCK, &set, &old_set);
-    if (err) {
-        efunc = "pthread_sigmask";
-        goto err2;
-    }
-
-    err = pthread_create (&p->thread, NULL, func, opaque);
-
-    err2 = pthread_sigmask (SIG_SETMASK, &old_set, NULL);
-    if (err2) {
-        logerr(p, err2, "%s(%s): pthread_sigmask (restore) failed",
-               cap, __func__);
-        /* We have failed to restore original signal mask, all bets are off,
-           so terminate the process */
-        exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
-    }
-
-    if (err) {
-        efunc = "pthread_create";
-        goto err2;
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-
- err2:
-    err2 = pthread_cond_destroy (&p->cond);
-    if (err2) {
-        logerr(p, err2, "%s(%s): pthread_cond_destroy failed", cap, __func__);
-    }
-
- err1:
-    err2 = pthread_mutex_destroy (&p->mutex);
-    if (err2) {
-        logerr(p, err2, "%s(%s): pthread_mutex_destroy failed", cap, __func__);
-    }
-
- err0:
-    logerr(p, err, "%s(%s): %s failed", cap, __func__, efunc);
-    return -1;
-}
-
-int audio_pt_fini (struct audio_pt *p, const char *cap)
-{
-    int err, ret = 0;
-
-    err = pthread_cond_destroy (&p->cond);
-    if (err) {
-        logerr(p, err, "%s(%s): pthread_cond_destroy failed", cap, __func__);
-        ret = -1;
-    }
-
-    err = pthread_mutex_destroy (&p->mutex);
-    if (err) {
-        logerr(p, err, "%s(%s): pthread_mutex_destroy failed", cap, __func__);
-        ret = -1;
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
-int audio_pt_lock (struct audio_pt *p, const char *cap)
-{
-    int err;
-
-    err = pthread_mutex_lock (&p->mutex);
-    if (err) {
-        logerr(p, err, "%s(%s): pthread_mutex_lock failed", cap, __func__);
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int audio_pt_unlock (struct audio_pt *p, const char *cap)
-{
-    int err;
-
-    err = pthread_mutex_unlock (&p->mutex);
-    if (err) {
-        logerr(p, err, "%s(%s): pthread_mutex_unlock failed", cap, __func__);
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int audio_pt_wait (struct audio_pt *p, const char *cap)
-{
-    int err;
-
-    err = pthread_cond_wait (&p->cond, &p->mutex);
-    if (err) {
-        logerr(p, err, "%s(%s): pthread_cond_wait failed", cap, __func__);
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int audio_pt_unlock_and_signal (struct audio_pt *p, const char *cap)
-{
-    int err;
-
-    err = pthread_mutex_unlock (&p->mutex);
-    if (err) {
-        logerr(p, err, "%s(%s): pthread_mutex_unlock failed", cap, __func__);
-        return -1;
-    }
-    err = pthread_cond_signal (&p->cond);
-    if (err) {
-        logerr(p, err, "%s(%s): pthread_cond_signal failed", cap, __func__);
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int audio_pt_join (struct audio_pt *p, void **arg, const char *cap)
-{
-    int err;
-    void *ret;
-
-    err = pthread_join (p->thread, &ret);
-    if (err) {
-        logerr(p, err, "%s(%s): pthread_join failed", cap, __func__);
-        return -1;
-    }
-    *arg = ret;
-    return 0;
-}
diff --git a/audio/audio_pt_int.h b/audio/audio_pt_int.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 4c0c15b9af..0000000000
--- a/audio/audio_pt_int.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef QEMU_AUDIO_PT_INT_H
-#define QEMU_AUDIO_PT_INT_H
-
-#include <pthread.h>
-
-struct audio_pt {
-    const char *drv;
-    pthread_t thread;
-    pthread_cond_t cond;
-    pthread_mutex_t mutex;
-};
-
-int audio_pt_init (struct audio_pt *, void *(*) (void *), void *,
-                   const char *, const char *);
-int audio_pt_fini (struct audio_pt *, const char *);
-int audio_pt_lock (struct audio_pt *, const char *);
-int audio_pt_unlock (struct audio_pt *, const char *);
-int audio_pt_wait (struct audio_pt *, const char *);
-int audio_pt_unlock_and_signal (struct audio_pt *, const char *);
-int audio_pt_join (struct audio_pt *, void **, const char *);
-
-#endif /* QEMU_AUDIO_PT_INT_H */
diff --git a/audio/audio_template.h b/audio/audio_template.h
index 2562bf5f00..235d1acbbe 100644
--- a/audio/audio_template.h
+++ b/audio/audio_template.h
@@ -71,20 +71,20 @@ static void glue(audio_init_nb_voices_, TYPE)(AudioState *s,
 
 static void glue (audio_pcm_hw_free_resources_, TYPE) (HW *hw)
 {
+    g_free(hw->buf_emul);
     g_free (HWBUF);
     HWBUF = NULL;
 }
 
-static bool glue(audio_pcm_hw_alloc_resources_, TYPE)(HW *hw)
+static void glue(audio_pcm_hw_alloc_resources_, TYPE)(HW *hw)
 {
-    HWBUF = audio_calloc(__func__, hw->samples, sizeof(struct st_sample));
-    if (!HWBUF) {
-        dolog("Could not allocate " NAME " buffer (%zu samples)\n",
-              hw->samples);
-        return false;
+    size_t samples = hw->samples;
+    if (audio_bug(__func__, samples == 0)) {
+        dolog("Attempted to allocate empty buffer\n");
     }
 
-    return true;
+    HWBUF = g_malloc0(sizeof(STSampleBuffer) + sizeof(st_sample) * samples);
+    HWBUF->size = samples;
 }
 
 static void glue (audio_pcm_sw_free_resources_, TYPE) (SW *sw)
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ static int glue (audio_pcm_sw_alloc_resources_, TYPE) (SW *sw)
 {
     int samples;
 
-    samples = ((int64_t) sw->hw->samples << 32) / sw->ratio;
+    samples = ((int64_t) sw->HWBUF->size << 32) / sw->ratio;
 
     sw->buf = audio_calloc(__func__, samples, sizeof(struct st_sample));
     if (!sw->buf) {
@@ -254,7 +254,6 @@ static HW *glue(audio_pcm_hw_add_new_, TYPE)(AudioState *s,
 
     hw->s = s;
     hw->pcm_ops = drv->pcm_ops;
-    hw->ctl_caps = drv->ctl_caps;
 
     QLIST_INIT (&hw->sw_head);
 #ifdef DAC
@@ -279,9 +278,7 @@ static HW *glue(audio_pcm_hw_add_new_, TYPE)(AudioState *s,
         [hw->info.swap_endianness]
         [audio_bits_to_index (hw->info.bits)];
 
-    if (!glue(audio_pcm_hw_alloc_resources_, TYPE)(hw)) {
-        goto err1;
-    }
+    glue(audio_pcm_hw_alloc_resources_, TYPE)(hw);
 
     QLIST_INSERT_HEAD (&s->glue (hw_head_, TYPE), hw, entries);
     glue (s->nb_hw_voices_, TYPE) -= 1;
diff --git a/audio/coreaudio.c b/audio/coreaudio.c
index d1be58b40a..1427c9f622 100644
--- a/audio/coreaudio.c
+++ b/audio/coreaudio.c
@@ -43,9 +43,6 @@ typedef struct coreaudioVoiceOut {
     UInt32 audioDevicePropertyBufferFrameSize;
     AudioStreamBasicDescription outputStreamBasicDescription;
     AudioDeviceIOProcID ioprocid;
-    size_t live;
-    size_t decr;
-    size_t rpos;
 } coreaudioVoiceOut;
 
 #if MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MAX_ALLOWED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_6
@@ -397,31 +394,29 @@ static int coreaudio_unlock (coreaudioVoiceOut *core, const char *fn_name)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static size_t coreaudio_run_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t live)
-{
-    size_t decr;
-    coreaudioVoiceOut *core = (coreaudioVoiceOut *) hw;
-
-    if (coreaudio_lock (core, "coreaudio_run_out")) {
-        return 0;
+#define COREAUDIO_WRAPPER_FUNC(name, ret_type, args_decl, args) \
+    static ret_type glue(coreaudio_, name)args_decl             \
+    {                                                           \
+        coreaudioVoiceOut *core = (coreaudioVoiceOut *) hw;     \
+        ret_type ret;                                           \
+                                                                \
+        if (coreaudio_lock(core, "coreaudio_" #name)) {         \
+            return 0;                                           \
+        }                                                       \
+                                                                \
+        ret = glue(audio_generic_, name)args;                   \
+                                                                \
+        coreaudio_unlock(core, "coreaudio_" #name);             \
+        return ret;                                             \
     }
-
-    if (core->decr > live) {
-        ldebug ("core->decr %d live %d core->live %d\n",
-                core->decr,
-                live,
-                core->live);
-    }
-
-    decr = MIN (core->decr, live);
-    core->decr -= decr;
-
-    core->live = live - decr;
-    hw->rpos = core->rpos;
-
-    coreaudio_unlock (core, "coreaudio_run_out");
-    return decr;
-}
+COREAUDIO_WRAPPER_FUNC(get_buffer_out, void *, (HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t *size),
+                       (hw, size))
+COREAUDIO_WRAPPER_FUNC(put_buffer_out_nowrite, size_t,
+                       (HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf, size_t size),
+                       (hw, buf, size))
+COREAUDIO_WRAPPER_FUNC(write, size_t, (HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf, size_t size),
+                       (hw, buf, size))
+#undef COREAUDIO_WRAPPER_FUNC
 
 /* callback to feed audiooutput buffer */
 static OSStatus audioDeviceIOProc(
@@ -433,19 +428,11 @@ static OSStatus audioDeviceIOProc(
     const AudioTimeStamp* inOutputTime,
     void* hwptr)
 {
-    UInt32 frame, frameCount;
-    float *out = outOutputData->mBuffers[0].mData;
+    UInt32 frameCount, pending_frames;
+    void *out = outOutputData->mBuffers[0].mData;
     HWVoiceOut *hw = hwptr;
     coreaudioVoiceOut *core = (coreaudioVoiceOut *) hwptr;
-    int rpos, live;
-    struct st_sample *src;
-#ifndef FLOAT_MIXENG
-#ifdef RECIPROCAL
-    const float scale = 1.f / UINT_MAX;
-#else
-    const float scale = UINT_MAX;
-#endif
-#endif
+    size_t len;
 
     if (coreaudio_lock (core, "audioDeviceIOProc")) {
         inInputTime = 0;
@@ -453,42 +440,51 @@ static OSStatus audioDeviceIOProc(
     }
 
     frameCount = core->audioDevicePropertyBufferFrameSize;
-    live = core->live;
+    pending_frames = hw->pending_emul >> hw->info.shift;
 
     /* if there are not enough samples, set signal and return */
-    if (live < frameCount) {
+    if (pending_frames < frameCount) {
         inInputTime = 0;
         coreaudio_unlock (core, "audioDeviceIOProc(empty)");
         return 0;
     }
 
-    rpos = core->rpos;
-    src = hw->mix_buf + rpos;
+    len = frameCount << hw->info.shift;
+    while (len) {
+        size_t write_len;
+        ssize_t start = ((ssize_t) hw->pos_emul) - hw->pending_emul;
+        if (start < 0) {
+            start += hw->size_emul;
+        }
+        assert(start >= 0 && start < hw->size_emul);
 
-    /* fill buffer */
-    for (frame = 0; frame < frameCount; frame++) {
-#ifdef FLOAT_MIXENG
-        *out++ = src[frame].l; /* left channel */
-        *out++ = src[frame].r; /* right channel */
-#else
-#ifdef RECIPROCAL
-        *out++ = src[frame].l * scale; /* left channel */
-        *out++ = src[frame].r * scale; /* right channel */
-#else
-        *out++ = src[frame].l / scale; /* left channel */
-        *out++ = src[frame].r / scale; /* right channel */
-#endif
-#endif
-    }
+        write_len = MIN(MIN(hw->pending_emul, len),
+                        hw->size_emul - start);
 
-    rpos = (rpos + frameCount) % hw->samples;
-    core->decr += frameCount;
-    core->rpos = rpos;
+        memcpy(out, hw->buf_emul + start, write_len);
+        hw->pending_emul -= write_len;
+        len -= write_len;
+        out += write_len;
+    }
 
     coreaudio_unlock (core, "audioDeviceIOProc");
     return 0;
 }
 
+static UInt32 coreaudio_get_flags(struct audio_pcm_info *info,
+                                  struct audsettings *as)
+{
+    UInt32 flags = info->sign ? kAudioFormatFlagIsSignedInteger : 0;
+    if (as->endianness) { /* 0 = little, 1 = big */
+        flags |= kAudioFormatFlagIsBigEndian;
+    }
+
+    if (flags == 0) { /* must not be 0 */
+        flags = kAudioFormatFlagsAreAllClear;
+    }
+    return flags;
+}
+
 static int coreaudio_init_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct audsettings *as,
                               void *drv_opaque)
 {
@@ -576,6 +572,16 @@ static int coreaudio_init_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct audsettings *as,
 
     /* set Samplerate */
     core->outputStreamBasicDescription.mSampleRate = (Float64) as->freq;
+    core->outputStreamBasicDescription.mFormatID = kAudioFormatLinearPCM;
+    core->outputStreamBasicDescription.mFormatFlags =
+        coreaudio_get_flags(&hw->info, as);
+    core->outputStreamBasicDescription.mBytesPerPacket =
+        core->outputStreamBasicDescription.mBytesPerFrame =
+        hw->info.nchannels * hw->info.bits / 8;
+    core->outputStreamBasicDescription.mFramesPerPacket = 1;
+    core->outputStreamBasicDescription.mChannelsPerFrame = hw->info.nchannels;
+    core->outputStreamBasicDescription.mBitsPerChannel = hw->info.bits;
+
     status = coreaudio_set_streamformat(core->outputDeviceID,
                                         &core->outputStreamBasicDescription);
     if (status != kAudioHardwareNoError) {
@@ -642,13 +648,12 @@ static void coreaudio_fini_out (HWVoiceOut *hw)
     }
 }
 
-static int coreaudio_ctl_out (HWVoiceOut *hw, int cmd, ...)
+static void coreaudio_enable_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, bool enable)
 {
     OSStatus status;
     coreaudioVoiceOut *core = (coreaudioVoiceOut *) hw;
 
-    switch (cmd) {
-    case VOICE_ENABLE:
+    if (enable) {
         /* start playback */
         if (!isPlaying(core->outputDeviceID)) {
             status = AudioDeviceStart(core->outputDeviceID, core->ioprocid);
@@ -656,9 +661,7 @@ static int coreaudio_ctl_out (HWVoiceOut *hw, int cmd, ...)
                 coreaudio_logerr (status, "Could not resume playback\n");
             }
         }
-        break;
-
-    case VOICE_DISABLE:
+    } else {
         /* stop playback */
         if (!audio_is_cleaning_up()) {
             if (isPlaying(core->outputDeviceID)) {
@@ -669,9 +672,7 @@ static int coreaudio_ctl_out (HWVoiceOut *hw, int cmd, ...)
                 }
             }
         }
-        break;
     }
-    return 0;
 }
 
 static void *coreaudio_audio_init(Audiodev *dev)
@@ -686,8 +687,10 @@ static void coreaudio_audio_fini (void *opaque)
 static struct audio_pcm_ops coreaudio_pcm_ops = {
     .init_out = coreaudio_init_out,
     .fini_out = coreaudio_fini_out,
-    .run_out  = coreaudio_run_out,
-    .ctl_out  = coreaudio_ctl_out
+    .write    = coreaudio_write,
+    .get_buffer_out = coreaudio_get_buffer_out,
+    .put_buffer_out = coreaudio_put_buffer_out_nowrite,
+    .enable_out = coreaudio_enable_out
 };
 
 static struct audio_driver coreaudio_audio_driver = {
diff --git a/audio/dsound_template.h b/audio/dsound_template.h
index 8ece870c9e..9f10b688df 100644
--- a/audio/dsound_template.h
+++ b/audio/dsound_template.h
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@
 #define BUFPTR LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER
 #define FIELD dsound_capture_buffer
 #define FIELD2 dsound_capture
+#define HWVOICE HWVoiceIn
+#define DSOUNDVOICE DSoundVoiceIn
 #else
 #define NAME "playback buffer"
 #define NAME2 "DirectSound"
@@ -37,6 +39,8 @@
 #define BUFPTR LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER
 #define FIELD dsound_buffer
 #define FIELD2 dsound
+#define HWVOICE HWVoiceOut
+#define DSOUNDVOICE DSoundVoiceOut
 #endif
 
 static int glue (dsound_unlock_, TYPE) (
@@ -72,8 +76,6 @@ static int glue (dsound_lock_, TYPE) (
     )
 {
     HRESULT hr;
-    LPVOID p1 = NULL, p2 = NULL;
-    DWORD blen1 = 0, blen2 = 0;
     DWORD flag;
 
 #ifdef DSBTYPE_IN
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ static int glue (dsound_lock_, TYPE) (
 #else
     flag = entire ? DSBLOCK_ENTIREBUFFER : 0;
 #endif
-    hr = glue(IFACE, _Lock)(buf, pos, len, &p1, &blen1, &p2, &blen2, flag);
+    hr = glue(IFACE, _Lock)(buf, pos, len, p1p, blen1p, p2p, blen2p, flag);
 
     if (FAILED (hr)) {
 #ifndef DSBTYPE_IN
@@ -96,34 +98,34 @@ static int glue (dsound_lock_, TYPE) (
         goto fail;
     }
 
-    if ((p1 && (blen1 & info->align)) || (p2 && (blen2 & info->align))) {
-        dolog ("DirectSound returned misaligned buffer %ld %ld\n",
-               blen1, blen2);
-        glue (dsound_unlock_, TYPE) (buf, p1, p2, blen1, blen2);
+    if ((p1p && *p1p && (*blen1p & info->align)) ||
+        (p2p && *p2p && (*blen2p & info->align))) {
+        dolog("DirectSound returned misaligned buffer %ld %ld\n",
+              *blen1p, *blen2p);
+        glue(dsound_unlock_, TYPE)(buf, *p1p, p2p ? *p2p : NULL, *blen1p,
+                                   blen2p ? *blen2p : 0);
         goto fail;
     }
 
-    if (!p1 && blen1) {
-        dolog ("warning: !p1 && blen1=%ld\n", blen1);
-        blen1 = 0;
+    if (p1p && !*p1p && *blen1p) {
+        dolog("warning: !p1 && blen1=%ld\n", *blen1p);
+        *blen1p = 0;
     }
 
-    if (!p2 && blen2) {
-        dolog ("warning: !p2 && blen2=%ld\n", blen2);
-        blen2 = 0;
+    if (p2p && !*p2p && *blen2p) {
+        dolog("warning: !p2 && blen2=%ld\n", *blen2p);
+        *blen2p = 0;
     }
 
-    *p1p = p1;
-    *p2p = p2;
-    *blen1p = blen1;
-    *blen2p = blen2;
     return 0;
 
  fail:
     *p1p = NULL - 1;
-    *p2p = NULL - 1;
     *blen1p = -1;
-    *blen2p = -1;
+    if (p2p) {
+        *p2p = NULL - 1;
+        *blen2p = -1;
+    }
     return -1;
 }
 
@@ -242,7 +244,6 @@ static int dsound_init_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct audsettings *as,
         goto fail0;
     }
 
-    ds->first_time = 1;
     obt_as.endianness = 0;
     audio_pcm_init_info (&hw->info, &obt_as);
 
@@ -252,15 +253,13 @@ static int dsound_init_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct audsettings *as,
             bc.dwBufferBytes, hw->info.align + 1
             );
     }
+    hw->size_emul = bc.dwBufferBytes;
     hw->samples = bc.dwBufferBytes >> hw->info.shift;
     ds->s = s;
 
 #ifdef DEBUG_DSOUND
     dolog ("caps %ld, desc %ld\n",
            bc.dwBufferBytes, bd.dwBufferBytes);
-
-    dolog ("bufsize %d, freq %d, chan %d, fmt %d\n",
-           hw->bufsize, settings.freq, settings.nchannels, settings.fmt);
 #endif
     return 0;
 
@@ -276,3 +275,5 @@ static int dsound_init_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct audsettings *as,
 #undef BUFPTR
 #undef FIELD
 #undef FIELD2
+#undef HWVOICE
+#undef DSOUNDVOICE
diff --git a/audio/dsoundaudio.c b/audio/dsoundaudio.c
index 2fc118b795..d4a4757445 100644
--- a/audio/dsoundaudio.c
+++ b/audio/dsoundaudio.c
@@ -53,19 +53,11 @@ typedef struct {
 typedef struct {
     HWVoiceOut hw;
     LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER dsound_buffer;
-    DWORD old_pos;
-    int first_time;
     dsound *s;
-#ifdef DEBUG_DSOUND
-    DWORD old_ppos;
-    DWORD played;
-    DWORD mixed;
-#endif
 } DSoundVoiceOut;
 
 typedef struct {
     HWVoiceIn hw;
-    int first_time;
     LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER dsound_capture_buffer;
     dsound *s;
 } DSoundVoiceIn;
@@ -243,11 +235,6 @@ static void GCC_FMT_ATTR (3, 4) dsound_logerr2 (
     dsound_log_hresult (hr);
 }
 
-static uint64_t usecs_to_bytes(struct audio_pcm_info *info, uint32_t usecs)
-{
-    return muldiv64(usecs, info->bytes_per_second, 1000000);
-}
-
 #ifdef DEBUG_DSOUND
 static void print_wave_format (WAVEFORMATEX *wfx)
 {
@@ -312,33 +299,6 @@ static int dsound_get_status_in (LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER dscb,
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void dsound_write_sample (HWVoiceOut *hw, uint8_t *dst, int dst_len)
-{
-    int src_len1 = dst_len;
-    int src_len2 = 0;
-    int pos = hw->rpos + dst_len;
-    struct st_sample *src1 = hw->mix_buf + hw->rpos;
-    struct st_sample *src2 = NULL;
-
-    if (pos > hw->samples) {
-        src_len1 = hw->samples - hw->rpos;
-        src2 = hw->mix_buf;
-        src_len2 = dst_len - src_len1;
-        pos = src_len2;
-    }
-
-    if (src_len1) {
-        hw->clip (dst, src1, src_len1);
-    }
-
-    if (src_len2) {
-        dst = advance (dst, src_len1 << hw->info.shift);
-        hw->clip (dst, src2, src_len2);
-    }
-
-    hw->rpos = pos % hw->samples;
-}
-
 static void dsound_clear_sample (HWVoiceOut *hw, LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER dsb,
                                  dsound *s)
 {
@@ -350,7 +310,7 @@ static void dsound_clear_sample (HWVoiceOut *hw, LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER dsb,
         dsb,
         &hw->info,
         0,
-        hw->samples << hw->info.shift,
+        hw->size_emul,
         &p1, &p2,
         &blen1, &blen2,
         1,
@@ -401,7 +361,7 @@ static int dsound_open (dsound *s)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int dsound_ctl_out (HWVoiceOut *hw, int cmd, ...)
+static void dsound_enable_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, bool enable)
 {
     HRESULT hr;
     DWORD status;
@@ -411,18 +371,17 @@ static int dsound_ctl_out (HWVoiceOut *hw, int cmd, ...)
 
     if (!dsb) {
         dolog ("Attempt to control voice without a buffer\n");
-        return 0;
+        return;
     }
 
-    switch (cmd) {
-    case VOICE_ENABLE:
+    if (enable) {
         if (dsound_get_status_out (dsb, &status, s)) {
-            return -1;
+            return;
         }
 
         if (status & DSBSTATUS_PLAYING) {
             dolog ("warning: Voice is already playing\n");
-            return 0;
+            return;
         }
 
         dsound_clear_sample (hw, dsb, s);
@@ -430,166 +389,74 @@ static int dsound_ctl_out (HWVoiceOut *hw, int cmd, ...)
         hr = IDirectSoundBuffer_Play (dsb, 0, 0, DSBPLAY_LOOPING);
         if (FAILED (hr)) {
             dsound_logerr (hr, "Could not start playing buffer\n");
-            return -1;
+            return;
         }
-        break;
-
-    case VOICE_DISABLE:
+    } else {
         if (dsound_get_status_out (dsb, &status, s)) {
-            return -1;
+            return;
         }
 
         if (status & DSBSTATUS_PLAYING) {
             hr = IDirectSoundBuffer_Stop (dsb);
             if (FAILED (hr)) {
                 dsound_logerr (hr, "Could not stop playing buffer\n");
-                return -1;
+                return;
             }
         }
         else {
             dolog ("warning: Voice is not playing\n");
         }
-        break;
     }
-    return 0;
 }
 
-static size_t dsound_run_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t live)
+static void *dsound_get_buffer_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t *size)
 {
-    int err;
-    HRESULT hr;
     DSoundVoiceOut *ds = (DSoundVoiceOut *) hw;
     LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER dsb = ds->dsound_buffer;
-    size_t len;
-    int hwshift;
-    DWORD blen1, blen2;
-    DWORD len1, len2;
-    DWORD decr;
-    DWORD wpos, ppos, old_pos;
-    LPVOID p1, p2;
-    size_t bufsize;
-    dsound *s = ds->s;
-    AudiodevDsoundOptions *dso = &s->dev->u.dsound;
-
-    if (!dsb) {
-        dolog ("Attempt to run empty with playback buffer\n");
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    hwshift = hw->info.shift;
-    bufsize = hw->samples << hwshift;
-
-    hr = IDirectSoundBuffer_GetCurrentPosition (
-        dsb,
-        &ppos,
-        ds->first_time ? &wpos : NULL
-        );
-    if (FAILED (hr)) {
-        dsound_logerr (hr, "Could not get playback buffer position\n");
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    len = live << hwshift;
-
-    if (ds->first_time) {
-        if (dso->latency) {
-            DWORD cur_blat;
+    HRESULT hr;
+    DWORD ppos, act_size;
+    size_t req_size;
+    int err;
+    void *ret;
 
-            cur_blat = audio_ring_dist (wpos, ppos, bufsize);
-            ds->first_time = 0;
-            old_pos = wpos;
-            old_pos +=
-                usecs_to_bytes(&hw->info, dso->latency) - cur_blat;
-            old_pos %= bufsize;
-            old_pos &= ~hw->info.align;
-        }
-        else {
-            old_pos = wpos;
-        }
-#ifdef DEBUG_DSOUND
-        ds->played = 0;
-        ds->mixed = 0;
-#endif
+    hr = IDirectSoundBuffer_GetCurrentPosition(dsb, &ppos, NULL);
+    if (FAILED(hr)) {
+        dsound_logerr(hr, "Could not get playback buffer position\n");
+        *size = 0;
+        return NULL;
     }
-    else {
-        if (ds->old_pos == ppos) {
-#ifdef DEBUG_DSOUND
-            dolog ("old_pos == ppos\n");
-#endif
-            return 0;
-        }
 
-#ifdef DEBUG_DSOUND
-        ds->played += audio_ring_dist (ds->old_pos, ppos, hw->bufsize);
-#endif
-        old_pos = ds->old_pos;
-    }
+    req_size = audio_ring_dist(ppos, hw->pos_emul, hw->size_emul);
+    req_size = MIN(req_size, hw->size_emul - hw->pos_emul);
 
-    if ((old_pos < ppos) && ((old_pos + len) > ppos)) {
-        len = ppos - old_pos;
-    }
-    else {
-        if ((old_pos > ppos) && ((old_pos + len) > (ppos + bufsize))) {
-            len = bufsize - old_pos + ppos;
-        }
+    err = dsound_lock_out(dsb, &hw->info, hw->pos_emul, req_size, &ret, NULL,
+                          &act_size, NULL, false, ds->s);
+    if (err) {
+        dolog("Failed to lock buffer\n");
+        *size = 0;
+        return NULL;
     }
 
-    if (audio_bug(__func__, len > bufsize)) {
-        dolog("len=%zu bufsize=%zu old_pos=%ld ppos=%ld\n",
-              len, bufsize, old_pos, ppos);
-        return 0;
-    }
+    *size = act_size;
+    return ret;
+}
 
-    len &= ~hw->info.align;
-    if (!len) {
-        return 0;
-    }
+static size_t dsound_put_buffer_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf, size_t len)
+{
+    DSoundVoiceOut *ds = (DSoundVoiceOut *) hw;
+    LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER dsb = ds->dsound_buffer;
+    int err = dsound_unlock_out(dsb, buf, NULL, len, 0);
 
-#ifdef DEBUG_DSOUND
-    ds->old_ppos = ppos;
-#endif
-    err = dsound_lock_out (
-        dsb,
-        &hw->info,
-        old_pos,
-        len,
-        &p1, &p2,
-        &blen1, &blen2,
-        0,
-        s
-        );
     if (err) {
+        dolog("Failed to unlock buffer!!\n");
         return 0;
     }
+    hw->pos_emul = (hw->pos_emul + len) % hw->size_emul;
 
-    len1 = blen1 >> hwshift;
-    len2 = blen2 >> hwshift;
-    decr = len1 + len2;
-
-    if (p1 && len1) {
-        dsound_write_sample (hw, p1, len1);
-    }
-
-    if (p2 && len2) {
-        dsound_write_sample (hw, p2, len2);
-    }
-
-    dsound_unlock_out (dsb, p1, p2, blen1, blen2);
-    ds->old_pos = (old_pos + (decr << hwshift)) % bufsize;
-
-#ifdef DEBUG_DSOUND
-    ds->mixed += decr << hwshift;
-
-    dolog ("played %lu mixed %lu diff %ld sec %f\n",
-           ds->played,
-           ds->mixed,
-           ds->mixed - ds->played,
-           abs (ds->mixed - ds->played) / (double) hw->info.bytes_per_second);
-#endif
-    return decr;
+    return len;
 }
 
-static int dsound_ctl_in (HWVoiceIn *hw, int cmd, ...)
+static void dsound_enable_in(HWVoiceIn *hw, bool enable)
 {
     HRESULT hr;
     DWORD status;
@@ -598,18 +465,17 @@ static int dsound_ctl_in (HWVoiceIn *hw, int cmd, ...)
 
     if (!dscb) {
         dolog ("Attempt to control capture voice without a buffer\n");
-        return -1;
+        return;
     }
 
-    switch (cmd) {
-    case VOICE_ENABLE:
+    if (enable) {
         if (dsound_get_status_in (dscb, &status)) {
-            return -1;
+            return;
         }
 
         if (status & DSCBSTATUS_CAPTURING) {
             dolog ("warning: Voice is already capturing\n");
-            return 0;
+            return;
         }
 
         /* clear ?? */
@@ -617,120 +483,69 @@ static int dsound_ctl_in (HWVoiceIn *hw, int cmd, ...)
         hr = IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Start (dscb, DSCBSTART_LOOPING);
         if (FAILED (hr)) {
             dsound_logerr (hr, "Could not start capturing\n");
-            return -1;
+            return;
         }
-        break;
-
-    case VOICE_DISABLE:
+    } else {
         if (dsound_get_status_in (dscb, &status)) {
-            return -1;
+            return;
         }
 
         if (status & DSCBSTATUS_CAPTURING) {
             hr = IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Stop (dscb);
             if (FAILED (hr)) {
                 dsound_logerr (hr, "Could not stop capturing\n");
-                return -1;
+                return;
             }
         }
         else {
             dolog ("warning: Voice is not capturing\n");
         }
-        break;
     }
-    return 0;
 }
 
-static size_t dsound_run_in(HWVoiceIn *hw)
+static void *dsound_get_buffer_in(HWVoiceIn *hw, size_t *size)
 {
-    int err;
-    HRESULT hr;
     DSoundVoiceIn *ds = (DSoundVoiceIn *) hw;
     LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER dscb = ds->dsound_capture_buffer;
-    size_t live, len, dead;
-    DWORD blen1, blen2;
-    DWORD len1, len2;
-    DWORD decr;
-    DWORD cpos, rpos;
-    LPVOID p1, p2;
-    int hwshift;
-    dsound *s = ds->s;
-
-    if (!dscb) {
-        dolog ("Attempt to run without capture buffer\n");
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    hwshift = hw->info.shift;
-
-    live = audio_pcm_hw_get_live_in (hw);
-    dead = hw->samples - live;
-    if (!dead) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    hr = IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_GetCurrentPosition (
-        dscb,
-        &cpos,
-        ds->first_time ? &rpos : NULL
-        );
-    if (FAILED (hr)) {
-        dsound_logerr (hr, "Could not get capture buffer position\n");
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if (ds->first_time) {
-        ds->first_time = 0;
-        if (rpos & hw->info.align) {
-            ldebug ("warning: Misaligned capture read position %ld(%d)\n",
-                    rpos, hw->info.align);
-        }
-        hw->wpos = rpos >> hwshift;
-    }
+    HRESULT hr;
+    DWORD cpos, act_size;
+    size_t req_size;
+    int err;
+    void *ret;
 
-    if (cpos & hw->info.align) {
-        ldebug ("warning: Misaligned capture position %ld(%d)\n",
-                cpos, hw->info.align);
+    hr = IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_GetCurrentPosition(dscb, &cpos, NULL);
+    if (FAILED(hr)) {
+        dsound_logerr(hr, "Could not get capture buffer position\n");
+        *size = 0;
+        return NULL;
     }
-    cpos >>= hwshift;
 
-    len = audio_ring_dist (cpos, hw->wpos, hw->samples);
-    if (!len) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    len = MIN (len, dead);
+    req_size = audio_ring_dist(cpos, hw->pos_emul, hw->size_emul);
+    req_size = MIN(req_size, hw->size_emul - hw->pos_emul);
 
-    err = dsound_lock_in (
-        dscb,
-        &hw->info,
-        hw->wpos << hwshift,
-        len << hwshift,
-        &p1,
-        &p2,
-        &blen1,
-        &blen2,
-        0,
-        s
-        );
+    err = dsound_lock_in(dscb, &hw->info, hw->pos_emul, req_size, &ret, NULL,
+                         &act_size, NULL, false, ds->s);
     if (err) {
-        return 0;
+        dolog("Failed to lock buffer\n");
+        *size = 0;
+        return NULL;
     }
 
-    len1 = blen1 >> hwshift;
-    len2 = blen2 >> hwshift;
-    decr = len1 + len2;
+    *size = act_size;
+    return ret;
+}
 
-    if (p1 && len1) {
-        hw->conv (hw->conv_buf + hw->wpos, p1, len1);
-    }
+static void dsound_put_buffer_in(HWVoiceIn *hw, void *buf, size_t len)
+{
+    DSoundVoiceIn *ds = (DSoundVoiceIn *) hw;
+    LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER dscb = ds->dsound_capture_buffer;
+    int err = dsound_unlock_in(dscb, buf, NULL, len, 0);
 
-    if (p2 && len2) {
-        hw->conv (hw->conv_buf, p2, len2);
+    if (err) {
+        dolog("Failed to unlock buffer!!\n");
+        return;
     }
-
-    dsound_unlock_in (dscb, p1, p2, blen1, blen2);
-    hw->wpos = (hw->wpos + decr) % hw->samples;
-    return decr;
+    hw->pos_emul = (hw->pos_emul + len) % hw->size_emul;
 }
 
 static void dsound_audio_fini (void *opaque)
@@ -846,13 +661,17 @@ static void *dsound_audio_init(Audiodev *dev)
 static struct audio_pcm_ops dsound_pcm_ops = {
     .init_out = dsound_init_out,
     .fini_out = dsound_fini_out,
-    .run_out  = dsound_run_out,
-    .ctl_out  = dsound_ctl_out,
+    .write    = audio_generic_write,
+    .get_buffer_out = dsound_get_buffer_out,
+    .put_buffer_out = dsound_put_buffer_out,
+    .enable_out = dsound_enable_out,
 
     .init_in  = dsound_init_in,
     .fini_in  = dsound_fini_in,
-    .run_in   = dsound_run_in,
-    .ctl_in   = dsound_ctl_in
+    .read     = audio_generic_read,
+    .get_buffer_in = dsound_get_buffer_in,
+    .put_buffer_in = dsound_put_buffer_in,
+    .enable_in = dsound_enable_in,
 };
 
 static struct audio_driver dsound_audio_driver = {
diff --git a/audio/noaudio.c b/audio/noaudio.c
index 0fb2629cf2..ec8a287f36 100644
--- a/audio/noaudio.c
+++ b/audio/noaudio.c
@@ -33,38 +33,27 @@
 
 typedef struct NoVoiceOut {
     HWVoiceOut hw;
-    int64_t old_ticks;
+    RateCtl rate;
 } NoVoiceOut;
 
 typedef struct NoVoiceIn {
     HWVoiceIn hw;
-    int64_t old_ticks;
+    RateCtl rate;
 } NoVoiceIn;
 
-static size_t no_run_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t live)
+static size_t no_write(HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf, size_t len)
 {
     NoVoiceOut *no = (NoVoiceOut *) hw;
-    size_t decr, samples;
-    int64_t now;
-    int64_t ticks;
-    int64_t bytes;
-
-    now = qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL);
-    ticks = now - no->old_ticks;
-    bytes = muldiv64(ticks, hw->info.bytes_per_second, NANOSECONDS_PER_SECOND);
-    bytes = MIN(bytes, SIZE_MAX);
-    samples = bytes >> hw->info.shift;
-
-    no->old_ticks = now;
-    decr = MIN (live, samples);
-    hw->rpos = (hw->rpos + decr) % hw->samples;
-    return decr;
+    return audio_rate_get_bytes(&hw->info, &no->rate, len);
 }
 
 static int no_init_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct audsettings *as, void *drv_opaque)
 {
+    NoVoiceOut *no = (NoVoiceOut *) hw;
+
     audio_pcm_init_info (&hw->info, as);
     hw->samples = 1024;
+    audio_rate_start(&no->rate);
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -73,17 +62,22 @@ static void no_fini_out (HWVoiceOut *hw)
     (void) hw;
 }
 
-static int no_ctl_out (HWVoiceOut *hw, int cmd, ...)
+static void no_enable_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, bool enable)
 {
-    (void) hw;
-    (void) cmd;
-    return 0;
+    NoVoiceOut *no = (NoVoiceOut *) hw;
+
+    if (enable) {
+        audio_rate_start(&no->rate);
+    }
 }
 
 static int no_init_in(HWVoiceIn *hw, struct audsettings *as, void *drv_opaque)
 {
+    NoVoiceIn *no = (NoVoiceIn *) hw;
+
     audio_pcm_init_info (&hw->info, as);
     hw->samples = 1024;
+    audio_rate_start(&no->rate);
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -92,32 +86,22 @@ static void no_fini_in (HWVoiceIn *hw)
     (void) hw;
 }
 
-static size_t no_run_in(HWVoiceIn *hw)
+static size_t no_read(HWVoiceIn *hw, void *buf, size_t size)
 {
     NoVoiceIn *no = (NoVoiceIn *) hw;
-    size_t live = audio_pcm_hw_get_live_in(hw);
-    size_t dead = hw->samples - live;
-    size_t samples = 0;
-
-    if (dead) {
-        int64_t now = qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL);
-        int64_t ticks = now - no->old_ticks;
-        int64_t bytes =
-            muldiv64(ticks, hw->info.bytes_per_second, NANOSECONDS_PER_SECOND);
-
-        no->old_ticks = now;
-        bytes = MIN (bytes, SIZE_MAX);
-        samples = bytes >> hw->info.shift;
-        samples = MIN (samples, dead);
-    }
-    return samples;
+    int64_t bytes = audio_rate_get_bytes(&hw->info, &no->rate, size);
+
+    audio_pcm_info_clear_buf(&hw->info, buf, bytes >> hw->info.shift);
+    return bytes;
 }
 
-static int no_ctl_in (HWVoiceIn *hw, int cmd, ...)
+static void no_enable_in(HWVoiceIn *hw, bool enable)
 {
-    (void) hw;
-    (void) cmd;
-    return 0;
+    NoVoiceIn *no = (NoVoiceIn *) hw;
+
+    if (enable) {
+        audio_rate_start(&no->rate);
+    }
 }
 
 static void *no_audio_init(Audiodev *dev)
@@ -133,13 +117,13 @@ static void no_audio_fini (void *opaque)
 static struct audio_pcm_ops no_pcm_ops = {
     .init_out = no_init_out,
     .fini_out = no_fini_out,
-    .run_out  = no_run_out,
-    .ctl_out  = no_ctl_out,
+    .write    = no_write,
+    .enable_out = no_enable_out,
 
     .init_in  = no_init_in,
     .fini_in  = no_fini_in,
-    .run_in   = no_run_in,
-    .ctl_in   = no_ctl_in
+    .read     = no_read,
+    .enable_in = no_enable_in
 };
 
 static struct audio_driver no_audio_driver = {
diff --git a/audio/ossaudio.c b/audio/ossaudio.c
index 1696933688..0c4451e972 100644
--- a/audio/ossaudio.c
+++ b/audio/ossaudio.c
@@ -40,19 +40,15 @@
 
 typedef struct OSSVoiceOut {
     HWVoiceOut hw;
-    void *pcm_buf;
     int fd;
-    int wpos;
     int nfrags;
     int fragsize;
     int mmapped;
-    int pending;
     Audiodev *dev;
 } OSSVoiceOut;
 
 typedef struct OSSVoiceIn {
     HWVoiceIn hw;
-    void *pcm_buf;
     int fd;
     int nfrags;
     int fragsize;
@@ -371,98 +367,87 @@ static int oss_open(int in, struct oss_params *req, audsettings *as,
     return -1;
 }
 
-static void oss_write_pending (OSSVoiceOut *oss)
+static size_t oss_get_available_bytes(OSSVoiceOut *oss)
 {
-    HWVoiceOut *hw = &oss->hw;
+    int err;
+    struct count_info cntinfo;
+    assert(oss->mmapped);
 
-    if (oss->mmapped) {
-        return;
+    err = ioctl(oss->fd, SNDCTL_DSP_GETOPTR, &cntinfo);
+    if (err < 0) {
+        oss_logerr(errno, "SNDCTL_DSP_GETOPTR failed\n");
+        return 0;
     }
 
-    while (oss->pending) {
-        int samples_written;
-        ssize_t bytes_written;
-        int samples_till_end = hw->samples - oss->wpos;
-        int samples_to_write = MIN (oss->pending, samples_till_end);
-        int bytes_to_write = samples_to_write << hw->info.shift;
-        void *pcm = advance (oss->pcm_buf, oss->wpos << hw->info.shift);
+    return audio_ring_dist(cntinfo.ptr, oss->hw.pos_emul, oss->hw.size_emul);
+}
 
-        bytes_written = write (oss->fd, pcm, bytes_to_write);
-        if (bytes_written < 0) {
-            if (errno != EAGAIN) {
-                oss_logerr (errno, "failed to write %d bytes\n",
-                            bytes_to_write);
-            }
-            break;
-        }
+static void *oss_get_buffer_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t *size)
+{
+    OSSVoiceOut *oss = (OSSVoiceOut *) hw;
+    if (oss->mmapped) {
+        *size = MIN(oss_get_available_bytes(oss), hw->size_emul - hw->pos_emul);
+        return hw->buf_emul + hw->pos_emul;
+    } else {
+        return audio_generic_get_buffer_out(hw, size);
+    }
+}
 
-        if (bytes_written & hw->info.align) {
-            dolog ("misaligned write asked for %d, but got %zd\n",
-                   bytes_to_write, bytes_written);
-            return;
-        }
+static size_t oss_put_buffer_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf, size_t size)
+{
+    OSSVoiceOut *oss = (OSSVoiceOut *) hw;
+    if (oss->mmapped) {
+        assert(buf == hw->buf_emul + hw->pos_emul && size < hw->size_emul);
 
-        samples_written = bytes_written >> hw->info.shift;
-        oss->pending -= samples_written;
-        oss->wpos = (oss->wpos + samples_written) % hw->samples;
-        if (bytes_written - bytes_to_write) {
-            break;
-        }
+        hw->pos_emul = (hw->pos_emul + size) % hw->size_emul;
+        return size;
+    } else {
+        return audio_generic_put_buffer_out(hw, buf, size);
     }
 }
 
-static size_t oss_run_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t live)
+static size_t oss_write(HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf, size_t len)
 {
     OSSVoiceOut *oss = (OSSVoiceOut *) hw;
-    int err;
-    size_t decr;
-    struct audio_buf_info abinfo;
-    struct count_info cntinfo;
-    size_t bufsize;
-
-    bufsize = hw->samples << hw->info.shift;
+    size_t pos;
 
     if (oss->mmapped) {
-        int bytes, pos;
+        size_t total_len;
+        len = MIN(len, oss_get_available_bytes(oss));
 
-        err = ioctl (oss->fd, SNDCTL_DSP_GETOPTR, &cntinfo);
-        if (err < 0) {
-            oss_logerr (errno, "SNDCTL_DSP_GETOPTR failed\n");
-            return 0;
-        }
+        total_len = len;
+        while (len) {
+            size_t to_copy = MIN(len, hw->size_emul - hw->pos_emul);
+            memcpy(hw->buf_emul + hw->pos_emul, buf, to_copy);
 
-        pos = hw->rpos << hw->info.shift;
-        bytes = audio_ring_dist (cntinfo.ptr, pos, bufsize);
-        decr = MIN (bytes >> hw->info.shift, live);
-    }
-    else {
-        err = ioctl (oss->fd, SNDCTL_DSP_GETOSPACE, &abinfo);
-        if (err < 0) {
-            oss_logerr (errno, "SNDCTL_DSP_GETOPTR failed\n");
-            return 0;
+            hw->pos_emul = (hw->pos_emul + to_copy) % hw->pos_emul;
+            buf += to_copy;
+            len -= to_copy;
         }
+        return total_len;
+    }
 
-        if (abinfo.bytes > bufsize) {
-            trace_oss_invalid_available_size(abinfo.bytes, bufsize);
-            abinfo.bytes = bufsize;
-        }
+    pos = 0;
+    while (len) {
+        ssize_t bytes_written;
+        void *pcm = advance(buf, pos);
 
-        if (abinfo.bytes < 0) {
-            trace_oss_invalid_available_size(abinfo.bytes, bufsize);
-            return 0;
+        bytes_written = write(oss->fd, pcm, len);
+        if (bytes_written < 0) {
+            if (errno != EAGAIN) {
+                oss_logerr(errno, "failed to write %zu bytes\n",
+                           len);
+            }
+            return pos;
         }
 
-        decr = MIN (abinfo.bytes >> hw->info.shift, live);
-        if (!decr) {
-            return 0;
+        pos += bytes_written;
+        if (bytes_written < len) {
+            break;
         }
+        len -= bytes_written;
     }
-
-    decr = audio_pcm_hw_clip_out (hw, oss->pcm_buf, decr, oss->pending);
-    oss->pending += decr;
-    oss_write_pending (oss);
-
-    return decr;
+    return pos;
 }
 
 static void oss_fini_out (HWVoiceOut *hw)
@@ -473,18 +458,13 @@ static void oss_fini_out (HWVoiceOut *hw)
     ldebug ("oss_fini\n");
     oss_anal_close (&oss->fd);
 
-    if (oss->pcm_buf) {
-        if (oss->mmapped) {
-            err = munmap (oss->pcm_buf, hw->samples << hw->info.shift);
-            if (err) {
-                oss_logerr(errno, "Failed to unmap buffer %p, size %zu\n",
-                           oss->pcm_buf, hw->samples << hw->info.shift);
-            }
+    if (oss->mmapped && hw->buf_emul) {
+        err = munmap(hw->buf_emul, hw->size_emul);
+        if (err) {
+            oss_logerr(errno, "Failed to unmap buffer %p, size %zu\n",
+                       hw->buf_emul, hw->size_emul);
         }
-        else {
-            g_free (oss->pcm_buf);
-        }
-        oss->pcm_buf = NULL;
+        hw->buf_emul = NULL;
     }
 }
 
@@ -535,19 +515,20 @@ static int oss_init_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct audsettings *as,
 
     oss->mmapped = 0;
     if (oopts->has_try_mmap && oopts->try_mmap) {
-        oss->pcm_buf = mmap (
+        hw->size_emul = hw->samples << hw->info.shift;
+        hw->buf_emul = mmap(
             NULL,
-            hw->samples << hw->info.shift,
+            hw->size_emul,
             PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
             MAP_SHARED,
             fd,
             0
             );
-        if (oss->pcm_buf == MAP_FAILED) {
+        if (hw->buf_emul == MAP_FAILED) {
             oss_logerr(errno, "Failed to map %zu bytes of DAC\n",
-                       hw->samples << hw->info.shift);
-        }
-        else {
+                       hw->size_emul);
+            hw->buf_emul = NULL;
+        } else {
             int err;
             int trig = 0;
             if (ioctl (fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SETTRIGGER, &trig) < 0) {
@@ -567,88 +548,65 @@ static int oss_init_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct audsettings *as,
             }
 
             if (!oss->mmapped) {
-                err = munmap (oss->pcm_buf, hw->samples << hw->info.shift);
+                err = munmap(hw->buf_emul, hw->size_emul);
                 if (err) {
                     oss_logerr(errno, "Failed to unmap buffer %p size %zu\n",
-                               oss->pcm_buf, hw->samples << hw->info.shift);
+                               hw->buf_emul, hw->size_emul);
                 }
+                hw->buf_emul = NULL;
             }
         }
     }
 
-    if (!oss->mmapped) {
-        oss->pcm_buf = audio_calloc(__func__,
-                                    hw->samples,
-                                    1 << hw->info.shift);
-        if (!oss->pcm_buf) {
-            dolog (
-                "Could not allocate DAC buffer (%zu samples, each %d bytes)\n",
-                hw->samples,
-                1 << hw->info.shift
-                );
-            oss_anal_close (&fd);
-            return -1;
-        }
-    }
-
     oss->fd = fd;
     oss->dev = dev;
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int oss_ctl_out (HWVoiceOut *hw, int cmd, ...)
+static void oss_enable_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, bool enable)
 {
     int trig;
     OSSVoiceOut *oss = (OSSVoiceOut *) hw;
     AudiodevOssPerDirectionOptions *opdo = oss->dev->u.oss.out;
 
-    switch (cmd) {
-    case VOICE_ENABLE:
-        {
-            bool poll_mode = opdo->try_poll;
+    if (enable) {
+        bool poll_mode = opdo->try_poll;
 
-            ldebug ("enabling voice\n");
-            if (poll_mode) {
-                oss_poll_out (hw);
-                poll_mode = 0;
-            }
-            hw->poll_mode = poll_mode;
-
-            if (!oss->mmapped) {
-                return 0;
-            }
+        ldebug("enabling voice\n");
+        if (poll_mode) {
+            oss_poll_out(hw);
+            poll_mode = 0;
+        }
+        hw->poll_mode = poll_mode;
 
-            audio_pcm_info_clear_buf (&hw->info, oss->pcm_buf, hw->samples);
-            trig = PCM_ENABLE_OUTPUT;
-            if (ioctl (oss->fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SETTRIGGER, &trig) < 0) {
-                oss_logerr (
-                    errno,
-                    "SNDCTL_DSP_SETTRIGGER PCM_ENABLE_OUTPUT failed\n"
-                    );
-                return -1;
-            }
+        if (!oss->mmapped) {
+            return;
         }
-        break;
 
-    case VOICE_DISABLE:
+        audio_pcm_info_clear_buf(&hw->info, hw->buf_emul, hw->mix_buf->size);
+        trig = PCM_ENABLE_OUTPUT;
+        if (ioctl(oss->fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SETTRIGGER, &trig) < 0) {
+            oss_logerr(errno,
+                       "SNDCTL_DSP_SETTRIGGER PCM_ENABLE_OUTPUT failed\n");
+            return;
+        }
+    } else {
         if (hw->poll_mode) {
             qemu_set_fd_handler (oss->fd, NULL, NULL, NULL);
             hw->poll_mode = 0;
         }
 
         if (!oss->mmapped) {
-            return 0;
+            return;
         }
 
         ldebug ("disabling voice\n");
         trig = 0;
         if (ioctl (oss->fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SETTRIGGER, &trig) < 0) {
             oss_logerr (errno, "SNDCTL_DSP_SETTRIGGER 0 failed\n");
-            return -1;
+            return;
         }
-        break;
     }
-    return 0;
 }
 
 static int oss_init_in(HWVoiceIn *hw, struct audsettings *as, void *drv_opaque)
@@ -692,13 +650,6 @@ static int oss_init_in(HWVoiceIn *hw, struct audsettings *as, void *drv_opaque)
     }
 
     hw->samples = (obt.nfrags * obt.fragsize) >> hw->info.shift;
-    oss->pcm_buf = audio_calloc(__func__, hw->samples, 1 << hw->info.shift);
-    if (!oss->pcm_buf) {
-        dolog("Could not allocate ADC buffer (%zu samples, each %d bytes)\n",
-              hw->samples, 1 << hw->info.shift);
-        oss_anal_close (&fd);
-        return -1;
-    }
 
     oss->fd = fd;
     oss->dev = dev;
@@ -710,106 +661,57 @@ static void oss_fini_in (HWVoiceIn *hw)
     OSSVoiceIn *oss = (OSSVoiceIn *) hw;
 
     oss_anal_close (&oss->fd);
-
-    g_free(oss->pcm_buf);
-    oss->pcm_buf = NULL;
 }
 
-static size_t oss_run_in(HWVoiceIn *hw)
+static size_t oss_read(HWVoiceIn *hw, void *buf, size_t len)
 {
     OSSVoiceIn *oss = (OSSVoiceIn *) hw;
-    int hwshift = hw->info.shift;
-    int i;
-    size_t live = audio_pcm_hw_get_live_in (hw);
-    size_t dead = hw->samples - live;
-    size_t read_samples = 0;
-    struct {
-        size_t add;
-        size_t len;
-    } bufs[2] = {
-        { .add = hw->wpos, .len = 0 },
-        { .add = 0,        .len = 0 }
-    };
-
-    if (!dead) {
-        return 0;
-    }
+    size_t pos = 0;
 
-    if (hw->wpos + dead > hw->samples) {
-        bufs[0].len = (hw->samples - hw->wpos) << hwshift;
-        bufs[1].len = (dead - (hw->samples - hw->wpos)) << hwshift;
-    }
-    else {
-        bufs[0].len = dead << hwshift;
-    }
-
-    for (i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+    while (len) {
         ssize_t nread;
 
-        if (bufs[i].len) {
-            void *p = advance (oss->pcm_buf, bufs[i].add << hwshift);
-            nread = read (oss->fd, p, bufs[i].len);
+        void *dst = advance(buf, pos);
+        nread = read(oss->fd, dst, len);
 
-            if (nread > 0) {
-                if (nread & hw->info.align) {
-                    dolog("warning: Misaligned read %zd (requested %zu), "
-                          "alignment %d\n", nread, bufs[i].add << hwshift,
-                          hw->info.align + 1);
-                }
-                read_samples += nread >> hwshift;
-                hw->conv (hw->conv_buf + bufs[i].add, p, nread >> hwshift);
-            }
-
-            if (bufs[i].len - nread) {
-                if (nread == -1) {
-                    switch (errno) {
-                    case EINTR:
-                    case EAGAIN:
-                        break;
-                    default:
-                        oss_logerr(
-                            errno,
-                            "Failed to read %zu bytes of audio (to %p)\n",
-                            bufs[i].len, p
-                            );
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
+        if (nread == -1) {
+            switch (errno) {
+            case EINTR:
+            case EAGAIN:
+                break;
+            default:
+                oss_logerr(errno, "Failed to read %zu bytes of audio (to %p)\n",
+                           len, dst);
                 break;
             }
         }
+
+        pos += nread;
+        len -= nread;
     }
 
-    hw->wpos = (hw->wpos + read_samples) % hw->samples;
-    return read_samples;
+    return pos;
 }
 
-static int oss_ctl_in (HWVoiceIn *hw, int cmd, ...)
+static void oss_enable_in(HWVoiceIn *hw, bool enable)
 {
     OSSVoiceIn *oss = (OSSVoiceIn *) hw;
     AudiodevOssPerDirectionOptions *opdo = oss->dev->u.oss.out;
 
-    switch (cmd) {
-    case VOICE_ENABLE:
-        {
-            bool poll_mode = opdo->try_poll;
+    if (enable) {
+        bool poll_mode = opdo->try_poll;
 
-            if (poll_mode) {
-                oss_poll_in (hw);
-                poll_mode = 0;
-            }
-            hw->poll_mode = poll_mode;
+        if (poll_mode) {
+            oss_poll_in(hw);
+            poll_mode = 0;
         }
-        break;
-
-    case VOICE_DISABLE:
+        hw->poll_mode = poll_mode;
+    } else {
         if (hw->poll_mode) {
             hw->poll_mode = 0;
             qemu_set_fd_handler (oss->fd, NULL, NULL, NULL);
         }
-        break;
     }
-    return 0;
 }
 
 static void oss_init_per_direction(AudiodevOssPerDirectionOptions *opdo)
@@ -845,13 +747,15 @@ static void oss_audio_fini (void *opaque)
 static struct audio_pcm_ops oss_pcm_ops = {
     .init_out = oss_init_out,
     .fini_out = oss_fini_out,
-    .run_out  = oss_run_out,
-    .ctl_out  = oss_ctl_out,
+    .write    = oss_write,
+    .get_buffer_out = oss_get_buffer_out,
+    .put_buffer_out = oss_put_buffer_out,
+    .enable_out = oss_enable_out,
 
     .init_in  = oss_init_in,
     .fini_in  = oss_fini_in,
-    .run_in   = oss_run_in,
-    .ctl_in   = oss_ctl_in
+    .read     = oss_read,
+    .enable_in = oss_enable_in
 };
 
 static struct audio_driver oss_audio_driver = {
diff --git a/audio/paaudio.c b/audio/paaudio.c
index bfef9acaad..ed31f863f7 100644
--- a/audio/paaudio.c
+++ b/audio/paaudio.c
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 
 #define AUDIO_CAP "pulseaudio"
 #include "audio_int.h"
-#include "audio_pt_int.h"
 
 typedef struct PAConnection {
     char *server;
@@ -30,28 +29,16 @@ typedef struct {
 
 typedef struct {
     HWVoiceOut hw;
-    size_t done;
-    size_t live;
-    size_t decr;
-    size_t rpos;
     pa_stream *stream;
-    void *pcm_buf;
-    struct audio_pt pt;
     paaudio *g;
     size_t samples;
 } PAVoiceOut;
 
 typedef struct {
     HWVoiceIn hw;
-    size_t done;
-    size_t dead;
-    size_t incr;
-    size_t wpos;
     pa_stream *stream;
-    void *pcm_buf;
-    struct audio_pt pt;
     const void *read_data;
-    size_t read_index, read_length;
+    size_t read_length;
     paaudio *g;
     size_t samples;
 } PAVoiceIn;
@@ -89,298 +76,96 @@ static inline int PA_STREAM_IS_GOOD(pa_stream_state_t x)
 }
 #endif
 
-#define CHECK_SUCCESS_GOTO(c, rerror, expression, label)        \
+#define CHECK_SUCCESS_GOTO(c, expression, label, msg)           \
     do {                                                        \
         if (!(expression)) {                                    \
-            if (rerror) {                                       \
-                *(rerror) = pa_context_errno ((c)->context);    \
-            }                                                   \
+            qpa_logerr(pa_context_errno((c)->context), msg);    \
             goto label;                                         \
         }                                                       \
     } while (0)
 
-#define CHECK_DEAD_GOTO(c, stream, rerror, label)                       \
+#define CHECK_DEAD_GOTO(c, stream, label, msg)                          \
     do {                                                                \
         if (!(c)->context || !PA_CONTEXT_IS_GOOD (pa_context_get_state((c)->context)) || \
             !(stream) || !PA_STREAM_IS_GOOD (pa_stream_get_state ((stream)))) { \
             if (((c)->context && pa_context_get_state ((c)->context) == PA_CONTEXT_FAILED) || \
                 ((stream) && pa_stream_get_state ((stream)) == PA_STREAM_FAILED)) { \
-                if (rerror) {                                           \
-                    *(rerror) = pa_context_errno ((c)->context);        \
-                }                                                       \
+                qpa_logerr(pa_context_errno((c)->context), msg);        \
             } else {                                                    \
-                if (rerror) {                                           \
-                    *(rerror) = PA_ERR_BADSTATE;                        \
-                }                                                       \
+                qpa_logerr(PA_ERR_BADSTATE, msg);                       \
             }                                                           \
             goto label;                                                 \
         }                                                               \
     } while (0)
 
-static int qpa_simple_read (PAVoiceIn *p, void *data, size_t length, int *rerror)
+static size_t qpa_read(HWVoiceIn *hw, void *data, size_t length)
 {
+    PAVoiceIn *p = (PAVoiceIn *) hw;
     PAConnection *c = p->g->conn;
+    size_t l;
+    int r;
 
     pa_threaded_mainloop_lock(c->mainloop);
 
-    CHECK_DEAD_GOTO(c, p->stream, rerror, unlock_and_fail);
-
-    while (length > 0) {
-        size_t l;
-
-        while (!p->read_data) {
-            int r;
+    CHECK_DEAD_GOTO(c, p->stream, unlock_and_fail,
+                    "pa_threaded_mainloop_lock failed\n");
 
-            r = pa_stream_peek (p->stream, &p->read_data, &p->read_length);
-            CHECK_SUCCESS_GOTO(c, rerror, r == 0, unlock_and_fail);
-
-            if (!p->read_data) {
-                pa_threaded_mainloop_wait(c->mainloop);
-                CHECK_DEAD_GOTO(c, p->stream, rerror, unlock_and_fail);
-            } else {
-                p->read_index = 0;
-            }
-        }
-
-        l = p->read_length < length ? p->read_length : length;
-        memcpy (data, (const uint8_t *) p->read_data+p->read_index, l);
-
-        data = (uint8_t *) data + l;
-        length -= l;
-
-        p->read_index += l;
-        p->read_length -= l;
+    if (!p->read_length) {
+        r = pa_stream_peek(p->stream, &p->read_data, &p->read_length);
+        CHECK_SUCCESS_GOTO(c, r == 0, unlock_and_fail,
+                           "pa_stream_peek failed\n");
+    }
 
-        if (!p->read_length) {
-            int r;
+    l = MIN(p->read_length, length);
+    memcpy(data, p->read_data, l);
 
-            r = pa_stream_drop (p->stream);
-            p->read_data = NULL;
-            p->read_length = 0;
-            p->read_index = 0;
+    p->read_data += l;
+    p->read_length -= l;
 
-            CHECK_SUCCESS_GOTO(c, rerror, r == 0, unlock_and_fail);
-        }
+    if (!p->read_length) {
+        r = pa_stream_drop(p->stream);
+        CHECK_SUCCESS_GOTO(c, r == 0, unlock_and_fail,
+                           "pa_stream_drop failed\n");
     }
 
     pa_threaded_mainloop_unlock(c->mainloop);
-    return 0;
+    return l;
 
 unlock_and_fail:
     pa_threaded_mainloop_unlock(c->mainloop);
-    return -1;
+    return 0;
 }
 
-static int qpa_simple_write (PAVoiceOut *p, const void *data, size_t length, int *rerror)
+static size_t qpa_write(HWVoiceOut *hw, void *data, size_t length)
 {
+    PAVoiceOut *p = (PAVoiceOut *) hw;
     PAConnection *c = p->g->conn;
+    size_t l;
+    int r;
 
     pa_threaded_mainloop_lock(c->mainloop);
 
-    CHECK_DEAD_GOTO(c, p->stream, rerror, unlock_and_fail);
-
-    while (length > 0) {
-        size_t l;
-        int r;
-
-        while (!(l = pa_stream_writable_size (p->stream))) {
-            pa_threaded_mainloop_wait(c->mainloop);
-            CHECK_DEAD_GOTO(c, p->stream, rerror, unlock_and_fail);
-        }
-
-        CHECK_SUCCESS_GOTO(c, rerror, l != (size_t) -1, unlock_and_fail);
+    CHECK_DEAD_GOTO(c, p->stream, unlock_and_fail,
+                    "pa_threaded_mainloop_lock failed\n");
 
-        if (l > length) {
-            l = length;
-        }
+    l = pa_stream_writable_size(p->stream);
 
-        r = pa_stream_write (p->stream, data, l, NULL, 0LL, PA_SEEK_RELATIVE);
-        CHECK_SUCCESS_GOTO(c, rerror, r >= 0, unlock_and_fail);
+    CHECK_SUCCESS_GOTO(c, l != (size_t) -1, unlock_and_fail,
+                       "pa_stream_writable_size failed\n");
 
-        data = (const uint8_t *) data + l;
-        length -= l;
+    if (l > length) {
+        l = length;
     }
 
+    r = pa_stream_write(p->stream, data, l, NULL, 0LL, PA_SEEK_RELATIVE);
+    CHECK_SUCCESS_GOTO(c, r >= 0, unlock_and_fail, "pa_stream_write failed\n");
+
     pa_threaded_mainloop_unlock(c->mainloop);
-    return 0;
+    return l;
 
 unlock_and_fail:
     pa_threaded_mainloop_unlock(c->mainloop);
-    return -1;
-}
-
-static void *qpa_thread_out (void *arg)
-{
-    PAVoiceOut *pa = arg;
-    HWVoiceOut *hw = &pa->hw;
-
-    if (audio_pt_lock(&pa->pt, __func__)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    for (;;) {
-        size_t decr, to_mix, rpos;
-
-        for (;;) {
-            if (pa->done) {
-                goto exit;
-            }
-
-            if (pa->live > 0) {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            if (audio_pt_wait(&pa->pt, __func__)) {
-                goto exit;
-            }
-        }
-
-        decr = to_mix = MIN(pa->live, pa->samples >> 5);
-        rpos = pa->rpos;
-
-        if (audio_pt_unlock(&pa->pt, __func__)) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        while (to_mix) {
-            int error;
-            size_t chunk = MIN (to_mix, hw->samples - rpos);
-            struct st_sample *src = hw->mix_buf + rpos;
-
-            hw->clip (pa->pcm_buf, src, chunk);
-
-            if (qpa_simple_write (pa, pa->pcm_buf,
-                                  chunk << hw->info.shift, &error) < 0) {
-                qpa_logerr (error, "pa_simple_write failed\n");
-                return NULL;
-            }
-
-            rpos = (rpos + chunk) % hw->samples;
-            to_mix -= chunk;
-        }
-
-        if (audio_pt_lock(&pa->pt, __func__)) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        pa->rpos = rpos;
-        pa->live -= decr;
-        pa->decr += decr;
-    }
-
- exit:
-    audio_pt_unlock(&pa->pt, __func__);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-static size_t qpa_run_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t live)
-{
-    size_t decr;
-    PAVoiceOut *pa = (PAVoiceOut *) hw;
-
-    if (audio_pt_lock(&pa->pt, __func__)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    decr = MIN (live, pa->decr);
-    pa->decr -= decr;
-    pa->live = live - decr;
-    hw->rpos = pa->rpos;
-    if (pa->live > 0) {
-        audio_pt_unlock_and_signal(&pa->pt, __func__);
-    }
-    else {
-        audio_pt_unlock(&pa->pt, __func__);
-    }
-    return decr;
-}
-
-/* capture */
-static void *qpa_thread_in (void *arg)
-{
-    PAVoiceIn *pa = arg;
-    HWVoiceIn *hw = &pa->hw;
-
-    if (audio_pt_lock(&pa->pt, __func__)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    for (;;) {
-        size_t incr, to_grab, wpos;
-
-        for (;;) {
-            if (pa->done) {
-                goto exit;
-            }
-
-            if (pa->dead > 0) {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            if (audio_pt_wait(&pa->pt, __func__)) {
-                goto exit;
-            }
-        }
-
-        incr = to_grab = MIN(pa->dead, pa->samples >> 5);
-        wpos = pa->wpos;
-
-        if (audio_pt_unlock(&pa->pt, __func__)) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        while (to_grab) {
-            int error;
-            size_t chunk = MIN (to_grab, hw->samples - wpos);
-            void *buf = advance (pa->pcm_buf, wpos);
-
-            if (qpa_simple_read (pa, buf,
-                                 chunk << hw->info.shift, &error) < 0) {
-                qpa_logerr (error, "pa_simple_read failed\n");
-                return NULL;
-            }
-
-            hw->conv (hw->conv_buf + wpos, buf, chunk);
-            wpos = (wpos + chunk) % hw->samples;
-            to_grab -= chunk;
-        }
-
-        if (audio_pt_lock(&pa->pt, __func__)) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        pa->wpos = wpos;
-        pa->dead -= incr;
-        pa->incr += incr;
-    }
-
- exit:
-    audio_pt_unlock(&pa->pt, __func__);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-static size_t qpa_run_in(HWVoiceIn *hw)
-{
-    size_t live, incr, dead;
-    PAVoiceIn *pa = (PAVoiceIn *) hw;
-
-    if (audio_pt_lock(&pa->pt, __func__)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    live = audio_pcm_hw_get_live_in (hw);
-    dead = hw->samples - live;
-    incr = MIN (dead, pa->incr);
-    pa->incr -= incr;
-    pa->dead = dead - incr;
-    hw->wpos = pa->wpos;
-    if (pa->dead > 0) {
-        audio_pt_unlock_and_signal(&pa->pt, __func__);
-    }
-    else {
-        audio_pt_unlock(&pa->pt, __func__);
-    }
-    return incr;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static pa_sample_format_t audfmt_to_pa (AudioFormat afmt, int endianness)
@@ -468,13 +253,6 @@ static void stream_state_cb (pa_stream *s, void * userdata)
     }
 }
 
-static void stream_request_cb (pa_stream *s, size_t length, void *userdata)
-{
-    PAConnection *c = userdata;
-
-    pa_threaded_mainloop_signal(c->mainloop, 0);
-}
-
 static pa_stream *qpa_simple_new (
         PAConnection *c,
         const char *name,
@@ -497,8 +275,6 @@ static pa_stream *qpa_simple_new (
     }
 
     pa_stream_set_state_callback(stream, stream_state_cb, c);
-    pa_stream_set_read_callback(stream, stream_request_cb, c);
-    pa_stream_set_write_callback(stream, stream_request_cb, c);
 
     flags =
         PA_STREAM_INTERPOLATE_TIMING
@@ -579,28 +355,9 @@ static int qpa_init_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct audsettings *as,
     hw->samples = pa->samples = audio_buffer_samples(
         qapi_AudiodevPaPerDirectionOptions_base(ppdo),
         &obt_as, ppdo->buffer_length);
-    pa->pcm_buf = audio_calloc(__func__, hw->samples, 1 << hw->info.shift);
-    pa->rpos = hw->rpos;
-    if (!pa->pcm_buf) {
-        dolog("Could not allocate buffer (%zu bytes)\n",
-              hw->samples << hw->info.shift);
-        goto fail2;
-    }
-
-    if (audio_pt_init(&pa->pt, qpa_thread_out, hw, AUDIO_CAP, __func__)) {
-        goto fail3;
-    }
 
     return 0;
 
- fail3:
-    g_free (pa->pcm_buf);
-    pa->pcm_buf = NULL;
- fail2:
-    if (pa->stream) {
-        pa_stream_unref (pa->stream);
-        pa->stream = NULL;
-    }
  fail1:
     return -1;
 }
@@ -647,28 +404,9 @@ static int qpa_init_in(HWVoiceIn *hw, struct audsettings *as, void *drv_opaque)
     hw->samples = pa->samples = audio_buffer_samples(
         qapi_AudiodevPaPerDirectionOptions_base(ppdo),
         &obt_as, ppdo->buffer_length);
-    pa->pcm_buf = audio_calloc(__func__, hw->samples, 1 << hw->info.shift);
-    pa->wpos = hw->wpos;
-    if (!pa->pcm_buf) {
-        dolog("Could not allocate buffer (%zu bytes)\n",
-              hw->samples << hw->info.shift);
-        goto fail2;
-    }
-
-    if (audio_pt_init(&pa->pt, qpa_thread_in, hw, AUDIO_CAP, __func__)) {
-        goto fail3;
-    }
 
     return 0;
 
- fail3:
-    g_free (pa->pcm_buf);
-    pa->pcm_buf = NULL;
- fail2:
-    if (pa->stream) {
-        pa_stream_unref (pa->stream);
-        pa->stream = NULL;
-    }
  fail1:
     return -1;
 }
@@ -696,45 +434,25 @@ static void qpa_simple_disconnect(PAConnection *c, pa_stream *stream)
 
 static void qpa_fini_out (HWVoiceOut *hw)
 {
-    void *ret;
     PAVoiceOut *pa = (PAVoiceOut *) hw;
 
-    audio_pt_lock(&pa->pt, __func__);
-    pa->done = 1;
-    audio_pt_unlock_and_signal(&pa->pt, __func__);
-    audio_pt_join(&pa->pt, &ret, __func__);
-
     if (pa->stream) {
         qpa_simple_disconnect(pa->g->conn, pa->stream);
         pa->stream = NULL;
     }
-
-    audio_pt_fini(&pa->pt, __func__);
-    g_free (pa->pcm_buf);
-    pa->pcm_buf = NULL;
 }
 
 static void qpa_fini_in (HWVoiceIn *hw)
 {
-    void *ret;
     PAVoiceIn *pa = (PAVoiceIn *) hw;
 
-    audio_pt_lock(&pa->pt, __func__);
-    pa->done = 1;
-    audio_pt_unlock_and_signal(&pa->pt, __func__);
-    audio_pt_join(&pa->pt, &ret, __func__);
-
     if (pa->stream) {
         qpa_simple_disconnect(pa->g->conn, pa->stream);
         pa->stream = NULL;
     }
-
-    audio_pt_fini(&pa->pt, __func__);
-    g_free (pa->pcm_buf);
-    pa->pcm_buf = NULL;
 }
 
-static int qpa_ctl_out (HWVoiceOut *hw, int cmd, ...)
+static void qpa_volume_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct mixeng_volume *vol)
 {
     PAVoiceOut *pa = (PAVoiceOut *) hw;
     pa_operation *op;
@@ -745,49 +463,36 @@ static int qpa_ctl_out (HWVoiceOut *hw, int cmd, ...)
     pa_cvolume_init (&v);  /* function is present in 0.9.13+ */
 #endif
 
-    switch (cmd) {
-    case VOICE_VOLUME:
-        {
-            SWVoiceOut *sw;
-            va_list ap;
-
-            va_start (ap, cmd);
-            sw = va_arg (ap, SWVoiceOut *);
-            va_end (ap);
-
-            v.channels = 2;
-            v.values[0] = ((PA_VOLUME_NORM - PA_VOLUME_MUTED) * sw->vol.l) / UINT32_MAX;
-            v.values[1] = ((PA_VOLUME_NORM - PA_VOLUME_MUTED) * sw->vol.r) / UINT32_MAX;
-
-            pa_threaded_mainloop_lock(c->mainloop);
-
-            op = pa_context_set_sink_input_volume(c->context,
-                pa_stream_get_index (pa->stream),
-                &v, NULL, NULL);
-            if (!op) {
-                qpa_logerr(pa_context_errno(c->context),
-                           "set_sink_input_volume() failed\n");
-            } else {
-                pa_operation_unref(op);
-            }
-
-            op = pa_context_set_sink_input_mute(c->context,
-                pa_stream_get_index (pa->stream),
-               sw->vol.mute, NULL, NULL);
-            if (!op) {
-                qpa_logerr(pa_context_errno(c->context),
-                           "set_sink_input_mute() failed\n");
-            } else {
-                pa_operation_unref(op);
-            }
-
-            pa_threaded_mainloop_unlock(c->mainloop);
-        }
+    v.channels = 2;
+    v.values[0] = ((PA_VOLUME_NORM - PA_VOLUME_MUTED) * vol->l) / UINT32_MAX;
+    v.values[1] = ((PA_VOLUME_NORM - PA_VOLUME_MUTED) * vol->r) / UINT32_MAX;
+
+    pa_threaded_mainloop_lock(c->mainloop);
+
+    op = pa_context_set_sink_input_volume(c->context,
+                                          pa_stream_get_index(pa->stream),
+                                          &v, NULL, NULL);
+    if (!op) {
+        qpa_logerr(pa_context_errno(c->context),
+                   "set_sink_input_volume() failed\n");
+    } else {
+        pa_operation_unref(op);
     }
-    return 0;
+
+    op = pa_context_set_sink_input_mute(c->context,
+                                        pa_stream_get_index(pa->stream),
+                                        vol->mute, NULL, NULL);
+    if (!op) {
+        qpa_logerr(pa_context_errno(c->context),
+                   "set_sink_input_mute() failed\n");
+    } else {
+        pa_operation_unref(op);
+    }
+
+    pa_threaded_mainloop_unlock(c->mainloop);
 }
 
-static int qpa_ctl_in (HWVoiceIn *hw, int cmd, ...)
+static void qpa_volume_in(HWVoiceIn *hw, struct mixeng_volume *vol)
 {
     PAVoiceIn *pa = (PAVoiceIn *) hw;
     pa_operation *op;
@@ -798,46 +503,33 @@ static int qpa_ctl_in (HWVoiceIn *hw, int cmd, ...)
     pa_cvolume_init (&v);
 #endif
 
-    switch (cmd) {
-    case VOICE_VOLUME:
-        {
-            SWVoiceIn *sw;
-            va_list ap;
-
-            va_start (ap, cmd);
-            sw = va_arg (ap, SWVoiceIn *);
-            va_end (ap);
-
-            v.channels = 2;
-            v.values[0] = ((PA_VOLUME_NORM - PA_VOLUME_MUTED) * sw->vol.l) / UINT32_MAX;
-            v.values[1] = ((PA_VOLUME_NORM - PA_VOLUME_MUTED) * sw->vol.r) / UINT32_MAX;
-
-            pa_threaded_mainloop_lock(c->mainloop);
-
-            op = pa_context_set_source_output_volume(c->context,
-                pa_stream_get_index(pa->stream),
-                &v, NULL, NULL);
-            if (!op) {
-                qpa_logerr(pa_context_errno(c->context),
-                           "set_source_output_volume() failed\n");
-            } else {
-                pa_operation_unref(op);
-            }
-
-            op = pa_context_set_source_output_mute(c->context,
-                pa_stream_get_index (pa->stream),
-                sw->vol.mute, NULL, NULL);
-            if (!op) {
-                qpa_logerr(pa_context_errno(c->context),
-                           "set_source_output_mute() failed\n");
-            } else {
-                pa_operation_unref (op);
-            }
-
-            pa_threaded_mainloop_unlock(c->mainloop);
-        }
+    v.channels = 2;
+    v.values[0] = ((PA_VOLUME_NORM - PA_VOLUME_MUTED) * vol->l) / UINT32_MAX;
+    v.values[1] = ((PA_VOLUME_NORM - PA_VOLUME_MUTED) * vol->r) / UINT32_MAX;
+
+    pa_threaded_mainloop_lock(c->mainloop);
+
+    op = pa_context_set_source_output_volume(c->context,
+        pa_stream_get_index(pa->stream),
+        &v, NULL, NULL);
+    if (!op) {
+        qpa_logerr(pa_context_errno(c->context),
+                   "set_source_output_volume() failed\n");
+    } else {
+        pa_operation_unref(op);
     }
-    return 0;
+
+    op = pa_context_set_source_output_mute(c->context,
+        pa_stream_get_index(pa->stream),
+        vol->mute, NULL, NULL);
+    if (!op) {
+        qpa_logerr(pa_context_errno(c->context),
+                   "set_source_output_mute() failed\n");
+    } else {
+        pa_operation_unref(op);
+    }
+
+    pa_threaded_mainloop_unlock(c->mainloop);
 }
 
 static int qpa_validate_per_direction_opts(Audiodev *dev,
@@ -1005,13 +697,13 @@ static void qpa_audio_fini (void *opaque)
 static struct audio_pcm_ops qpa_pcm_ops = {
     .init_out = qpa_init_out,
     .fini_out = qpa_fini_out,
-    .run_out  = qpa_run_out,
-    .ctl_out  = qpa_ctl_out,
+    .write    = qpa_write,
+    .volume_out = qpa_volume_out,
 
     .init_in  = qpa_init_in,
     .fini_in  = qpa_fini_in,
-    .run_in   = qpa_run_in,
-    .ctl_in   = qpa_ctl_in
+    .read     = qpa_read,
+    .volume_in = qpa_volume_in
 };
 
 static struct audio_driver pa_audio_driver = {
@@ -1025,7 +717,6 @@ static struct audio_driver pa_audio_driver = {
     .max_voices_in  = INT_MAX,
     .voice_size_out = sizeof (PAVoiceOut),
     .voice_size_in  = sizeof (PAVoiceIn),
-    .ctl_caps       = VOICE_VOLUME_CAP
 };
 
 static void register_audio_pa(void)
diff --git a/audio/sdlaudio.c b/audio/sdlaudio.c
index 14b11f0335..5c6bcfcb3e 100644
--- a/audio/sdlaudio.c
+++ b/audio/sdlaudio.c
@@ -41,8 +41,6 @@
 
 typedef struct SDLVoiceOut {
     HWVoiceOut hw;
-    size_t live;
-    size_t decr;
 } SDLVoiceOut;
 
 static struct SDLAudioState {
@@ -184,62 +182,59 @@ static void sdl_callback (void *opaque, Uint8 *buf, int len)
     SDLVoiceOut *sdl = opaque;
     SDLAudioState *s = &glob_sdl;
     HWVoiceOut *hw = &sdl->hw;
-    size_t samples = len >> hw->info.shift;
-    size_t to_mix, decr;
 
-    if (s->exit || !sdl->live) {
+    if (s->exit) {
         return;
     }
 
     /* dolog ("in callback samples=%zu live=%zu\n", samples, sdl->live); */
 
-    to_mix = MIN(samples, sdl->live);
-    decr = to_mix;
-    while (to_mix) {
-        size_t chunk = MIN(to_mix, hw->samples - hw->rpos);
-        struct st_sample *src = hw->mix_buf + hw->rpos;
-
-        /* dolog ("in callback to_mix %zu, chunk %zu\n", to_mix, chunk); */
-        hw->clip(buf, src, chunk);
-        hw->rpos = (hw->rpos + chunk) % hw->samples;
-        to_mix -= chunk;
-        buf += chunk << hw->info.shift;
+    while (hw->pending_emul && len) {
+        size_t write_len;
+        ssize_t start = ((ssize_t) hw->pos_emul) - hw->pending_emul;
+        if (start < 0) {
+            start += hw->size_emul;
+        }
+        assert(start >= 0 && start < hw->size_emul);
+
+        write_len = MIN(MIN(hw->pending_emul, len),
+                        hw->size_emul - start);
+
+        memcpy(buf, hw->buf_emul + start, write_len);
+        hw->pending_emul -= write_len;
+        len -= write_len;
+        buf += write_len;
     }
-    samples -= decr;
-    sdl->live -= decr;
-    sdl->decr += decr;
 
-    /* dolog ("done len=%zu\n", len); */
-
-    /* SDL2 does not clear the remaining buffer for us, so do it on our own */
-    if (samples) {
-        memset(buf, 0, samples << hw->info.shift);
+    /* clear remaining buffer that we couldn't fill with data */
+    if (len) {
+        memset(buf, 0, len);
     }
 }
 
-static size_t sdl_run_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t live)
-{
-    size_t decr;
-    SDLVoiceOut *sdl = (SDLVoiceOut *) hw;
-
-    SDL_LockAudio();
-
-    if (sdl->decr > live) {
-        ldebug ("sdl->decr %d live %d sdl->live %d\n",
-                sdl->decr,
-                live,
-                sdl->live);
+#define SDL_WRAPPER_FUNC(name, ret_type, args_decl, args, fail, unlock) \
+    static ret_type glue(sdl_, name)args_decl                           \
+    {                                                                   \
+        ret_type ret;                                                   \
+                                                                        \
+        SDL_LockAudio();                                                \
+                                                                        \
+        ret = glue(audio_generic_, name)args;                           \
+                                                                        \
+        SDL_UnlockAudio();                                              \
+        return ret;                                                     \
     }
 
-    decr = MIN (sdl->decr, live);
-    sdl->decr -= decr;
-
-    sdl->live = live;
+SDL_WRAPPER_FUNC(get_buffer_out, void *, (HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t *size),
+                 (hw, size), *size = 0, sdl_unlock)
+SDL_WRAPPER_FUNC(put_buffer_out_nowrite, size_t,
+                 (HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf, size_t size), (hw, buf, size),
+                 /*nothing*/, sdl_unlock_and_post)
+SDL_WRAPPER_FUNC(write, size_t,
+                 (HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf, size_t size), (hw, buf, size),
+                 /*nothing*/, sdl_unlock_and_post)
 
-    SDL_UnlockAudio();
-
-    return decr;
-}
+#undef SDL_WRAPPER_FUNC
 
 static void sdl_fini_out (HWVoiceOut *hw)
 {
@@ -290,20 +285,9 @@ static int sdl_init_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct audsettings *as,
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int sdl_ctl_out (HWVoiceOut *hw, int cmd, ...)
+static void sdl_enable_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, bool enable)
 {
-    (void) hw;
-
-    switch (cmd) {
-    case VOICE_ENABLE:
-        SDL_PauseAudio (0);
-        break;
-
-    case VOICE_DISABLE:
-        SDL_PauseAudio (1);
-        break;
-    }
-    return 0;
+    SDL_PauseAudio(!enable);
 }
 
 static void *sdl_audio_init(Audiodev *dev)
@@ -336,8 +320,10 @@ static void sdl_audio_fini (void *opaque)
 static struct audio_pcm_ops sdl_pcm_ops = {
     .init_out = sdl_init_out,
     .fini_out = sdl_fini_out,
-    .run_out  = sdl_run_out,
-    .ctl_out  = sdl_ctl_out,
+    .write    = sdl_write,
+    .get_buffer_out = sdl_get_buffer_out,
+    .put_buffer_out = sdl_put_buffer_out_nowrite,
+    .enable_out = sdl_enable_out,
 };
 
 static struct audio_driver sdl_audio_driver = {
diff --git a/audio/spiceaudio.c b/audio/spiceaudio.c
index 26873c7f22..9860f9c5e1 100644
--- a/audio/spiceaudio.c
+++ b/audio/spiceaudio.c
@@ -40,27 +40,21 @@
 #define LINE_IN_SAMPLES (256 * 4)
 #endif
 
-typedef struct SpiceRateCtl {
-    int64_t               start_ticks;
-    int64_t               bytes_sent;
-} SpiceRateCtl;
-
 typedef struct SpiceVoiceOut {
     HWVoiceOut            hw;
     SpicePlaybackInstance sin;
-    SpiceRateCtl          rate;
+    RateCtl               rate;
     int                   active;
     uint32_t              *frame;
-    uint32_t              *fpos;
+    uint32_t              fpos;
     uint32_t              fsize;
 } SpiceVoiceOut;
 
 typedef struct SpiceVoiceIn {
     HWVoiceIn             hw;
     SpiceRecordInstance   sin;
-    SpiceRateCtl          rate;
+    RateCtl               rate;
     int                   active;
-    uint32_t              samples[LINE_IN_SAMPLES];
 } SpiceVoiceIn;
 
 static const SpicePlaybackInterface playback_sif = {
@@ -90,32 +84,6 @@ static void spice_audio_fini (void *opaque)
     /* nothing */
 }
 
-static void rate_start (SpiceRateCtl *rate)
-{
-    memset (rate, 0, sizeof (*rate));
-    rate->start_ticks = qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL);
-}
-
-static int rate_get_samples (struct audio_pcm_info *info, SpiceRateCtl *rate)
-{
-    int64_t now;
-    int64_t ticks;
-    int64_t bytes;
-    int64_t samples;
-
-    now = qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL);
-    ticks = now - rate->start_ticks;
-    bytes = muldiv64(ticks, info->bytes_per_second, NANOSECONDS_PER_SECOND);
-    samples = (bytes - rate->bytes_sent) >> info->shift;
-    if (samples < 0 || samples > 65536) {
-        error_report("Resetting rate control (%" PRId64 " samples)", samples);
-        rate_start(rate);
-        samples = 0;
-    }
-    rate->bytes_sent += samples << info->shift;
-    return samples;
-}
-
 /* playback */
 
 static int line_out_init(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct audsettings *as,
@@ -152,93 +120,76 @@ static void line_out_fini (HWVoiceOut *hw)
     spice_server_remove_interface (&out->sin.base);
 }
 
-static size_t line_out_run (HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t live)
+static void *line_out_get_buffer(HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t *size)
 {
-    SpiceVoiceOut *out = container_of (hw, SpiceVoiceOut, hw);
-    size_t rpos, decr;
-    size_t samples;
+    SpiceVoiceOut *out = container_of(hw, SpiceVoiceOut, hw);
 
-    if (!live) {
-        return 0;
+    if (!out->frame) {
+        spice_server_playback_get_buffer(&out->sin, &out->frame, &out->fsize);
+        out->fpos = 0;
     }
 
-    decr = rate_get_samples (&hw->info, &out->rate);
-    decr = MIN (live, decr);
+    if (out->frame) {
+        *size = audio_rate_get_bytes(
+            &hw->info, &out->rate, (out->fsize - out->fpos) << hw->info.shift);
+    } else {
+        audio_rate_start(&out->rate);
+    }
+    return out->frame + out->fpos;
+}
 
-    samples = decr;
-    rpos = hw->rpos;
-    while (samples) {
-        int left_till_end_samples = hw->samples - rpos;
-        int len = MIN (samples, left_till_end_samples);
+static size_t line_out_put_buffer(HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf, size_t size)
+{
+    SpiceVoiceOut *out = container_of(hw, SpiceVoiceOut, hw);
 
-        if (!out->frame) {
-            spice_server_playback_get_buffer (&out->sin, &out->frame, &out->fsize);
-            out->fpos = out->frame;
-        }
-        if (out->frame) {
-            len = MIN (len, out->fsize);
-            hw->clip (out->fpos, hw->mix_buf + rpos, len);
-            out->fsize -= len;
-            out->fpos  += len;
-            if (out->fsize == 0) {
-                spice_server_playback_put_samples (&out->sin, out->frame);
-                out->frame = out->fpos = NULL;
-            }
-        }
-        rpos = (rpos + len) % hw->samples;
-        samples -= len;
+    assert(buf == out->frame + out->fpos && out->fpos <= out->fsize);
+    out->fpos += size >> 2;
+
+    if (out->fpos == out->fsize) { /* buffer full */
+        spice_server_playback_put_samples(&out->sin, out->frame);
+        out->frame = NULL;
     }
-    hw->rpos = rpos;
-    return decr;
+
+    return size;
 }
 
-static int line_out_ctl (HWVoiceOut *hw, int cmd, ...)
+static void line_out_enable(HWVoiceOut *hw, bool enable)
 {
     SpiceVoiceOut *out = container_of (hw, SpiceVoiceOut, hw);
 
-    switch (cmd) {
-    case VOICE_ENABLE:
+    if (enable) {
         if (out->active) {
-            break;
+            return;
         }
         out->active = 1;
-        rate_start (&out->rate);
+        audio_rate_start(&out->rate);
         spice_server_playback_start (&out->sin);
-        break;
-    case VOICE_DISABLE:
+    } else {
         if (!out->active) {
-            break;
+            return;
         }
         out->active = 0;
         if (out->frame) {
-            memset (out->fpos, 0, out->fsize << 2);
+            memset(out->frame + out->fpos, 0, (out->fsize - out->fpos) << 2);
             spice_server_playback_put_samples (&out->sin, out->frame);
-            out->frame = out->fpos = NULL;
+            out->frame = NULL;
         }
         spice_server_playback_stop (&out->sin);
-        break;
-    case VOICE_VOLUME:
-        {
-#if ((SPICE_INTERFACE_PLAYBACK_MAJOR >= 1) && (SPICE_INTERFACE_PLAYBACK_MINOR >= 2))
-            SWVoiceOut *sw;
-            va_list ap;
-            uint16_t vol[2];
-
-            va_start (ap, cmd);
-            sw = va_arg (ap, SWVoiceOut *);
-            va_end (ap);
-
-            vol[0] = sw->vol.l / ((1ULL << 16) + 1);
-            vol[1] = sw->vol.r / ((1ULL << 16) + 1);
-            spice_server_playback_set_volume (&out->sin, 2, vol);
-            spice_server_playback_set_mute (&out->sin, sw->vol.mute);
-#endif
-            break;
-        }
     }
+}
 
-    return 0;
+#if ((SPICE_INTERFACE_PLAYBACK_MAJOR >= 1) && (SPICE_INTERFACE_PLAYBACK_MINOR >= 2))
+static void line_out_volume(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct mixeng_volume *vol)
+{
+    SpiceVoiceOut *out = container_of(hw, SpiceVoiceOut, hw);
+    uint16_t svol[2];
+
+    svol[0] = vol->l / ((1ULL << 16) + 1);
+    svol[1] = vol->r / ((1ULL << 16) + 1);
+    spice_server_playback_set_volume(&out->sin, 2, svol);
+    spice_server_playback_set_mute(&out->sin, vol->mute);
 }
+#endif
 
 /* record */
 
@@ -275,104 +226,73 @@ static void line_in_fini (HWVoiceIn *hw)
     spice_server_remove_interface (&in->sin.base);
 }
 
-static size_t line_in_run(HWVoiceIn *hw)
+static size_t line_in_read(HWVoiceIn *hw, void *buf, size_t len)
 {
     SpiceVoiceIn *in = container_of (hw, SpiceVoiceIn, hw);
-    size_t num_samples;
-    int ready;
-    size_t len[2];
-    uint64_t delta_samp;
-    const uint32_t *samples;
-
-    if (!(num_samples = hw->samples - audio_pcm_hw_get_live_in (hw))) {
-        return 0;
-    }
+    uint64_t to_read = audio_rate_get_bytes(&hw->info, &in->rate, len) >> 2;
+    size_t ready = spice_server_record_get_samples(&in->sin, buf, to_read);
 
-    delta_samp = rate_get_samples (&hw->info, &in->rate);
-    num_samples = MIN (num_samples, delta_samp);
-
-    ready = spice_server_record_get_samples (&in->sin, in->samples, num_samples);
-    samples = in->samples;
+    /* XXX: do we need this? */
     if (ready == 0) {
-        static const uint32_t silence[LINE_IN_SAMPLES];
-        samples = silence;
-        ready = LINE_IN_SAMPLES;
-    }
-
-    num_samples = MIN (ready, num_samples);
-
-    if (hw->wpos + num_samples > hw->samples) {
-        len[0] = hw->samples - hw->wpos;
-        len[1] = num_samples - len[0];
-    } else {
-        len[0] = num_samples;
-        len[1] = 0;
+        memset(buf, 0, to_read << 2);
+        ready = to_read;
     }
 
-    hw->conv (hw->conv_buf + hw->wpos, samples, len[0]);
-
-    if (len[1]) {
-        hw->conv (hw->conv_buf, samples + len[0], len[1]);
-    }
-
-    hw->wpos = (hw->wpos + num_samples) % hw->samples;
-
-    return num_samples;
+    return ready << 2;
 }
 
-static int line_in_ctl (HWVoiceIn *hw, int cmd, ...)
+static void line_in_enable(HWVoiceIn *hw, bool enable)
 {
     SpiceVoiceIn *in = container_of (hw, SpiceVoiceIn, hw);
 
-    switch (cmd) {
-    case VOICE_ENABLE:
+    if (enable) {
         if (in->active) {
-            break;
+            return;
         }
         in->active = 1;
-        rate_start (&in->rate);
+        audio_rate_start(&in->rate);
         spice_server_record_start (&in->sin);
-        break;
-    case VOICE_DISABLE:
+    } else {
         if (!in->active) {
-            break;
+            return;
         }
         in->active = 0;
         spice_server_record_stop (&in->sin);
-        break;
-    case VOICE_VOLUME:
-        {
-#if ((SPICE_INTERFACE_RECORD_MAJOR >= 2) && (SPICE_INTERFACE_RECORD_MINOR >= 2))
-            SWVoiceIn *sw;
-            va_list ap;
-            uint16_t vol[2];
-
-            va_start (ap, cmd);
-            sw = va_arg (ap, SWVoiceIn *);
-            va_end (ap);
-
-            vol[0] = sw->vol.l / ((1ULL << 16) + 1);
-            vol[1] = sw->vol.r / ((1ULL << 16) + 1);
-            spice_server_record_set_volume (&in->sin, 2, vol);
-            spice_server_record_set_mute (&in->sin, sw->vol.mute);
-#endif
-            break;
-        }
     }
+}
 
-    return 0;
+#if ((SPICE_INTERFACE_RECORD_MAJOR >= 2) && (SPICE_INTERFACE_RECORD_MINOR >= 2))
+static void line_in_volume(HWVoiceIn *hw, struct mixeng_volume *vol)
+{
+    SpiceVoiceIn *in = container_of(hw, SpiceVoiceIn, hw);
+    uint16_t svol[2];
+
+    svol[0] = vol->l / ((1ULL << 16) + 1);
+    svol[1] = vol->r / ((1ULL << 16) + 1);
+    spice_server_record_set_volume(&in->sin, 2, svol);
+    spice_server_record_set_mute(&in->sin, vol->mute);
 }
+#endif
 
 static struct audio_pcm_ops audio_callbacks = {
     .init_out = line_out_init,
     .fini_out = line_out_fini,
-    .run_out  = line_out_run,
-    .ctl_out  = line_out_ctl,
+    .write    = audio_generic_write,
+    .get_buffer_out = line_out_get_buffer,
+    .put_buffer_out = line_out_put_buffer,
+    .enable_out = line_out_enable,
+#if (SPICE_INTERFACE_PLAYBACK_MAJOR >= 1) && \
+        (SPICE_INTERFACE_PLAYBACK_MINOR >= 2)
+    .volume_out = line_out_volume,
+#endif
 
     .init_in  = line_in_init,
     .fini_in  = line_in_fini,
-    .run_in   = line_in_run,
-    .ctl_in   = line_in_ctl,
+    .read     = line_in_read,
+    .enable_in = line_in_enable,
+#if ((SPICE_INTERFACE_RECORD_MAJOR >= 2) && (SPICE_INTERFACE_RECORD_MINOR >= 2))
+    .volume_in = line_in_volume,
+#endif
 };
 
 static struct audio_driver spice_audio_driver = {
@@ -385,9 +305,6 @@ static struct audio_driver spice_audio_driver = {
     .max_voices_in  = 1,
     .voice_size_out = sizeof (SpiceVoiceOut),
     .voice_size_in  = sizeof (SpiceVoiceIn),
-#if ((SPICE_INTERFACE_PLAYBACK_MAJOR >= 1) && (SPICE_INTERFACE_PLAYBACK_MINOR >= 2))
-    .ctl_caps       = VOICE_VOLUME_CAP
-#endif
 };
 
 void qemu_spice_audio_init (void)
diff --git a/audio/wavaudio.c b/audio/wavaudio.c
index b6eeeb4e26..47efdc1b1e 100644
--- a/audio/wavaudio.c
+++ b/audio/wavaudio.c
@@ -35,53 +35,23 @@
 typedef struct WAVVoiceOut {
     HWVoiceOut hw;
     FILE *f;
-    int64_t old_ticks;
-    void *pcm_buf;
+    RateCtl rate;
     int total_samples;
 } WAVVoiceOut;
 
-static size_t wav_run_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, size_t live)
+static size_t wav_write_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, void *buf, size_t len)
 {
     WAVVoiceOut *wav = (WAVVoiceOut *) hw;
-    size_t rpos, decr, samples;
-    uint8_t *dst;
-    struct st_sample *src;
-    int64_t now = qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL);
-    int64_t ticks = now - wav->old_ticks;
-    int64_t bytes =
-        muldiv64(ticks, hw->info.bytes_per_second, NANOSECONDS_PER_SECOND);
+    int64_t bytes = audio_rate_get_bytes(&hw->info, &wav->rate, len);
+    assert(bytes >> hw->info.shift << hw->info.shift == bytes);
 
-    if (bytes > INT_MAX) {
-        samples = INT_MAX >> hw->info.shift;
+    if (bytes && fwrite(buf, bytes, 1, wav->f) != 1) {
+        dolog("wav_write_out: fwrite of %" PRId64 " bytes failed\nReason: %s\n",
+              bytes, strerror(errno));
     }
-    else {
-        samples = bytes >> hw->info.shift;
-    }
-
-    wav->old_ticks = now;
-    decr = MIN (live, samples);
-    samples = decr;
-    rpos = hw->rpos;
-    while (samples) {
-        int left_till_end_samples = hw->samples - rpos;
-        int convert_samples = MIN (samples, left_till_end_samples);
-
-        src = hw->mix_buf + rpos;
-        dst = advance (wav->pcm_buf, rpos << hw->info.shift);
-
-        hw->clip (dst, src, convert_samples);
-        if (fwrite (dst, convert_samples << hw->info.shift, 1, wav->f) != 1) {
-            dolog ("wav_run_out: fwrite of %d bytes failed\nReaons: %s\n",
-                   convert_samples << hw->info.shift, strerror (errno));
-        }
 
-        rpos = (rpos + convert_samples) % hw->samples;
-        samples -= convert_samples;
-        wav->total_samples += convert_samples;
-    }
-
-    hw->rpos = rpos;
-    return decr;
+    wav->total_samples += bytes >> hw->info.shift;
+    return bytes;
 }
 
 /* VICE code: Store number as little endian. */
@@ -137,13 +107,6 @@ static int wav_init_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct audsettings *as,
     audio_pcm_init_info (&hw->info, &wav_as);
 
     hw->samples = 1024;
-    wav->pcm_buf = audio_calloc(__func__, hw->samples, 1 << hw->info.shift);
-    if (!wav->pcm_buf) {
-        dolog("Could not allocate buffer (%zu bytes)\n",
-              hw->samples << hw->info.shift);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
     le_store (hdr + 22, hw->info.nchannels, 2);
     le_store (hdr + 24, hw->info.freq, 4);
     le_store (hdr + 28, hw->info.freq << (bits16 + stereo), 4);
@@ -153,8 +116,6 @@ static int wav_init_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct audsettings *as,
     if (!wav->f) {
         dolog ("Failed to open wave file `%s'\nReason: %s\n",
                wav_path, strerror(errno));
-        g_free (wav->pcm_buf);
-        wav->pcm_buf = NULL;
         return -1;
     }
 
@@ -163,6 +124,8 @@ static int wav_init_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, struct audsettings *as,
                strerror(errno));
         return -1;
     }
+
+    audio_rate_start(&wav->rate);
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -208,16 +171,15 @@ static void wav_fini_out (HWVoiceOut *hw)
                wav->f, strerror (errno));
     }
     wav->f = NULL;
-
-    g_free (wav->pcm_buf);
-    wav->pcm_buf = NULL;
 }
 
-static int wav_ctl_out (HWVoiceOut *hw, int cmd, ...)
+static void wav_enable_out(HWVoiceOut *hw, bool enable)
 {
-    (void) hw;
-    (void) cmd;
-    return 0;
+    WAVVoiceOut *wav = (WAVVoiceOut *) hw;
+
+    if (enable) {
+        audio_rate_start(&wav->rate);
+    }
 }
 
 static void *wav_audio_init(Audiodev *dev)
@@ -234,8 +196,8 @@ static void wav_audio_fini (void *opaque)
 static struct audio_pcm_ops wav_pcm_ops = {
     .init_out = wav_init_out,
     .fini_out = wav_fini_out,
-    .run_out  = wav_run_out,
-    .ctl_out  = wav_ctl_out,
+    .write    = wav_write_out,
+    .enable_out = wav_enable_out,
 };
 
 static struct audio_driver wav_audio_driver = {
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index 30544f52e6..397bb476e1 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -297,7 +297,6 @@ host_cc="cc"
 libs_cpu=""
 libs_softmmu=""
 libs_tools=""
-audio_pt_int=""
 audio_win_int=""
 libs_qga=""
 debug_info="yes"
@@ -3388,7 +3387,6 @@ for drv in $audio_drv_list; do
     pa | try-pa)
     if $pkg_config libpulse --exists; then
         pulse_libs=$($pkg_config libpulse --libs)
-        audio_pt_int="yes"
         if test "$drv" = "try-pa"; then
             audio_drv_list=$(echo "$audio_drv_list" | sed -e 's/try-pa/pa/')
         fi
@@ -6611,9 +6609,6 @@ echo "PULSE_LIBS=$pulse_libs" >> $config_host_mak
 echo "COREAUDIO_LIBS=$coreaudio_libs" >> $config_host_mak
 echo "DSOUND_LIBS=$dsound_libs" >> $config_host_mak
 echo "OSS_LIBS=$oss_libs" >> $config_host_mak
-if test "$audio_pt_int" = "yes" ; then
-  echo "CONFIG_AUDIO_PT_INT=y" >> $config_host_mak
-fi
 if test "$audio_win_int" = "yes" ; then
   echo "CONFIG_AUDIO_WIN_INT=y" >> $config_host_mak
 fi
diff --git a/qemu-options.hx b/qemu-options.hx
index 618a57d409..2a04ca6ac5 100644
--- a/qemu-options.hx
+++ b/qemu-options.hx
@@ -439,13 +439,13 @@ DEF("audiodev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_audiodev,
     "                in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings\n"
     "                valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32\n"
     "                in|out.voices= number of voices to use\n"
-    "                in|out.buffer-len= length of buffer in microseconds\n"
+    "                in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds\n"
     "-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
     "                dummy driver that discards all output\n"
 #ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_ALSA
     "-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
     "                in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use\n"
-    "                in|out.period-len= length of period in microseconds\n"
+    "                in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds\n"
     "                in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode\n"
     "                threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts\n"
 #endif
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ Valid values are: @code{s8}, @code{s16}, @code{s32}, @code{u8},
 @item in|out.voices=@var{voices}
 Specify the number of @var{voices} to use.  Default is 1.
 
-@item in|out.buffer=@var{usecs}
+@item in|out.buffer-length=@var{usecs}
 Sets the size of the buffer in microseconds.
 
 @end table
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ ALSA specific options are:
 Specify the ALSA @var{device} to use for input and/or output.  Default
 is @code{default}.
 
-@item in|out.period-len=@var{usecs}
+@item in|out.period-length=@var{usecs}
 Sets the period length in microseconds.
 
 @item in|out.try-poll=on|off