Preparations for removing `BaseDendrite` (#3016)

Preparations to actually remove/replace `BaseDendrite`.
Quite a few changes:
- SyncAPI accepts an `fulltext.Indexer` interface (fulltext is removed
from `BaseDendrite`)
- Caches are removed from `BaseDendrite`
- Introduces a `Router` struct (likely to change)
  - also fixes #2903
- Introduces a `sqlutil.ConnectionManager`, which should remove
`base.DatabaseConnection` later on
- probably more

85 files changed, 722 insertions, 470 deletions

diff --git a/appservice/appservice_test.go b/appservice/appservice_test.go
index de9f5aaf..ad6f1dfc 100644
--- a/appservice/appservice_test.go
+++ b/appservice/appservice_test.go
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/appservice"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/appservice/api"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test"
@@ -123,8 +124,9 @@ func TestAppserviceInternalAPI(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}
 
+		caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
 		// Create required internal APIs
-		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base)
+		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base, caches)
 		usrAPI := userapi.NewInternalAPI(base, rsAPI, nil)
 		asAPI := appservice.NewInternalAPI(base, usrAPI, rsAPI)
 
diff --git a/build/dendritejs-pinecone/main.go b/build/dendritejs-pinecone/main.go
index 44e52286..96f034bd 100644
--- a/build/dendritejs-pinecone/main.go
+++ b/build/dendritejs-pinecone/main.go
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/cmd/dendrite-demo-pinecone/rooms"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/cmd/dendrite-demo-yggdrasil/signing"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/httputil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup"
@@ -192,7 +193,8 @@ func startup() {
 		base, userAPI, rsAPI,
 	)
 	rsAPI.SetAppserviceAPI(asQuery)
-	fedSenderAPI := federationapi.NewInternalAPI(base, federation, rsAPI, base.Caches, keyRing, true)
+	caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.EnableMetrics)
+	fedSenderAPI := federationapi.NewInternalAPI(base, federation, rsAPI, caches, keyRing, true)
 	rsAPI.SetFederationAPI(fedSenderAPI, keyRing)
 
 	monolith := setup.Monolith{
@@ -208,15 +210,15 @@ func startup() {
 		//ServerKeyAPI:        serverKeyAPI,
 		ExtPublicRoomsProvider: rooms.NewPineconeRoomProvider(pRouter, pSessions, fedSenderAPI, federation),
 	}
-	monolith.AddAllPublicRoutes(base)
+	monolith.AddAllPublicRoutes(base, caches)
 
 	httpRouter := mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).UseEncodedPath()
-	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicClientPathPrefix).Handler(base.PublicClientAPIMux)
-	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix).Handler(base.PublicMediaAPIMux)
+	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicClientPathPrefix).Handler(base.Routers.Client)
+	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix).Handler(base.Routers.Media)
 
 	p2pRouter := pSessions.Protocol("matrix").HTTP().Mux()
-	p2pRouter.Handle(httputil.PublicFederationPathPrefix, base.PublicFederationAPIMux)
-	p2pRouter.Handle(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix, base.PublicMediaAPIMux)
+	p2pRouter.Handle(httputil.PublicFederationPathPrefix, base.Routers.Federation)
+	p2pRouter.Handle(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix, base.Routers.Media)
 
 	// Expose the matrix APIs via fetch - for local traffic
 	go func() {
diff --git a/build/gobind-yggdrasil/monolith.go b/build/gobind-yggdrasil/monolith.go
index 32af611a..8faad1d0 100644
--- a/build/gobind-yggdrasil/monolith.go
+++ b/build/gobind-yggdrasil/monolith.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/cmd/dendrite-demo-yggdrasil/yggrooms"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi/api"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/httputil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup"
@@ -158,10 +159,11 @@ func (m *DendriteMonolith) Start() {
 	serverKeyAPI := &signing.YggdrasilKeys{}
 	keyRing := serverKeyAPI.KeyRing()
 
-	rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base)
+	caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
+	rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base, caches)
 
 	fsAPI := federationapi.NewInternalAPI(
-		base, federation, rsAPI, base.Caches, keyRing, true,
+		base, federation, rsAPI, caches, keyRing, true,
 	)
 
 	userAPI := userapi.NewInternalAPI(base, rsAPI, federation)
@@ -187,17 +189,17 @@ func (m *DendriteMonolith) Start() {
 			ygg, fsAPI, federation,
 		),
 	}
-	monolith.AddAllPublicRoutes(base)
+	monolith.AddAllPublicRoutes(base, caches)
 
 	httpRouter := mux.NewRouter()
-	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicClientPathPrefix).Handler(base.PublicClientAPIMux)
-	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix).Handler(base.PublicMediaAPIMux)
-	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.DendriteAdminPathPrefix).Handler(base.DendriteAdminMux)
-	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.SynapseAdminPathPrefix).Handler(base.SynapseAdminMux)
+	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicClientPathPrefix).Handler(base.Routers.Client)
+	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix).Handler(base.Routers.Media)
+	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.DendriteAdminPathPrefix).Handler(base.Routers.DendriteAdmin)
+	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.SynapseAdminPathPrefix).Handler(base.Routers.SynapseAdmin)
 
 	yggRouter := mux.NewRouter()
-	yggRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicFederationPathPrefix).Handler(base.PublicFederationAPIMux)
-	yggRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix).Handler(base.PublicMediaAPIMux)
+	yggRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicFederationPathPrefix).Handler(base.Routers.Federation)
+	yggRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix).Handler(base.Routers.Media)
 
 	// Build both ends of a HTTP multiplex.
 	m.httpServer = &http.Server{
diff --git a/clientapi/admin_test.go b/clientapi/admin_test.go
index 300d3a88..46e2d303 100644
--- a/clientapi/admin_test.go
+++ b/clientapi/admin_test.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/clientapi/auth/authtypes"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/api"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
@@ -37,7 +38,8 @@ func TestAdminResetPassword(t *testing.T) {
 			SigningIdentity: gomatrixserverlib.SigningIdentity{ServerName: "vh1"},
 		})
 
-		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base)
+		caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
+		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base, caches)
 		// Needed for changing the password/login
 		userAPI := userapi.NewInternalAPI(base, rsAPI, nil)
 		// We mostly need the userAPI for this test, so nil for other APIs/caches etc.
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ func TestAdminResetPassword(t *testing.T) {
 				"password": password,
 			}))
 			rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
-			base.PublicClientAPIMux.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+			base.Routers.Client.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
 			if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
 				t.Fatalf("failed to login: %s", rec.Body.String())
 			}
@@ -124,7 +126,7 @@ func TestAdminResetPassword(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 
 				rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
-				base.DendriteAdminMux.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+				base.Routers.DendriteAdmin.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
 				t.Logf("%s", rec.Body.String())
 				if tc.wantOK && rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
 					t.Fatalf("expected http status %d, got %d: %s", http.StatusOK, rec.Code, rec.Body.String())
@@ -148,15 +150,16 @@ func TestPurgeRoom(t *testing.T) {
 
 	test.WithAllDatabases(t, func(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 		base, baseClose := testrig.CreateBaseDendrite(t, dbType)
+		caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
 		defer baseClose()
 
 		fedClient := base.CreateFederationClient()
-		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base)
+		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base, caches)
 		userAPI := userapi.NewInternalAPI(base, rsAPI, nil)
 
 		// this starts the JetStream consumers
-		syncapi.AddPublicRoutes(base, userAPI, rsAPI)
-		federationapi.NewInternalAPI(base, fedClient, rsAPI, base.Caches, nil, true)
+		syncapi.AddPublicRoutes(base, userAPI, rsAPI, caches)
+		federationapi.NewInternalAPI(base, fedClient, rsAPI, caches, nil, true)
 		rsAPI.SetFederationAPI(nil, nil)
 
 		// Create the room
@@ -193,7 +196,7 @@ func TestPurgeRoom(t *testing.T) {
 				"password": password,
 			}))
 			rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
-			base.PublicClientAPIMux.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+			base.Routers.Client.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
 			if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
 				t.Fatalf("failed to login: %s", rec.Body.String())
 			}
@@ -218,7 +221,7 @@ func TestPurgeRoom(t *testing.T) {
 				req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessTokens[aliceAdmin])
 
 				rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
-				base.DendriteAdminMux.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+				base.Routers.DendriteAdmin.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
 				t.Logf("%s", rec.Body.String())
 				if tc.wantOK && rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
 					t.Fatalf("expected http status %d, got %d: %s", http.StatusOK, rec.Code, rec.Body.String())
diff --git a/clientapi/routing/joinroom_test.go b/clientapi/routing/joinroom_test.go
index 1450ef4b..de8f9538 100644
--- a/clientapi/routing/joinroom_test.go
+++ b/clientapi/routing/joinroom_test.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/appservice"
@@ -27,7 +28,8 @@ func TestJoinRoomByIDOrAlias(t *testing.T) {
 		base, baseClose := testrig.CreateBaseDendrite(t, dbType)
 		defer baseClose()
 
-		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base)
+		caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
+		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base, caches)
 		userAPI := userapi.NewInternalAPI(base, rsAPI, nil)
 		asAPI := appservice.NewInternalAPI(base, userAPI, rsAPI)
 		rsAPI.SetFederationAPI(nil, nil) // creates the rs.Inputer etc
diff --git a/clientapi/routing/login_test.go b/clientapi/routing/login_test.go
index b72db9d8..fd3d8cba 100644
--- a/clientapi/routing/login_test.go
+++ b/clientapi/routing/login_test.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/clientapi/auth/authtypes"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
@@ -36,7 +37,8 @@ func TestLogin(t *testing.T) {
 			SigningIdentity: gomatrixserverlib.SigningIdentity{ServerName: "vh1"},
 		})
 
-		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base)
+		caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
+		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base, caches)
 		// Needed for /login
 		userAPI := userapi.NewInternalAPI(base, rsAPI, nil)
 
@@ -114,7 +116,7 @@ func TestLogin(t *testing.T) {
 					"password": password,
 				}))
 				rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
-				base.PublicClientAPIMux.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+				base.Routers.Client.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
 				if tc.wantOK && rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
 					t.Fatalf("failed to login: %s", rec.Body.String())
 				}
diff --git a/clientapi/routing/register_test.go b/clientapi/routing/register_test.go
index 651e3d3d..c06b0ae1 100644
--- a/clientapi/routing/register_test.go
+++ b/clientapi/routing/register_test.go
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/clientapi/auth/authtypes"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/clientapi/jsonerror"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test"
@@ -407,7 +408,8 @@ func Test_register(t *testing.T) {
 		base, baseClose := testrig.CreateBaseDendrite(t, dbType)
 		defer baseClose()
 
-		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base)
+		caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
+		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base, caches)
 		userAPI := userapi.NewInternalAPI(base, rsAPI, nil)
 
 		for _, tc := range testCases {
@@ -578,7 +580,8 @@ func TestRegisterUserWithDisplayName(t *testing.T) {
 		defer baseClose()
 		base.Cfg.Global.ServerName = "server"
 
-		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base)
+		caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
+		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base, caches)
 		userAPI := userapi.NewInternalAPI(base, rsAPI, nil)
 		deviceName, deviceID := "deviceName", "deviceID"
 		expectedDisplayName := "DisplayName"
@@ -616,8 +619,8 @@ func TestRegisterAdminUsingSharedSecret(t *testing.T) {
 		base.Cfg.Global.ServerName = "server"
 		sharedSecret := "dendritetest"
 		base.Cfg.ClientAPI.RegistrationSharedSecret = sharedSecret
-
-		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base)
+		caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
+		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base, caches)
 		userAPI := userapi.NewInternalAPI(base, rsAPI, nil)
 
 		expectedDisplayName := "rabbit"
diff --git a/clientapi/routing/routing.go b/clientapi/routing/routing.go
index 028d02e9..4ef2ac92 100644
--- a/clientapi/routing/routing.go
+++ b/clientapi/routing/routing.go
@@ -63,10 +63,10 @@ func Setup(
 	extRoomsProvider api.ExtraPublicRoomsProvider,
 	mscCfg *config.MSCs, natsClient *nats.Conn,
 ) {
-	publicAPIMux := base.PublicClientAPIMux
-	wkMux := base.PublicWellKnownAPIMux
-	synapseAdminRouter := base.SynapseAdminMux
-	dendriteAdminRouter := base.DendriteAdminMux
+	publicAPIMux := base.Routers.Client
+	wkMux := base.Routers.WellKnown
+	synapseAdminRouter := base.Routers.SynapseAdmin
+	dendriteAdminRouter := base.Routers.DendriteAdmin
 
 	if base.EnableMetrics {
 		prometheus.MustRegister(amtRegUsers, sendEventDuration)
diff --git a/cmd/dendrite-demo-pinecone/monolith/monolith.go b/cmd/dendrite-demo-pinecone/monolith/monolith.go
index ea8e985c..5781d657 100644
--- a/cmd/dendrite-demo-pinecone/monolith/monolith.go
+++ b/cmd/dendrite-demo-pinecone/monolith/monolith.go
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi"
 	federationAPI "github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi/api"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi/producers"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/httputil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/relayapi"
 	relayAPI "github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/relayapi/api"
@@ -134,17 +135,17 @@ func (p *P2PMonolith) SetupDendrite(cfg *config.Dendrite, port int, enableRelayi
 	serverKeyAPI := &signing.YggdrasilKeys{}
 	keyRing := serverKeyAPI.KeyRing()
 
-	rsComponent := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(p.BaseDendrite)
-	rsAPI := rsComponent
+	caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, enableMetrics)
+	rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(p.BaseDendrite, caches)
 	fsAPI := federationapi.NewInternalAPI(
-		p.BaseDendrite, federation, rsAPI, p.BaseDendrite.Caches, keyRing, true,
+		p.BaseDendrite, federation, rsAPI, caches, keyRing, true,
 	)
 
 	userAPI := userapi.NewInternalAPI(p.BaseDendrite, rsAPI, federation)
 
 	asAPI := appservice.NewInternalAPI(p.BaseDendrite, userAPI, rsAPI)
 
-	rsComponent.SetFederationAPI(fsAPI, keyRing)
+	rsAPI.SetFederationAPI(fsAPI, keyRing)
 
 	userProvider := users.NewPineconeUserProvider(p.Router, p.Sessions, userAPI, federation)
 	roomProvider := rooms.NewPineconeRoomProvider(p.Router, p.Sessions, fsAPI, federation)
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ func (p *P2PMonolith) SetupDendrite(cfg *config.Dendrite, port int, enableRelayi
 		Config:                 &p.BaseDendrite.Cfg.FederationAPI,
 		UserAPI:                userAPI,
 	}
-	relayAPI := relayapi.NewRelayInternalAPI(p.BaseDendrite, federation, rsAPI, keyRing, producer, enableRelaying)
+	relayAPI := relayapi.NewRelayInternalAPI(p.BaseDendrite, federation, rsAPI, keyRing, producer, enableRelaying, caches)
 	logrus.Infof("Relaying enabled: %v", relayAPI.RelayingEnabled())
 
 	p.dendrite = setup.Monolith{
@@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ func (p *P2PMonolith) SetupDendrite(cfg *config.Dendrite, port int, enableRelayi
 		ExtPublicRoomsProvider:   roomProvider,
 		ExtUserDirectoryProvider: userProvider,
 	}
-	p.dendrite.AddAllPublicRoutes(p.BaseDendrite)
+	p.dendrite.AddAllPublicRoutes(p.BaseDendrite, caches)
 
 	p.setupHttpServers(userProvider, enableWebsockets)
 }
@@ -247,10 +248,10 @@ func (p *P2PMonolith) Addr() string {
 
 func (p *P2PMonolith) setupHttpServers(userProvider *users.PineconeUserProvider, enableWebsockets bool) {
 	p.httpMux = mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).UseEncodedPath()
-	p.httpMux.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicClientPathPrefix).Handler(p.BaseDendrite.PublicClientAPIMux)
-	p.httpMux.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix).Handler(p.BaseDendrite.PublicMediaAPIMux)
-	p.httpMux.PathPrefix(httputil.DendriteAdminPathPrefix).Handler(p.BaseDendrite.DendriteAdminMux)
-	p.httpMux.PathPrefix(httputil.SynapseAdminPathPrefix).Handler(p.BaseDendrite.SynapseAdminMux)
+	p.httpMux.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicClientPathPrefix).Handler(p.BaseDendrite.Routers.Client)
+	p.httpMux.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix).Handler(p.BaseDendrite.Routers.Media)
+	p.httpMux.PathPrefix(httputil.DendriteAdminPathPrefix).Handler(p.BaseDendrite.Routers.DendriteAdmin)
+	p.httpMux.PathPrefix(httputil.SynapseAdminPathPrefix).Handler(p.BaseDendrite.Routers.SynapseAdmin)
 
 	if enableWebsockets {
 		wsUpgrader := websocket.Upgrader{
@@ -283,8 +284,8 @@ func (p *P2PMonolith) setupHttpServers(userProvider *users.PineconeUserProvider,
 
 	p.pineconeMux = mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).UseEncodedPath()
 	p.pineconeMux.PathPrefix(users.PublicURL).HandlerFunc(userProvider.FederatedUserProfiles)
-	p.pineconeMux.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicFederationPathPrefix).Handler(p.BaseDendrite.PublicFederationAPIMux)
-	p.pineconeMux.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix).Handler(p.BaseDendrite.PublicMediaAPIMux)
+	p.pineconeMux.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicFederationPathPrefix).Handler(p.BaseDendrite.Routers.Federation)
+	p.pineconeMux.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix).Handler(p.BaseDendrite.Routers.Media)
 
 	pHTTP := p.Sessions.Protocol(SessionProtocol).HTTP()
 	pHTTP.Mux().Handle(users.PublicURL, p.pineconeMux)
diff --git a/cmd/dendrite-demo-yggdrasil/main.go b/cmd/dendrite-demo-yggdrasil/main.go
index d759c6a7..62184719 100644
--- a/cmd/dendrite-demo-yggdrasil/main.go
+++ b/cmd/dendrite-demo-yggdrasil/main.go
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 
 	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
@@ -156,16 +157,15 @@ func main() {
 	serverKeyAPI := &signing.YggdrasilKeys{}
 	keyRing := serverKeyAPI.KeyRing()
 
-	rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(
-		base,
-	)
+	caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.EnableMetrics)
+	rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base, caches)
 
 	userAPI := userapi.NewInternalAPI(base, rsAPI, federation)
 
 	asAPI := appservice.NewInternalAPI(base, userAPI, rsAPI)
 	rsAPI.SetAppserviceAPI(asAPI)
 	fsAPI := federationapi.NewInternalAPI(
-		base, federation, rsAPI, base.Caches, keyRing, true,
+		base, federation, rsAPI, caches, keyRing, true,
 	)
 
 	rsAPI.SetFederationAPI(fsAPI, keyRing)
@@ -184,21 +184,21 @@ func main() {
 			ygg, fsAPI, federation,
 		),
 	}
-	monolith.AddAllPublicRoutes(base)
-	if err := mscs.Enable(base, &monolith); err != nil {
+	monolith.AddAllPublicRoutes(base, caches)
+	if err := mscs.Enable(base, &monolith, caches); err != nil {
 		logrus.WithError(err).Fatalf("Failed to enable MSCs")
 	}
 
 	httpRouter := mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).UseEncodedPath()
-	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicClientPathPrefix).Handler(base.PublicClientAPIMux)
-	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix).Handler(base.PublicMediaAPIMux)
-	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.DendriteAdminPathPrefix).Handler(base.DendriteAdminMux)
-	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.SynapseAdminPathPrefix).Handler(base.SynapseAdminMux)
+	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicClientPathPrefix).Handler(base.Routers.Client)
+	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix).Handler(base.Routers.Media)
+	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.DendriteAdminPathPrefix).Handler(base.Routers.DendriteAdmin)
+	httpRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.SynapseAdminPathPrefix).Handler(base.Routers.SynapseAdmin)
 	embed.Embed(httpRouter, *instancePort, "Yggdrasil Demo")
 
 	yggRouter := mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).UseEncodedPath()
-	yggRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicFederationPathPrefix).Handler(base.PublicFederationAPIMux)
-	yggRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix).Handler(base.PublicMediaAPIMux)
+	yggRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicFederationPathPrefix).Handler(base.Routers.Federation)
+	yggRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix).Handler(base.Routers.Media)
 
 	// Build both ends of a HTTP multiplex.
 	httpServer := &http.Server{
diff --git a/cmd/dendrite/main.go b/cmd/dendrite/main.go
index 472b8be1..29290eb9 100644
--- a/cmd/dendrite/main.go
+++ b/cmd/dendrite/main.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ package main
 import (
 	"flag"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/appservice"
@@ -72,10 +73,11 @@ func main() {
 
 	federation := base.CreateFederationClient()
 
-	rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base)
+	caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.EnableMetrics)
 
+	rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base, caches)
 	fsAPI := federationapi.NewInternalAPI(
-		base, federation, rsAPI, base.Caches, nil, false,
+		base, federation, rsAPI, caches, nil, false,
 	)
 
 	keyRing := fsAPI.KeyRing()
@@ -104,10 +106,10 @@ func main() {
 		RoomserverAPI: rsAPI,
 		UserAPI:       userAPI,
 	}
-	monolith.AddAllPublicRoutes(base)
+	monolith.AddAllPublicRoutes(base, caches)
 
 	if len(base.Cfg.MSCs.MSCs) > 0 {
-		if err := mscs.Enable(base, &monolith); err != nil {
+		if err := mscs.Enable(base, &monolith, caches); err != nil {
 			logrus.WithError(err).Fatalf("Failed to enable MSCs")
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/cmd/resolve-state/main.go b/cmd/resolve-state/main.go
index a9cc80cb..099daaa9 100644
--- a/cmd/resolve-state/main.go
+++ b/cmd/resolve-state/main.go
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func main() {
 	fmt.Println("Fetching", len(snapshotNIDs), "snapshot NIDs")
 
 	roomserverDB, err := storage.Open(
-		base, &cfg.RoomServer.Database,
+		base.ProcessContext.Context(), base.ConnectionManager, &cfg.RoomServer.Database,
 		caching.NewRistrettoCache(128*1024*1024, time.Hour, true),
 	)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/federationapi/federationapi.go b/federationapi/federationapi.go
index ec482659..8a4237ba 100644
--- a/federationapi/federationapi.go
+++ b/federationapi/federationapi.go
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ func NewInternalAPI(
 ) api.FederationInternalAPI {
 	cfg := &base.Cfg.FederationAPI
 
-	federationDB, err := storage.NewDatabase(base, &cfg.Database, base.Caches, base.Cfg.Global.IsLocalServerName)
+	federationDB, err := storage.NewDatabase(base.ProcessContext.Context(), base.ConnectionManager, &cfg.Database, caches, base.Cfg.Global.IsLocalServerName)
 	if err != nil {
 		logrus.WithError(err).Panic("failed to connect to federation sender db")
 	}
diff --git a/federationapi/federationapi_test.go b/federationapi/federationapi_test.go
index 57d4b964..8aea96a7 100644
--- a/federationapi/federationapi_test.go
+++ b/federationapi/federationapi_test.go
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrix"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 	"github.com/nats-io/nats.go"
@@ -163,6 +164,7 @@ func TestFederationAPIJoinThenKeyUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 
 func testFederationAPIJoinThenKeyUpdate(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 	base, close := testrig.CreateBaseDendrite(t, dbType)
+	caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
 	base.Cfg.FederationAPI.PreferDirectFetch = true
 	base.Cfg.FederationAPI.KeyPerspectives = nil
 	defer close()
@@ -212,7 +214,7 @@ func testFederationAPIJoinThenKeyUpdate(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 			},
 		},
 	}
-	fsapi := federationapi.NewInternalAPI(base, fc, rsapi, base.Caches, nil, false)
+	fsapi := federationapi.NewInternalAPI(base, fc, rsapi, caches, nil, false)
 
 	var resp api.PerformJoinResponse
 	fsapi.PerformJoin(context.Background(), &api.PerformJoinRequest{
@@ -278,7 +280,7 @@ func TestRoomsV3URLEscapeDoNot404(t *testing.T) {
 	// TODO: This is pretty fragile, as if anything calls anything on these nils this test will break.
 	// Unfortunately, it makes little sense to instantiate these dependencies when we just want to test routing.
 	federationapi.AddPublicRoutes(b, nil, nil, keyRing, nil, &internal.FederationInternalAPI{}, nil)
-	baseURL, cancel := test.ListenAndServe(t, b.PublicFederationAPIMux, true)
+	baseURL, cancel := test.ListenAndServe(t, b.Routers.Federation, true)
 	defer cancel()
 	serverName := gomatrixserverlib.ServerName(strings.TrimPrefix(baseURL, "https://"))
 
diff --git a/federationapi/queue/queue_test.go b/federationapi/queue/queue_test.go
index bccfb342..c3fb1056 100644
--- a/federationapi/queue/queue_test.go
+++ b/federationapi/queue/queue_test.go
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test/testrig"
 	"go.uber.org/atomic"
 	"gotest.tools/v3/poll"
 
@@ -34,17 +36,17 @@ import (
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/process"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test/testrig"
 )
 
 func mustCreateFederationDatabase(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType, realDatabase bool) (storage.Database, *process.ProcessContext, func()) {
 	if realDatabase {
 		// Real Database/s
 		b, baseClose := testrig.CreateBaseDendrite(t, dbType)
+		caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(b.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, b.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
 		connStr, dbClose := test.PrepareDBConnectionString(t, dbType)
-		db, err := storage.NewDatabase(b, &config.DatabaseOptions{
+		db, err := storage.NewDatabase(b.ProcessContext.Context(), b.ConnectionManager, &config.DatabaseOptions{
 			ConnectionString: config.DataSource(connStr),
-		}, b.Caches, b.Cfg.Global.IsLocalServerName)
+		}, caches, b.Cfg.Global.IsLocalServerName)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("NewDatabase returned %s", err)
 		}
@@ -55,10 +57,7 @@ func mustCreateFederationDatabase(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType, realDatabase
 	} else {
 		// Fake Database
 		db := test.NewInMemoryFederationDatabase()
-		b := struct {
-			ProcessContext *process.ProcessContext
-		}{ProcessContext: process.NewProcessContext()}
-		return db, b.ProcessContext, func() {}
+		return db, process.NewProcessContext(), func() {}
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/federationapi/routing/profile_test.go b/federationapi/routing/profile_test.go
index 3b9d576b..df494a74 100644
--- a/federationapi/routing/profile_test.go
+++ b/federationapi/routing/profile_test.go
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func TestHandleQueryProfile(t *testing.T) {
 		defer close()
 
 		fedMux := mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(httputil.PublicFederationPathPrefix).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath()
-		base.PublicFederationAPIMux = fedMux
+		base.Routers.Federation = fedMux
 		base.Cfg.FederationAPI.Matrix.SigningIdentity.ServerName = testOrigin
 		base.Cfg.FederationAPI.Matrix.Metrics.Enabled = false
 		fedClient := fakeFedClient{}
diff --git a/federationapi/routing/query_test.go b/federationapi/routing/query_test.go
index d839a16b..69cf7047 100644
--- a/federationapi/routing/query_test.go
+++ b/federationapi/routing/query_test.go
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func TestHandleQueryDirectory(t *testing.T) {
 		defer close()
 
 		fedMux := mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(httputil.PublicFederationPathPrefix).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath()
-		base.PublicFederationAPIMux = fedMux
+		base.Routers.Federation = fedMux
 		base.Cfg.FederationAPI.Matrix.SigningIdentity.ServerName = testOrigin
 		base.Cfg.FederationAPI.Matrix.Metrics.Enabled = false
 		fedClient := fakeFedClient{}
diff --git a/federationapi/routing/routing.go b/federationapi/routing/routing.go
index 324740dd..c86d18d2 100644
--- a/federationapi/routing/routing.go
+++ b/federationapi/routing/routing.go
@@ -65,9 +65,9 @@ func Setup(
 	servers federationAPI.ServersInRoomProvider,
 	producer *producers.SyncAPIProducer,
 ) {
-	fedMux := base.PublicFederationAPIMux
-	keyMux := base.PublicKeyAPIMux
-	wkMux := base.PublicWellKnownAPIMux
+	fedMux := base.Routers.Federation
+	keyMux := base.Routers.Keys
+	wkMux := base.Routers.WellKnown
 	cfg := &base.Cfg.FederationAPI
 
 	if base.EnableMetrics {
diff --git a/federationapi/routing/send_test.go b/federationapi/routing/send_test.go
index eed4e7e6..53e1399a 100644
--- a/federationapi/routing/send_test.go
+++ b/federationapi/routing/send_test.go
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ func TestHandleSend(t *testing.T) {
 		defer close()
 
 		fedMux := mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(httputil.PublicFederationPathPrefix).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath()
-		base.PublicFederationAPIMux = fedMux
+		base.Routers.Federation = fedMux
 		base.Cfg.FederationAPI.Matrix.SigningIdentity.ServerName = testOrigin
 		base.Cfg.FederationAPI.Matrix.Metrics.Enabled = false
 		fedapi := fedAPI.NewInternalAPI(base, nil, nil, nil, nil, true)
diff --git a/federationapi/storage/postgres/storage.go b/federationapi/storage/postgres/storage.go
index b81f128e..468567cf 100644
--- a/federationapi/storage/postgres/storage.go
+++ b/federationapi/storage/postgres/storage.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 package postgres
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"database/sql"
 	"fmt"
 
@@ -23,7 +24,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi/storage/shared"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 )
@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ type Database struct {
 }
 
 // NewDatabase opens a new database
-func NewDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, cache caching.FederationCache, isLocalServerName func(gomatrixserverlib.ServerName) bool) (*Database, error) {
+func NewDatabase(ctx context.Context, conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, cache caching.FederationCache, isLocalServerName func(gomatrixserverlib.ServerName) bool) (*Database, error) {
 	var d Database
 	var err error
-	if d.db, d.writer, err = base.DatabaseConnection(dbProperties, sqlutil.NewDummyWriter()); err != nil {
+	if d.db, d.writer, err = conMan.Connection(dbProperties); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	blacklist, err := NewPostgresBlacklistTable(d.db)
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func NewDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions,
 		Version: "federationsender: drop federationsender_rooms",
 		Up:      deltas.UpRemoveRoomsTable,
 	})
-	err = m.Up(base.Context())
+	err = m.Up(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/federationapi/storage/sqlite3/storage.go b/federationapi/storage/sqlite3/storage.go
index 1e7e41a2..c64c9a4f 100644
--- a/federationapi/storage/sqlite3/storage.go
+++ b/federationapi/storage/sqlite3/storage.go
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@
 package sqlite3
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"database/sql"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi/storage/shared"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi/storage/sqlite3/deltas"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 )
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ type Database struct {
 }
 
 // NewDatabase opens a new database
-func NewDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, cache caching.FederationCache, isLocalServerName func(gomatrixserverlib.ServerName) bool) (*Database, error) {
+func NewDatabase(ctx context.Context, conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, cache caching.FederationCache, isLocalServerName func(gomatrixserverlib.ServerName) bool) (*Database, error) {
 	var d Database
 	var err error
-	if d.db, d.writer, err = base.DatabaseConnection(dbProperties, sqlutil.NewExclusiveWriter()); err != nil {
+	if d.db, d.writer, err = conMan.Connection(dbProperties); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	blacklist, err := NewSQLiteBlacklistTable(d.db)
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ func NewDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions,
 		Version: "federationsender: drop federationsender_rooms",
 		Up:      deltas.UpRemoveRoomsTable,
 	})
-	err = m.Up(base.Context())
+	err = m.Up(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/federationapi/storage/storage.go b/federationapi/storage/storage.go
index 142e281e..4eb9d2c9 100644
--- a/federationapi/storage/storage.go
+++ b/federationapi/storage/storage.go
@@ -18,23 +18,24 @@
 package storage
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi/storage/postgres"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi/storage/sqlite3"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 )
 
 // NewDatabase opens a new database
-func NewDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, cache caching.FederationCache, isLocalServerName func(gomatrixserverlib.ServerName) bool) (Database, error) {
+func NewDatabase(ctx context.Context, conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, cache caching.FederationCache, isLocalServerName func(gomatrixserverlib.ServerName) bool) (Database, error) {
 	switch {
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsSQLite():
-		return sqlite3.NewDatabase(base, dbProperties, cache, isLocalServerName)
+		return sqlite3.NewDatabase(ctx, conMan, dbProperties, cache, isLocalServerName)
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsPostgres():
-		return postgres.NewDatabase(base, dbProperties, cache, isLocalServerName)
+		return postgres.NewDatabase(ctx, conMan, dbProperties, cache, isLocalServerName)
 	default:
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected database type")
 	}
diff --git a/federationapi/storage/storage_test.go b/federationapi/storage/storage_test.go
index 1d2a13e8..a02b71b6 100644
--- a/federationapi/storage/storage_test.go
+++ b/federationapi/storage/storage_test.go
@@ -7,26 +7,28 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi/storage"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test/testrig"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/util"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
 
 func mustCreateFederationDatabase(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) (storage.Database, func()) {
-	b, baseClose := testrig.CreateBaseDendrite(t, dbType)
+	caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(8*1024*1024, time.Hour, false)
 	connStr, dbClose := test.PrepareDBConnectionString(t, dbType)
-	db, err := storage.NewDatabase(b, &config.DatabaseOptions{
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	cm := sqlutil.NewConnectionManager()
+	db, err := storage.NewDatabase(ctx, cm, &config.DatabaseOptions{
 		ConnectionString: config.DataSource(connStr),
-	}, b.Caches, func(server gomatrixserverlib.ServerName) bool { return server == "localhost" })
+	}, caches, func(server gomatrixserverlib.ServerName) bool { return server == "localhost" })
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("NewDatabase returned %s", err)
 	}
 	return db, func() {
 		dbClose()
-		baseClose()
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/federationapi/storage/storage_wasm.go b/federationapi/storage/storage_wasm.go
index 84d5a3a4..d1652d71 100644
--- a/federationapi/storage/storage_wasm.go
+++ b/federationapi/storage/storage_wasm.go
@@ -15,20 +15,21 @@
 package storage
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi/storage/sqlite3"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 )
 
 // NewDatabase opens a new database
-func NewDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, cache caching.FederationCache, serverName gomatrixserverlib.ServerName) (Database, error) {
+func NewDatabase(ctx context.Context, conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, cache caching.FederationCache, isLocalServerName func(gomatrixserverlib.ServerName) bool) (Database, error) {
 	switch {
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsSQLite():
-		return sqlite3.NewDatabase(base, dbProperties, cache, serverName)
+		return sqlite3.NewDatabase(ctx, conMan, dbProperties, cache, isLocalServerName)
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsPostgres():
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't use Postgres implementation")
 	default:
diff --git a/internal/caching/impl_ristretto.go b/internal/caching/impl_ristretto.go
index 106b9c99..7663ddcb 100644
--- a/internal/caching/impl_ristretto.go
+++ b/internal/caching/impl_ristretto.go
@@ -46,6 +46,11 @@ const (
 	eventStateKeyNIDCache
 )
 
+const (
+	DisableMetrics = false
+	EnableMetrics  = true
+)
+
 func NewRistrettoCache(maxCost config.DataUnit, maxAge time.Duration, enablePrometheus bool) *Caches {
 	cache, err := ristretto.NewCache(&ristretto.Config{
 		NumCounters: int64((maxCost / 1024) * 10), // 10 counters per 1KB data, affects bloom filter size
diff --git a/internal/fulltext/bleve.go b/internal/fulltext/bleve.go
index 7187861d..08cef8a9 100644
--- a/internal/fulltext/bleve.go
+++ b/internal/fulltext/bleve.go
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@
 package fulltext
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2"
-
 	// side effect imports to allow all possible languages
 	_ "github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/analysis/lang/ar"
 	_ "github.com/blevesearch/bleve/v2/analysis/lang/cjk"
@@ -55,6 +55,13 @@ type Search struct {
 	FulltextIndex bleve.Index
 }
 
+type Indexer interface {
+	Index(elements ...IndexElement) error
+	Delete(eventID string) error
+	Search(term string, roomIDs, keys []string, limit, from int, orderByStreamPos bool) (*bleve.SearchResult, error)
+	Close() error
+}
+
 // IndexElement describes the layout of an element to index
 type IndexElement struct {
 	EventID        string
@@ -77,12 +84,18 @@ func (i *IndexElement) SetContentType(v string) {
 }
 
 // New opens a new/existing fulltext index
-func New(cfg config.Fulltext) (fts *Search, err error) {
+func New(ctx context.Context, cfg config.Fulltext) (fts *Search, err error) {
 	fts = &Search{}
 	fts.FulltextIndex, err = openIndex(cfg)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	go func() {
+		// Wait for the context (should be from process.ProcessContext) to be
+		// done, indicating that Dendrite is shutting down.
+		<-ctx.Done()
+		_ = fts.Close()
+	}()
 	return fts, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/internal/fulltext/bleve_test.go b/internal/fulltext/bleve_test.go
index d16397a4..6ce69145 100644
--- a/internal/fulltext/bleve_test.go
+++ b/internal/fulltext/bleve_test.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/process"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/util"
 
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 )
 
-func mustOpenIndex(t *testing.T, tempDir string) *fulltext.Search {
+func mustOpenIndex(t *testing.T, tempDir string) (*fulltext.Search, *process.ProcessContext) {
 	t.Helper()
 	cfg := config.Fulltext{
 		Enabled:  true,
@@ -36,11 +37,12 @@ func mustOpenIndex(t *testing.T, tempDir string) *fulltext.Search {
 		cfg.IndexPath = config.Path(tempDir)
 		cfg.InMemory = false
 	}
-	fts, err := fulltext.New(cfg)
+	ctx := process.NewProcessContext()
+	fts, err := fulltext.New(ctx.Context(), cfg)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("failed to open fulltext index:", err)
 	}
-	return fts
+	return fts, ctx
 }
 
 func mustAddTestData(t *testing.T, fts *fulltext.Search, firstStreamPos int64) (eventIDs, roomIDs []string) {
@@ -93,19 +95,17 @@ func mustAddTestData(t *testing.T, fts *fulltext.Search, firstStreamPos int64) (
 
 func TestOpen(t *testing.T) {
 	dataDir := t.TempDir()
-	fts := mustOpenIndex(t, dataDir)
-	if err := fts.Close(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal("unable to close fulltext index", err)
-	}
+	_, ctx := mustOpenIndex(t, dataDir)
+	ctx.ShutdownDendrite()
 
 	// open existing index
-	fts = mustOpenIndex(t, dataDir)
-	defer fts.Close()
+	_, ctx = mustOpenIndex(t, dataDir)
+	ctx.ShutdownDendrite()
 }
 
 func TestIndex(t *testing.T) {
-	fts := mustOpenIndex(t, "")
-	defer fts.Close()
+	fts, ctx := mustOpenIndex(t, "")
+	defer ctx.ShutdownDendrite()
 
 	// add some data
 	var streamPos int64 = 1
@@ -128,8 +128,8 @@ func TestIndex(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestDelete(t *testing.T) {
-	fts := mustOpenIndex(t, "")
-	defer fts.Close()
+	fts, ctx := mustOpenIndex(t, "")
+	defer ctx.ShutdownDendrite()
 	eventIDs, roomIDs := mustAddTestData(t, fts, 0)
 	res1, err := fts.Search("lorem", roomIDs[:1], nil, 50, 0, false)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -224,7 +224,8 @@ func TestSearch(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			f := mustOpenIndex(t, "")
+			f, ctx := mustOpenIndex(t, "")
+			defer ctx.ShutdownDendrite()
 			eventIDs, roomIDs := mustAddTestData(t, f, 0)
 			var searchRooms []string
 			for _, x := range tt.args.roomIndex {
diff --git a/internal/fulltext/bleve_wasm.go b/internal/fulltext/bleve_wasm.go
index a69a8926..0053ed8c 100644
--- a/internal/fulltext/bleve_wasm.go
+++ b/internal/fulltext/bleve_wasm.go
@@ -15,8 +15,9 @@
 package fulltext
 
 import (
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 )
 
 type Search struct{}
@@ -28,6 +29,13 @@ type IndexElement struct {
 	StreamPosition int64
 }
 
+type Indexer interface {
+	Index(elements ...IndexElement) error
+	Delete(eventID string) error
+	Search(term string, roomIDs, keys []string, limit, from int, orderByStreamPos bool) (SearchResult, error)
+	Close() error
+}
+
 type SearchResult struct {
 	Status   interface{}   `json:"status"`
 	Request  *interface{}  `json:"request"`
@@ -48,7 +56,7 @@ func (f *Search) Close() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (f *Search) Index(e IndexElement) error {
+func (f *Search) Index(e ...IndexElement) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/internal/httputil/routing.go b/internal/httputil/routing.go
index 0bd3655e..c733c8ce 100644
--- a/internal/httputil/routing.go
+++ b/internal/httputil/routing.go
@@ -15,7 +15,10 @@
 package httputil
 
 import (
+	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
+
+	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
 )
 
 // URLDecodeMapValues is a function that iterates through each of the items in a
@@ -33,3 +36,52 @@ func URLDecodeMapValues(vmap map[string]string) (map[string]string, error) {
 
 	return decoded, nil
 }
+
+type Routers struct {
+	Client        *mux.Router
+	Federation    *mux.Router
+	Keys          *mux.Router
+	Media         *mux.Router
+	WellKnown     *mux.Router
+	Static        *mux.Router
+	DendriteAdmin *mux.Router
+	SynapseAdmin  *mux.Router
+}
+
+func NewRouters() Routers {
+	r := Routers{
+		Client:        mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(PublicClientPathPrefix).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath(),
+		Federation:    mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(PublicFederationPathPrefix).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath(),
+		Keys:          mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(PublicKeyPathPrefix).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath(),
+		Media:         mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(PublicMediaPathPrefix).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath(),
+		WellKnown:     mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(PublicWellKnownPrefix).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath(),
+		Static:        mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(PublicStaticPath).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath(),
+		DendriteAdmin: mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(DendriteAdminPathPrefix).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath(),
+		SynapseAdmin:  mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(SynapseAdminPathPrefix).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath(),
+	}
+	r.configureHTTPErrors()
+	return r
+}
+
+var NotAllowedHandler = WrapHandlerInCORS(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusMethodNotAllowed)
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"errcode":"M_UNRECOGNIZED","error":"Unrecognized request"}`)) // nolint:misspell
+}))
+
+var NotFoundCORSHandler = WrapHandlerInCORS(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"errcode":"M_UNRECOGNIZED","error":"Unrecognized request"}`)) // nolint:misspell
+}))
+
+func (r *Routers) configureHTTPErrors() {
+	for _, router := range []*mux.Router{
+		r.Client, r.Federation, r.Keys,
+		r.Media, r.WellKnown, r.Static,
+		r.DendriteAdmin, r.SynapseAdmin,
+	} {
+		router.NotFoundHandler = NotFoundCORSHandler
+		router.MethodNotAllowedHandler = NotAllowedHandler
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/httputil/routing_test.go b/internal/httputil/routing_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21e2bf48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/httputil/routing_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package httputil
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestRoutersError(t *testing.T) {
+	r := NewRouters()
+
+	// not found test
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, filepath.Join(PublicFederationPathPrefix, "doesnotexist"), nil)
+	r.Federation.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusNotFound {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected status code: %d - %s", rec.Code, rec.Body.String())
+	}
+	if ct := rec.Header().Get("Content-Type"); ct != "application/json" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected content-type: %s", ct)
+	}
+
+	// not allowed test
+	r.DendriteAdmin.
+		Handle("/test", http.HandlerFunc(func(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {})).
+		Methods(http.MethodPost)
+
+	rec = httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, filepath.Join(DendriteAdminPathPrefix, "test"), nil)
+	r.DendriteAdmin.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusMethodNotAllowed {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected status code: %d - %s", rec.Code, rec.Body.String())
+	}
+	if ct := rec.Header().Get("Content-Type"); ct != "application/json" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected content-type: %s", ct)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/sqlutil/connection_manager.go b/internal/sqlutil/connection_manager.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cefd9f80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sqlutil/connection_manager.go
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package sqlutil
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
+)
+
+type Connections struct {
+	db     *sql.DB
+	writer Writer
+}
+
+func NewConnectionManager() Connections {
+	return Connections{}
+}
+
+func (c *Connections) Connection(dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (*sql.DB, Writer, error) {
+	writer := NewDummyWriter()
+	if dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsSQLite() {
+		writer = NewExclusiveWriter()
+	}
+	if dbProperties.ConnectionString != "" || c.db == nil {
+		var err error
+		// Open a new database connection using the supplied config.
+		c.db, err = Open(dbProperties, writer)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		c.writer = writer
+		return c.db, c.writer, nil
+	}
+	if c.db != nil && c.writer != nil {
+		// Ignore the supplied config and return the global pool and
+		// writer.
+		return c.db, c.writer, nil
+	}
+	return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("no database connections configured")
+}
diff --git a/internal/sqlutil/connection_manager_test.go b/internal/sqlutil/connection_manager_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..610629d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/sqlutil/connection_manager_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+package sqlutil_test
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test"
+)
+
+func TestConnectionManager(t *testing.T) {
+	test.WithAllDatabases(t, func(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
+		conStr, close := test.PrepareDBConnectionString(t, dbType)
+		t.Cleanup(close)
+		cm := sqlutil.NewConnectionManager()
+
+		dbProps := &config.DatabaseOptions{ConnectionString: config.DataSource(string(conStr))}
+		db, writer, err := cm.Connection(dbProps)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		switch dbType {
+		case test.DBTypeSQLite:
+			_, ok := writer.(*sqlutil.ExclusiveWriter)
+			if !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("expected exclusive writer")
+			}
+		case test.DBTypePostgres:
+			_, ok := writer.(*sqlutil.DummyWriter)
+			if !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("expected dummy writer")
+			}
+		}
+
+		// test global db pool
+		dbGlobal, writerGlobal, err := cm.Connection(&config.DatabaseOptions{})
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(db, dbGlobal) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected database connection to be reused")
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(writer, writerGlobal) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected database writer to be reused")
+		}
+
+		// test invalid connection string configured
+		cm = sqlutil.NewConnectionManager()
+		_, _, err = cm.Connection(&config.DatabaseOptions{ConnectionString: "http://"})
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected an error but got none")
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/mediaapi/mediaapi.go b/mediaapi/mediaapi.go
index 4792c996..42e0ea88 100644
--- a/mediaapi/mediaapi.go
+++ b/mediaapi/mediaapi.go
@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@ func AddPublicRoutes(
 	cfg := &base.Cfg.MediaAPI
 	rateCfg := &base.Cfg.ClientAPI.RateLimiting
 
-	mediaDB, err := storage.NewMediaAPIDatasource(base, &cfg.Database)
+	mediaDB, err := storage.NewMediaAPIDatasource(base.ConnectionManager, &cfg.Database)
 	if err != nil {
 		logrus.WithError(err).Panicf("failed to connect to media db")
 	}
 
 	routing.Setup(
-		base.PublicMediaAPIMux, cfg, rateCfg, mediaDB, userAPI, client,
+		base.Routers.Media, cfg, rateCfg, mediaDB, userAPI, client,
 	)
 }
diff --git a/mediaapi/routing/upload_test.go b/mediaapi/routing/upload_test.go
index 420d0eba..d4fb45d1 100644
--- a/mediaapi/routing/upload_test.go
+++ b/mediaapi/routing/upload_test.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/mediaapi/fileutils"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/mediaapi/storage"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/mediaapi/types"
@@ -49,8 +50,8 @@ func Test_uploadRequest_doUpload(t *testing.T) {
 	// create testdata folder and remove when done
 	_ = os.Mkdir(testdataPath, os.ModePerm)
 	defer fileutils.RemoveDir(types.Path(testdataPath), nil)
-
-	db, err := storage.NewMediaAPIDatasource(nil, &config.DatabaseOptions{
+	cm := sqlutil.NewConnectionManager()
+	db, err := storage.NewMediaAPIDatasource(cm, &config.DatabaseOptions{
 		ConnectionString:       "file::memory:?cache=shared",
 		MaxOpenConnections:     100,
 		MaxIdleConnections:     2,
diff --git a/mediaapi/storage/postgres/mediaapi.go b/mediaapi/storage/postgres/mediaapi.go
index 30ec64f8..5b668774 100644
--- a/mediaapi/storage/postgres/mediaapi.go
+++ b/mediaapi/storage/postgres/mediaapi.go
@@ -20,13 +20,12 @@ import (
 	_ "github.com/lib/pq"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/mediaapi/storage/shared"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 )
 
 // NewDatabase opens a postgres database.
-func NewDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (*shared.Database, error) {
-	db, writer, err := base.DatabaseConnection(dbProperties, sqlutil.NewDummyWriter())
+func NewDatabase(conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (*shared.Database, error) {
+	db, writer, err := conMan.Connection(dbProperties)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/mediaapi/storage/sqlite3/mediaapi.go b/mediaapi/storage/sqlite3/mediaapi.go
index c0ab10e9..4d484f32 100644
--- a/mediaapi/storage/sqlite3/mediaapi.go
+++ b/mediaapi/storage/sqlite3/mediaapi.go
@@ -19,13 +19,12 @@ import (
 	// Import the postgres database driver.
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/mediaapi/storage/shared"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 )
 
 // NewDatabase opens a SQLIte database.
-func NewDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (*shared.Database, error) {
-	db, writer, err := base.DatabaseConnection(dbProperties, sqlutil.NewExclusiveWriter())
+func NewDatabase(conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (*shared.Database, error) {
+	db, writer, err := conMan.Connection(dbProperties)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/mediaapi/storage/storage.go b/mediaapi/storage/storage.go
index f673ae7e..8e67af9f 100644
--- a/mediaapi/storage/storage.go
+++ b/mediaapi/storage/storage.go
@@ -20,19 +20,19 @@ package storage
 import (
 	"fmt"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/mediaapi/storage/postgres"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/mediaapi/storage/sqlite3"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 )
 
 // NewMediaAPIDatasource opens a database connection.
-func NewMediaAPIDatasource(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (Database, error) {
+func NewMediaAPIDatasource(conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (Database, error) {
 	switch {
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsSQLite():
-		return sqlite3.NewDatabase(base, dbProperties)
+		return sqlite3.NewDatabase(conMan, dbProperties)
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsPostgres():
-		return postgres.NewDatabase(base, dbProperties)
+		return postgres.NewDatabase(conMan, dbProperties)
 	default:
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected database type")
 	}
diff --git a/mediaapi/storage/storage_test.go b/mediaapi/storage/storage_test.go
index 81f0a5d2..11febd27 100644
--- a/mediaapi/storage/storage_test.go
+++ b/mediaapi/storage/storage_test.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/mediaapi/storage"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/mediaapi/types"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
@@ -13,7 +14,8 @@ import (
 
 func mustCreateDatabase(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) (storage.Database, func()) {
 	connStr, close := test.PrepareDBConnectionString(t, dbType)
-	db, err := storage.NewMediaAPIDatasource(nil, &config.DatabaseOptions{
+	cm := sqlutil.NewConnectionManager()
+	db, err := storage.NewMediaAPIDatasource(cm, &config.DatabaseOptions{
 		ConnectionString: config.DataSource(connStr),
 	})
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/mediaapi/storage/storage_wasm.go b/mediaapi/storage/storage_wasm.go
index 41e4a28c..47ee3792 100644
--- a/mediaapi/storage/storage_wasm.go
+++ b/mediaapi/storage/storage_wasm.go
@@ -17,16 +17,16 @@ package storage
 import (
 	"fmt"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/mediaapi/storage/sqlite3"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 )
 
 // Open opens a postgres database.
-func NewMediaAPIDatasource(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (Database, error) {
+func NewMediaAPIDatasource(conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (Database, error) {
 	switch {
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsSQLite():
-		return sqlite3.NewDatabase(base, dbProperties)
+		return sqlite3.NewDatabase(conMan, dbProperties)
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsPostgres():
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't use Postgres implementation")
 	default:
diff --git a/relayapi/relayapi.go b/relayapi/relayapi.go
index 200a1814..925fc031 100644
--- a/relayapi/relayapi.go
+++ b/relayapi/relayapi.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package relayapi
 
 import (
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi/producers"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/relayapi/api"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/relayapi/internal"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/relayapi/routing"
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ func AddPublicRoutes(
 	}
 
 	routing.Setup(
-		base.PublicFederationAPIMux,
+		base.Routers.Federation,
 		fedCfg,
 		relay,
 		keyRing,
@@ -55,10 +56,10 @@ func NewRelayInternalAPI(
 	keyRing *gomatrixserverlib.KeyRing,
 	producer *producers.SyncAPIProducer,
 	relayingEnabled bool,
+	caches caching.FederationCache,
 ) api.RelayInternalAPI {
 	cfg := &base.Cfg.RelayAPI
-
-	relayDB, err := storage.NewDatabase(base, &cfg.Database, base.Caches, base.Cfg.Global.IsLocalServerName)
+	relayDB, err := storage.NewDatabase(base.ConnectionManager, &cfg.Database, caches, base.Cfg.Global.IsLocalServerName)
 	if err != nil {
 		logrus.WithError(err).Panic("failed to connect to relay db")
 	}
diff --git a/relayapi/relayapi_test.go b/relayapi/relayapi_test.go
index f1b3262a..e8120309 100644
--- a/relayapi/relayapi_test.go
+++ b/relayapi/relayapi_test.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/cmd/dendrite-demo-yggdrasil/signing"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/relayapi"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test/testrig"
@@ -34,9 +35,10 @@ import (
 func TestCreateNewRelayInternalAPI(t *testing.T) {
 	test.WithAllDatabases(t, func(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 		base, close := testrig.CreateBaseDendrite(t, dbType)
+		caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
 		defer close()
 
-		relayAPI := relayapi.NewRelayInternalAPI(base, nil, nil, nil, nil, true)
+		relayAPI := relayapi.NewRelayInternalAPI(base, nil, nil, nil, nil, true, caches)
 		assert.NotNil(t, relayAPI)
 	})
 }
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ func TestCreateRelayInternalInvalidDatabasePanics(t *testing.T) {
 		defer close()
 
 		assert.Panics(t, func() {
-			relayapi.NewRelayInternalAPI(base, nil, nil, nil, nil, true)
+			relayapi.NewRelayInternalAPI(base, nil, nil, nil, nil, true, nil)
 		})
 	})
 }
@@ -107,8 +109,9 @@ func TestCreateRelayPublicRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 	test.WithAllDatabases(t, func(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 		base, close := testrig.CreateBaseDendrite(t, dbType)
 		defer close()
+		caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
 
-		relayAPI := relayapi.NewRelayInternalAPI(base, nil, nil, nil, nil, true)
+		relayAPI := relayapi.NewRelayInternalAPI(base, nil, nil, nil, nil, true, caches)
 		assert.NotNil(t, relayAPI)
 
 		serverKeyAPI := &signing.YggdrasilKeys{}
@@ -144,7 +147,7 @@ func TestCreateRelayPublicRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 
 		for _, tc := range testCases {
 			w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-			base.PublicFederationAPIMux.ServeHTTP(w, tc.req)
+			base.Routers.Federation.ServeHTTP(w, tc.req)
 			if w.Code != tc.wantCode {
 				t.Fatalf("%s: got HTTP %d want %d", tc.name, w.Code, tc.wantCode)
 			}
@@ -156,8 +159,9 @@ func TestDisableRelayPublicRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 	test.WithAllDatabases(t, func(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 		base, close := testrig.CreateBaseDendrite(t, dbType)
 		defer close()
+		caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
 
-		relayAPI := relayapi.NewRelayInternalAPI(base, nil, nil, nil, nil, false)
+		relayAPI := relayapi.NewRelayInternalAPI(base, nil, nil, nil, nil, false, caches)
 		assert.NotNil(t, relayAPI)
 
 		serverKeyAPI := &signing.YggdrasilKeys{}
@@ -183,7 +187,7 @@ func TestDisableRelayPublicRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 
 		for _, tc := range testCases {
 			w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-			base.PublicFederationAPIMux.ServeHTTP(w, tc.req)
+			base.Routers.Federation.ServeHTTP(w, tc.req)
 			if w.Code != tc.wantCode {
 				t.Fatalf("%s: got HTTP %d want %d", tc.name, w.Code, tc.wantCode)
 			}
diff --git a/relayapi/storage/postgres/storage.go b/relayapi/storage/postgres/storage.go
index 1042beba..78bbaf1c 100644
--- a/relayapi/storage/postgres/storage.go
+++ b/relayapi/storage/postgres/storage.go
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/relayapi/storage/shared"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 )
@@ -34,14 +33,14 @@ type Database struct {
 
 // NewDatabase opens a new database
 func NewDatabase(
-	base *base.BaseDendrite,
+	conMan sqlutil.Connections,
 	dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions,
 	cache caching.FederationCache,
 	isLocalServerName func(gomatrixserverlib.ServerName) bool,
 ) (*Database, error) {
 	var d Database
 	var err error
-	if d.db, d.writer, err = base.DatabaseConnection(dbProperties, sqlutil.NewDummyWriter()); err != nil {
+	if d.db, d.writer, err = conMan.Connection(dbProperties); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	queue, err := NewPostgresRelayQueueTable(d.db)
diff --git a/relayapi/storage/sqlite3/storage.go b/relayapi/storage/sqlite3/storage.go
index 3ed4ab04..da2cf9f7 100644
--- a/relayapi/storage/sqlite3/storage.go
+++ b/relayapi/storage/sqlite3/storage.go
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/relayapi/storage/shared"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 )
@@ -34,14 +33,14 @@ type Database struct {
 
 // NewDatabase opens a new database
 func NewDatabase(
-	base *base.BaseDendrite,
+	conMan sqlutil.Connections,
 	dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions,
 	cache caching.FederationCache,
 	isLocalServerName func(gomatrixserverlib.ServerName) bool,
 ) (*Database, error) {
 	var d Database
 	var err error
-	if d.db, d.writer, err = base.DatabaseConnection(dbProperties, sqlutil.NewExclusiveWriter()); err != nil {
+	if d.db, d.writer, err = conMan.Connection(dbProperties); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	queue, err := NewSQLiteRelayQueueTable(d.db)
diff --git a/relayapi/storage/storage.go b/relayapi/storage/storage.go
index 16ecbcfb..17d9e6c7 100644
--- a/relayapi/storage/storage.go
+++ b/relayapi/storage/storage.go
@@ -21,25 +21,25 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/relayapi/storage/postgres"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/relayapi/storage/sqlite3"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 )
 
 // NewDatabase opens a new database
 func NewDatabase(
-	base *base.BaseDendrite,
+	conMan sqlutil.Connections,
 	dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions,
 	cache caching.FederationCache,
 	isLocalServerName func(gomatrixserverlib.ServerName) bool,
 ) (Database, error) {
 	switch {
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsSQLite():
-		return sqlite3.NewDatabase(base, dbProperties, cache, isLocalServerName)
+		return sqlite3.NewDatabase(conMan, dbProperties, cache, isLocalServerName)
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsPostgres():
-		return postgres.NewDatabase(base, dbProperties, cache, isLocalServerName)
+		return postgres.NewDatabase(conMan, dbProperties, cache, isLocalServerName)
 	default:
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected database type")
 	}
diff --git a/relayapi/storage/storage_wasm.go b/relayapi/storage/storage_wasm.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92847e1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/relayapi/storage/storage_wasm.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/relayapi/storage/sqlite3"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
+)
+
+// NewDatabase opens a new database
+func NewDatabase(
+	conMan sqlutil.Connections,
+	dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions,
+	cache caching.FederationCache,
+	isLocalServerName func(gomatrixserverlib.ServerName) bool,
+) (Database, error) {
+	switch {
+	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsSQLite():
+		return sqlite3.NewDatabase(conMan, dbProperties, cache, isLocalServerName)
+	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsPostgres():
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't use Postgres implementation")
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected database type")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/roomserver/internal/api.go b/roomserver/internal/api.go
index c43b9d04..2e987d68 100644
--- a/roomserver/internal/api.go
+++ b/roomserver/internal/api.go
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ type RoomserverInternalAPI struct {
 
 func NewRoomserverAPI(
 	base *base.BaseDendrite, roomserverDB storage.Database,
-	js nats.JetStreamContext, nc *nats.Conn,
+	js nats.JetStreamContext, nc *nats.Conn, caches caching.RoomServerCaches,
 ) *RoomserverInternalAPI {
 	var perspectiveServerNames []gomatrixserverlib.ServerName
 	for _, kp := range base.Cfg.FederationAPI.KeyPerspectives {
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func NewRoomserverAPI(
 		DB:                     roomserverDB,
 		Base:                   base,
 		Cfg:                    &base.Cfg.RoomServer,
-		Cache:                  base.Caches,
+		Cache:                  caches,
 		ServerName:             base.Cfg.Global.ServerName,
 		PerspectiveServerNames: perspectiveServerNames,
 		InputRoomEventTopic:    base.Cfg.Global.JetStream.Prefixed(jetstream.InputRoomEvent),
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ func NewRoomserverAPI(
 		ServerACLs:             serverACLs,
 		Queryer: &query.Queryer{
 			DB:                roomserverDB,
-			Cache:             base.Caches,
+			Cache:             caches,
 			IsLocalServerName: base.Cfg.Global.IsLocalServerName,
 			ServerACLs:        serverACLs,
 		},
diff --git a/roomserver/internal/helpers/helpers_test.go b/roomserver/internal/helpers/helpers_test.go
index c056e704..03a8bf57 100644
--- a/roomserver/internal/helpers/helpers_test.go
+++ b/roomserver/internal/helpers/helpers_test.go
@@ -3,26 +3,28 @@ package helpers
 import (
 	"context"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/types"
 
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
-
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test/testrig"
-
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/storage"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test"
 )
 
-func mustCreateDatabase(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) (*base.BaseDendrite, storage.Database, func()) {
-	base, close := testrig.CreateBaseDendrite(t, dbType)
-	db, err := storage.Open(base, &base.Cfg.RoomServer.Database, base.Caches)
+func mustCreateDatabase(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) (storage.Database, func()) {
+	conStr, close := test.PrepareDBConnectionString(t, dbType)
+	caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(8*1024*1024, time.Hour, caching.DisableMetrics)
+	cm := sqlutil.NewConnectionManager()
+	db, err := storage.Open(context.Background(), cm, &config.DatabaseOptions{ConnectionString: config.DataSource(conStr)}, caches)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create Database: %v", err)
 	}
-	return base, db, close
+	return db, close
 }
 
 func TestIsInvitePendingWithoutNID(t *testing.T) {
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ func TestIsInvitePendingWithoutNID(t *testing.T) {
 	room := test.NewRoom(t, alice, test.RoomPreset(test.PresetPublicChat))
 	_ = bob
 	test.WithAllDatabases(t, func(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
-		_, db, close := mustCreateDatabase(t, dbType)
+		db, close := mustCreateDatabase(t, dbType)
 		defer close()
 
 		// store all events
diff --git a/roomserver/internal/input/input_test.go b/roomserver/internal/input/input_test.go
index 4708560a..555ec9c6 100644
--- a/roomserver/internal/input/input_test.go
+++ b/roomserver/internal/input/input_test.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/api"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/internal/input"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/storage"
@@ -48,14 +49,15 @@ func TestSingleTransactionOnInput(t *testing.T) {
 		Kind:  api.KindOutlier, // don't panic if we generate an output event
 		Event: event.Headered(gomatrixserverlib.RoomVersionV6),
 	}
+	cm := sqlutil.NewConnectionManager()
 	db, err := storage.Open(
-		nil,
+		context.Background(), cm,
 		&config.DatabaseOptions{
 			ConnectionString:   "",
 			MaxOpenConnections: 1,
 			MaxIdleConnections: 1,
 		},
-		caching.NewRistrettoCache(8*1024*1024, time.Hour, false),
+		caching.NewRistrettoCache(8*1024*1024, time.Hour, caching.DisableMetrics),
 	)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Logf("PostgreSQL not available (%s), skipping", err)
diff --git a/roomserver/roomserver.go b/roomserver/roomserver.go
index 5a8d8b57..1c55423e 100644
--- a/roomserver/roomserver.go
+++ b/roomserver/roomserver.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 package roomserver
 
 import (
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/api"
@@ -26,10 +27,11 @@ import (
 // NewInternalAPI returns a concrete implementation of the internal API.
 func NewInternalAPI(
 	base *base.BaseDendrite,
+	caches caching.RoomServerCaches,
 ) api.RoomserverInternalAPI {
 	cfg := &base.Cfg.RoomServer
 
-	roomserverDB, err := storage.Open(base, &cfg.Database, base.Caches)
+	roomserverDB, err := storage.Open(base.ProcessContext.Context(), base.ConnectionManager, &cfg.Database, caches)
 	if err != nil {
 		logrus.WithError(err).Panicf("failed to connect to room server db")
 	}
@@ -37,6 +39,6 @@ func NewInternalAPI(
 	js, nc := base.NATS.Prepare(base.ProcessContext, &cfg.Matrix.JetStream)
 
 	return internal.NewRoomserverAPI(
-		base, roomserverDB, js, nc,
+		base, roomserverDB, js, nc, caches,
 	)
 }
diff --git a/roomserver/roomserver_test.go b/roomserver/roomserver_test.go
index a3ca5909..1b0b3155 100644
--- a/roomserver/roomserver_test.go
+++ b/roomserver/roomserver_test.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/state"
@@ -32,7 +33,8 @@ import (
 func mustCreateDatabase(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) (*base.BaseDendrite, storage.Database, func()) {
 	t.Helper()
 	base, close := testrig.CreateBaseDendrite(t, dbType)
-	db, err := storage.Open(base, &base.Cfg.RoomServer.Database, base.Caches)
+	caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
+	db, err := storage.Open(base.ProcessContext.Context(), base.ConnectionManager, &base.Cfg.RoomServer.Database, caches)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create Database: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -43,7 +45,8 @@ func TestUsers(t *testing.T) {
 	test.WithAllDatabases(t, func(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 		base, close := testrig.CreateBaseDendrite(t, dbType)
 		defer close()
-		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base)
+		caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
+		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base, caches)
 		// SetFederationAPI starts the room event input consumer
 		rsAPI.SetFederationAPI(nil, nil)
 
@@ -181,7 +184,8 @@ func Test_QueryLeftUsers(t *testing.T) {
 		base, _, close := mustCreateDatabase(t, dbType)
 		defer close()
 
-		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base)
+		caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
+		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base, caches)
 		// SetFederationAPI starts the room event input consumer
 		rsAPI.SetFederationAPI(nil, nil)
 		// Create the room
@@ -232,12 +236,13 @@ func TestPurgeRoom(t *testing.T) {
 		defer jetstream.DeleteAllStreams(jsCtx, &base.Cfg.Global.JetStream)
 
 		fedClient := base.CreateFederationClient()
-		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base)
+		caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
+		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base, caches)
 		userAPI := userapi.NewInternalAPI(base, rsAPI, nil)
 
 		// this starts the JetStream consumers
-		syncapi.AddPublicRoutes(base, userAPI, rsAPI)
-		federationapi.NewInternalAPI(base, fedClient, rsAPI, base.Caches, nil, true)
+		syncapi.AddPublicRoutes(base, userAPI, rsAPI, caches)
+		federationapi.NewInternalAPI(base, fedClient, rsAPI, caches, nil, true)
 		rsAPI.SetFederationAPI(nil, nil)
 
 		// Create the room
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/postgres/storage.go b/roomserver/storage/postgres/storage.go
index d98a5cf9..19cde541 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/postgres/storage.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/postgres/storage.go
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/storage/postgres/deltas"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/storage/shared"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 )
 
@@ -38,10 +37,10 @@ type Database struct {
 }
 
 // Open a postgres database.
-func Open(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, cache caching.RoomServerCaches) (*Database, error) {
+func Open(ctx context.Context, conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, cache caching.RoomServerCaches) (*Database, error) {
 	var d Database
 	var err error
-	db, writer, err := base.DatabaseConnection(dbProperties, sqlutil.NewDummyWriter())
+	db, writer, err := conMan.Connection(dbProperties)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("sqlutil.Open: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ func Open(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, cache c
 
 	// Special case, since this migration uses several tables, so it needs to
 	// be sure that all tables are created first.
-	if err = executeMigration(base.Context(), db); err != nil {
+	if err = executeMigration(ctx, db); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/storage.go b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/storage.go
index 2adedd2d..89e16fc1 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/storage.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/storage.go
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/storage/shared"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/storage/sqlite3/deltas"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/types"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 )
 
@@ -38,10 +37,10 @@ type Database struct {
 }
 
 // Open a sqlite database.
-func Open(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, cache caching.RoomServerCaches) (*Database, error) {
+func Open(ctx context.Context, conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, cache caching.RoomServerCaches) (*Database, error) {
 	var d Database
 	var err error
-	db, writer, err := base.DatabaseConnection(dbProperties, sqlutil.NewExclusiveWriter())
+	db, writer, err := conMan.Connection(dbProperties)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("sqlutil.Open: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ func Open(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, cache c
 
 	// Special case, since this migration uses several tables, so it needs to
 	// be sure that all tables are created first.
-	if err = executeMigration(base.Context(), db); err != nil {
+	if err = executeMigration(ctx, db); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/storage.go b/roomserver/storage/storage.go
index 8a87b7d7..2b3b3bd8 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/storage.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/storage.go
@@ -18,22 +18,23 @@
 package storage
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/storage/postgres"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/storage/sqlite3"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 )
 
 // Open opens a database connection.
-func Open(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, cache caching.RoomServerCaches) (Database, error) {
+func Open(ctx context.Context, conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, cache caching.RoomServerCaches) (Database, error) {
 	switch {
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsSQLite():
-		return sqlite3.Open(base, dbProperties, cache)
+		return sqlite3.Open(ctx, conMan, dbProperties, cache)
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsPostgres():
-		return postgres.Open(base, dbProperties, cache)
+		return postgres.Open(ctx, conMan, dbProperties, cache)
 	default:
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected database type")
 	}
diff --git a/roomserver/storage/storage_wasm.go b/roomserver/storage/storage_wasm.go
index df5a56ac..817f9304 100644
--- a/roomserver/storage/storage_wasm.go
+++ b/roomserver/storage/storage_wasm.go
@@ -15,19 +15,20 @@
 package storage
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/storage/sqlite3"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 )
 
 // NewPublicRoomsServerDatabase opens a database connection.
-func Open(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, cache caching.RoomServerCaches) (Database, error) {
+func Open(ctx context.Context, conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, cache caching.RoomServerCaches) (Database, error) {
 	switch {
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsSQLite():
-		return sqlite3.Open(base, dbProperties, cache)
+		return sqlite3.Open(ctx, conMan, dbProperties, cache)
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsPostgres():
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't use Postgres implementation")
 	default:
diff --git a/setup/base/base.go b/setup/base/base.go
index dfe48ff3..8c9b06d0 100644
--- a/setup/base/base.go
+++ b/setup/base/base.go
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ package base
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
-	"database/sql"
 	"embed"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
@@ -36,15 +35,13 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/getsentry/sentry-go"
 	sentryhttp "github.com/getsentry/sentry-go/http"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/jetstream"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promhttp"
 	"go.uber.org/atomic"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/fulltext"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/httputil"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/pushgateway"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 
 	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
@@ -53,7 +50,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/jetstream"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/process"
 )
 
@@ -67,24 +63,14 @@ var staticContent embed.FS
 // Must be closed when shutting down.
 type BaseDendrite struct {
 	*process.ProcessContext
-	tracerCloser           io.Closer
-	PublicClientAPIMux     *mux.Router
-	PublicFederationAPIMux *mux.Router
-	PublicKeyAPIMux        *mux.Router
-	PublicMediaAPIMux      *mux.Router
-	PublicWellKnownAPIMux  *mux.Router
-	PublicStaticMux        *mux.Router
-	DendriteAdminMux       *mux.Router
-	SynapseAdminMux        *mux.Router
-	NATS                   *jetstream.NATSInstance
-	Cfg                    *config.Dendrite
-	Caches                 *caching.Caches
-	DNSCache               *gomatrixserverlib.DNSCache
-	Database               *sql.DB
-	DatabaseWriter         sqlutil.Writer
-	EnableMetrics          bool
-	Fulltext               *fulltext.Search
-	startupLock            sync.Mutex
+	tracerCloser      io.Closer
+	Routers           httputil.Routers
+	NATS              *jetstream.NATSInstance
+	Cfg               *config.Dendrite
+	DNSCache          *gomatrixserverlib.DNSCache
+	ConnectionManager sqlutil.Connections
+	EnableMetrics     bool
+	startupLock       sync.Mutex
 }
 
 const HTTPServerTimeout = time.Minute * 5
@@ -130,14 +116,6 @@ func NewBaseDendrite(cfg *config.Dendrite, options ...BaseDendriteOptions) *Base
 		logrus.WithError(err).Panicf("failed to start opentracing")
 	}
 
-	var fts *fulltext.Search
-	if cfg.SyncAPI.Fulltext.Enabled {
-		fts, err = fulltext.New(cfg.SyncAPI.Fulltext)
-		if err != nil {
-			logrus.WithError(err).Panicf("failed to create full text")
-		}
-	}
-
 	if cfg.Global.Sentry.Enabled {
 		logrus.Info("Setting up Sentry for debugging...")
 		err = sentry.Init(sentry.ClientOptions{
@@ -169,14 +147,13 @@ func NewBaseDendrite(cfg *config.Dendrite, options ...BaseDendriteOptions) *Base
 	// If we're in monolith mode, we'll set up a global pool of database
 	// connections. A component is welcome to use this pool if they don't
 	// have a separate database config of their own.
-	var db *sql.DB
-	var writer sqlutil.Writer
+	cm := sqlutil.NewConnectionManager()
 	if cfg.Global.DatabaseOptions.ConnectionString != "" {
 		if cfg.Global.DatabaseOptions.ConnectionString.IsSQLite() {
 			logrus.Panic("Using a global database connection pool is not supported with SQLite databases")
 		}
-		writer = sqlutil.NewDummyWriter()
-		if db, err = sqlutil.Open(&cfg.Global.DatabaseOptions, writer); err != nil {
+		_, _, err := cm.Connection(&cfg.Global.DatabaseOptions)
+		if err != nil {
 			logrus.WithError(err).Panic("Failed to set up global database connections")
 		}
 		logrus.Debug("Using global database connection pool")
@@ -195,24 +172,14 @@ func NewBaseDendrite(cfg *config.Dendrite, options ...BaseDendriteOptions) *Base
 	// directory traversal attack e.g /../../../etc/passwd
 
 	return &BaseDendrite{
-		ProcessContext:         process.NewProcessContext(),
-		tracerCloser:           closer,
-		Cfg:                    cfg,
-		Caches:                 caching.NewRistrettoCache(cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, enableMetrics),
-		DNSCache:               dnsCache,
-		PublicClientAPIMux:     mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(httputil.PublicClientPathPrefix).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath(),
-		PublicFederationAPIMux: mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(httputil.PublicFederationPathPrefix).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath(),
-		PublicKeyAPIMux:        mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(httputil.PublicKeyPathPrefix).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath(),
-		PublicMediaAPIMux:      mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath(),
-		PublicWellKnownAPIMux:  mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(httputil.PublicWellKnownPrefix).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath(),
-		PublicStaticMux:        mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(httputil.PublicStaticPath).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath(),
-		DendriteAdminMux:       mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(httputil.DendriteAdminPathPrefix).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath(),
-		SynapseAdminMux:        mux.NewRouter().SkipClean(true).PathPrefix(httputil.SynapseAdminPathPrefix).Subrouter().UseEncodedPath(),
-		NATS:                   &jetstream.NATSInstance{},
-		Database:               db,     // set if monolith with global connection pool only
-		DatabaseWriter:         writer, // set if monolith with global connection pool only
-		EnableMetrics:          enableMetrics,
-		Fulltext:               fts,
+		ProcessContext:    process.NewProcessContext(),
+		tracerCloser:      closer,
+		Cfg:               cfg,
+		DNSCache:          dnsCache,
+		Routers:           httputil.NewRouters(),
+		NATS:              &jetstream.NATSInstance{},
+		ConnectionManager: cm,
+		EnableMetrics:     enableMetrics,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -223,34 +190,6 @@ func (b *BaseDendrite) Close() error {
 	return b.tracerCloser.Close()
 }
 
-// DatabaseConnection assists in setting up a database connection. It accepts
-// the database properties and a new writer for the given component. If we're
-// running in monolith mode with a global connection pool configured then we
-// will return that connection, along with the global writer, effectively
-// ignoring the options provided. Otherwise we'll open a new database connection
-// using the supplied options and writer. Note that it's possible for the pointer
-// receiver to be nil here – that's deliberate as some of the unit tests don't
-// have a BaseDendrite and just want a connection with the supplied config
-// without any pooling stuff.
-func (b *BaseDendrite) DatabaseConnection(dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, writer sqlutil.Writer) (*sql.DB, sqlutil.Writer, error) {
-	if dbProperties.ConnectionString != "" || b == nil {
-		// Open a new database connection using the supplied config.
-		db, err := sqlutil.Open(dbProperties, writer)
-		return db, writer, err
-	}
-	if b.Database != nil && b.DatabaseWriter != nil {
-		// Ignore the supplied config and return the global pool and
-		// writer.
-		return b.Database, b.DatabaseWriter, nil
-	}
-	return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("no database connections configured")
-}
-
-// PushGatewayHTTPClient returns a new client for interacting with (external) Push Gateways.
-func (b *BaseDendrite) PushGatewayHTTPClient() pushgateway.Client {
-	return pushgateway.NewHTTPClient(b.Cfg.UserAPI.PushGatewayDisableTLSValidation)
-}
-
 // CreateClient creates a new client (normally used for media fetch requests).
 // Should only be called once per component.
 func (b *BaseDendrite) CreateClient() *gomatrixserverlib.Client {
@@ -295,40 +234,11 @@ func (b *BaseDendrite) CreateFederationClient() *gomatrixserverlib.FederationCli
 	return client
 }
 
-func (b *BaseDendrite) configureHTTPErrors() {
-	notAllowedHandler := func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusMethodNotAllowed)
-		_, _ = w.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("405 %s not allowed on this endpoint", r.Method)))
-	}
-
-	clientNotFoundHandler := func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
-		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-		_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"errcode":"M_UNRECOGNIZED","error":"Unrecognized request"}`)) // nolint:misspell
-	}
-
-	notFoundCORSHandler := httputil.WrapHandlerInCORS(http.NotFoundHandler())
-	notAllowedCORSHandler := httputil.WrapHandlerInCORS(http.HandlerFunc(notAllowedHandler))
-
-	for _, router := range []*mux.Router{
-		b.PublicMediaAPIMux, b.DendriteAdminMux,
-		b.SynapseAdminMux, b.PublicWellKnownAPIMux,
-		b.PublicStaticMux,
-	} {
-		router.NotFoundHandler = notFoundCORSHandler
-		router.MethodNotAllowedHandler = notAllowedCORSHandler
-	}
-
-	// Special case so that we don't upset clients on the CS API.
-	b.PublicClientAPIMux.NotFoundHandler = http.HandlerFunc(clientNotFoundHandler)
-	b.PublicClientAPIMux.MethodNotAllowedHandler = http.HandlerFunc(clientNotFoundHandler)
-}
-
 func (b *BaseDendrite) ConfigureAdminEndpoints() {
-	b.DendriteAdminMux.HandleFunc("/monitor/up", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	b.Routers.DendriteAdmin.HandleFunc("/monitor/up", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		w.WriteHeader(200)
 	})
-	b.DendriteAdminMux.HandleFunc("/monitor/health", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	b.Routers.DendriteAdmin.HandleFunc("/monitor/health", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		if isDegraded, reasons := b.ProcessContext.IsDegraded(); isDegraded {
 			w.WriteHeader(503)
 			_ = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(struct {
@@ -363,8 +273,6 @@ func (b *BaseDendrite) SetupAndServeHTTP(
 		},
 	}
 
-	b.configureHTTPErrors()
-
 	//Redirect for Landing Page
 	externalRouter.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		http.Redirect(w, r, httputil.PublicStaticPath, http.StatusFound)
@@ -385,39 +293,42 @@ func (b *BaseDendrite) SetupAndServeHTTP(
 		logrus.WithError(err).Fatal("failed to execute landing page template")
 	}
 
-	b.PublicStaticMux.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	b.Routers.Static.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		_, _ = w.Write(landingPage.Bytes())
 	})
 
 	var clientHandler http.Handler
-	clientHandler = b.PublicClientAPIMux
+	clientHandler = b.Routers.Client
 	if b.Cfg.Global.Sentry.Enabled {
 		sentryHandler := sentryhttp.New(sentryhttp.Options{
 			Repanic: true,
 		})
-		clientHandler = sentryHandler.Handle(b.PublicClientAPIMux)
+		clientHandler = sentryHandler.Handle(b.Routers.Client)
 	}
 	var federationHandler http.Handler
-	federationHandler = b.PublicFederationAPIMux
+	federationHandler = b.Routers.Federation
 	if b.Cfg.Global.Sentry.Enabled {
 		sentryHandler := sentryhttp.New(sentryhttp.Options{
 			Repanic: true,
 		})
-		federationHandler = sentryHandler.Handle(b.PublicFederationAPIMux)
+		federationHandler = sentryHandler.Handle(b.Routers.Federation)
 	}
-	externalRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.DendriteAdminPathPrefix).Handler(b.DendriteAdminMux)
+	externalRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.DendriteAdminPathPrefix).Handler(b.Routers.DendriteAdmin)
 	externalRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicClientPathPrefix).Handler(clientHandler)
 	if !b.Cfg.Global.DisableFederation {
-		externalRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicKeyPathPrefix).Handler(b.PublicKeyAPIMux)
+		externalRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicKeyPathPrefix).Handler(b.Routers.Keys)
 		externalRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicFederationPathPrefix).Handler(federationHandler)
 	}
-	externalRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.SynapseAdminPathPrefix).Handler(b.SynapseAdminMux)
-	externalRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix).Handler(b.PublicMediaAPIMux)
-	externalRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicWellKnownPrefix).Handler(b.PublicWellKnownAPIMux)
-	externalRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicStaticPath).Handler(b.PublicStaticMux)
+	externalRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.SynapseAdminPathPrefix).Handler(b.Routers.SynapseAdmin)
+	externalRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicMediaPathPrefix).Handler(b.Routers.Media)
+	externalRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicWellKnownPrefix).Handler(b.Routers.WellKnown)
+	externalRouter.PathPrefix(httputil.PublicStaticPath).Handler(b.Routers.Static)
 
 	b.startupLock.Unlock()
 
+	externalRouter.NotFoundHandler = httputil.NotFoundCORSHandler
+	externalRouter.MethodNotAllowedHandler = httputil.NotAllowedHandler
+
 	if externalHTTPAddr.Enabled() {
 		go func() {
 			var externalShutdown atomic.Bool // RegisterOnShutdown can be called more than once
@@ -493,12 +404,6 @@ func (b *BaseDendrite) WaitForShutdown() {
 			logrus.Warnf("failed to flush all Sentry events!")
 		}
 	}
-	if b.Fulltext != nil {
-		err := b.Fulltext.Close()
-		if err != nil {
-			logrus.Warnf("failed to close full text search!")
-		}
-	}
 
 	logrus.Warnf("Dendrite is exiting now")
 }
diff --git a/setup/jetstream/nats.go b/setup/jetstream/nats.go
index 01fec9ad..48683789 100644
--- a/setup/jetstream/nats.go
+++ b/setup/jetstream/nats.go
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ import (
 
 type NATSInstance struct {
 	*natsserver.Server
+	nc *natsclient.Conn
+	js natsclient.JetStreamContext
 }
 
 var natsLock sync.Mutex
@@ -69,11 +71,18 @@ func (s *NATSInstance) Prepare(process *process.ProcessContext, cfg *config.JetS
 	if !s.ReadyForConnections(time.Second * 10) {
 		logrus.Fatalln("NATS did not start in time")
 	}
+	// reuse existing connections
+	if s.nc != nil {
+		return s.js, s.nc
+	}
 	nc, err := natsclient.Connect("", natsclient.InProcessServer(s))
 	if err != nil {
 		logrus.Fatalln("Failed to create NATS client")
 	}
-	return setupNATS(process, cfg, nc)
+	js, _ := setupNATS(process, cfg, nc)
+	s.js = js
+	s.nc = nc
+	return js, nc
 }
 
 func setupNATS(process *process.ProcessContext, cfg *config.JetStream, nc *natsclient.Conn) (natsclient.JetStreamContext, *natsclient.Conn) {
diff --git a/setup/monolith.go b/setup/monolith.go
index d8c65223..174eba68 100644
--- a/setup/monolith.go
+++ b/setup/monolith.go
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/clientapi/api"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi"
 	federationAPI "github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi/api"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/transactions"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/mediaapi"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/relayapi"
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ type Monolith struct {
 }
 
 // AddAllPublicRoutes attaches all public paths to the given router
-func (m *Monolith) AddAllPublicRoutes(base *base.BaseDendrite) {
+func (m *Monolith) AddAllPublicRoutes(base *base.BaseDendrite, caches *caching.Caches) {
 	userDirectoryProvider := m.ExtUserDirectoryProvider
 	if userDirectoryProvider == nil {
 		userDirectoryProvider = m.UserAPI
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ func (m *Monolith) AddAllPublicRoutes(base *base.BaseDendrite) {
 		base, m.UserAPI, m.FedClient, m.KeyRing, m.RoomserverAPI, m.FederationAPI, nil,
 	)
 	mediaapi.AddPublicRoutes(base, m.UserAPI, m.Client)
-	syncapi.AddPublicRoutes(base, m.UserAPI, m.RoomserverAPI)
+	syncapi.AddPublicRoutes(base, m.UserAPI, m.RoomserverAPI, caches)
 
 	if m.RelayAPI != nil {
 		relayapi.AddPublicRoutes(base, m.KeyRing, m.RelayAPI)
diff --git a/setup/mscs/msc2836/msc2836.go b/setup/mscs/msc2836/msc2836.go
index 4bb6a5ee..7c1e0fc6 100644
--- a/setup/mscs/msc2836/msc2836.go
+++ b/setup/mscs/msc2836/msc2836.go
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ func Enable(
 	base *base.BaseDendrite, rsAPI roomserver.RoomserverInternalAPI, fsAPI fs.FederationInternalAPI,
 	userAPI userapi.UserInternalAPI, keyRing gomatrixserverlib.JSONVerifier,
 ) error {
-	db, err := NewDatabase(base, &base.Cfg.MSCs.Database)
+	db, err := NewDatabase(base.ConnectionManager, &base.Cfg.MSCs.Database)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("cannot enable MSC2836: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -125,11 +125,11 @@ func Enable(
 		}
 	})
 
-	base.PublicClientAPIMux.Handle("/unstable/event_relationships",
+	base.Routers.Client.Handle("/unstable/event_relationships",
 		httputil.MakeAuthAPI("eventRelationships", userAPI, eventRelationshipHandler(db, rsAPI, fsAPI)),
 	).Methods(http.MethodPost, http.MethodOptions)
 
-	base.PublicFederationAPIMux.Handle("/unstable/event_relationships", httputil.MakeExternalAPI(
+	base.Routers.Federation.Handle("/unstable/event_relationships", httputil.MakeExternalAPI(
 		"msc2836_event_relationships", func(req *http.Request) util.JSONResponse {
 			fedReq, errResp := gomatrixserverlib.VerifyHTTPRequest(
 				req, time.Now(), base.Cfg.Global.ServerName, base.Cfg.Global.IsLocalServerName, keyRing,
diff --git a/setup/mscs/msc2836/msc2836_test.go b/setup/mscs/msc2836/msc2836_test.go
index f12fbbfc..24e96f93 100644
--- a/setup/mscs/msc2836/msc2836_test.go
+++ b/setup/mscs/msc2836/msc2836_test.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/hooks"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/httputil"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	roomserver "github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/api"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
@@ -554,10 +555,11 @@ func injectEvents(t *testing.T, userAPI userapi.UserInternalAPI, rsAPI roomserve
 	cfg.Global.ServerName = "localhost"
 	cfg.MSCs.Database.ConnectionString = "file:msc2836_test.db"
 	cfg.MSCs.MSCs = []string{"msc2836"}
+	cm := sqlutil.NewConnectionManager()
 	base := &base.BaseDendrite{
-		Cfg:                    cfg,
-		PublicClientAPIMux:     mux.NewRouter().PathPrefix(httputil.PublicClientPathPrefix).Subrouter(),
-		PublicFederationAPIMux: mux.NewRouter().PathPrefix(httputil.PublicFederationPathPrefix).Subrouter(),
+		Cfg:               cfg,
+		Routers:           httputil.NewRouters(),
+		ConnectionManager: cm,
 	}
 
 	err := msc2836.Enable(base, rsAPI, nil, userAPI, nil)
@@ -567,7 +569,7 @@ func injectEvents(t *testing.T, userAPI userapi.UserInternalAPI, rsAPI roomserve
 	for _, ev := range events {
 		hooks.Run(hooks.KindNewEventPersisted, ev)
 	}
-	return base.PublicClientAPIMux
+	return base.Routers.Client
 }
 
 type fledglingEvent struct {
diff --git a/setup/mscs/msc2836/storage.go b/setup/mscs/msc2836/storage.go
index 827e82f7..1cf7e878 100644
--- a/setup/mscs/msc2836/storage.go
+++ b/setup/mscs/msc2836/storage.go
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/util"
@@ -59,17 +58,17 @@ type DB struct {
 }
 
 // NewDatabase loads the database for msc2836
-func NewDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbOpts *config.DatabaseOptions) (Database, error) {
+func NewDatabase(conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbOpts *config.DatabaseOptions) (Database, error) {
 	if dbOpts.ConnectionString.IsPostgres() {
-		return newPostgresDatabase(base, dbOpts)
+		return newPostgresDatabase(conMan, dbOpts)
 	}
-	return newSQLiteDatabase(base, dbOpts)
+	return newSQLiteDatabase(conMan, dbOpts)
 }
 
-func newPostgresDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbOpts *config.DatabaseOptions) (Database, error) {
+func newPostgresDatabase(conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbOpts *config.DatabaseOptions) (Database, error) {
 	d := DB{}
 	var err error
-	if d.db, d.writer, err = base.DatabaseConnection(dbOpts, sqlutil.NewDummyWriter()); err != nil {
+	if d.db, d.writer, err = conMan.Connection(dbOpts); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	_, err = d.db.Exec(`
@@ -144,10 +143,10 @@ func newPostgresDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbOpts *config.DatabaseOptions
 	return &d, err
 }
 
-func newSQLiteDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbOpts *config.DatabaseOptions) (Database, error) {
+func newSQLiteDatabase(conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbOpts *config.DatabaseOptions) (Database, error) {
 	d := DB{}
 	var err error
-	if d.db, d.writer, err = base.DatabaseConnection(dbOpts, sqlutil.NewExclusiveWriter()); err != nil {
+	if d.db, d.writer, err = conMan.Connection(dbOpts); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	_, err = d.db.Exec(`
diff --git a/setup/mscs/msc2946/msc2946.go b/setup/mscs/msc2946/msc2946.go
index 56c06359..b4b93ff3 100644
--- a/setup/mscs/msc2946/msc2946.go
+++ b/setup/mscs/msc2946/msc2946.go
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ func Enable(
 	fsAPI fs.FederationInternalAPI, keyRing gomatrixserverlib.JSONVerifier, cache caching.SpaceSummaryRoomsCache,
 ) error {
 	clientAPI := httputil.MakeAuthAPI("spaces", userAPI, spacesHandler(rsAPI, fsAPI, cache, base.Cfg.Global.ServerName), httputil.WithAllowGuests())
-	base.PublicClientAPIMux.Handle("/v1/rooms/{roomID}/hierarchy", clientAPI).Methods(http.MethodGet, http.MethodOptions)
-	base.PublicClientAPIMux.Handle("/unstable/org.matrix.msc2946/rooms/{roomID}/hierarchy", clientAPI).Methods(http.MethodGet, http.MethodOptions)
+	base.Routers.Client.Handle("/v1/rooms/{roomID}/hierarchy", clientAPI).Methods(http.MethodGet, http.MethodOptions)
+	base.Routers.Client.Handle("/unstable/org.matrix.msc2946/rooms/{roomID}/hierarchy", clientAPI).Methods(http.MethodGet, http.MethodOptions)
 
 	fedAPI := httputil.MakeExternalAPI(
 		"msc2946_fed_spaces", func(req *http.Request) util.JSONResponse {
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ func Enable(
 			return federatedSpacesHandler(req.Context(), fedReq, roomID, cache, rsAPI, fsAPI, base.Cfg.Global.ServerName)
 		},
 	)
-	base.PublicFederationAPIMux.Handle("/unstable/org.matrix.msc2946/hierarchy/{roomID}", fedAPI).Methods(http.MethodGet)
-	base.PublicFederationAPIMux.Handle("/v1/hierarchy/{roomID}", fedAPI).Methods(http.MethodGet)
+	base.Routers.Federation.Handle("/unstable/org.matrix.msc2946/hierarchy/{roomID}", fedAPI).Methods(http.MethodGet)
+	base.Routers.Federation.Handle("/v1/hierarchy/{roomID}", fedAPI).Methods(http.MethodGet)
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/setup/mscs/mscs.go b/setup/mscs/mscs.go
index 35b7bba3..b58c800b 100644
--- a/setup/mscs/mscs.go
+++ b/setup/mscs/mscs.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/mscs/msc2836"
@@ -27,22 +28,22 @@ import (
 )
 
 // Enable MSCs - returns an error on unknown MSCs
-func Enable(base *base.BaseDendrite, monolith *setup.Monolith) error {
+func Enable(base *base.BaseDendrite, monolith *setup.Monolith, caches *caching.Caches) error {
 	for _, msc := range base.Cfg.MSCs.MSCs {
 		util.GetLogger(context.Background()).WithField("msc", msc).Info("Enabling MSC")
-		if err := EnableMSC(base, monolith, msc); err != nil {
+		if err := EnableMSC(base, monolith, msc, caches); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-func EnableMSC(base *base.BaseDendrite, monolith *setup.Monolith, msc string) error {
+func EnableMSC(base *base.BaseDendrite, monolith *setup.Monolith, msc string, caches *caching.Caches) error {
 	switch msc {
 	case "msc2836":
 		return msc2836.Enable(base, monolith.RoomserverAPI, monolith.FederationAPI, monolith.UserAPI, monolith.KeyRing)
 	case "msc2946":
-		return msc2946.Enable(base, monolith.RoomserverAPI, monolith.UserAPI, monolith.FederationAPI, monolith.KeyRing, base.Caches)
+		return msc2946.Enable(base, monolith.RoomserverAPI, monolith.UserAPI, monolith.FederationAPI, monolith.KeyRing, caches)
 	case "msc2444": // enabled inside federationapi
 	case "msc2753": // enabled inside clientapi
 	default:
diff --git a/syncapi/consumers/clientapi.go b/syncapi/consumers/clientapi.go
index 735f6718..43dc0f51 100644
--- a/syncapi/consumers/clientapi.go
+++ b/syncapi/consumers/clientapi.go
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ type OutputClientDataConsumer struct {
 	stream       streams.StreamProvider
 	notifier     *notifier.Notifier
 	serverName   gomatrixserverlib.ServerName
-	fts          *fulltext.Search
+	fts          fulltext.Indexer
 	cfg          *config.SyncAPI
 }
 
diff --git a/syncapi/consumers/roomserver.go b/syncapi/consumers/roomserver.go
index a8d4d2b2..21f6104d 100644
--- a/syncapi/consumers/roomserver.go
+++ b/syncapi/consumers/roomserver.go
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ type OutputRoomEventConsumer struct {
 	pduStream    streams.StreamProvider
 	inviteStream streams.StreamProvider
 	notifier     *notifier.Notifier
-	fts          *fulltext.Search
+	fts          fulltext.Indexer
 }
 
 // NewOutputRoomEventConsumer creates a new OutputRoomEventConsumer. Call Start() to begin consuming from room servers.
diff --git a/syncapi/routing/routing.go b/syncapi/routing/routing.go
index 4cc1a6a8..b1283247 100644
--- a/syncapi/routing/routing.go
+++ b/syncapi/routing/routing.go
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func Setup(
 	rsAPI api.SyncRoomserverAPI,
 	cfg *config.SyncAPI,
 	lazyLoadCache caching.LazyLoadCache,
-	fts *fulltext.Search,
+	fts fulltext.Indexer,
 ) {
 	v1unstablemux := csMux.PathPrefix("/{apiversion:(?:v1|unstable)}/").Subrouter()
 	v3mux := csMux.PathPrefix("/{apiversion:(?:r0|v3)}/").Subrouter()
diff --git a/syncapi/routing/search.go b/syncapi/routing/search.go
index 081ec6cb..13625b9c 100644
--- a/syncapi/routing/search.go
+++ b/syncapi/routing/search.go
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 // nolint:gocyclo
-func Search(req *http.Request, device *api.Device, syncDB storage.Database, fts *fulltext.Search, from *string) util.JSONResponse {
+func Search(req *http.Request, device *api.Device, syncDB storage.Database, fts fulltext.Indexer, from *string) util.JSONResponse {
 	start := time.Now()
 	var (
 		searchReq SearchRequest
diff --git a/syncapi/storage/postgres/syncserver.go b/syncapi/storage/postgres/syncserver.go
index 850d24a0..9f9de28d 100644
--- a/syncapi/storage/postgres/syncserver.go
+++ b/syncapi/storage/postgres/syncserver.go
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@
 package postgres
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"database/sql"
 
 	// Import the postgres database driver.
 	_ "github.com/lib/pq"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/syncapi/storage/postgres/deltas"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/syncapi/storage/shared"
@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ type SyncServerDatasource struct {
 }
 
 // NewDatabase creates a new sync server database
-func NewDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (*SyncServerDatasource, error) {
+func NewDatabase(ctx context.Context, cm sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (*SyncServerDatasource, error) {
 	var d SyncServerDatasource
 	var err error
-	if d.db, d.writer, err = base.DatabaseConnection(dbProperties, sqlutil.NewDummyWriter()); err != nil {
+	if d.db, d.writer, err = cm.Connection(dbProperties); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	accountData, err := NewPostgresAccountDataTable(d.db)
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ func NewDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions)
 			Up:      deltas.UpSetHistoryVisibility, // Requires current_room_state and output_room_events to be created.
 		},
 	)
-	err = m.Up(base.Context())
+	err = m.Up(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/syncserver.go b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/syncserver.go
index 51054690..3f1ca355 100644
--- a/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/syncserver.go
+++ b/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/syncserver.go
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"database/sql"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/syncapi/storage/shared"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/syncapi/storage/sqlite3/deltas"
@@ -37,13 +36,14 @@ type SyncServerDatasource struct {
 
 // NewDatabase creates a new sync server database
 // nolint: gocyclo
-func NewDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (*SyncServerDatasource, error) {
+func NewDatabase(ctx context.Context, conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (*SyncServerDatasource, error) {
 	var d SyncServerDatasource
 	var err error
-	if d.db, d.writer, err = base.DatabaseConnection(dbProperties, sqlutil.NewExclusiveWriter()); err != nil {
+
+	if d.db, d.writer, err = conMan.Connection(dbProperties); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	if err = d.prepare(base.Context()); err != nil {
+	if err = d.prepare(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return &d, nil
diff --git a/syncapi/storage/storage.go b/syncapi/storage/storage.go
index 5b20c6cc..8714ec5e 100644
--- a/syncapi/storage/storage.go
+++ b/syncapi/storage/storage.go
@@ -18,21 +18,22 @@
 package storage
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/syncapi/storage/postgres"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/syncapi/storage/sqlite3"
 )
 
 // NewSyncServerDatasource opens a database connection.
-func NewSyncServerDatasource(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (Database, error) {
+func NewSyncServerDatasource(ctx context.Context, conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (Database, error) {
 	switch {
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsSQLite():
-		return sqlite3.NewDatabase(base, dbProperties)
+		return sqlite3.NewDatabase(ctx, conMan, dbProperties)
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsPostgres():
-		return postgres.NewDatabase(base, dbProperties)
+		return postgres.NewDatabase(ctx, conMan, dbProperties)
 	default:
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected database type")
 	}
diff --git a/syncapi/storage/storage_test.go b/syncapi/storage/storage_test.go
index 05d498bc..9f006490 100644
--- a/syncapi/storage/storage_test.go
+++ b/syncapi/storage/storage_test.go
@@ -9,27 +9,27 @@ import (
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/syncapi/storage"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/syncapi/types"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test/testrig"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
 
 var ctx = context.Background()
 
-func MustCreateDatabase(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) (storage.Database, func(), func()) {
+func MustCreateDatabase(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) (storage.Database, func()) {
 	connStr, close := test.PrepareDBConnectionString(t, dbType)
-	base, closeBase := testrig.CreateBaseDendrite(t, dbType)
-	db, err := storage.NewSyncServerDatasource(base, &config.DatabaseOptions{
+	cm := sqlutil.NewConnectionManager()
+	db, err := storage.NewSyncServerDatasource(context.Background(), cm, &config.DatabaseOptions{
 		ConnectionString: config.DataSource(connStr),
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("NewSyncServerDatasource returned %s", err)
 	}
-	return db, close, closeBase
+	return db, close
 }
 
 func MustWriteEvents(t *testing.T, db storage.Database, events []*gomatrixserverlib.HeaderedEvent) (positions []types.StreamPosition) {
@@ -55,9 +55,8 @@ func TestWriteEvents(t *testing.T) {
 	test.WithAllDatabases(t, func(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 		alice := test.NewUser(t)
 		r := test.NewRoom(t, alice)
-		db, close, closeBase := MustCreateDatabase(t, dbType)
+		db, close := MustCreateDatabase(t, dbType)
 		defer close()
-		defer closeBase()
 		MustWriteEvents(t, db, r.Events())
 	})
 }
@@ -76,9 +75,8 @@ func WithSnapshot(t *testing.T, db storage.Database, f func(snapshot storage.Dat
 // These tests assert basic functionality of RecentEvents for PDUs
 func TestRecentEventsPDU(t *testing.T) {
 	test.WithAllDatabases(t, func(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
-		db, close, closeBase := MustCreateDatabase(t, dbType)
+		db, close := MustCreateDatabase(t, dbType)
 		defer close()
-		defer closeBase()
 		alice := test.NewUser(t)
 		// dummy room to make sure SQL queries are filtering on room ID
 		MustWriteEvents(t, db, test.NewRoom(t, alice).Events())
@@ -191,9 +189,8 @@ func TestRecentEventsPDU(t *testing.T) {
 // The purpose of this test is to ensure that backfill does indeed go backwards, using a topology token
 func TestGetEventsInRangeWithTopologyToken(t *testing.T) {
 	test.WithAllDatabases(t, func(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
-		db, close, closeBase := MustCreateDatabase(t, dbType)
+		db, close := MustCreateDatabase(t, dbType)
 		defer close()
-		defer closeBase()
 		alice := test.NewUser(t)
 		r := test.NewRoom(t, alice)
 		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
@@ -276,9 +273,8 @@ func TestStreamToTopologicalPosition(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	test.WithAllDatabases(t, func(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
-		db, close, closeBase := MustCreateDatabase(t, dbType)
+		db, close := MustCreateDatabase(t, dbType)
 		defer close()
-		defer closeBase()
 
 		txn, err := db.NewDatabaseTransaction(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -514,9 +510,8 @@ func TestSendToDeviceBehaviour(t *testing.T) {
 	bob := test.NewUser(t)
 	deviceID := "one"
 	test.WithAllDatabases(t, func(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
-		db, close, closeBase := MustCreateDatabase(t, dbType)
+		db, close := MustCreateDatabase(t, dbType)
 		defer close()
-		defer closeBase()
 		// At this point there should be no messages. We haven't sent anything
 		// yet.
 
@@ -899,9 +894,8 @@ func TestRoomSummary(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	test.WithAllDatabases(t, func(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
-		db, close, closeBase := MustCreateDatabase(t, dbType)
+		db, close := MustCreateDatabase(t, dbType)
 		defer close()
-		defer closeBase()
 
 		for _, tc := range testCases {
 			t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -939,11 +933,8 @@ func TestRecentEvents(t *testing.T) {
 
 	test.WithAllDatabases(t, func(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 		filter := gomatrixserverlib.DefaultRoomEventFilter()
-		db, close, closeBase := MustCreateDatabase(t, dbType)
-		t.Cleanup(func() {
-			close()
-			closeBase()
-		})
+		db, close := MustCreateDatabase(t, dbType)
+		t.Cleanup(close)
 
 		MustWriteEvents(t, db, room1.Events())
 		MustWriteEvents(t, db, room2.Events())
diff --git a/syncapi/storage/storage_wasm.go b/syncapi/storage/storage_wasm.go
index c1544474..db0b173b 100644
--- a/syncapi/storage/storage_wasm.go
+++ b/syncapi/storage/storage_wasm.go
@@ -15,18 +15,19 @@
 package storage
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/syncapi/storage/sqlite3"
 )
 
 // NewPublicRoomsServerDatabase opens a database connection.
-func NewSyncServerDatasource(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (Database, error) {
+func NewSyncServerDatasource(ctx context.Context, conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (Database, error) {
 	switch {
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsSQLite():
-		return sqlite3.NewDatabase(base, dbProperties)
+		return sqlite3.NewDatabase(ctx, conMan, dbProperties)
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsPostgres():
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't use Postgres implementation")
 	default:
diff --git a/syncapi/syncapi.go b/syncapi/syncapi.go
index 153f7af5..e0cc8462 100644
--- a/syncapi/syncapi.go
+++ b/syncapi/syncapi.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ package syncapi
 import (
 	"context"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/fulltext"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
@@ -41,24 +42,34 @@ func AddPublicRoutes(
 	base *base.BaseDendrite,
 	userAPI userapi.SyncUserAPI,
 	rsAPI api.SyncRoomserverAPI,
+	caches caching.LazyLoadCache,
 ) {
 	cfg := &base.Cfg.SyncAPI
 
 	js, natsClient := base.NATS.Prepare(base.ProcessContext, &cfg.Matrix.JetStream)
 
-	syncDB, err := storage.NewSyncServerDatasource(base, &cfg.Database)
+	syncDB, err := storage.NewSyncServerDatasource(base.Context(), base.ConnectionManager, &cfg.Database)
 	if err != nil {
 		logrus.WithError(err).Panicf("failed to connect to sync db")
 	}
 
 	eduCache := caching.NewTypingCache()
 	notifier := notifier.NewNotifier()
-	streams := streams.NewSyncStreamProviders(syncDB, userAPI, rsAPI, eduCache, base.Caches, notifier)
+	streams := streams.NewSyncStreamProviders(syncDB, userAPI, rsAPI, eduCache, caches, notifier)
 	notifier.SetCurrentPosition(streams.Latest(context.Background()))
 	if err = notifier.Load(context.Background(), syncDB); err != nil {
 		logrus.WithError(err).Panicf("failed to load notifier ")
 	}
 
+	var fts *fulltext.Search
+	if cfg.Fulltext.Enabled {
+		fts, err = fulltext.New(base.ProcessContext.Context(), cfg.Fulltext)
+		if err != nil {
+			logrus.WithError(err).Panicf("failed to create full text")
+		}
+		base.ProcessContext.ComponentStarted()
+	}
+
 	federationPresenceProducer := &producers.FederationAPIPresenceProducer{
 		Topic:     cfg.Matrix.JetStream.Prefixed(jetstream.OutputPresenceEvent),
 		JetStream: js,
@@ -86,7 +97,7 @@ func AddPublicRoutes(
 
 	roomConsumer := consumers.NewOutputRoomEventConsumer(
 		base.ProcessContext, cfg, js, syncDB, notifier, streams.PDUStreamProvider,
-		streams.InviteStreamProvider, rsAPI, base.Fulltext,
+		streams.InviteStreamProvider, rsAPI, fts,
 	)
 	if err = roomConsumer.Start(); err != nil {
 		logrus.WithError(err).Panicf("failed to start room server consumer")
@@ -94,7 +105,7 @@ func AddPublicRoutes(
 
 	clientConsumer := consumers.NewOutputClientDataConsumer(
 		base.ProcessContext, cfg, js, natsClient, syncDB, notifier,
-		streams.AccountDataStreamProvider, base.Fulltext,
+		streams.AccountDataStreamProvider, fts,
 	)
 	if err = clientConsumer.Start(); err != nil {
 		logrus.WithError(err).Panicf("failed to start client data consumer")
@@ -129,7 +140,7 @@ func AddPublicRoutes(
 	}
 
 	routing.Setup(
-		base.PublicClientAPIMux, requestPool, syncDB, userAPI,
-		rsAPI, cfg, base.Caches, base.Fulltext,
+		base.Routers.Client, requestPool, syncDB, userAPI,
+		rsAPI, cfg, caches, fts,
 	)
 }
diff --git a/syncapi/syncapi_test.go b/syncapi/syncapi_test.go
index 1cb82ce1..13a07865 100644
--- a/syncapi/syncapi_test.go
+++ b/syncapi/syncapi_test.go
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/caching"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 	"github.com/nats-io/nats.go"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
@@ -114,12 +115,13 @@ func testSyncAccessTokens(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 	}
 
 	base, close := testrig.CreateBaseDendrite(t, dbType)
+	caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
 	defer close()
 
 	jsctx, _ := base.NATS.Prepare(base.ProcessContext, &base.Cfg.Global.JetStream)
 	defer jetstream.DeleteAllStreams(jsctx, &base.Cfg.Global.JetStream)
 	msgs := toNATSMsgs(t, base, room.Events()...)
-	AddPublicRoutes(base, &syncUserAPI{accounts: []userapi.Device{alice}}, &syncRoomserverAPI{rooms: []*test.Room{room}})
+	AddPublicRoutes(base, &syncUserAPI{accounts: []userapi.Device{alice}}, &syncRoomserverAPI{rooms: []*test.Room{room}}, caches)
 	testrig.MustPublishMsgs(t, jsctx, msgs...)
 
 	testCases := []struct {
@@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ func testSyncAccessTokens(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
 		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-		base.PublicClientAPIMux.ServeHTTP(w, tc.req)
+		base.Routers.Client.ServeHTTP(w, tc.req)
 		if w.Code != tc.wantCode {
 			t.Fatalf("%s: got HTTP %d want %d", tc.name, w.Code, tc.wantCode)
 		}
@@ -218,12 +220,13 @@ func testSyncAPICreateRoomSyncEarly(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 	// m.room.history_visibility
 	msgs := toNATSMsgs(t, base, room.Events()...)
 	sinceTokens := make([]string, len(msgs))
-	AddPublicRoutes(base, &syncUserAPI{accounts: []userapi.Device{alice}}, &syncRoomserverAPI{rooms: []*test.Room{room}})
+	caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
+	AddPublicRoutes(base, &syncUserAPI{accounts: []userapi.Device{alice}}, &syncRoomserverAPI{rooms: []*test.Room{room}}, caches)
 	for i, msg := range msgs {
 		testrig.MustPublishMsgs(t, jsctx, msg)
 		time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
 		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-		base.PublicClientAPIMux.ServeHTTP(w, test.NewRequest(t, "GET", "/_matrix/client/v3/sync", test.WithQueryParams(map[string]string{
+		base.Routers.Client.ServeHTTP(w, test.NewRequest(t, "GET", "/_matrix/client/v3/sync", test.WithQueryParams(map[string]string{
 			"access_token": alice.AccessToken,
 			"timeout":      "0",
 		})))
@@ -253,7 +256,7 @@ func testSyncAPICreateRoomSyncEarly(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 	t.Logf("waited for events to be consumed; syncing with %v", sinceTokens)
 	for i, since := range sinceTokens {
 		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-		base.PublicClientAPIMux.ServeHTTP(w, test.NewRequest(t, "GET", "/_matrix/client/v3/sync", test.WithQueryParams(map[string]string{
+		base.Routers.Client.ServeHTTP(w, test.NewRequest(t, "GET", "/_matrix/client/v3/sync", test.WithQueryParams(map[string]string{
 			"access_token": alice.AccessToken,
 			"timeout":      "0",
 			"since":        since,
@@ -302,9 +305,10 @@ func testSyncAPIUpdatePresenceImmediately(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 
 	jsctx, _ := base.NATS.Prepare(base.ProcessContext, &base.Cfg.Global.JetStream)
 	defer jetstream.DeleteAllStreams(jsctx, &base.Cfg.Global.JetStream)
-	AddPublicRoutes(base, &syncUserAPI{accounts: []userapi.Device{alice}}, &syncRoomserverAPI{})
+	caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
+	AddPublicRoutes(base, &syncUserAPI{accounts: []userapi.Device{alice}}, &syncRoomserverAPI{}, caches)
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	base.PublicClientAPIMux.ServeHTTP(w, test.NewRequest(t, "GET", "/_matrix/client/v3/sync", test.WithQueryParams(map[string]string{
+	base.Routers.Client.ServeHTTP(w, test.NewRequest(t, "GET", "/_matrix/client/v3/sync", test.WithQueryParams(map[string]string{
 		"access_token": alice.AccessToken,
 		"timeout":      "0",
 		"set_presence": "online",
@@ -417,10 +421,10 @@ func testHistoryVisibility(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 		defer jetstream.DeleteAllStreams(jsctx, &base.Cfg.Global.JetStream)
 
 		// Use the actual internal roomserver API
-		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base)
+		caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
+		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base, caches)
 		rsAPI.SetFederationAPI(nil, nil)
-
-		AddPublicRoutes(base, &syncUserAPI{accounts: []userapi.Device{aliceDev, bobDev}}, rsAPI)
+		AddPublicRoutes(base, &syncUserAPI{accounts: []userapi.Device{aliceDev, bobDev}}, rsAPI, caches)
 
 		for _, tc := range testCases {
 			testname := fmt.Sprintf("%s - %s", tc.historyVisibility, userType)
@@ -444,7 +448,7 @@ func testHistoryVisibility(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 
 				// There is only one event, we expect only to be able to see this, if the room is world_readable
 				w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-				base.PublicClientAPIMux.ServeHTTP(w, test.NewRequest(t, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("/_matrix/client/v3/rooms/%s/messages", room.ID), test.WithQueryParams(map[string]string{
+				base.Routers.Client.ServeHTTP(w, test.NewRequest(t, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("/_matrix/client/v3/rooms/%s/messages", room.ID), test.WithQueryParams(map[string]string{
 					"access_token": bobDev.AccessToken,
 					"dir":          "b",
 					"filter":       `{"lazy_load_members":true}`, // check that lazy loading doesn't break history visibility
@@ -484,7 +488,7 @@ func testHistoryVisibility(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 
 				// Verify the messages after/before invite are visible or not
 				w = httptest.NewRecorder()
-				base.PublicClientAPIMux.ServeHTTP(w, test.NewRequest(t, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("/_matrix/client/v3/rooms/%s/messages", room.ID), test.WithQueryParams(map[string]string{
+				base.Routers.Client.ServeHTTP(w, test.NewRequest(t, "GET", fmt.Sprintf("/_matrix/client/v3/rooms/%s/messages", room.ID), test.WithQueryParams(map[string]string{
 					"access_token": bobDev.AccessToken,
 					"dir":          "b",
 				})))
@@ -717,10 +721,11 @@ func TestGetMembership(t *testing.T) {
 		defer jetstream.DeleteAllStreams(jsctx, &base.Cfg.Global.JetStream)
 
 		// Use an actual roomserver for this
-		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base)
+		caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
+		rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base, caches)
 		rsAPI.SetFederationAPI(nil, nil)
 
-		AddPublicRoutes(base, &syncUserAPI{accounts: []userapi.Device{aliceDev, bobDev}}, rsAPI)
+		AddPublicRoutes(base, &syncUserAPI{accounts: []userapi.Device{aliceDev, bobDev}}, rsAPI, caches)
 
 		for _, tc := range testCases {
 			t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -748,7 +753,7 @@ func TestGetMembership(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 
 				w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-				base.PublicClientAPIMux.ServeHTTP(w, tc.request(t, room))
+				base.Routers.Client.ServeHTTP(w, tc.request(t, room))
 				if w.Code != 200 && tc.wantOK {
 					t.Logf("%s", w.Body.String())
 					t.Fatalf("got HTTP %d want %d", w.Code, 200)
@@ -786,8 +791,8 @@ func testSendToDevice(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 
 	jsctx, _ := base.NATS.Prepare(base.ProcessContext, &base.Cfg.Global.JetStream)
 	defer jetstream.DeleteAllStreams(jsctx, &base.Cfg.Global.JetStream)
-
-	AddPublicRoutes(base, &syncUserAPI{accounts: []userapi.Device{alice}}, &syncRoomserverAPI{})
+	caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
+	AddPublicRoutes(base, &syncUserAPI{accounts: []userapi.Device{alice}}, &syncRoomserverAPI{}, caches)
 
 	producer := producers.SyncAPIProducer{
 		TopicSendToDeviceEvent: base.Cfg.Global.JetStream.Prefixed(jetstream.OutputSendToDeviceEvent),
@@ -885,7 +890,7 @@ func testSendToDevice(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 
 		// Execute a /sync request, recording the response
 		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-		base.PublicClientAPIMux.ServeHTTP(w, test.NewRequest(t, "GET", "/_matrix/client/v3/sync", test.WithQueryParams(map[string]string{
+		base.Routers.Client.ServeHTTP(w, test.NewRequest(t, "GET", "/_matrix/client/v3/sync", test.WithQueryParams(map[string]string{
 			"access_token": alice.AccessToken,
 			"since":        tc.since,
 		})))
@@ -1003,10 +1008,11 @@ func testContext(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 	defer baseClose()
 
 	// Use an actual roomserver for this
-	rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base)
+	caches := caching.NewRistrettoCache(base.Cfg.Global.Cache.EstimatedMaxSize, base.Cfg.Global.Cache.MaxAge, caching.DisableMetrics)
+	rsAPI := roomserver.NewInternalAPI(base, caches)
 	rsAPI.SetFederationAPI(nil, nil)
 
-	AddPublicRoutes(base, &syncUserAPI{accounts: []userapi.Device{alice}}, rsAPI)
+	AddPublicRoutes(base, &syncUserAPI{accounts: []userapi.Device{alice}}, rsAPI, caches)
 
 	room := test.NewRoom(t, user)
 
@@ -1049,7 +1055,7 @@ func testContext(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 					params[k] = v
 				}
 			}
-			base.PublicClientAPIMux.ServeHTTP(w, test.NewRequest(t, "GET", requestPath, test.WithQueryParams(params)))
+			base.Routers.Client.ServeHTTP(w, test.NewRequest(t, "GET", requestPath, test.WithQueryParams(params)))
 
 			if tc.wantError && w.Code == 200 {
 				t.Fatalf("Expected an error, but got none")
@@ -1139,7 +1145,7 @@ func TestUpdateRelations(t *testing.T) {
 	test.WithAllDatabases(t, func(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) {
 		base, shutdownBase := testrig.CreateBaseDendrite(t, dbType)
 		t.Cleanup(shutdownBase)
-		db, err := storage.NewSyncServerDatasource(base, &base.Cfg.SyncAPI.Database)
+		db, err := storage.NewSyncServerDatasource(base.Context(), base.ConnectionManager, &base.Cfg.SyncAPI.Database)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
@@ -1178,7 +1184,7 @@ func syncUntil(t *testing.T,
 	go func() {
 		for {
 			w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-			base.PublicClientAPIMux.ServeHTTP(w, test.NewRequest(t, "GET", "/_matrix/client/v3/sync", test.WithQueryParams(map[string]string{
+			base.Routers.Client.ServeHTTP(w, test.NewRequest(t, "GET", "/_matrix/client/v3/sync", test.WithQueryParams(map[string]string{
 				"access_token": accessToken,
 				"timeout":      "1000",
 			})))
diff --git a/userapi/consumers/roomserver_test.go b/userapi/consumers/roomserver_test.go
index bc5ae652..a54706db 100644
--- a/userapi/consumers/roomserver_test.go
+++ b/userapi/consumers/roomserver_test.go
@@ -7,22 +7,22 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/pushrules"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test/testrig"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/userapi/storage"
 	userAPITypes "github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/userapi/types"
 )
 
 func mustCreateDatabase(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) (storage.UserDatabase, func()) {
-	base, baseclose := testrig.CreateBaseDendrite(t, dbType)
 	t.Helper()
 	connStr, close := test.PrepareDBConnectionString(t, dbType)
-	db, err := storage.NewUserDatabase(base, &config.DatabaseOptions{
+	cm := sqlutil.NewConnectionManager()
+	db, err := storage.NewUserDatabase(context.Background(), cm, &config.DatabaseOptions{
 		ConnectionString: config.DataSource(connStr),
 	}, "", 4, 0, 0, "")
 	if err != nil {
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ func mustCreateDatabase(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) (storage.UserDatabase,
 	}
 	return db, func() {
 		close()
-		baseclose()
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/userapi/internal/device_list_update_test.go b/userapi/internal/device_list_update_test.go
index 868fc9be..6ccc4b5f 100644
--- a/userapi/internal/device_list_update_test.go
+++ b/userapi/internal/device_list_update_test.go
@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 
 	roomserver "github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/api"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/process"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test/testrig"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/userapi/api"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/userapi/storage"
 )
@@ -363,9 +363,9 @@ func TestDebounce(t *testing.T) {
 func mustCreateKeyserverDB(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) (storage.KeyDatabase, func()) {
 	t.Helper()
 
-	base, _, _ := testrig.Base(nil)
 	connStr, clearDB := test.PrepareDBConnectionString(t, dbType)
-	db, err := storage.NewKeyDatabase(base, &config.DatabaseOptions{ConnectionString: config.DataSource(connStr)})
+	cm := sqlutil.NewConnectionManager()
+	db, err := storage.NewKeyDatabase(cm, &config.DatabaseOptions{ConnectionString: config.DataSource(connStr)})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
diff --git a/userapi/internal/key_api_test.go b/userapi/internal/key_api_test.go
index fc7e7e0d..ec315c73 100644
--- a/userapi/internal/key_api_test.go
+++ b/userapi/internal/key_api_test.go
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ import (
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test/testrig"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/userapi/api"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/userapi/internal"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/userapi/storage"
@@ -16,15 +16,14 @@ import (
 func mustCreateDatabase(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) (storage.KeyDatabase, func()) {
 	t.Helper()
 	connStr, close := test.PrepareDBConnectionString(t, dbType)
-	base, _, _ := testrig.Base(nil)
-	db, err := storage.NewKeyDatabase(base, &config.DatabaseOptions{
+	cm := sqlutil.NewConnectionManager()
+	db, err := storage.NewKeyDatabase(cm, &config.DatabaseOptions{
 		ConnectionString: config.DataSource(connStr),
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create new user db: %v", err)
 	}
 	return db, func() {
-		base.Close()
 		close()
 	}
 }
diff --git a/userapi/storage/postgres/storage.go b/userapi/storage/postgres/storage.go
index 673d123b..7bfae7b2 100644
--- a/userapi/storage/postgres/storage.go
+++ b/userapi/storage/postgres/storage.go
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/userapi/storage/postgres/deltas"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/userapi/storage/shared"
@@ -33,8 +32,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 // NewDatabase creates a new accounts and profiles database
-func NewDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, serverName gomatrixserverlib.ServerName, bcryptCost int, openIDTokenLifetimeMS int64, loginTokenLifetime time.Duration, serverNoticesLocalpart string) (*shared.Database, error) {
-	db, writer, err := base.DatabaseConnection(dbProperties, sqlutil.NewDummyWriter())
+func NewDatabase(ctx context.Context, conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, serverName gomatrixserverlib.ServerName, bcryptCost int, openIDTokenLifetimeMS int64, loginTokenLifetime time.Duration, serverNoticesLocalpart string) (*shared.Database, error) {
+	db, writer, err := conMan.Connection(dbProperties)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ func NewDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions,
 			return deltas.UpServerNames(ctx, txn, serverName)
 		},
 	})
-	if err = m.Up(base.Context()); err != nil {
+	if err = m.Up(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ func NewDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions,
 			return deltas.UpServerNamesPopulate(ctx, txn, serverName)
 		},
 	})
-	if err = m.Up(base.Context()); err != nil {
+	if err = m.Up(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -137,8 +136,8 @@ func NewDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions,
 	}, nil
 }
 
-func NewKeyDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (*shared.KeyDatabase, error) {
-	db, writer, err := base.DatabaseConnection(dbProperties, sqlutil.NewDummyWriter())
+func NewKeyDatabase(conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (*shared.KeyDatabase, error) {
+	db, writer, err := conMan.Connection(dbProperties)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/userapi/storage/sqlite3/storage.go b/userapi/storage/sqlite3/storage.go
index 0f3eeed1..3742eeba 100644
--- a/userapi/storage/sqlite3/storage.go
+++ b/userapi/storage/sqlite3/storage.go
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/userapi/storage/shared"
@@ -31,8 +30,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 // NewUserDatabase creates a new accounts and profiles database
-func NewUserDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, serverName gomatrixserverlib.ServerName, bcryptCost int, openIDTokenLifetimeMS int64, loginTokenLifetime time.Duration, serverNoticesLocalpart string) (*shared.Database, error) {
-	db, writer, err := base.DatabaseConnection(dbProperties, sqlutil.NewExclusiveWriter())
+func NewUserDatabase(ctx context.Context, conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions, serverName gomatrixserverlib.ServerName, bcryptCost int, openIDTokenLifetimeMS int64, loginTokenLifetime time.Duration, serverNoticesLocalpart string) (*shared.Database, error) {
+	db, writer, err := conMan.Connection(dbProperties)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ func NewUserDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptio
 			return deltas.UpServerNames(ctx, txn, serverName)
 		},
 	})
-	if err = m.Up(base.Context()); err != nil {
+	if err = m.Up(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -109,7 +108,7 @@ func NewUserDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptio
 			return deltas.UpServerNamesPopulate(ctx, txn, serverName)
 		},
 	})
-	if err = m.Up(base.Context()); err != nil {
+	if err = m.Up(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -135,8 +134,8 @@ func NewUserDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptio
 	}, nil
 }
 
-func NewKeyDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (*shared.KeyDatabase, error) {
-	db, writer, err := base.DatabaseConnection(dbProperties, sqlutil.NewExclusiveWriter())
+func NewKeyDatabase(conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (*shared.KeyDatabase, error) {
+	db, writer, err := conMan.Connection(dbProperties)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/userapi/storage/storage.go b/userapi/storage/storage.go
index 0329fb46..6981765f 100644
--- a/userapi/storage/storage.go
+++ b/userapi/storage/storage.go
@@ -18,12 +18,13 @@
 package storage
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/userapi/storage/postgres"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/userapi/storage/sqlite3"
@@ -32,7 +33,8 @@ import (
 // NewUserDatabase opens a new Postgres or Sqlite database (based on dataSourceName scheme)
 // and sets postgres connection parameters
 func NewUserDatabase(
-	base *base.BaseDendrite,
+	ctx context.Context,
+	conMan sqlutil.Connections,
 	dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions,
 	serverName gomatrixserverlib.ServerName,
 	bcryptCost int,
@@ -42,9 +44,9 @@ func NewUserDatabase(
 ) (UserDatabase, error) {
 	switch {
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsSQLite():
-		return sqlite3.NewUserDatabase(base, dbProperties, serverName, bcryptCost, openIDTokenLifetimeMS, loginTokenLifetime, serverNoticesLocalpart)
+		return sqlite3.NewUserDatabase(ctx, conMan, dbProperties, serverName, bcryptCost, openIDTokenLifetimeMS, loginTokenLifetime, serverNoticesLocalpart)
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsPostgres():
-		return postgres.NewDatabase(base, dbProperties, serverName, bcryptCost, openIDTokenLifetimeMS, loginTokenLifetime, serverNoticesLocalpart)
+		return postgres.NewDatabase(ctx, conMan, dbProperties, serverName, bcryptCost, openIDTokenLifetimeMS, loginTokenLifetime, serverNoticesLocalpart)
 	default:
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected database type")
 	}
@@ -52,12 +54,12 @@ func NewUserDatabase(
 
 // NewKeyDatabase opens a new Postgres or Sqlite database (base on dataSourceName) scheme)
 // and sets postgres connection parameters.
-func NewKeyDatabase(base *base.BaseDendrite, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (KeyDatabase, error) {
+func NewKeyDatabase(conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (KeyDatabase, error) {
 	switch {
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsSQLite():
-		return sqlite3.NewKeyDatabase(base, dbProperties)
+		return sqlite3.NewKeyDatabase(conMan, dbProperties)
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsPostgres():
-		return postgres.NewKeyDatabase(base, dbProperties)
+		return postgres.NewKeyDatabase(conMan, dbProperties)
 	default:
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected database type")
 	}
diff --git a/userapi/storage/storage_test.go b/userapi/storage/storage_test.go
index f52e7e17..c6369ef9 100644
--- a/userapi/storage/storage_test.go
+++ b/userapi/storage/storage_test.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/userapi/types"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/util"
@@ -33,9 +34,9 @@ var (
 )
 
 func mustCreateUserDatabase(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) (storage.UserDatabase, func()) {
-	base, baseclose := testrig.CreateBaseDendrite(t, dbType)
 	connStr, close := test.PrepareDBConnectionString(t, dbType)
-	db, err := storage.NewUserDatabase(base, &config.DatabaseOptions{
+	cm := sqlutil.NewConnectionManager()
+	db, err := storage.NewUserDatabase(context.Background(), cm, &config.DatabaseOptions{
 		ConnectionString: config.DataSource(connStr),
 	}, "localhost", bcrypt.MinCost, openIDLifetimeMS, loginTokenLifetime, "_server")
 	if err != nil {
@@ -43,7 +44,6 @@ func mustCreateUserDatabase(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) (storage.UserDatab
 	}
 	return db, func() {
 		close()
-		baseclose()
 	}
 }
 
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ func Test_Notification(t *testing.T) {
 
 func mustCreateKeyDatabase(t *testing.T, dbType test.DBType) (storage.KeyDatabase, func()) {
 	base, close := testrig.CreateBaseDendrite(t, dbType)
-	db, err := storage.NewKeyDatabase(base, &base.Cfg.KeyServer.Database)
+	db, err := storage.NewKeyDatabase(base.ConnectionManager, &base.Cfg.KeyServer.Database)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create new database: %v", err)
 	}
diff --git a/userapi/storage/storage_wasm.go b/userapi/storage/storage_wasm.go
index 163e3e17..19e5f23c 100644
--- a/userapi/storage/storage_wasm.go
+++ b/userapi/storage/storage_wasm.go
@@ -15,17 +15,19 @@
 package storage
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/base"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/userapi/storage/sqlite3"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 )
 
-func NewUserAPIDatabase(
-	base *base.BaseDendrite,
+func NewUserDatabase(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	conMan sqlutil.Connections,
 	dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions,
 	serverName gomatrixserverlib.ServerName,
 	bcryptCost int,
@@ -35,7 +37,20 @@ func NewUserAPIDatabase(
 ) (UserDatabase, error) {
 	switch {
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsSQLite():
-		return sqlite3.NewUserDatabase(base, dbProperties, serverName, bcryptCost, openIDTokenLifetimeMS, loginTokenLifetime, serverNoticesLocalpart)
+		return sqlite3.NewUserDatabase(ctx, conMan, dbProperties, serverName, bcryptCost, openIDTokenLifetimeMS, loginTokenLifetime, serverNoticesLocalpart)
+	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsPostgres():
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't use Postgres implementation")
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected database type")
+	}
+}
+
+// NewKeyDatabase opens a new Postgres or Sqlite database (base on dataSourceName) scheme)
+// and sets postgres connection parameters.
+func NewKeyDatabase(conMan sqlutil.Connections, dbProperties *config.DatabaseOptions) (KeyDatabase, error) {
+	switch {
+	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsSQLite():
+		return sqlite3.NewKeyDatabase(conMan, dbProperties)
 	case dbProperties.ConnectionString.IsPostgres():
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't use Postgres implementation")
 	default:
diff --git a/userapi/userapi.go b/userapi/userapi.go
index 826bd721..3ada8020 100644
--- a/userapi/userapi.go
+++ b/userapi/userapi.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	fedsenderapi "github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/federationapi/api"
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/pushgateway"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 
 	rsapi "github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/api"
@@ -42,10 +43,11 @@ func NewInternalAPI(
 	js, _ := base.NATS.Prepare(base.ProcessContext, &cfg.Matrix.JetStream)
 	appServices := base.Cfg.Derived.ApplicationServices
 
-	pgClient := base.PushGatewayHTTPClient()
+	pgClient := pushgateway.NewHTTPClient(cfg.PushGatewayDisableTLSValidation)
 
 	db, err := storage.NewUserDatabase(
-		base,
+		base.ProcessContext.Context(),
+		base.ConnectionManager,
 		&cfg.AccountDatabase,
 		cfg.Matrix.ServerName,
 		cfg.BCryptCost,
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ func NewInternalAPI(
 		logrus.WithError(err).Panicf("failed to connect to accounts db")
 	}
 
-	keyDB, err := storage.NewKeyDatabase(base, &base.Cfg.KeyServer.Database)
+	keyDB, err := storage.NewKeyDatabase(base.ConnectionManager, &base.Cfg.KeyServer.Database)
 	if err != nil {
 		logrus.WithError(err).Panicf("failed to connect to key db")
 	}
diff --git a/userapi/userapi_test.go b/userapi/userapi_test.go
index 01e491cb..c2d4e5a2 100644
--- a/userapi/userapi_test.go
+++ b/userapi/userapi_test.go
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/userapi/producers"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/util"
@@ -73,14 +74,16 @@ func MustMakeInternalAPI(t *testing.T, opts apiTestOpts, dbType test.DBType, pub
 	if opts.serverName != "" {
 		sName = gomatrixserverlib.ServerName(opts.serverName)
 	}
-	accountDB, err := storage.NewUserDatabase(base, &config.DatabaseOptions{
+	cm := sqlutil.NewConnectionManager()
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	accountDB, err := storage.NewUserDatabase(ctx, cm, &config.DatabaseOptions{
 		ConnectionString: config.DataSource(connStr),
 	}, sName, bcrypt.MinCost, config.DefaultOpenIDTokenLifetimeMS, opts.loginTokenLifetime, "")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create account DB: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	keyDB, err := storage.NewKeyDatabase(base, &config.DatabaseOptions{
+	keyDB, err := storage.NewKeyDatabase(base.ConnectionManager, &config.DatabaseOptions{
 		ConnectionString: config.DataSource(connStr),
 	})
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/userapi/util/notify_test.go b/userapi/util/notify_test.go
index 421852d3..c899e3a7 100644
--- a/userapi/util/notify_test.go
+++ b/userapi/util/notify_test.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/sqlutil"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/gomatrixserverlib"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/util"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt"
@@ -15,7 +16,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/internal/pushgateway"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/setup/config"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test"
-	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/test/testrig"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/userapi/api"
 	"github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/userapi/storage"
 	userUtil "github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/userapi/util"
@@ -77,9 +77,8 @@ func TestNotifyUserCountsAsync(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create DB and Dendrite base
 		connStr, close := test.PrepareDBConnectionString(t, dbType)
 		defer close()
-		base, _, _ := testrig.Base(nil)
-		defer base.Close()
-		db, err := storage.NewUserDatabase(base, &config.DatabaseOptions{
+		cm := sqlutil.NewConnectionManager()
+		db, err := storage.NewUserDatabase(ctx, cm, &config.DatabaseOptions{
 			ConnectionString: config.DataSource(connStr),
 		}, "test", bcrypt.MinCost, 0, 0, "")
 		if err != nil {
diff --git a/userapi/util/phonehomestats_test.go b/userapi/util/phonehomestats_test.go
index 5f626b5b..4e931a1b 100644
--- a/userapi/util/phonehomestats_test.go
+++ b/userapi/util/phonehomestats_test.go
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ func TestCollect(t *testing.T) {
 		b, _, _ := testrig.Base(nil)
 		connStr, closeDB := test.PrepareDBConnectionString(t, dbType)
 		defer closeDB()
-		db, err := storage.NewUserDatabase(b, &config.DatabaseOptions{
+		db, err := storage.NewUserDatabase(b.Context(), b.ConnectionManager, &config.DatabaseOptions{
 			ConnectionString: config.DataSource(connStr),
 		}, "localhost", bcrypt.MinCost, 1000, 1000, "")
 		if err != nil {