Age | Commit message (Collapse) | Author |
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3fc20632a3ad30809356a58d2cf0ea4a4ad4cec3 qt: Set BLOCK_CHAIN_SIZE = 220 (DrahtBot)
2b6a2f4a28792f2fe9dc1be843b1ff1ecae35e8a Regenerate manpages (DrahtBot)
eb7daf4d600eeb631427c018a984a77a34aca66e Update copyright headers to 2018 (DrahtBot)
Pull request description:
Some trivial maintenance to avoid having to do it again after the 0.17 branch off.
(The scripts to do this are in `./contrib/`)
Tree-SHA512: 16b2af45e0351b1c691c5311d48025dc6828079e98c2aa2e600dc5910ee8aa01858ca6c356538150dc46fe14c8819ed8ec8e4ec9a0f682b9950dd41bc50518fa
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* CBlockTreeDB::ReadReindexing(...)
* CChainState::ResetBlockFailureFlags(...)
* CTxMemPool::addUnchecked(...)
* CWallet::LoadDestData(...)
* CWallet::LoadKeyMetadata(...)
* CWallet::LoadScriptMetadata(...)
* CWallet::LoadToWallet(...)
* CWallet::SetHDChain(...)
* CWallet::SetHDSeed(...)
* RemoveLocal(...)
* SetMinVersion(...)
* StartHTTPServer(...)
* StartRPC(...)
* TorControlConnection::Disconnect(...)
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793290f940a9af18d4f0292a263d976a066dff65 Net: Fixed a race condition when disabling the network. (lmanners)
Pull request description:
This change addresses a race condition where setnetworkactive=false wouldn't always disconnect all peers.
Before this change, the following could happen:
1. Thread A -- Begins connecting to a node.
2. Thread B -- Sets kNetworkActive=false and disconnects connected nodes.
3. Thread A -- Finishes connecting and adds node to list of connected nodes.
The node that was connected from Thread A remains connected and active,
even though kNetworkActive=false.
To fix the race, disconnections when kNetworkActive=false are now handled in the main network loop.
fixes #13038
Tree-SHA512: 6d0b7a78ae956358e796efcc034cb532c2e0d824a52ae822a3899eefc7df76327519d1f2d77362c9fddf34ef860abd095d7490d7cc02d0ba7543bf1e8c8f2535
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822a2a33a74c3f997e7982d629c8f6158b80c093 Modified in_addr6 cast in CConman class to work with msvc. (Aaron Clauson)
Pull request description:
Fix to allow net.cpp to compile with MSVC. Without this fix the `(in6_addr)IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT` implicit cast generates a compilation error.
Tree-SHA512: f21c5002401dc93564dcf8d49fbafe7c03ad4182df1616d2ee201e2e172f1d696ca7982fb5b42a3b7d6878c8649823044a858401b4172239fb4b0cc2a38db282
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to hide tx time
d45b344ffd Bucket for inbound when scheduling invs to hide tx time (Gleb)
Pull request description:
It has been brought up to my attention that current random delays mechanism (originally intended to obfuscate transaction metadata) allows to easily estimate the time a transaction was received by a node.
It may be done by connecting multiple observer nodes to the same node. Each of those nodes will generate its own schedule of delays. Combined metadata regarding those events from different sources allows an observer to estimate transaction time.
After this patch a spy won't gain additional information by just creating multiple connections to a target.
Tree-SHA512: c71dae5ff350b614cb40a8e201fd0562d3e03e3e72a5099718cd451f0d84c66d5e52bbaf0d5b4b75137514c8efdedcc6ef4df90142b360153f04ad0721545ab1
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253f5929097548fb10ef995002dedbb8dadb6a0d Add stdin, stdout, stderr to ignored export list (Chun Kuan Lee)
fc6a9f2ab18ca8466d65d14c263c4f78f9ccebbf Use IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT instead of in6addr_any (Cory Fields)
908c1d7745f0ed117b0374fcc8486f83bf743bfc GCC-7 and glibc-2.27 compat code (Chun Kuan Lee)
Pull request description:
The `__divmoddi4` code was modified from https://github.com/gcc-mirror/gcc/blob/master/libgcc/libgcc2.c . I manually find the older glibc version of log2f by objdump, use `.symver` to specify the certain version.
Tree-SHA512: e8d875652003618c73e019ccc420e7a25d46f4eaff1c7a1a6bfc1770b3b46f074b368b2cb14df541b5ab124cca41dede4e28fe863a670589b834ef6b8713f9c4
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This change addresses a race condition where setnetworkactive=false wouldn't always disconnect all peers.
Before this change, the following could happen:
1. Thread A -- Begins connecting to a node.
2. Thread B -- Sets kNetworkActive=false and disconnects connected nodes.
3. Thread A -- Finishes connecting and adds node to list of connected nodes.
The node that was connected from Thread A remains connected and active,
even though kNetworkActive=false.
To fix the race, disconnections when kNetworkActive=false are now handled in the main network loop.
fixes #13038
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Do not share functions that are meant to be translation unit local with
other translation units. Use internal linkage for those consistently.
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The linter only checked `LogPrintf`, not `LogPrint`.
Fix the remaining cases.
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log level when logging failed non-manual connect():s
cba2800 Increase signal-to-noise ratio in debug.log by adjusting log level when logging failed non-manual connect():s (practicalswift)
Pull request description:
Increase signal-to-noise ratio in `debug.log` by adjusting log level when logging failed non-manual `connect()`:s.
Before this patch:
```
$ src/bitcoind -printtoconsole
…
2018-02-28 18:42:51 UpdateTip: new best=0000000000005448b10a219683d34b770a28044e1cc421032dea1a79ff548948 height=1286903 version=0x20000000 log2_work=69.791313 tx=17408546 date='2018-02-28 18:42:46' progress=1.000000 cache=0.0MiB(173txo)
2018-02-28 18:37:52 connect() 10.11.21.34:18333 failed after select(): Connection refused (111)
2018-02-28 18:43:22 connect() to 10.11.43.14:18333 failed after select(): Network is unreachable (101)
2018-02-28 18:44:49 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000029a521ff2803e1441b09413b876accff5084a4cccf7747d798b height=1286904 version=0x20000000 log2_work=69.791345 tx=17408559 date='2018-02-28 18:44:51' progress=1.000000 cache=0.1MiB(502txo)
2018-02-28 18:46:54 connect() to [2001:0:9d38:78ff:1234:1234:1234:1234]:18333 failed: Network is unreachable (101)
2018-02-28 18:48:56 connect() to [2001:0:9d38:6aff:1234:1234:1234:1234]:18333 failed: Network is unreachable (101)
2018-02-28 18:49:11 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000000206b79eb235e5dd907b6369de0e5d764330bf40ec0d460311 height=1286905 version=0x20000000 log2_work=69.791377 tx=17408577 date='2018-02-28 18:49:12' progress=1.000000 cache=1.0MiB(5245txo)
```
After this patch:
```
$ src/bitcoind -printtoconsole
…
2018-02-28 18:42:51 UpdateTip: new best=0000000000005448b10a219683d34b770a28044e1cc421032dea1a79ff548948 height=1286903 version=0x20000000 log2_work=69.791313 tx=17408546 date='2018-02-28 18:42:46' progress=1.000000 cache=0.0MiB(173txo)
2018-02-28 18:44:49 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000029a521ff2803e1441b09413b876accff5084a4cccf7747d798b height=1286904 version=0x20000000 log2_work=69.791345 tx=17408559 date='2018-02-28 18:44:51' progress=1.000000 cache=0.1MiB(502txo)
2018-02-28 18:49:11 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000000206b79eb235e5dd907b6369de0e5d764330bf40ec0d460311 height=1286905 version=0x20000000 log2_work=69.791377 tx=17408577 date='2018-02-28 18:49:12' progress=1.000000 cache=1.0MiB(5245txo)
```
Please note that "manual `connect()`:s" (invoked via `-connect`, `-proxy` or `addnode`) are still reported at the default log level as these messages are likely to be relevant to end-users:
```
$ src/bitcoind -printtoconsole -connect=127.0.0.1:1234
…
2018-02-28 18:31:13 connect() to 127.0.0.1:1234 failed after select(): Connection refused (111)
$ src/bitcoind -printtoconsole -proxy=127.0.0.1:1234
…
2018-02-28 18:32:32 connect() to 127.0.0.1:1234 failed after select(): Connection refused (111)
$ src/bitcoind -printtoconsole &
$ src/bitcoin-cli addnode 127.0.0.1:1234 onetry
…
2018-02-28 18:33:40 connect() to 127.0.0.1:1234 failed after select(): Connection refused (111)
```
Tree-SHA512: 92e3c1e4b54ce8ccdd7ec31de147c8505710cd799ceb2bbc8576a086709967802403c9184df364b3cfa59bd98859f6ac8feb27fb09b9324194c6c47a042fc6d3
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a5bca13 Bugfix: Include <memory> for std::unique_ptr (Luke Dashjr)
Pull request description:
Not sure why all these includes were missing, but it's breaking builds for some users:
https://bugs.gentoo.org/show_bug.cgi?id=652142
(Added to all files with a reference to `std::unique_ptr`)
Tree-SHA512: 8a2c67513ca07b9bb52c34e8a20b15e56f8af2530310d9ee9b0a69694dd05e02e7a3683f14101a2685d457672b56addec591a0bb83900a0eb8e2a43d43200509
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4d9b4256d8 Fix typos (Dimitris Apostolou)
Pull request description:
Unfortunately I messed up my repo while trying to squash #12593 so I created a PR with just the correct fixes.
Tree-SHA512: 295d77b51bd2a9381f1802c263de7ffb2edd670d9647391e32f9a414705b3c8b483bb0e469a9b85ab6a70919ea13397fa8dfda2aea7a398b64b187f178fe6a06
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It is redundant to check for the presence of MSG_NOSIGNAL macro in
configure.ac, define HAVE_MSG_NOSIGNAL and then check whether the later
is defined in the source code. Instead we can check directly whether
MSG_NOSIGNAL is defined. Same for MSG_DONTWAIT.
In addition to that, the checks we had in configure.ac produce a
compiler warning about unused variable and thus could fail if
-Werror is present and erroneously proclaim that the macros are
not available.
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logging failed non-manual connect():s
Before this patch:
```
$ src/bitcoind -printtoconsole
…
2018-02-28 18:42:51 UpdateTip: new best=0000000000005448b10a219683d34b770a28044e1cc421032dea1a79ff548948 height=1286903 version=0x20000000 log2_work=69.791313 tx=17408546 date='2018-02-28 18:42:46' progress=1.000000 cache=0.0MiB(173txo)
2018-02-28T18:37:52Z connect() 10.11.21.34:18333 failed after select(): Connection refused (111)
2018-02-28 18:43:22 connect() to 10.11.43.14:18333 failed after select(): Network is unreachable (101)
2018-02-28 18:44:49 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000029a521ff2803e1441b09413b876accff5084a4cccf7747d798b height=1286904 version=0x20000000 log2_work=69.791345 tx=17408559 date='2018-02-28 18:44:51' progress=1.000000 cache=0.1MiB(502txo)
2018-02-28 18:46:54 connect() to [2001:0:9d38:78ff:1234:1234:1234:1234]:18333 failed: Network is unreachable (101)
2018-02-28 18:48:56 connect() to [2001:0:9d38:6aff:1234:1234:1234:1234]:18333 failed: Network is unreachable (101)
2018-02-28 18:49:11 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000000206b79eb235e5dd907b6369de0e5d764330bf40ec0d460311 height=1286905 version=0x20000000 log2_work=69.791377 tx=17408577 date='2018-02-28 18:49:12' progress=1.000000 cache=1.0MiB(5245txo)
```
After this patch:
```
$ src/bitcoind -printtoconsole
…
2018-02-28 18:42:51 UpdateTip: new best=0000000000005448b10a219683d34b770a28044e1cc421032dea1a79ff548948 height=1286903 version=0x20000000 log2_work=69.791313 tx=17408546 date='2018-02-28 18:42:46' progress=1.000000 cache=0.0MiB(173txo)
2018-02-28 18:44:49 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000029a521ff2803e1441b09413b876accff5084a4cccf7747d798b height=1286904 version=0x20000000 log2_work=69.791345 tx=17408559 date='2018-02-28 18:44:51' progress=1.000000 cache=0.1MiB(502txo)
2018-02-28 18:49:11 UpdateTip: new best=000000000000000206b79eb235e5dd907b6369de0e5d764330bf40ec0d460311 height=1286905 version=0x20000000 log2_work=69.791377 tx=17408577 date='2018-02-28 18:49:12' progress=1.000000 cache=1.0MiB(5245txo)
```
Please note that "manual connect():s" (invoked via `-connect`, `-proxy` or `addnode`) are still reported as usual:
```
$ src/bitcoind -printtoconsole -connect=10.11.12.13
…
2018-02-28 18:33:13 connect() to 10.11.12.13:18333 failed after select(): Connection refused (111)
$ src/bitcoind -printtoconsole -proxy=10.11.12.13
…
2018-02-28 18:32:32 connect() to 10.11.12.13:9050 failed after select(): Connection refused (111)
$ src/bitcoind -printtoconsole &
$ src/bitcoin-cli addnode "10.11.12.13" onetry
…
2018-02-28 18:34:40 connect() to 10.11.12.13:18333 failed after select(): Connection refused (111)
```
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* Z is the zone designator for the zero UTC offset.
* T is the delimiter used to separate date and time.
This makes it clear for the end-user that the date/time logged is
specified in UTC and not in the local time zone.
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A risk exists where a malicious DNS seeder eclipses a node by returning an enormous number of IP addresses. In this commit we mitigate this risk by limiting the number of IP addresses addrman learns to 256 per DNS seeder.
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e68172ed9 Add test-before-evict discipline to addrman (Ethan Heilman)
Pull request description:
This change implement countermeasures 3 (test-before-evict) suggested in our paper: ["Eclipse Attacks on Bitcoin’s Peer-to-Peer Network"](http://cs-people.bu.edu/heilman/eclipse/).
# Design:
A collision occurs when an address, addr1, is being moved to the tried table from the new table, but maps to a position in the tried table which already contains an address (addr2). The current behavior is that addr1 would evict addr2 from the tried table.
This change ensures that during a collision, addr1 is not inserted into tried but instead inserted into a buffer (setTriedCollisions). The to-be-evicted address, addr2, is then tested by [a feeler connection](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/8282). If addr2 is found to be online, we remove addr1 from the buffer and addr2 is not evicted, on the other hand if addr2 is found be offline it is replaced by addr1.
An additional small advantage of this change is that, as no more than ten addresses can be in the test buffer at once, and addresses are only cleared one at a time from the test buffer (at 2 minute intervals), thus an attacker is forced to wait at least two minutes to insert a new address into tried after filling up the test buffer. This rate limits an attacker attempting to launch an eclipse attack.
# Risk mitigation:
- To prevent this functionality from being used as a DoS vector, we limit the number of addresses which are to be tested to ten. If we have more than ten addresses to test, we drop new addresses being added to tried if they would evict an address. Since the feeler thread only creates one new connection every 2 minutes the additional network overhead is limited.
- An address in tried gains immunity from tests for 4 hours after it has been tested or successfully connected to.
# Tests:
This change includes additional addrman unittests which test this behavior.
I ran an instance of this change with a much smaller tried table (2 buckets of 64 addresses) so that collisions were much more likely and observed evictions.
```
2016-10-27 07:20:26 Swapping 208.12.64.252:8333 for 68.62.95.247:8333 in tried table
2016-10-27 07:20:26 Moving 208.12.64.252:8333 to tried
```
I documented tests we ran against similar earlier versions of this change in #6355.
# Security Benefit
This is was originally posted in PR #8282 see [this comment for full details](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/8282#issuecomment-237255215).
To determine the security benefit of these larger numbers of IPs in the tried table I modeled the attack presented in [Eclipse Attacks on Bitcoin’s Peer-to-Peer Network](https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/263).
![attackergraph40000-10-1000short-line](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/274814/17366828/372af458-595b-11e6-81e5-2c9f97282305.png)
**Default node:** 595 attacker IPs for ~50% attack success.
**Default node + test-before-evict:** 620 attacker IPs for ~50% attack success.
**Feeler node:** 5540 attacker IPs for ~50% attack success.
**Feeler node + test-before-evict:** 8600 attacker IPs for ~50% attack success.
The node running feeler connections has 10 times as many online IP addresses in its tried table making an attack 10 times harder (i.e. requiring the an attacker require 10 times as many IP addresses in different /16s). Adding test-before-evict increases resistance of the node by an additional 3000 attacker IP addresses.
Below I graph the attack over even greater attacker resources (i.e. more attacker controled IP addresses). Note that test-before-evict maintains some security far longer even against an attacker with 50,000 IPs. If this node had a larger tried table test-before-evict could greatly boost a nodes resistance to eclipse attacks.
![attacker graph long view](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/274814/17367108/96f46d64-595c-11e6-91cd-edba160598e7.png)
Tree-SHA512: fdad4d26aadeaad9bcdc71929b3eb4e1f855b3ee3541fbfbe25dca8d7d0a1667815402db0cb4319db6bd3fcd32d67b5bbc0e12045c4252d62d6239b7d77c4395
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Changes addrman to use the test-before-evict discipline in which an
address is to be evicted from the tried table is first tested and if
it is still online it is not evicted.
Adds tests to provide test coverage for this change.
This change was suggested as Countermeasure 3 in
Eclipse Attacks on Bitcoin’s Peer-to-Peer Network, Ethan Heilman,
Alison Kendler, Aviv Zohar, Sharon Goldberg. ePrint Archive Report
2015/263. March 2015.
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eb91835 Add setter for g_initial_block_download_completed (Jonas Schnelli)
3f56df5 [QA] add NODE_NETWORK_LIMITED address relay and sync test (Jonas Schnelli)
158e1a6 [QA] fix mininode CAddress ser/deser (Jonas Schnelli)
fa999af [QA] Allow addrman loopback tests (add debug option -addrmantest) (Jonas Schnelli)
6fe57bd Connect to peers signaling NODE_NETWORK_LIMITED when out-of-IBD (Jonas Schnelli)
31c45a9 Accept addresses with NODE_NETWORK_LIMITED flag (Jonas Schnelli)
Pull request description:
Eventually connect to peers signalling NODE_NETWORK_LIMITED if we are out of IBD.
Accept and relay NODE_NETWORK_LIMITED peers in addrman.
Tree-SHA512: 8a238fc97f767f81cae1866d6cc061390f23a72af4a711d2f7158c77f876017986abb371d213d1c84019eef7be4ca951e8e6f83fda36769c4e1a1d763f787037
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9ad6746ccd Use static_cast instead of C-style casts for non-fundamental types (practicalswift)
Pull request description:
A C-style cast is equivalent to try casting in the following order:
1. `const_cast(...)`
2. `static_cast(...)`
3. `const_cast(static_cast(...))`
4. `reinterpret_cast(...)`
5. `const_cast(reinterpret_cast(...))`
By using `static_cast<T>(...)` explicitly we avoid the possibility of an unintentional and dangerous `reinterpret_cast`. Furthermore `static_cast<T>(...)` allows for easier grepping of casts.
For a more thorough discussion, see ["ES.49: If you must use a cast, use a named cast"](https://isocpp.github.io/CppCoreGuidelines/CppCoreGuidelines#es49-if-you-must-use-a-cast-use-a-named-cast) in the C++ Core Guidelines (Stroustrup & Sutter).
Tree-SHA512: bd6349b7ea157da93a47b8cf238932af5dff84731374ccfd69b9f732fabdad1f9b1cdfca67497040f14eaa85346391404f4c0495e22c467f26ca883cd2de4d3c
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non-contributing peers (port scanners?)
37% of the log default log entries for a node that has been up for ~24hrs was "version handshake timeout..."
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static seed adding
2b839ab Update chainparams comment for more info on service bits per dnsseed (Matt Corallo)
62e7642 Fall back to oneshot for DNS Seeds which don't support filtering. (Matt Corallo)
51ae766 Use GetDesireableServiceFlags in static seeds, document this. (Matt Corallo)
fb6f6b1 bluematt's testnet-seed now supports x9 (and is just a static list) (Matt Corallo)
Pull request description:
4440710 broke inserting entries into addrman from dnsseeds which
did not support service bits, as well as static seeds. Static seeds
were already being filtered by UA for 0.13.1+ (ie NODE_WITNESS), so
simply changing the default service bits to include NODE_WITNESS
(and updating docs appropriately) is sufficient. For DNS Seeds, not
supporting NODE_WITNESS is no longer useful, so instead use
non-filtering seeds as oneshot hosts irrespective of named proxy.
I've set my testnet-seed to also support x9, though because it is simply a static host, it may be useful to leave the support off so that it is used as a oneshot to get addresses from a live node instead. I'm fine with either.
Tree-SHA512: 3f17d4d2b0b84d876981c962d2b44cb0c8f95f52c56a48c6b35fd882f6d7a40805f320ec452985a1c0b34aebddb1922709156c3ceccd1b9f8363fd7cb537d21d
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This allows us to not have to update the chainparams whenever a
DNS Seed changes its filtering support, as well fixes a bug
introduced in 44407100f where returned nodes will never be
attempted.
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44407100f broke inserting entries into addrman from static seeds
(as well as dnsseeds which did not support service bits). Static
seeds were already being filtered by UA for 0.13.1+ (ie
NODE_WITNESS), so simply changing the default service bits to
include NODE_WITNESS (and updating docs appropriately) is
sufficient.
For DNS Seeds, we will later fix by falling back to oneshot if a
seed does not support filtering.
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57ac471 Call BannedListChanged outside of cs_setBanned lock (Jonas Schnelli)
c853812 Update ban-state in case of dirty-state during periodic sweep (Jonas Schnelli)
Pull request description:
We do currently not update the UI during periodic ban list sweeps (via dump banlist).
Fixes #11612
Tree-SHA512: bffbdcc03c63042177bdd511b0a9187c211c2b5011178481e8ee3e43a71eef1e4cd6b72f73672babab142b644f62f8b56f0aac1d26d3f19372b1f8644fec9395
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3830b6e net: use CreateSocket for binds (Cory Fields)
df3bcf8 net: pass socket closing responsibility up to caller for outgoing connections (Cory Fields)
9e3b2f5 net: Move IsSelectableSocket check into socket creation (Cory Fields)
1729c29 net: split socket creation out of connection (Cory Fields)
Pull request description:
Requirement for #11227.
We'll need to create sockets and perform the actual connect in separate steps, so break them up.
#11227 adds an RAII wrapper around connection attempts, as a belt-and-suspenders in case a CloseSocket is missed.
Tree-SHA512: de675bb718cc56d68893c303b8057ca062c7431eaa17ae7c4829caed119fa3f15b404d8f52aca22a6bca6e73a26fb79e898b335d090ab015bf6456cf417fc694
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We use select in ConnectSocketDirectly, so this check needs to happen before
that.
IsSelectableSocket will not be relevant after upcoming changes to remove select.
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Also, check for the correct error during socket creation
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file already included
a720b92 Remove includes in .cpp files for things the corresponding .h file already included (practicalswift)
Pull request description:
Remove includes in .cpp files for things the corresponding .h file already included.
Example case:
* `addrdb.cpp` includes `addrdb.h` and `fs.h`
* `addrdb.h` includes `fs.h`
Then remove the direct inclusion of `fs.h` in `addrman.cpp` and rely on the indirect inclusion of `fs.h` via the included `addrdb.h`.
In line with the header include guideline (see #10575).
Tree-SHA512: 8704b9de3011a4c234db336a39f7d2c139e741cf0f7aef08a5d3e05197e1e18286b863fdab25ae9638af4ff86b3d52e5cab9eed66bfa2476063aa5c79f9b0346
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be9f38c Do not make it trivial for inbound peers to generate log entries (Matt Corallo)
Pull request description:
Based on #11580 because I'm lazy.
We should generally avoid writing to debug.log unconditionally for
inbound peers which misbehave (the peer being about to be banned
being an exception, since they cannot do this twice).
Tree-SHA512: 8e59c8d08d00b1527951b30f4842d010a4c2fc440503ade112baa2c1b9afd0e0d1c5c2df83dde25183a242af45089cf9b9f873b71796771232ffb6c5fc6cc0cc
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680bc2cbb Use range-based for loops (C++11) when looping over map elements (practicalswift)
Pull request description:
Before this commit:
```c++
for (std::map<T1, T2>::iterator x = y.begin(); x != y.end(); ++x) {
T1 z = (*x).first;
…
}
```
After this commit:
```c++
for (auto& x : y) {
T1 z = x.first;
…
}
```
Tree-SHA512: 954b136b7f5e6df09f39248a6b530fd9baa9ab59d7c2c7eb369fd4afbb591b7a52c92ee25f87f1745f47b41d6828b7abfd395b43daf84a55b4e6a3d45015e3a0
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