Transaction writer changes, move roomserver writers (#1285)

* Updated TransactionWriters, moved locks in roomserver, various other tweaks

* Fix redaction deadlocks

* Fix lint issue

* Rename SQLiteTransactionWriter to ExclusiveTransactionWriter

* Fix us not sending transactions through in latest events updater

54 files changed, 432 insertions, 434 deletions

diff --git a/appservice/storage/sqlite3/appservice_events_table.go b/appservice/storage/sqlite3/appservice_events_table.go
index da31f235..5cc07ed3 100644
--- a/appservice/storage/sqlite3/appservice_events_table.go
+++ b/appservice/storage/sqlite3/appservice_events_table.go
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ const (
 
 type eventsStatements struct {
 	db                                     *sql.DB
-	writer                                 *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                                 sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	selectEventsByApplicationServiceIDStmt *sql.Stmt
 	countEventsByApplicationServiceIDStmt  *sql.Stmt
 	insertEventStmt                        *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/appservice/storage/sqlite3/txn_id_counter_table.go b/appservice/storage/sqlite3/txn_id_counter_table.go
index 501ab5aa..0ae0feee 100644
--- a/appservice/storage/sqlite3/txn_id_counter_table.go
+++ b/appservice/storage/sqlite3/txn_id_counter_table.go
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ const selectTxnIDSQL = `
 
 type txnStatements struct {
 	db              *sql.DB
-	writer          *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer          sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	selectTxnIDStmt *sql.Stmt
 }
 
diff --git a/currentstateserver/storage/sqlite3/current_room_state_table.go b/currentstateserver/storage/sqlite3/current_room_state_table.go
index 5c7e8b0a..9d2fe6e0 100644
--- a/currentstateserver/storage/sqlite3/current_room_state_table.go
+++ b/currentstateserver/storage/sqlite3/current_room_state_table.go
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ const selectKnownUsersSQL = "" +
 
 type currentRoomStateStatements struct {
 	db                               *sql.DB
-	writer                           *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                           sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	upsertRoomStateStmt              *sql.Stmt
 	deleteRoomStateByEventIDStmt     *sql.Stmt
 	selectRoomIDsWithMembershipStmt  *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/federationsender/storage/postgres/blacklist_table.go b/federationsender/storage/postgres/blacklist_table.go
index 8de6feec..f92c59e5 100644
--- a/federationsender/storage/postgres/blacklist_table.go
+++ b/federationsender/storage/postgres/blacklist_table.go
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ const deleteBlacklistSQL = "" +
 
 type blacklistStatements struct {
 	db                  *sql.DB
-	writer              *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertBlacklistStmt *sql.Stmt
 	selectBlacklistStmt *sql.Stmt
 	deleteBlacklistStmt *sql.Stmt
@@ -50,8 +49,7 @@ type blacklistStatements struct {
 
 func NewPostgresBlacklistTable(db *sql.DB) (s *blacklistStatements, err error) {
 	s = &blacklistStatements{
-		db:     db,
-		writer: sqlutil.NewTransactionWriter(),
+		db: db,
 	}
 	_, err = db.Exec(blacklistSchema)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -75,11 +73,9 @@ func NewPostgresBlacklistTable(db *sql.DB) (s *blacklistStatements, err error) {
 func (s *blacklistStatements) InsertBlacklist(
 	ctx context.Context, txn *sql.Tx, serverName gomatrixserverlib.ServerName,
 ) error {
-	return s.writer.Do(s.db, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertBlacklistStmt)
-		_, err := stmt.ExecContext(ctx, serverName)
-		return err
-	})
+	stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertBlacklistStmt)
+	_, err := stmt.ExecContext(ctx, serverName)
+	return err
 }
 
 // selectRoomForUpdate locks the row for the room and returns the last_event_id.
@@ -105,9 +101,7 @@ func (s *blacklistStatements) SelectBlacklist(
 func (s *blacklistStatements) DeleteBlacklist(
 	ctx context.Context, txn *sql.Tx, serverName gomatrixserverlib.ServerName,
 ) error {
-	return s.writer.Do(s.db, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.deleteBlacklistStmt)
-		_, err := stmt.ExecContext(ctx, serverName)
-		return err
-	})
+	stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.deleteBlacklistStmt)
+	_, err := stmt.ExecContext(ctx, serverName)
+	return err
 }
diff --git a/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/blacklist_table.go b/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/blacklist_table.go
index a14fe0c4..b23bfcba 100644
--- a/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/blacklist_table.go
+++ b/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/blacklist_table.go
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ const deleteBlacklistSQL = "" +
 
 type blacklistStatements struct {
 	db                  *sql.DB
-	writer              *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer              sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertBlacklistStmt *sql.Stmt
 	selectBlacklistStmt *sql.Stmt
 	deleteBlacklistStmt *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/joined_hosts_table.go b/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/joined_hosts_table.go
index 53736fa1..5dc18f4e 100644
--- a/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/joined_hosts_table.go
+++ b/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/joined_hosts_table.go
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ const selectJoinedHostsForRoomsSQL = "" +
 
 type joinedHostsStatements struct {
 	db                       *sql.DB
-	writer                   *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                   sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertJoinedHostsStmt    *sql.Stmt
 	deleteJoinedHostsStmt    *sql.Stmt
 	selectJoinedHostsStmt    *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/queue_edus_table.go b/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/queue_edus_table.go
index cd11a0ea..2abcc105 100644
--- a/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/queue_edus_table.go
+++ b/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/queue_edus_table.go
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ const selectQueueServerNamesSQL = "" +
 
 type queueEDUsStatements struct {
 	db                                   *sql.DB
-	writer                               *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                               sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertQueueEDUStmt                   *sql.Stmt
 	selectQueueEDUStmt                   *sql.Stmt
 	selectQueueEDUReferenceJSONCountStmt *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/queue_json_table.go b/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/queue_json_table.go
index 46dfd9ab..867ffd44 100644
--- a/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/queue_json_table.go
+++ b/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/queue_json_table.go
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ const selectJSONSQL = "" +
 
 type queueJSONStatements struct {
 	db             *sql.DB
-	writer         *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer         sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertJSONStmt *sql.Stmt
 	//deleteJSONStmt *sql.Stmt - prepared at runtime due to variadic
 	//selectJSONStmt *sql.Stmt - prepared at runtime due to variadic
diff --git a/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/queue_pdus_table.go b/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/queue_pdus_table.go
index 1474bfc0..538ba3db 100644
--- a/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/queue_pdus_table.go
+++ b/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/queue_pdus_table.go
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ const selectQueuePDUsServerNamesSQL = "" +
 
 type queuePDUsStatements struct {
 	db                                *sql.DB
-	writer                            *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                            sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertQueuePDUStmt                *sql.Stmt
 	selectQueueNextTransactionIDStmt  *sql.Stmt
 	selectQueuePDUsByTransactionStmt  *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/room_table.go b/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/room_table.go
index 51793874..9a439fad 100644
--- a/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/room_table.go
+++ b/federationsender/storage/sqlite3/room_table.go
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ const updateRoomSQL = "" +
 
 type roomStatements struct {
 	db                      *sql.DB
-	writer                  *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                  sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertRoomStmt          *sql.Stmt
 	selectRoomForUpdateStmt *sql.Stmt
 	updateRoomStmt          *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/internal/sqlutil/sql.go b/internal/sqlutil/sql.go
index 95467c63..002d7718 100644
--- a/internal/sqlutil/sql.go
+++ b/internal/sqlutil/sql.go
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"runtime"
-
-	"go.uber.org/atomic"
 )
 
 // ErrUserExists is returned if a username already exists in the database.
@@ -52,7 +50,7 @@ func EndTransaction(txn Transaction, succeeded *bool) error {
 func WithTransaction(db *sql.DB, fn func(txn *sql.Tx) error) (err error) {
 	txn, err := db.Begin()
 	if err != nil {
-		return
+		return fmt.Errorf("sqlutil.WithTransaction.Begin: %w", err)
 	}
 	succeeded := false
 	defer func() {
@@ -106,69 +104,6 @@ func SQLiteDriverName() string {
 	return "sqlite3"
 }
 
-// TransactionWriter allows queuing database writes so that you don't
-// contend on database locks in, e.g. SQLite. Only one task will run
-// at a time on a given TransactionWriter.
-type TransactionWriter struct {
-	running atomic.Bool
-	todo    chan transactionWriterTask
-}
-
-func NewTransactionWriter() *TransactionWriter {
-	return &TransactionWriter{
-		todo: make(chan transactionWriterTask),
-	}
-}
-
-// transactionWriterTask represents a specific task.
-type transactionWriterTask struct {
-	db   *sql.DB
-	txn  *sql.Tx
-	f    func(txn *sql.Tx) error
-	wait chan error
-}
-
-// Do queues a task to be run by a TransactionWriter. The function
-// provided will be ran within a transaction as supplied by the
-// txn parameter if one is supplied, and if not, will take out a
-// new transaction from the database supplied in the database
-// parameter. Either way, this will block until the task is done.
-func (w *TransactionWriter) Do(db *sql.DB, txn *sql.Tx, f func(txn *sql.Tx) error) error {
-	if w.todo == nil {
-		return errors.New("not initialised")
-	}
-	if !w.running.Load() {
-		go w.run()
-	}
-	task := transactionWriterTask{
-		db:   db,
-		txn:  txn,
-		f:    f,
-		wait: make(chan error, 1),
-	}
-	w.todo <- task
-	return <-task.wait
-}
-
-// run processes the tasks for a given transaction writer. Only one
-// of these goroutines will run at a time. A transaction will be
-// opened using the database object from the task and then this will
-// be passed as a parameter to the task function.
-func (w *TransactionWriter) run() {
-	if !w.running.CAS(false, true) {
-		return
-	}
-	defer w.running.Store(false)
-	for task := range w.todo {
-		if task.txn != nil {
-			task.wait <- task.f(task.txn)
-		} else if task.db != nil {
-			task.wait <- WithTransaction(task.db, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-				return task.f(txn)
-			})
-		} else {
-			panic("expected database or transaction but got neither")
-		}
-		close(task.wait)
-	}
+type TransactionWriter interface {
+	Do(db *sql.DB, txn *sql.Tx, f func(txn *sql.Tx) error) error
 }
diff --git a/internal/sqlutil/writer_dummy.go b/internal/sqlutil/writer_dummy.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e6ab81f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sqlutil/writer_dummy.go
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package sqlutil
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+)
+
+type DummyTransactionWriter struct {
+}
+
+func NewDummyTransactionWriter() TransactionWriter {
+	return &DummyTransactionWriter{}
+}
+
+func (w *DummyTransactionWriter) Do(db *sql.DB, txn *sql.Tx, f func(txn *sql.Tx) error) error {
+	if txn == nil {
+		return WithTransaction(db, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
+			return f(txn)
+		})
+	} else {
+		return f(txn)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/sqlutil/writer_exclusive.go b/internal/sqlutil/writer_exclusive.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e3666ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sqlutil/writer_exclusive.go
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+package sqlutil
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"errors"
+
+	"go.uber.org/atomic"
+)
+
+// ExclusiveTransactionWriter allows queuing database writes so that you don't
+// contend on database locks in, e.g. SQLite. Only one task will run
+// at a time on a given ExclusiveTransactionWriter.
+type ExclusiveTransactionWriter struct {
+	running atomic.Bool
+	todo    chan transactionWriterTask
+}
+
+func NewTransactionWriter() TransactionWriter {
+	return &ExclusiveTransactionWriter{
+		todo: make(chan transactionWriterTask),
+	}
+}
+
+// transactionWriterTask represents a specific task.
+type transactionWriterTask struct {
+	db   *sql.DB
+	txn  *sql.Tx
+	f    func(txn *sql.Tx) error
+	wait chan error
+}
+
+// Do queues a task to be run by a TransactionWriter. The function
+// provided will be ran within a transaction as supplied by the
+// txn parameter if one is supplied, and if not, will take out a
+// new transaction from the database supplied in the database
+// parameter. Either way, this will block until the task is done.
+func (w *ExclusiveTransactionWriter) Do(db *sql.DB, txn *sql.Tx, f func(txn *sql.Tx) error) error {
+	if w.todo == nil {
+		return errors.New("not initialised")
+	}
+	if !w.running.Load() {
+		go w.run()
+	}
+	task := transactionWriterTask{
+		db:   db,
+		txn:  txn,
+		f:    f,
+		wait: make(chan error, 1),
+	}
+	w.todo <- task
+	return <-task.wait
+}
+
+// run processes the tasks for a given transaction writer. Only one
+// of these goroutines will run at a time. A transaction will be
+// opened using the database object from the task and then this will
+// be passed as a parameter to the task function.
+func (w *ExclusiveTransactionWriter) run() {
+	if !w.running.CAS(false, true) {
+		return
+	}
+	defer w.running.Store(false)
+	for task := range w.todo {
+		if task.txn != nil {
+			task.wait <- task.f(task.txn)
+		} else if task.db != nil {
+			task.wait <- WithTransaction(task.db, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
+				return task.f(txn)
+			})
+		} else {
+			panic("expected database or transaction but got neither")
+		}
+		close(task.wait)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/keyserver/storage/sqlite3/device_keys_table.go b/keyserver/storage/sqlite3/device_keys_table.go
index a4d71fe1..c95790be 100644
--- a/keyserver/storage/sqlite3/device_keys_table.go
+++ b/keyserver/storage/sqlite3/device_keys_table.go
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ const deleteAllDeviceKeysSQL = "" +
 
 type deviceKeysStatements struct {
 	db                         *sql.DB
-	writer                     *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                     sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	upsertDeviceKeysStmt       *sql.Stmt
 	selectDeviceKeysStmt       *sql.Stmt
 	selectBatchDeviceKeysStmt  *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/keyserver/storage/sqlite3/key_changes_table.go b/keyserver/storage/sqlite3/key_changes_table.go
index 02b9d193..f451d657 100644
--- a/keyserver/storage/sqlite3/key_changes_table.go
+++ b/keyserver/storage/sqlite3/key_changes_table.go
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ const selectKeyChangesSQL = "" +
 
 type keyChangesStatements struct {
 	db                   *sql.DB
-	writer               *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer               sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	upsertKeyChangeStmt  *sql.Stmt
 	selectKeyChangesStmt *sql.Stmt
 }
diff --git a/keyserver/storage/sqlite3/one_time_keys_table.go b/keyserver/storage/sqlite3/one_time_keys_table.go
index 907966a7..c71cc47d 100644
--- a/keyserver/storage/sqlite3/one_time_keys_table.go
+++ b/keyserver/storage/sqlite3/one_time_keys_table.go
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ const selectKeyByAlgorithmSQL = "" +
 
 type oneTimeKeysStatements struct {
 	db                       *sql.DB
-	writer                   *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                   sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	upsertKeysStmt           *sql.Stmt
 	selectKeysStmt           *sql.Stmt
 	selectKeysCountStmt      *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/mediaapi/storage/sqlite3/media_repository_table.go b/mediaapi/storage/sqlite3/media_repository_table.go
index f53f164d..ff6ddf3d 100644
--- a/mediaapi/storage/sqlite3/media_repository_table.go
+++ b/mediaapi/storage/sqlite3/media_repository_table.go
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ SELECT content_type, file_size_bytes, creation_ts, upload_name, base64hash, user
 
 type mediaStatements struct {
 	db              *sql.DB
-	writer          *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer          sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertMediaStmt *sql.Stmt
 	selectMediaStmt *sql.Stmt
 }
diff --git a/roomserver/internal/input_latest_events.go b/roomserver/internal/input_latest_events.go
index 0158c8f7..3be5218d 100644
--- a/roomserver/internal/input_latest_events.go
+++ b/roomserver/internal/input_latest_events.go
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func (r *RoomserverInternalAPI) updateLatestEvents(
 ) (err error) {
 	updater, err := r.DB.GetLatestEventsForUpdate(ctx, roomNID)
 	if err != nil {
-		return
+		return fmt.Errorf("r.DB.GetLatestEventsForUpdate: %w", err)
 	}
 	succeeded := false
 	defer func() {
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ func (r *RoomserverInternalAPI) updateLatestEvents(
 	}
 
 	if err = u.doUpdateLatestEvents(); err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("u.doUpdateLatestEvents: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	succeeded = true
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ func (u *latestEventsUpdater) doUpdateLatestEvents() error {
 	// don't need to do anything, as we've handled it already.
 	hasBeenSent, err := u.updater.HasEventBeenSent(u.stateAtEvent.EventNID)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("u.updater.HasEventBeenSent: %w", err)
 	} else if hasBeenSent {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ func (u *latestEventsUpdater) doUpdateLatestEvents() error {
 	// Update the roomserver_previous_events table with references. This
 	// is effectively tracking the structure of the DAG.
 	if err = u.updater.StorePreviousEvents(u.stateAtEvent.EventNID, prevEvents); err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("u.updater.StorePreviousEvents: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Get the event reference for our new event. This will be used when
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func (u *latestEventsUpdater) doUpdateLatestEvents() error {
 	// in the room. If it is then it isn't a latest event.
 	alreadyReferenced, err := u.updater.IsReferenced(eventReference)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("u.updater.IsReferenced: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Work out what the latest events are.
@@ -173,19 +173,19 @@ func (u *latestEventsUpdater) doUpdateLatestEvents() error {
 	// Now that we know what the latest events are, it's time to get the
 	// latest state.
 	if err = u.latestState(); err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("u.latestState: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// If we need to generate any output events then here's where we do it.
 	// TODO: Move this!
 	updates, err := u.api.updateMemberships(u.ctx, u.updater, u.removed, u.added)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("u.api.updateMemberships: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	update, err := u.makeOutputNewRoomEvent()
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("u.makeOutputNewRoomEvent: %w", err)
 	}
 	updates = append(updates, *update)
 
@@ -198,14 +198,18 @@ func (u *latestEventsUpdater) doUpdateLatestEvents() error {
 	// the correct order, 2) that pending writes are resent across restarts. In order to avoid writing all the
 	// necessary bookkeeping we'll keep the event sending synchronous for now.
 	if err = u.api.WriteOutputEvents(u.event.RoomID(), updates); err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("u.api.WriteOutputEvents: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	if err = u.updater.SetLatestEvents(u.roomNID, u.latest, u.stateAtEvent.EventNID, u.newStateNID); err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("u.updater.SetLatestEvents: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return u.updater.MarkEventAsSent(u.stateAtEvent.EventNID)
+	if err = u.updater.MarkEventAsSent(u.stateAtEvent.EventNID); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("u.updater.MarkEventAsSent: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (u *latestEventsUpdater) latestState() error {
@@ -225,7 +229,7 @@ func (u *latestEventsUpdater) latestState() error {
 		u.ctx, u.roomNID, latestStateAtEvents,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("roomState.CalculateAndStoreStateAfterEvents: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// If we are overwriting the state then we should make sure that we
@@ -244,7 +248,7 @@ func (u *latestEventsUpdater) latestState() error {
 		u.ctx, u.oldStateNID, u.newStateNID,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("roomState.DifferenceBetweenStateSnapshots: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Also work out the state before the event removes and the event
@@ -252,7 +256,11 @@ func (u *latestEventsUpdater) latestState() error {
 	u.stateBeforeEventRemoves, u.stateBeforeEventAdds, err = roomState.DifferenceBetweeenStateSnapshots(
 		u.ctx, u.newStateNID, u.stateAtEvent.BeforeStateSnapshotNID,
 	)
-	return err
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("roomState.DifferenceBetweeenStateSnapshots: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }
 
 func calculateLatest(
diff --git a/roomserver/state/state.go b/roomserver/state/state.go
index d5be4a90..b9ad4a50 100644
--- a/roomserver/state/state.go
+++ b/roomserver/state/state.go
@@ -558,7 +558,11 @@ func (v StateResolution) CalculateAndStoreStateAfterEvents(
 		// 2) There weren't any prev_events for this event so the state is
 		// empty.
 		metrics.algorithm = "empty_state"
-		return metrics.stop(v.db.AddState(ctx, roomNID, nil, nil))
+		stateNID, err := v.db.AddState(ctx, roomNID, nil, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			err = fmt.Errorf("v.db.AddState: %w", err)
+		}
+		return metrics.stop(stateNID, err)
 	}
 
 	if len(prevStates) == 1 {
@@ -578,22 +582,30 @@ func (v StateResolution) CalculateAndStoreStateAfterEvents(
 		)
 		if err != nil {
 			metrics.algorithm = "_load_state_blocks"
-			return metrics.stop(0, err)
+			return metrics.stop(0, fmt.Errorf("v.db.StateBlockNIDs: %w", err))
 		}
 		stateBlockNIDs := stateBlockNIDLists[0].StateBlockNIDs
 		if len(stateBlockNIDs) < maxStateBlockNIDs {
 			// 4) The number of state data blocks is small enough that we can just
 			// add the state event as a block of size one to the end of the blocks.
 			metrics.algorithm = "single_delta"
-			return metrics.stop(v.db.AddState(
+			stateNID, err := v.db.AddState(
 				ctx, roomNID, stateBlockNIDs, []types.StateEntry{prevState.StateEntry},
-			))
+			)
+			if err != nil {
+				err = fmt.Errorf("v.db.AddState: %w", err)
+			}
+			return metrics.stop(stateNID, err)
 		}
 		// If there are too many deltas then we need to calculate the full state
 		// So fall through to calculateAndStoreStateAfterManyEvents
 	}
 
-	return v.calculateAndStoreStateAfterManyEvents(ctx, roomNID, prevStates, metrics)
+	stateNID, err := v.calculateAndStoreStateAfterManyEvents(ctx, roomNID, prevStates, metrics)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("v.calculateAndStoreStateAfterManyEvents: %w", err)
+	}
+	return stateNID, nil
 }
 
 // maxStateBlockNIDs is the maximum number of state data blocks to use to encode a snapshot of room state.
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/postgres/storage.go b/roomserver/storage/postgres/storage.go
index 52ff479b..0b7ed225 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/postgres/storage.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/postgres/storage.go
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ func Open(dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (*Database, error) {
 	}
 	d.Database = shared.Database{
 		DB:                  db,
+		Writer:              sqlutil.NewDummyTransactionWriter(),
 		EventTypesTable:     eventTypes,
 		EventStateKeysTable: eventStateKeys,
 		EventJSONTable:      eventJSON,
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/shared/latest_events_updater.go b/roomserver/storage/shared/latest_events_updater.go
index 21b168a4..e9a0f698 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/shared/latest_events_updater.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/shared/latest_events_updater.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package shared
 import (
 	"context"
 	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/types"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
@@ -65,12 +66,14 @@ func (u *LatestEventsUpdater) CurrentStateSnapshotNID() types.StateSnapshotNID {
 
 // StorePreviousEvents implements types.RoomRecentEventsUpdater
 func (u *LatestEventsUpdater) StorePreviousEvents(eventNID types.EventNID, previousEventReferences []gomatrixserverlib.EventReference) error {
-	for _, ref := range previousEventReferences {
-		if err := u.d.PrevEventsTable.InsertPreviousEvent(u.ctx, u.txn, ref.EventID, ref.EventSHA256, eventNID); err != nil {
-			return err
+	return u.d.Writer.Do(u.d.DB, u.txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
+		for _, ref := range previousEventReferences {
+			if err := u.d.PrevEventsTable.InsertPreviousEvent(u.ctx, txn, ref.EventID, ref.EventSHA256, eventNID); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("u.d.PrevEventsTable.InsertPreviousEvent: %w", err)
+			}
 		}
-	}
-	return nil
+		return nil
+	})
 }
 
 // IsReferenced implements types.RoomRecentEventsUpdater
@@ -82,7 +85,7 @@ func (u *LatestEventsUpdater) IsReferenced(eventReference gomatrixserverlib.Even
 	if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
 		return false, nil
 	}
-	return false, err
+	return false, fmt.Errorf("u.d.PrevEventsTable.SelectPreviousEventExists: %w", err)
 }
 
 // SetLatestEvents implements types.RoomRecentEventsUpdater
@@ -94,7 +97,12 @@ func (u *LatestEventsUpdater) SetLatestEvents(
 	for i := range latest {
 		eventNIDs[i] = latest[i].EventNID
 	}
-	return u.d.RoomsTable.UpdateLatestEventNIDs(u.ctx, u.txn, roomNID, eventNIDs, lastEventNIDSent, currentStateSnapshotNID)
+	return u.d.Writer.Do(u.d.DB, u.txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
+		if err := u.d.RoomsTable.UpdateLatestEventNIDs(u.ctx, txn, roomNID, eventNIDs, lastEventNIDSent, currentStateSnapshotNID); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("u.d.RoomsTable.updateLatestEventNIDs: %w", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
 }
 
 // HasEventBeenSent implements types.RoomRecentEventsUpdater
@@ -104,7 +112,9 @@ func (u *LatestEventsUpdater) HasEventBeenSent(eventNID types.EventNID) (bool, e
 
 // MarkEventAsSent implements types.RoomRecentEventsUpdater
 func (u *LatestEventsUpdater) MarkEventAsSent(eventNID types.EventNID) error {
-	return u.d.EventsTable.UpdateEventSentToOutput(u.ctx, u.txn, eventNID)
+	return u.d.Writer.Do(u.d.DB, u.txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
+		return u.d.EventsTable.UpdateEventSentToOutput(u.ctx, txn, eventNID)
+	})
 }
 
 func (u *LatestEventsUpdater) MembershipUpdater(targetUserNID types.EventStateKeyNID, targetLocal bool) (*MembershipUpdater, error) {
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/shared/membership_updater.go b/roomserver/storage/shared/membership_updater.go
index 5955844f..329813bf 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/shared/membership_updater.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/shared/membership_updater.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package shared
 import (
 	"context"
 	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/storage/tables"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/types"
@@ -41,9 +42,14 @@ func (d *Database) membershipUpdaterTxn(
 	targetUserNID types.EventStateKeyNID,
 	targetLocal bool,
 ) (*MembershipUpdater, error) {
-
-	if err := d.MembershipTable.InsertMembership(ctx, txn, roomNID, targetUserNID, targetLocal); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+	err := d.Writer.Do(d.DB, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
+		if err := d.MembershipTable.InsertMembership(ctx, txn, roomNID, targetUserNID, targetLocal); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("d.MembershipTable.InsertMembership: %w", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("u.d.Writer.Do: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	membership, err := d.MembershipTable.SelectMembershipForUpdate(ctx, txn, roomNID, targetUserNID)
@@ -75,19 +81,19 @@ func (u *MembershipUpdater) IsLeave() bool {
 func (u *MembershipUpdater) SetToInvite(event gomatrixserverlib.Event) (bool, error) {
 	senderUserNID, err := u.d.assignStateKeyNID(u.ctx, u.txn, event.Sender())
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, err
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("u.d.AssignStateKeyNID: %w", err)
 	}
 	inserted, err := u.d.InvitesTable.InsertInviteEvent(
 		u.ctx, u.txn, event.EventID(), u.roomNID, u.targetUserNID, senderUserNID, event.JSON(),
 	)
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, err
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("u.d.InvitesTable.InsertInviteEvent: %w", err)
 	}
 	if u.membership != tables.MembershipStateInvite {
 		if err = u.d.MembershipTable.UpdateMembership(
 			u.ctx, u.txn, u.roomNID, u.targetUserNID, senderUserNID, tables.MembershipStateInvite, 0,
 		); err != nil {
-			return false, err
+			return false, fmt.Errorf("u.d.MembershipTable.UpdateMembership: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
 	return inserted, nil
@@ -99,7 +105,7 @@ func (u *MembershipUpdater) SetToJoin(senderUserID string, eventID string, isUpd
 
 	senderUserNID, err := u.d.assignStateKeyNID(u.ctx, u.txn, senderUserID)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("u.d.AssignStateKeyNID: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// If this is a join event update, there is no invite to update
@@ -108,14 +114,14 @@ func (u *MembershipUpdater) SetToJoin(senderUserID string, eventID string, isUpd
 			u.ctx, u.txn, u.roomNID, u.targetUserNID,
 		)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("u.d.InvitesTables.UpdateInviteRetired: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Look up the NID of the new join event
 	nIDs, err := u.d.EventNIDs(u.ctx, []string{eventID})
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("u.d.EventNIDs: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	if u.membership != tables.MembershipStateJoin || isUpdate {
@@ -123,7 +129,7 @@ func (u *MembershipUpdater) SetToJoin(senderUserID string, eventID string, isUpd
 			u.ctx, u.txn, u.roomNID, u.targetUserNID, senderUserNID,
 			tables.MembershipStateJoin, nIDs[eventID],
 		); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("u.d.MembershipTable.UpdateMembership: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -134,19 +140,19 @@ func (u *MembershipUpdater) SetToJoin(senderUserID string, eventID string, isUpd
 func (u *MembershipUpdater) SetToLeave(senderUserID string, eventID string) ([]string, error) {
 	senderUserNID, err := u.d.assignStateKeyNID(u.ctx, u.txn, senderUserID)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("u.d.AssignStateKeyNID: %w", err)
 	}
 	inviteEventIDs, err := u.d.InvitesTable.UpdateInviteRetired(
 		u.ctx, u.txn, u.roomNID, u.targetUserNID,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("u.d.InvitesTable.updateInviteRetired: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Look up the NID of the new leave event
 	nIDs, err := u.d.EventNIDs(u.ctx, []string{eventID})
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("u.d.EventNIDs: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	if u.membership != tables.MembershipStateLeaveOrBan {
@@ -154,7 +160,7 @@ func (u *MembershipUpdater) SetToLeave(senderUserID string, eventID string) ([]s
 			u.ctx, u.txn, u.roomNID, u.targetUserNID, senderUserNID,
 			tables.MembershipStateLeaveOrBan, nIDs[eventID],
 		); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("u.d.MembershipTable.UpdateMembership: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
 	return inviteEventIDs, nil
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/shared/storage.go b/roomserver/storage/shared/storage.go
index 00179e33..45020d55 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/shared/storage.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/shared/storage.go
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ const redactionsArePermanent = false
 
 type Database struct {
 	DB                  *sql.DB
+	Writer              sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	EventsTable         tables.Events
 	EventJSONTable      tables.EventJSON
 	EventTypesTable     tables.EventTypes
@@ -83,20 +84,23 @@ func (d *Database) AddState(
 	stateBlockNIDs []types.StateBlockNID,
 	state []types.StateEntry,
 ) (stateNID types.StateSnapshotNID, err error) {
-	err = sqlutil.WithTransaction(d.DB, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
+	err = d.Writer.Do(d.DB, nil, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
 		if len(state) > 0 {
 			var stateBlockNID types.StateBlockNID
 			stateBlockNID, err = d.StateBlockTable.BulkInsertStateData(ctx, txn, state)
 			if err != nil {
-				return err
+				return fmt.Errorf("d.StateBlockTable.BulkInsertStateData: %w", err)
 			}
 			stateBlockNIDs = append(stateBlockNIDs[:len(stateBlockNIDs):len(stateBlockNIDs)], stateBlockNID)
 		}
 		stateNID, err = d.StateSnapshotTable.InsertState(ctx, txn, roomNID, stateBlockNIDs)
-		return err
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("d.StateSnapshotTable.InsertState: %w", err)
+		}
+		return nil
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("d.Writer.Do: %w", err)
 	}
 	return
 }
@@ -110,7 +114,9 @@ func (d *Database) EventNIDs(
 func (d *Database) SetState(
 	ctx context.Context, eventNID types.EventNID, stateNID types.StateSnapshotNID,
 ) error {
-	return d.EventsTable.UpdateEventState(ctx, eventNID, stateNID)
+	return d.Writer.Do(d.DB, nil, func(_ *sql.Tx) error {
+		return d.EventsTable.UpdateEventState(ctx, eventNID, stateNID)
+	})
 }
 
 func (d *Database) StateAtEventIDs(
@@ -221,7 +227,9 @@ func (d *Database) GetRoomVersionForRoomNID(
 }
 
 func (d *Database) SetRoomAlias(ctx context.Context, alias string, roomID string, creatorUserID string) error {
-	return d.RoomAliasesTable.InsertRoomAlias(ctx, alias, roomID, creatorUserID)
+	return d.Writer.Do(d.DB, nil, func(_ *sql.Tx) error {
+		return d.RoomAliasesTable.InsertRoomAlias(ctx, alias, roomID, creatorUserID)
+	})
 }
 
 func (d *Database) GetRoomIDForAlias(ctx context.Context, alias string) (string, error) {
@@ -239,15 +247,21 @@ func (d *Database) GetCreatorIDForAlias(
 }
 
 func (d *Database) RemoveRoomAlias(ctx context.Context, alias string) error {
-	return d.RoomAliasesTable.DeleteRoomAlias(ctx, alias)
+	return d.Writer.Do(d.DB, nil, func(_ *sql.Tx) error {
+		return d.RoomAliasesTable.DeleteRoomAlias(ctx, alias)
+	})
 }
 
 func (d *Database) GetMembership(
 	ctx context.Context, roomNID types.RoomNID, requestSenderUserID string,
 ) (membershipEventNID types.EventNID, stillInRoom bool, err error) {
-	requestSenderUserNID, err := d.assignStateKeyNID(ctx, nil, requestSenderUserID)
+	var requestSenderUserNID types.EventStateKeyNID
+	err = d.Writer.Do(d.DB, nil, func(_ *sql.Tx) error {
+		requestSenderUserNID, err = d.assignStateKeyNID(ctx, nil, requestSenderUserID)
+		return err
+	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return
+		return 0, false, fmt.Errorf("d.assignStateKeyNID: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	senderMembershipEventNID, senderMembership, err :=
@@ -350,6 +364,7 @@ func (d *Database) GetLatestEventsForUpdate(
 	return NewLatestEventsUpdater(ctx, d, txn, roomNID)
 }
 
+// nolint:gocyclo
 func (d *Database) StoreEvent(
 	ctx context.Context, event gomatrixserverlib.Event,
 	txnAndSessionID *api.TransactionID, authEventNIDs []types.EventNID,
@@ -365,10 +380,10 @@ func (d *Database) StoreEvent(
 		err              error
 	)
 
-	err = sqlutil.WithTransaction(d.DB, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
+	err = d.Writer.Do(d.DB, nil, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
 		if txnAndSessionID != nil {
 			if err = d.TransactionsTable.InsertTransaction(
-				ctx, txn, txnAndSessionID.TransactionID,
+				ctx, nil, txnAndSessionID.TransactionID,
 				txnAndSessionID.SessionID, event.Sender(), event.EventID(),
 			); err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("d.TransactionsTable.InsertTransaction: %w", err)
@@ -433,7 +448,7 @@ func (d *Database) StoreEvent(
 		return nil
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, types.StateAtEvent{}, nil, "", err
+		return 0, types.StateAtEvent{}, nil, "", fmt.Errorf("d.Writer.Do: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return roomNID, types.StateAtEvent{
@@ -449,7 +464,9 @@ func (d *Database) StoreEvent(
 }
 
 func (d *Database) PublishRoom(ctx context.Context, roomID string, publish bool) error {
-	return d.PublishedTable.UpsertRoomPublished(ctx, roomID, publish)
+	return d.Writer.Do(d.DB, nil, func(_ *sql.Tx) error {
+		return d.PublishedTable.UpsertRoomPublished(ctx, roomID, publish)
+	})
 }
 
 func (d *Database) GetPublishedRooms(ctx context.Context) ([]string, error) {
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/event_json_table.go b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/event_json_table.go
index e8118ad7..3cd44b1d 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/event_json_table.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/event_json_table.go
@@ -49,15 +49,13 @@ const bulkSelectEventJSONSQL = `
 
 type eventJSONStatements struct {
 	db                      *sql.DB
-	writer                  *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertEventJSONStmt     *sql.Stmt
 	bulkSelectEventJSONStmt *sql.Stmt
 }
 
-func NewSqliteEventJSONTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (tables.EventJSON, error) {
+func NewSqliteEventJSONTable(db *sql.DB) (tables.EventJSON, error) {
 	s := &eventJSONStatements{
-		db:     db,
-		writer: writer,
+		db: db,
 	}
 	_, err := db.Exec(eventJSONSchema)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -72,10 +70,8 @@ func NewSqliteEventJSONTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (tab
 func (s *eventJSONStatements) InsertEventJSON(
 	ctx context.Context, txn *sql.Tx, eventNID types.EventNID, eventJSON []byte,
 ) error {
-	return s.writer.Do(s.db, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		_, err := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertEventJSONStmt).ExecContext(ctx, int64(eventNID), eventJSON)
-		return err
-	})
+	_, err := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertEventJSONStmt).ExecContext(ctx, int64(eventNID), eventJSON)
+	return err
 }
 
 func (s *eventJSONStatements) BulkSelectEventJSON(
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/event_state_keys_table.go b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/event_state_keys_table.go
index c8ad052b..345df8c6 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/event_state_keys_table.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/event_state_keys_table.go
@@ -64,17 +64,15 @@ const bulkSelectEventStateKeyNIDSQL = `
 
 type eventStateKeyStatements struct {
 	db                             *sql.DB
-	writer                         *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertEventStateKeyNIDStmt     *sql.Stmt
 	selectEventStateKeyNIDStmt     *sql.Stmt
 	bulkSelectEventStateKeyNIDStmt *sql.Stmt
 	bulkSelectEventStateKeyStmt    *sql.Stmt
 }
 
-func NewSqliteEventStateKeysTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (tables.EventStateKeys, error) {
+func NewSqliteEventStateKeysTable(db *sql.DB) (tables.EventStateKeys, error) {
 	s := &eventStateKeyStatements{
-		db:     db,
-		writer: writer,
+		db: db,
 	}
 	_, err := db.Exec(eventStateKeysSchema)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -91,19 +89,15 @@ func NewSqliteEventStateKeysTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter)
 func (s *eventStateKeyStatements) InsertEventStateKeyNID(
 	ctx context.Context, txn *sql.Tx, eventStateKey string,
 ) (types.EventStateKeyNID, error) {
-	var eventStateKeyNID int64
-	err := s.writer.Do(s.db, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		insertStmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertEventStateKeyNIDStmt)
-		res, err := insertStmt.ExecContext(ctx, eventStateKey)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		eventStateKeyNID, err = res.LastInsertId()
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
+	insertStmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertEventStateKeyNIDStmt)
+	res, err := insertStmt.ExecContext(ctx, eventStateKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	eventStateKeyNID, err := res.LastInsertId()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
 	return types.EventStateKeyNID(eventStateKeyNID), err
 }
 
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/event_types_table.go b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/event_types_table.go
index 4a645789..26e2bf84 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/event_types_table.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/event_types_table.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ package sqlite3
 import (
 	"context"
 	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal"
@@ -78,17 +79,15 @@ const bulkSelectEventTypeNIDSQL = `
 
 type eventTypeStatements struct {
 	db                           *sql.DB
-	writer                       *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertEventTypeNIDStmt       *sql.Stmt
 	insertEventTypeNIDResultStmt *sql.Stmt
 	selectEventTypeNIDStmt       *sql.Stmt
 	bulkSelectEventTypeNIDStmt   *sql.Stmt
 }
 
-func NewSqliteEventTypesTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (tables.EventTypes, error) {
+func NewSqliteEventTypesTable(db *sql.DB) (tables.EventTypes, error) {
 	s := &eventTypeStatements{
-		db:     db,
-		writer: writer,
+		db: db,
 	}
 	_, err := db.Exec(eventTypesSchema)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -104,18 +103,18 @@ func NewSqliteEventTypesTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (ta
 }
 
 func (s *eventTypeStatements) InsertEventTypeNID(
-	ctx context.Context, tx *sql.Tx, eventType string,
+	ctx context.Context, txn *sql.Tx, eventType string,
 ) (types.EventTypeNID, error) {
 	var eventTypeNID int64
-	err := s.writer.Do(s.db, tx, func(tx *sql.Tx) error {
-		insertStmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(tx, s.insertEventTypeNIDStmt)
-		resultStmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(tx, s.insertEventTypeNIDResultStmt)
-		_, err := insertStmt.ExecContext(ctx, eventType)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		return resultStmt.QueryRowContext(ctx).Scan(&eventTypeNID)
-	})
+	insertStmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertEventTypeNIDStmt)
+	resultStmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertEventTypeNIDResultStmt)
+	_, err := insertStmt.ExecContext(ctx, eventType)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("insertStmt.ExecContext: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err = resultStmt.QueryRowContext(ctx).Scan(&eventTypeNID); err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("resultStmt.QueryRowContext.Scan: %w", err)
+	}
 	return types.EventTypeNID(eventTypeNID), err
 }
 
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/events_table.go b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/events_table.go
index 0e39755c..26ea1d41 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/events_table.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/events_table.go
@@ -99,7 +99,6 @@ const selectRoomNIDForEventNIDSQL = "" +
 
 type eventStatements struct {
 	db                                     *sql.DB
-	writer                                 *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertEventStmt                        *sql.Stmt
 	selectEventStmt                        *sql.Stmt
 	bulkSelectStateEventByIDStmt           *sql.Stmt
@@ -115,10 +114,9 @@ type eventStatements struct {
 	selectRoomNIDForEventNIDStmt           *sql.Stmt
 }
 
-func NewSqliteEventsTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (tables.Events, error) {
+func NewSqliteEventsTable(db *sql.DB) (tables.Events, error) {
 	s := &eventStatements{
-		db:     db,
-		writer: writer,
+		db: db,
 	}
 	_, err := db.Exec(eventsSchema)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -155,22 +153,19 @@ func (s *eventStatements) InsertEvent(
 ) (types.EventNID, types.StateSnapshotNID, error) {
 	// attempt to insert: the last_row_id is the event NID
 	var eventNID int64
-	err := s.writer.Do(s.db, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		insertStmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertEventStmt)
-		result, err := insertStmt.ExecContext(
-			ctx, int64(roomNID), int64(eventTypeNID), int64(eventStateKeyNID),
-			eventID, referenceSHA256, eventNIDsAsArray(authEventNIDs), depth,
-		)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		modified, err := result.RowsAffected()
-		if modified == 0 && err == nil {
-			return sql.ErrNoRows
-		}
-		eventNID, err = result.LastInsertId()
-		return err
-	})
+	insertStmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertEventStmt)
+	result, err := insertStmt.ExecContext(
+		ctx, int64(roomNID), int64(eventTypeNID), int64(eventStateKeyNID),
+		eventID, referenceSHA256, eventNIDsAsArray(authEventNIDs), depth,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, 0, err
+	}
+	modified, err := result.RowsAffected()
+	if modified == 0 && err == nil {
+		return 0, 0, sql.ErrNoRows
+	}
+	eventNID, err = result.LastInsertId()
 	return types.EventNID(eventNID), 0, err
 }
 
@@ -286,11 +281,8 @@ func (s *eventStatements) BulkSelectStateAtEventByID(
 func (s *eventStatements) UpdateEventState(
 	ctx context.Context, eventNID types.EventNID, stateNID types.StateSnapshotNID,
 ) error {
-	return s.writer.Do(s.db, nil, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.updateEventStateStmt)
-		_, err := stmt.ExecContext(ctx, int64(stateNID), int64(eventNID))
-		return err
-	})
+	_, err := s.updateEventStateStmt.ExecContext(ctx, int64(stateNID), int64(eventNID))
+	return err
 }
 
 func (s *eventStatements) SelectEventSentToOutput(
@@ -302,11 +294,9 @@ func (s *eventStatements) SelectEventSentToOutput(
 }
 
 func (s *eventStatements) UpdateEventSentToOutput(ctx context.Context, txn *sql.Tx, eventNID types.EventNID) error {
-	return s.writer.Do(s.db, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		updateStmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.updateEventSentToOutputStmt)
-		_, err := updateStmt.ExecContext(ctx, int64(eventNID))
-		return err
-	})
+	updateStmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.updateEventSentToOutputStmt)
+	_, err := updateStmt.ExecContext(ctx, int64(eventNID))
+	return err
 }
 
 func (s *eventStatements) SelectEventID(
@@ -334,7 +324,7 @@ func (s *eventStatements) BulkSelectStateAtEventAndReference(
 
 	rows, err := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, selectPrep).QueryContext(ctx, iEventNIDs...)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("sqlutil.TxStmt.QueryContext: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer internal.CloseAndLogIfError(ctx, rows, "bulkSelectStateAtEventAndReference: rows.close() failed")
 	results := make([]types.StateAtEventAndReference, len(eventNIDs))
@@ -481,7 +471,7 @@ func (s *eventStatements) SelectMaxEventDepth(ctx context.Context, txn *sql.Tx,
 	}
 	err = sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, sqlPrep).QueryRowContext(ctx, iEventIDs...).Scan(&result)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("sqlutil.TxStmt.QueryRowContext: %w", err)
 	}
 	return result, nil
 }
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/invite_table.go b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/invite_table.go
index 1305f4a8..327be6a0 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/invite_table.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/invite_table.go
@@ -64,17 +64,15 @@ SELECT invite_event_id FROM roomserver_invites WHERE room_nid = $1 AND target_ni
 
 type inviteStatements struct {
 	db                                  *sql.DB
-	writer                              *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertInviteEventStmt               *sql.Stmt
 	selectInviteActiveForUserInRoomStmt *sql.Stmt
 	updateInviteRetiredStmt             *sql.Stmt
 	selectInvitesAboutToRetireStmt      *sql.Stmt
 }
 
-func NewSqliteInvitesTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (tables.Invites, error) {
+func NewSqliteInvitesTable(db *sql.DB) (tables.Invites, error) {
 	s := &inviteStatements{
-		db:     db,
-		writer: writer,
+		db: db,
 	}
 	_, err := db.Exec(inviteSchema)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -96,20 +94,17 @@ func (s *inviteStatements) InsertInviteEvent(
 	inviteEventJSON []byte,
 ) (bool, error) {
 	var count int64
-	err := s.writer.Do(s.db, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertInviteEventStmt)
-		result, err := stmt.ExecContext(
-			ctx, inviteEventID, roomNID, targetUserNID, senderUserNID, inviteEventJSON,
-		)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		count, err = result.RowsAffected()
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
+	stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertInviteEventStmt)
+	result, err := stmt.ExecContext(
+		ctx, inviteEventID, roomNID, targetUserNID, senderUserNID, inviteEventJSON,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	count, err = result.RowsAffected()
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
 	return count != 0, err
 }
 
@@ -117,26 +112,23 @@ func (s *inviteStatements) UpdateInviteRetired(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	txn *sql.Tx, roomNID types.RoomNID, targetUserNID types.EventStateKeyNID,
 ) (eventIDs []string, err error) {
-	err = s.writer.Do(s.db, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		// gather all the event IDs we will retire
-		stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.selectInvitesAboutToRetireStmt)
-		rows, err := stmt.QueryContext(ctx, roomNID, targetUserNID)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		defer internal.CloseAndLogIfError(ctx, rows, "UpdateInviteRetired: rows.close() failed")
-		for rows.Next() {
-			var inviteEventID string
-			if err = rows.Scan(&inviteEventID); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			eventIDs = append(eventIDs, inviteEventID)
+	// gather all the event IDs we will retire
+	stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.selectInvitesAboutToRetireStmt)
+	rows, err := stmt.QueryContext(ctx, roomNID, targetUserNID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	defer internal.CloseAndLogIfError(ctx, rows, "UpdateInviteRetired: rows.close() failed")
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var inviteEventID string
+		if err = rows.Scan(&inviteEventID); err != nil {
+			return
 		}
-		// now retire the invites
-		stmt = sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.updateInviteRetiredStmt)
-		_, err = stmt.ExecContext(ctx, roomNID, targetUserNID)
-		return err
-	})
+		eventIDs = append(eventIDs, inviteEventID)
+	}
+	// now retire the invites
+	stmt = sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.updateInviteRetiredStmt)
+	_, err = stmt.ExecContext(ctx, roomNID, targetUserNID)
 	return
 }
 
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/membership_table.go b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/membership_table.go
index 7b69cee3..b3ee69c0 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/membership_table.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/membership_table.go
@@ -77,7 +77,6 @@ const updateMembershipSQL = "" +
 
 type membershipStatements struct {
 	db                                              *sql.DB
-	writer                                          *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertMembershipStmt                            *sql.Stmt
 	selectMembershipForUpdateStmt                   *sql.Stmt
 	selectMembershipFromRoomAndTargetStmt           *sql.Stmt
@@ -88,10 +87,9 @@ type membershipStatements struct {
 	updateMembershipStmt                            *sql.Stmt
 }
 
-func NewSqliteMembershipTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (tables.Membership, error) {
+func NewSqliteMembershipTable(db *sql.DB) (tables.Membership, error) {
 	s := &membershipStatements{
-		db:     db,
-		writer: writer,
+		db: db,
 	}
 	_, err := db.Exec(membershipSchema)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -115,11 +113,9 @@ func (s *membershipStatements) InsertMembership(
 	roomNID types.RoomNID, targetUserNID types.EventStateKeyNID,
 	localTarget bool,
 ) error {
-	return s.writer.Do(s.db, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertMembershipStmt)
-		_, err := stmt.ExecContext(ctx, roomNID, targetUserNID, localTarget)
-		return err
-	})
+	stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertMembershipStmt)
+	_, err := stmt.ExecContext(ctx, roomNID, targetUserNID, localTarget)
+	return err
 }
 
 func (s *membershipStatements) SelectMembershipForUpdate(
@@ -201,11 +197,9 @@ func (s *membershipStatements) UpdateMembership(
 	senderUserNID types.EventStateKeyNID, membership tables.MembershipState,
 	eventNID types.EventNID,
 ) error {
-	return s.writer.Do(s.db, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.updateMembershipStmt)
-		_, err := stmt.ExecContext(
-			ctx, senderUserNID, membership, eventNID, roomNID, targetUserNID,
-		)
-		return err
-	})
+	stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.updateMembershipStmt)
+	_, err := stmt.ExecContext(
+		ctx, senderUserNID, membership, eventNID, roomNID, targetUserNID,
+	)
+	return err
 }
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/previous_events_table.go b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/previous_events_table.go
index ff804861..d28a42c6 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/previous_events_table.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/previous_events_table.go
@@ -54,15 +54,13 @@ const selectPreviousEventExistsSQL = `
 
 type previousEventStatements struct {
 	db                            *sql.DB
-	writer                        *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertPreviousEventStmt       *sql.Stmt
 	selectPreviousEventExistsStmt *sql.Stmt
 }
 
-func NewSqlitePrevEventsTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (tables.PreviousEvents, error) {
+func NewSqlitePrevEventsTable(db *sql.DB) (tables.PreviousEvents, error) {
 	s := &previousEventStatements{
-		db:     db,
-		writer: writer,
+		db: db,
 	}
 	_, err := db.Exec(previousEventSchema)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -82,13 +80,11 @@ func (s *previousEventStatements) InsertPreviousEvent(
 	previousEventReferenceSHA256 []byte,
 	eventNID types.EventNID,
 ) error {
-	return s.writer.Do(s.db, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertPreviousEventStmt)
-		_, err := stmt.ExecContext(
-			ctx, previousEventID, previousEventReferenceSHA256, int64(eventNID),
-		)
-		return err
-	})
+	stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertPreviousEventStmt)
+	_, err := stmt.ExecContext(
+		ctx, previousEventID, previousEventReferenceSHA256, int64(eventNID),
+	)
+	return err
 }
 
 // Check if the event reference exists
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/published_table.go b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/published_table.go
index a4a47aec..1d6ccd56 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/published_table.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/published_table.go
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ import (
 	"database/sql"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/storage/shared"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/storage/tables"
 )
@@ -45,16 +44,14 @@ const selectPublishedSQL = "" +
 
 type publishedStatements struct {
 	db                     *sql.DB
-	writer                 *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	upsertPublishedStmt    *sql.Stmt
 	selectAllPublishedStmt *sql.Stmt
 	selectPublishedStmt    *sql.Stmt
 }
 
-func NewSqlitePublishedTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (tables.Published, error) {
+func NewSqlitePublishedTable(db *sql.DB) (tables.Published, error) {
 	s := &publishedStatements{
-		db:     db,
-		writer: writer,
+		db: db,
 	}
 	_, err := db.Exec(publishedSchema)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -69,12 +66,9 @@ func NewSqlitePublishedTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (tab
 
 func (s *publishedStatements) UpsertRoomPublished(
 	ctx context.Context, roomID string, published bool,
-) (err error) {
-	return s.writer.Do(s.db, nil, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.upsertPublishedStmt)
-		_, err := stmt.ExecContext(ctx, roomID, published)
-		return err
-	})
+) error {
+	_, err := s.upsertPublishedStmt.ExecContext(ctx, roomID, published)
+	return err
 }
 
 func (s *publishedStatements) SelectPublishedFromRoomID(
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/redactions_table.go b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/redactions_table.go
index ad900a4e..a2179357 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/redactions_table.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/redactions_table.go
@@ -53,17 +53,15 @@ const markRedactionValidatedSQL = "" +
 
 type redactionStatements struct {
 	db                                          *sql.DB
-	writer                                      *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertRedactionStmt                         *sql.Stmt
 	selectRedactionInfoByRedactionEventIDStmt   *sql.Stmt
 	selectRedactionInfoByEventBeingRedactedStmt *sql.Stmt
 	markRedactionValidatedStmt                  *sql.Stmt
 }
 
-func NewSqliteRedactionsTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (tables.Redactions, error) {
+func NewSqliteRedactionsTable(db *sql.DB) (tables.Redactions, error) {
 	s := &redactionStatements{
-		db:     db,
-		writer: writer,
+		db: db,
 	}
 	_, err := db.Exec(redactionsSchema)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -81,11 +79,9 @@ func NewSqliteRedactionsTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (ta
 func (s *redactionStatements) InsertRedaction(
 	ctx context.Context, txn *sql.Tx, info tables.RedactionInfo,
 ) error {
-	return s.writer.Do(s.db, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertRedactionStmt)
-		_, err := stmt.ExecContext(ctx, info.RedactionEventID, info.RedactsEventID, info.Validated)
-		return err
-	})
+	stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertRedactionStmt)
+	_, err := stmt.ExecContext(ctx, info.RedactionEventID, info.RedactsEventID, info.Validated)
+	return err
 }
 
 func (s *redactionStatements) SelectRedactionInfoByRedactionEventID(
@@ -121,9 +117,7 @@ func (s *redactionStatements) SelectRedactionInfoByEventBeingRedacted(
 func (s *redactionStatements) MarkRedactionValidated(
 	ctx context.Context, txn *sql.Tx, redactionEventID string, validated bool,
 ) error {
-	return s.writer.Do(s.db, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.markRedactionValidatedStmt)
-		_, err := stmt.ExecContext(ctx, redactionEventID, validated)
-		return err
-	})
+	stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.markRedactionValidatedStmt)
+	_, err := stmt.ExecContext(ctx, redactionEventID, validated)
+	return err
 }
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/room_aliases_table.go b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/room_aliases_table.go
index deba3ff5..a16e97aa 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/room_aliases_table.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/room_aliases_table.go
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"database/sql"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/storage/shared"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/storage/tables"
 )
@@ -57,7 +56,6 @@ const deleteRoomAliasSQL = `
 
 type roomAliasesStatements struct {
 	db                           *sql.DB
-	writer                       *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertRoomAliasStmt          *sql.Stmt
 	selectRoomIDFromAliasStmt    *sql.Stmt
 	selectAliasesFromRoomIDStmt  *sql.Stmt
@@ -65,10 +63,9 @@ type roomAliasesStatements struct {
 	deleteRoomAliasStmt          *sql.Stmt
 }
 
-func NewSqliteRoomAliasesTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (tables.RoomAliases, error) {
+func NewSqliteRoomAliasesTable(db *sql.DB) (tables.RoomAliases, error) {
 	s := &roomAliasesStatements{
-		db:     db,
-		writer: writer,
+		db: db,
 	}
 	_, err := db.Exec(roomAliasesSchema)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -85,12 +82,9 @@ func NewSqliteRoomAliasesTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (t
 
 func (s *roomAliasesStatements) InsertRoomAlias(
 	ctx context.Context, alias string, roomID string, creatorUserID string,
-) (err error) {
-	return s.writer.Do(s.db, nil, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertRoomAliasStmt)
-		_, err := stmt.ExecContext(ctx, alias, roomID, creatorUserID)
-		return err
-	})
+) error {
+	_, err := s.insertRoomAliasStmt.ExecContext(ctx, alias, roomID, creatorUserID)
+	return err
 }
 
 func (s *roomAliasesStatements) SelectRoomIDFromAlias(
@@ -138,10 +132,7 @@ func (s *roomAliasesStatements) SelectCreatorIDFromAlias(
 
 func (s *roomAliasesStatements) DeleteRoomAlias(
 	ctx context.Context, alias string,
-) (err error) {
-	return s.writer.Do(s.db, nil, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.deleteRoomAliasStmt)
-		_, err := stmt.ExecContext(ctx, alias)
-		return err
-	})
+) error {
+	_, err := s.deleteRoomAliasStmt.ExecContext(ctx, alias)
+	return err
 }
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/rooms_table.go b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/rooms_table.go
index 8bbec508..6541cc0c 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/rooms_table.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/rooms_table.go
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ const selectRoomVersionForRoomNIDSQL = "" +
 
 type roomStatements struct {
 	db                                 *sql.DB
-	writer                             *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertRoomNIDStmt                  *sql.Stmt
 	selectRoomNIDStmt                  *sql.Stmt
 	selectLatestEventNIDsStmt          *sql.Stmt
@@ -76,10 +75,9 @@ type roomStatements struct {
 	selectRoomVersionForRoomNIDStmt    *sql.Stmt
 }
 
-func NewSqliteRoomsTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (tables.Rooms, error) {
+func NewSqliteRoomsTable(db *sql.DB) (tables.Rooms, error) {
 	s := &roomStatements{
-		db:     db,
-		writer: writer,
+		db: db,
 	}
 	_, err := db.Exec(roomsSchema)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -100,20 +98,14 @@ func (s *roomStatements) InsertRoomNID(
 	ctx context.Context, txn *sql.Tx,
 	roomID string, roomVersion gomatrixserverlib.RoomVersion,
 ) (roomNID types.RoomNID, err error) {
-	err = s.writer.Do(s.db, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		insertStmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertRoomNIDStmt)
-		_, err = insertStmt.ExecContext(ctx, roomID, roomVersion)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("insertStmt.ExecContext: %w", err)
-		}
-		roomNID, err = s.SelectRoomNID(ctx, txn, roomID)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("s.SelectRoomNID: %w", err)
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
+	insertStmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertRoomNIDStmt)
+	_, err = insertStmt.ExecContext(ctx, roomID, roomVersion)
 	if err != nil {
-		return types.RoomNID(0), err
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("insertStmt.ExecContext: %w", err)
+	}
+	roomNID, err = s.SelectRoomNID(ctx, txn, roomID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("s.SelectRoomNID: %w", err)
 	}
 	return
 }
@@ -170,17 +162,15 @@ func (s *roomStatements) UpdateLatestEventNIDs(
 	lastEventSentNID types.EventNID,
 	stateSnapshotNID types.StateSnapshotNID,
 ) error {
-	return s.writer.Do(s.db, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.updateLatestEventNIDsStmt)
-		_, err := stmt.ExecContext(
-			ctx,
-			eventNIDsAsArray(eventNIDs),
-			int64(lastEventSentNID),
-			int64(stateSnapshotNID),
-			roomNID,
-		)
-		return err
-	})
+	stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.updateLatestEventNIDsStmt)
+	_, err := stmt.ExecContext(
+		ctx,
+		eventNIDsAsArray(eventNIDs),
+		int64(lastEventSentNID),
+		int64(stateSnapshotNID),
+		roomNID,
+	)
+	return err
 }
 
 func (s *roomStatements) SelectRoomVersionForRoomID(
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/state_block_table.go b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/state_block_table.go
index 3e28e450..8033903f 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/state_block_table.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/state_block_table.go
@@ -74,17 +74,15 @@ const bulkSelectFilteredStateBlockEntriesSQL = "" +
 
 type stateBlockStatements struct {
 	db                                      *sql.DB
-	writer                                  *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertStateDataStmt                     *sql.Stmt
 	selectNextStateBlockNIDStmt             *sql.Stmt
 	bulkSelectStateBlockEntriesStmt         *sql.Stmt
 	bulkSelectFilteredStateBlockEntriesStmt *sql.Stmt
 }
 
-func NewSqliteStateBlockTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (tables.StateBlock, error) {
+func NewSqliteStateBlockTable(db *sql.DB) (tables.StateBlock, error) {
 	s := &stateBlockStatements{
-		db:     db,
-		writer: writer,
+		db: db,
 	}
 	_, err := db.Exec(stateDataSchema)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -107,25 +105,22 @@ func (s *stateBlockStatements) BulkInsertStateData(
 		return 0, nil
 	}
 	var stateBlockNID types.StateBlockNID
-	err := s.writer.Do(s.db, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		err := txn.Stmt(s.selectNextStateBlockNIDStmt).QueryRowContext(ctx).Scan(&stateBlockNID)
+	err := txn.Stmt(s.selectNextStateBlockNIDStmt).QueryRowContext(ctx).Scan(&stateBlockNID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		_, err = txn.Stmt(s.insertStateDataStmt).ExecContext(
+			ctx,
+			int64(stateBlockNID),
+			int64(entry.EventTypeNID),
+			int64(entry.EventStateKeyNID),
+			int64(entry.EventNID),
+		)
 		if err != nil {
-			return err
+			return 0, err
 		}
-		for _, entry := range entries {
-			_, err := txn.Stmt(s.insertStateDataStmt).ExecContext(
-				ctx,
-				int64(stateBlockNID),
-				int64(entry.EventTypeNID),
-				int64(entry.EventStateKeyNID),
-				int64(entry.EventNID),
-			)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
+	}
 	return stateBlockNID, err
 }
 
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/state_snapshot_table.go b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/state_snapshot_table.go
index 799904ff..392c2a67 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/state_snapshot_table.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/state_snapshot_table.go
@@ -50,15 +50,13 @@ const bulkSelectStateBlockNIDsSQL = "" +
 
 type stateSnapshotStatements struct {
 	db                           *sql.DB
-	writer                       *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertStateStmt              *sql.Stmt
 	bulkSelectStateBlockNIDsStmt *sql.Stmt
 }
 
-func NewSqliteStateSnapshotTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (tables.StateSnapshot, error) {
+func NewSqliteStateSnapshotTable(db *sql.DB) (tables.StateSnapshot, error) {
 	s := &stateSnapshotStatements{
-		db:     db,
-		writer: writer,
+		db: db,
 	}
 	_, err := db.Exec(stateSnapshotSchema)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -78,19 +76,16 @@ func (s *stateSnapshotStatements) InsertState(
 	if err != nil {
 		return
 	}
-	err = s.writer.Do(s.db, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		insertStmt := txn.Stmt(s.insertStateStmt)
-		res, err := insertStmt.ExecContext(ctx, int64(roomNID), string(stateBlockNIDsJSON))
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		lastRowID, err := res.LastInsertId()
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		stateNID = types.StateSnapshotNID(lastRowID)
-		return nil
-	})
+	insertStmt := txn.Stmt(s.insertStateStmt)
+	res, err := insertStmt.ExecContext(ctx, int64(roomNID), string(stateBlockNIDsJSON))
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	lastRowID, err := res.LastInsertId()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	stateNID = types.StateSnapshotNID(lastRowID)
 	return
 }
 
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/storage.go b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/storage.go
index 72431637..8e3af6b7 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/storage.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/storage.go
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ type Database struct {
 	invites        tables.Invites
 	membership     tables.Membership
 	db             *sql.DB
+	writer         sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 }
 
 // Open a sqlite database.
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ func Open(dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (*Database, error) {
 	if d.db, err = sqlutil.Open(dbProperties); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	writer := sqlutil.NewTransactionWriter()
+	d.writer = sqlutil.NewTransactionWriter()
 	//d.db.Exec("PRAGMA journal_mode=WAL;")
 	//d.db.Exec("PRAGMA read_uncommitted = true;")
 
@@ -61,64 +62,65 @@ func Open(dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (*Database, error) {
 	// which it will never obtain.
 	d.db.SetMaxOpenConns(20)
 
-	d.eventStateKeys, err = NewSqliteEventStateKeysTable(d.db, writer)
+	d.eventStateKeys, err = NewSqliteEventStateKeysTable(d.db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	d.eventTypes, err = NewSqliteEventTypesTable(d.db, writer)
+	d.eventTypes, err = NewSqliteEventTypesTable(d.db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	d.eventJSON, err = NewSqliteEventJSONTable(d.db, writer)
+	d.eventJSON, err = NewSqliteEventJSONTable(d.db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	d.events, err = NewSqliteEventsTable(d.db, writer)
+	d.events, err = NewSqliteEventsTable(d.db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	d.rooms, err = NewSqliteRoomsTable(d.db, writer)
+	d.rooms, err = NewSqliteRoomsTable(d.db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	d.transactions, err = NewSqliteTransactionsTable(d.db, writer)
+	d.transactions, err = NewSqliteTransactionsTable(d.db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	stateBlock, err := NewSqliteStateBlockTable(d.db, writer)
+	stateBlock, err := NewSqliteStateBlockTable(d.db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	stateSnapshot, err := NewSqliteStateSnapshotTable(d.db, writer)
+	stateSnapshot, err := NewSqliteStateSnapshotTable(d.db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	d.prevEvents, err = NewSqlitePrevEventsTable(d.db, writer)
+	d.prevEvents, err = NewSqlitePrevEventsTable(d.db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	roomAliases, err := NewSqliteRoomAliasesTable(d.db, writer)
+	roomAliases, err := NewSqliteRoomAliasesTable(d.db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	d.invites, err = NewSqliteInvitesTable(d.db, writer)
+	d.invites, err = NewSqliteInvitesTable(d.db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	d.membership, err = NewSqliteMembershipTable(d.db, writer)
+	d.membership, err = NewSqliteMembershipTable(d.db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	published, err := NewSqlitePublishedTable(d.db, writer)
+	published, err := NewSqlitePublishedTable(d.db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	redactions, err := NewSqliteRedactionsTable(d.db, writer)
+	redactions, err := NewSqliteRedactionsTable(d.db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	d.Database = shared.Database{
 		DB:                  d.db,
+		Writer:              sqlutil.NewTransactionWriter(),
 		EventsTable:         d.events,
 		EventTypesTable:     d.eventTypes,
 		EventStateKeysTable: d.eventStateKeys,
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/transactions_table.go b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/transactions_table.go
index 65c18a8a..029122c5 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/transactions_table.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/transactions_table.go
@@ -45,15 +45,13 @@ const selectTransactionEventIDSQL = `
 
 type transactionStatements struct {
 	db                           *sql.DB
-	writer                       *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertTransactionStmt        *sql.Stmt
 	selectTransactionEventIDStmt *sql.Stmt
 }
 
-func NewSqliteTransactionsTable(db *sql.DB, writer *sqlutil.TransactionWriter) (tables.Transactions, error) {
+func NewSqliteTransactionsTable(db *sql.DB) (tables.Transactions, error) {
 	s := &transactionStatements{
-		db:     db,
-		writer: writer,
+		db: db,
 	}
 	_, err := db.Exec(transactionsSchema)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -72,14 +70,12 @@ func (s *transactionStatements) InsertTransaction(
 	sessionID int64,
 	userID string,
 	eventID string,
-) (err error) {
-	return s.writer.Do(s.db, txn, func(txn *sql.Tx) error {
-		stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertTransactionStmt)
-		_, err := stmt.ExecContext(
-			ctx, transactionID, sessionID, userID, eventID,
-		)
-		return err
-	})
+) error {
+	stmt := sqlutil.TxStmt(txn, s.insertTransactionStmt)
+	_, err := stmt.ExecContext(
+		ctx, transactionID, sessionID, userID, eventID,
+	)
+	return err
 }
 
 func (s *transactionStatements) SelectTransactionEventID(
diff --git a/serverkeyapi/storage/sqlite3/server_key_table.go b/serverkeyapi/storage/sqlite3/server_key_table.go
index 423292a5..b829eae7 100644
--- a/serverkeyapi/storage/sqlite3/server_key_table.go
+++ b/serverkeyapi/storage/sqlite3/server_key_table.go
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ const upsertServerKeysSQL = "" +
 
 type serverKeyStatements struct {
 	db                       *sql.DB
-	writer                   *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                   sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	bulkSelectServerKeysStmt *sql.Stmt
 	upsertServerKeysStmt     *sql.Stmt
 }
diff --git a/syncapi/storage/shared/syncserver.go b/syncapi/storage/shared/syncserver.go
index dd5b838c..fdbf6758 100644
--- a/syncapi/storage/shared/syncserver.go
+++ b/syncapi/storage/shared/syncserver.go
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ type Database struct {
 	BackwardExtremities tables.BackwardsExtremities
 	SendToDevice        tables.SendToDevice
 	Filter              tables.Filter
-	SendToDeviceWriter  *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	SendToDeviceWriter  sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	EDUCache            *cache.EDUCache
 }
 
diff --git a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/account_data_table.go b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/account_data_table.go
index 609cef14..248ec926 100644
--- a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/account_data_table.go
+++ b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/account_data_table.go
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ const selectMaxAccountDataIDSQL = "" +
 
 type accountDataStatements struct {
 	db                           *sql.DB
-	writer                       *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                       sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	streamIDStatements           *streamIDStatements
 	insertAccountDataStmt        *sql.Stmt
 	selectMaxAccountDataIDStmt   *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/backwards_extremities_table.go b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/backwards_extremities_table.go
index 1aeb041f..d96f2fe5 100644
--- a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/backwards_extremities_table.go
+++ b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/backwards_extremities_table.go
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ const deleteBackwardExtremitySQL = "" +
 
 type backwardExtremitiesStatements struct {
 	db                                   *sql.DB
-	writer                               *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                               sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertBackwardExtremityStmt          *sql.Stmt
 	selectBackwardExtremitiesForRoomStmt *sql.Stmt
 	deleteBackwardExtremityStmt          *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/current_room_state_table.go b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/current_room_state_table.go
index 6edc99aa..77a21543 100644
--- a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/current_room_state_table.go
+++ b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/current_room_state_table.go
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ const selectEventsWithEventIDsSQL = "" +
 
 type currentRoomStateStatements struct {
 	db                              *sql.DB
-	writer                          *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                          sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	streamIDStatements              *streamIDStatements
 	upsertRoomStateStmt             *sql.Stmt
 	deleteRoomStateByEventIDStmt    *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/filter_table.go b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/filter_table.go
index 3e8a4655..338b0b50 100644
--- a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/filter_table.go
+++ b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/filter_table.go
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ const insertFilterSQL = "" +
 
 type filterStatements struct {
 	db                          *sql.DB
-	writer                      *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                      sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	selectFilterStmt            *sql.Stmt
 	selectFilterIDByContentStmt *sql.Stmt
 	insertFilterStmt            *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/invites_table.go b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/invites_table.go
index 19e7a7c6..0bbd79f7 100644
--- a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/invites_table.go
+++ b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/invites_table.go
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ const selectMaxInviteIDSQL = "" +
 
 type inviteEventsStatements struct {
 	db                            *sql.DB
-	writer                        *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                        sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	streamIDStatements            *streamIDStatements
 	insertInviteEventStmt         *sql.Stmt
 	selectInviteEventsInRangeStmt *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/output_room_events_table.go b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/output_room_events_table.go
index 12b4dbab..0d154650 100644
--- a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/output_room_events_table.go
+++ b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/output_room_events_table.go
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ const selectStateInRangeSQL = "" +
 
 type outputRoomEventsStatements struct {
 	db                            *sql.DB
-	writer                        *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                        sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	streamIDStatements            *streamIDStatements
 	insertEventStmt               *sql.Stmt
 	selectEventsStmt              *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/output_room_events_topology_table.go b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/output_room_events_topology_table.go
index 2e71e8f3..5c4ab005 100644
--- a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/output_room_events_topology_table.go
+++ b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/output_room_events_topology_table.go
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ const selectMaxPositionInTopologySQL = "" +
 
 type outputRoomEventsTopologyStatements struct {
 	db                              *sql.DB
-	writer                          *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                          sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertEventInTopologyStmt       *sql.Stmt
 	selectEventIDsInRangeASCStmt    *sql.Stmt
 	selectEventIDsInRangeDESCStmt   *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/send_to_device_table.go b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/send_to_device_table.go
index 88b319fb..53786589 100644
--- a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/send_to_device_table.go
+++ b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/send_to_device_table.go
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ const deleteSendToDeviceMessagesSQL = `
 
 type sendToDeviceStatements struct {
 	db                             *sql.DB
-	writer                         *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                         sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertSendToDeviceMessageStmt  *sql.Stmt
 	selectSendToDeviceMessagesStmt *sql.Stmt
 	countSendToDeviceMessagesStmt  *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/stream_id_table.go b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/stream_id_table.go
index cf3eed5b..1971e7f3 100644
--- a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/stream_id_table.go
+++ b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/stream_id_table.go
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ const selectStreamIDStmt = "" +
 
 type streamIDStatements struct {
 	db                   *sql.DB
-	writer               *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer               sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	increaseStreamIDStmt *sql.Stmt
 	selectStreamIDStmt   *sql.Stmt
 }
diff --git a/userapi/storage/accounts/sqlite3/account_data_table.go b/userapi/storage/accounts/sqlite3/account_data_table.go
index cb54412a..9b40e657 100644
--- a/userapi/storage/accounts/sqlite3/account_data_table.go
+++ b/userapi/storage/accounts/sqlite3/account_data_table.go
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ const selectAccountDataByTypeSQL = "" +
 
 type accountDataStatements struct {
 	db                          *sql.DB
-	writer                      *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                      sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertAccountDataStmt       *sql.Stmt
 	selectAccountDataStmt       *sql.Stmt
 	selectAccountDataByTypeStmt *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/userapi/storage/accounts/sqlite3/accounts_table.go b/userapi/storage/accounts/sqlite3/accounts_table.go
index 27c3d845..586bcab9 100644
--- a/userapi/storage/accounts/sqlite3/accounts_table.go
+++ b/userapi/storage/accounts/sqlite3/accounts_table.go
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ const selectNewNumericLocalpartSQL = "" +
 
 type accountsStatements struct {
 	db                            *sql.DB
-	writer                        *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                        sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertAccountStmt             *sql.Stmt
 	selectAccountByLocalpartStmt  *sql.Stmt
 	selectPasswordHashStmt        *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/userapi/storage/accounts/sqlite3/profile_table.go b/userapi/storage/accounts/sqlite3/profile_table.go
index d4c404ca..cd35d298 100644
--- a/userapi/storage/accounts/sqlite3/profile_table.go
+++ b/userapi/storage/accounts/sqlite3/profile_table.go
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ const selectProfilesBySearchSQL = "" +
 
 type profilesStatements struct {
 	db                           *sql.DB
-	writer                       *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                       sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertProfileStmt            *sql.Stmt
 	selectProfileByLocalpartStmt *sql.Stmt
 	setAvatarURLStmt             *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/userapi/storage/accounts/sqlite3/threepid_table.go b/userapi/storage/accounts/sqlite3/threepid_table.go
index 0104e834..3000d7c4 100644
--- a/userapi/storage/accounts/sqlite3/threepid_table.go
+++ b/userapi/storage/accounts/sqlite3/threepid_table.go
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ const deleteThreePIDSQL = "" +
 
 type threepidStatements struct {
 	db                              *sql.DB
-	writer                          *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                          sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	selectLocalpartForThreePIDStmt  *sql.Stmt
 	selectThreePIDsForLocalpartStmt *sql.Stmt
 	insertThreePIDStmt              *sql.Stmt
diff --git a/userapi/storage/devices/sqlite3/devices_table.go b/userapi/storage/devices/sqlite3/devices_table.go
index 9b535aab..962e63b0 100644
--- a/userapi/storage/devices/sqlite3/devices_table.go
+++ b/userapi/storage/devices/sqlite3/devices_table.go
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ const selectDevicesByIDSQL = "" +
 
 type devicesStatements struct {
 	db                           *sql.DB
-	writer                       *sqlutil.TransactionWriter
+	writer                       sqlutil.TransactionWriter
 	insertDeviceStmt             *sql.Stmt
 	selectDevicesCountStmt       *sql.Stmt
 	selectDeviceByTokenStmt      *sql.Stmt