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-rw-r--r--src/interfaces/wallet.cpp2
-rw-r--r--src/wallet/rpcdump.cpp3
-rw-r--r--src/wallet/rpcwallet.cpp6
-rw-r--r--src/wallet/test/wallet_tests.cpp22
-rw-r--r--src/wallet/wallet.cpp82
-rw-r--r--src/wallet/wallet.h87
6 files changed, 127 insertions, 75 deletions
diff --git a/src/interfaces/wallet.cpp b/src/interfaces/wallet.cpp
index 077dc1ab4d..0c8d92eba5 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/wallet.cpp
+++ b/src/interfaces/wallet.cpp
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ WalletTx MakeWalletTx(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain, CWallet& wallet, co
WalletTxStatus MakeWalletTxStatus(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain, const CWalletTx& wtx)
{
WalletTxStatus result;
- result.block_height = locked_chain.getBlockHeight(wtx.hashBlock).get_value_or(std::numeric_limits<int>::max());
+ result.block_height = locked_chain.getBlockHeight(wtx.m_confirm.hashBlock).get_value_or(std::numeric_limits<int>::max());
result.blocks_to_maturity = wtx.GetBlocksToMaturity(locked_chain);
result.depth_in_main_chain = wtx.GetDepthInMainChain(locked_chain);
result.time_received = wtx.nTimeReceived;
diff --git a/src/wallet/rpcdump.cpp b/src/wallet/rpcdump.cpp
index 7707d6233b..f52e4318c8 100644
--- a/src/wallet/rpcdump.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/rpcdump.cpp
@@ -384,8 +384,7 @@ UniValue importprunedfunds(const JSONRPCRequest& request)
throw JSONRPCError(RPC_INVALID_ADDRESS_OR_KEY, "Something wrong with merkleblock");
}
- wtx.nIndex = txnIndex;
- wtx.hashBlock = merkleBlock.header.GetHash();
+ wtx.SetConf(CWalletTx::Status::CONFIRMED, merkleBlock.header.GetHash(), txnIndex);
auto locked_chain = pwallet->chain().lock();
LOCK(pwallet->cs_wallet);
diff --git a/src/wallet/rpcwallet.cpp b/src/wallet/rpcwallet.cpp
index 30e767e489..8a11f76609 100644
--- a/src/wallet/rpcwallet.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/rpcwallet.cpp
@@ -134,10 +134,10 @@ static void WalletTxToJSON(interfaces::Chain& chain, interfaces::Chain::Lock& lo
entry.pushKV("generated", true);
if (confirms > 0)
{
- entry.pushKV("blockhash", wtx.hashBlock.GetHex());
- entry.pushKV("blockindex", wtx.nIndex);
+ entry.pushKV("blockhash", wtx.m_confirm.hashBlock.GetHex());
+ entry.pushKV("blockindex", wtx.m_confirm.nIndex);
int64_t block_time;
- bool found_block = chain.findBlock(wtx.hashBlock, nullptr /* block */, &block_time);
+ bool found_block = chain.findBlock(wtx.m_confirm.hashBlock, nullptr /* block */, &block_time);
assert(found_block);
entry.pushKV("blocktime", block_time);
} else {
diff --git a/src/wallet/test/wallet_tests.cpp b/src/wallet/test/wallet_tests.cpp
index 8af05dea45..fc3be2b6ab 100644
--- a/src/wallet/test/wallet_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/test/wallet_tests.cpp
@@ -249,8 +249,7 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(coin_mark_dirty_immature_credit, TestChain100Setup)
LockAssertion lock(::cs_main);
LOCK(wallet.cs_wallet);
- wtx.hashBlock = ::ChainActive().Tip()->GetBlockHash();
- wtx.nIndex = 0;
+ wtx.SetConf(CWalletTx::Status::CONFIRMED, ::ChainActive().Tip()->GetBlockHash(), 0);
// Call GetImmatureCredit() once before adding the key to the wallet to
// cache the current immature credit amount, which is 0.
@@ -281,14 +280,19 @@ static int64_t AddTx(CWallet& wallet, uint32_t lockTime, int64_t mockTime, int64
}
CWalletTx wtx(&wallet, MakeTransactionRef(tx));
- if (block) {
- wtx.SetMerkleBranch(block->GetBlockHash(), 0);
- }
- {
- LOCK(cs_main);
+ LOCK(cs_main);
+ LOCK(wallet.cs_wallet);
+ // If transaction is already in map, to avoid inconsistencies, unconfirmation
+ // is needed before confirm again with different block.
+ std::map<uint256, CWalletTx>::iterator it = wallet.mapWallet.find(wtx.GetHash());
+ if (it != wallet.mapWallet.end()) {
+ wtx.setUnconfirmed();
wallet.AddToWallet(wtx);
}
- LOCK(wallet.cs_wallet);
+ if (block) {
+ wtx.SetConf(CWalletTx::Status::CONFIRMED, block->GetBlockHash(), 0);
+ }
+ wallet.AddToWallet(wtx);
return wallet.mapWallet.at(wtx.GetHash()).nTimeSmart;
}
@@ -382,7 +386,7 @@ public:
LOCK(wallet->cs_wallet);
auto it = wallet->mapWallet.find(tx->GetHash());
BOOST_CHECK(it != wallet->mapWallet.end());
- it->second.SetMerkleBranch(::ChainActive().Tip()->GetBlockHash(), 1);
+ it->second.SetConf(CWalletTx::Status::CONFIRMED, ::ChainActive().Tip()->GetBlockHash(), 1);
return it->second;
}
diff --git a/src/wallet/wallet.cpp b/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
index 03acf23508..098f7990ad 100644
--- a/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
@@ -1118,22 +1118,14 @@ bool CWallet::AddToWallet(const CWalletTx& wtxIn, bool fFlushOnClose)
bool fUpdated = false;
if (!fInsertedNew)
{
- // Merge
- if (!wtxIn.hashUnset() && wtxIn.hashBlock != wtx.hashBlock)
- {
- wtx.hashBlock = wtxIn.hashBlock;
- fUpdated = true;
- }
- // If no longer abandoned, update
- if (wtxIn.hashBlock.IsNull() && wtx.isAbandoned())
- {
- wtx.hashBlock = wtxIn.hashBlock;
- fUpdated = true;
- }
- if (wtxIn.nIndex != -1 && (wtxIn.nIndex != wtx.nIndex))
- {
- wtx.nIndex = wtxIn.nIndex;
+ if (wtxIn.m_confirm.status != wtx.m_confirm.status) {
+ wtx.m_confirm.status = wtxIn.m_confirm.status;
+ wtx.m_confirm.nIndex = wtxIn.m_confirm.nIndex;
+ wtx.m_confirm.hashBlock = wtxIn.m_confirm.hashBlock;
fUpdated = true;
+ } else {
+ assert(wtx.m_confirm.nIndex == wtxIn.m_confirm.nIndex);
+ assert(wtx.m_confirm.hashBlock == wtxIn.m_confirm.hashBlock);
}
if (wtxIn.fFromMe && wtxIn.fFromMe != wtx.fFromMe)
{
@@ -1194,14 +1186,14 @@ void CWallet::LoadToWallet(const CWalletTx& wtxIn)
auto it = mapWallet.find(txin.prevout.hash);
if (it != mapWallet.end()) {
CWalletTx& prevtx = it->second;
- if (prevtx.nIndex == -1 && !prevtx.hashUnset()) {
- MarkConflicted(prevtx.hashBlock, wtx.GetHash());
+ if (prevtx.isConflicted()) {
+ MarkConflicted(prevtx.m_confirm.hashBlock, wtx.GetHash());
}
}
}
}
-bool CWallet::AddToWalletIfInvolvingMe(const CTransactionRef& ptx, const uint256& block_hash, int posInBlock, bool fUpdate)
+bool CWallet::AddToWalletIfInvolvingMe(const CTransactionRef& ptx, CWalletTx::Status status, const uint256& block_hash, int posInBlock, bool fUpdate)
{
const CTransaction& tx = *ptx;
{
@@ -1248,9 +1240,9 @@ bool CWallet::AddToWalletIfInvolvingMe(const CTransactionRef& ptx, const uint256
CWalletTx wtx(this, ptx);
- // Get merkle branch if transaction was found in a block
- if (!block_hash.IsNull())
- wtx.SetMerkleBranch(block_hash, posInBlock);
+ // Block disconnection override an abandoned tx as unconfirmed
+ // which means user may have to call abandontransaction again
+ wtx.SetConf(status, block_hash, posInBlock);
return AddToWallet(wtx, false);
}
@@ -1310,7 +1302,7 @@ bool CWallet::AbandonTransaction(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain, const ui
if (currentconfirm == 0 && !wtx.isAbandoned()) {
// If the orig tx was not in block/mempool, none of its spends can be in mempool
assert(!wtx.InMempool());
- wtx.nIndex = -1;
+ wtx.m_confirm.nIndex = 0;
wtx.setAbandoned();
wtx.MarkDirty();
batch.WriteTx(wtx);
@@ -1364,8 +1356,9 @@ void CWallet::MarkConflicted(const uint256& hashBlock, const uint256& hashTx)
if (conflictconfirms < currentconfirm) {
// Block is 'more conflicted' than current confirm; update.
// Mark transaction as conflicted with this block.
- wtx.nIndex = -1;
- wtx.hashBlock = hashBlock;
+ wtx.m_confirm.nIndex = 0;
+ wtx.m_confirm.hashBlock = hashBlock;
+ wtx.setConflicted();
wtx.MarkDirty();
batch.WriteTx(wtx);
// Iterate over all its outputs, and mark transactions in the wallet that spend them conflicted too
@@ -1383,8 +1376,9 @@ void CWallet::MarkConflicted(const uint256& hashBlock, const uint256& hashTx)
}
}
-void CWallet::SyncTransaction(const CTransactionRef& ptx, const uint256& block_hash, int posInBlock, bool update_tx) {
- if (!AddToWalletIfInvolvingMe(ptx, block_hash, posInBlock, update_tx))
+void CWallet::SyncTransaction(const CTransactionRef& ptx, CWalletTx::Status status, const uint256& block_hash, int posInBlock, bool update_tx)
+{
+ if (!AddToWalletIfInvolvingMe(ptx, status, block_hash, posInBlock, update_tx))
return; // Not one of ours
// If a transaction changes 'conflicted' state, that changes the balance
@@ -1396,7 +1390,7 @@ void CWallet::SyncTransaction(const CTransactionRef& ptx, const uint256& block_h
void CWallet::TransactionAddedToMempool(const CTransactionRef& ptx) {
auto locked_chain = chain().lock();
LOCK(cs_wallet);
- SyncTransaction(ptx, {} /* block hash */, 0 /* position in block */);
+ SyncTransaction(ptx, CWalletTx::Status::UNCONFIRMED, {} /* block hash */, 0 /* position in block */);
auto it = mapWallet.find(ptx->GetHash());
if (it != mapWallet.end()) {
@@ -1425,11 +1419,11 @@ void CWallet::BlockConnected(const CBlock& block, const std::vector<CTransaction
// the notification that the conflicted transaction was evicted.
for (const CTransactionRef& ptx : vtxConflicted) {
- SyncTransaction(ptx, {} /* block hash */, 0 /* position in block */);
+ SyncTransaction(ptx, CWalletTx::Status::CONFLICTED, {} /* block hash */, 0 /* position in block */);
TransactionRemovedFromMempool(ptx);
}
for (size_t i = 0; i < block.vtx.size(); i++) {
- SyncTransaction(block.vtx[i], block_hash, i);
+ SyncTransaction(block.vtx[i], CWalletTx::Status::CONFIRMED, block_hash, i);
TransactionRemovedFromMempool(block.vtx[i]);
}
@@ -1440,8 +1434,12 @@ void CWallet::BlockDisconnected(const CBlock& block) {
auto locked_chain = chain().lock();
LOCK(cs_wallet);
+ // At block disconnection, this will change an abandoned transaction to
+ // be unconfirmed, whether or not the transaction is added back to the mempool.
+ // User may have to call abandontransaction again. It may be addressed in the
+ // future with a stickier abandoned state or even removing abandontransaction call.
for (const CTransactionRef& ptx : block.vtx) {
- SyncTransaction(ptx, {} /* block hash */, 0 /* position in block */);
+ SyncTransaction(ptx, CWalletTx::Status::UNCONFIRMED, {} /* block hash */, 0 /* position in block */);
}
}
@@ -2078,7 +2076,7 @@ CWallet::ScanResult CWallet::ScanForWalletTransactions(const uint256& start_bloc
break;
}
for (size_t posInBlock = 0; posInBlock < block.vtx.size(); ++posInBlock) {
- SyncTransaction(block.vtx[posInBlock], block_hash, posInBlock, fUpdate);
+ SyncTransaction(block.vtx[posInBlock], CWalletTx::Status::CONFIRMED, block_hash, posInBlock, fUpdate);
}
// scan succeeded, record block as most recent successfully scanned
result.last_scanned_block = block_hash;
@@ -4050,7 +4048,7 @@ void CWallet::GetKeyBirthTimes(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain, std::map<C
for (const auto& entry : mapWallet) {
// iterate over all wallet transactions...
const CWalletTx &wtx = entry.second;
- if (Optional<int> height = locked_chain.getBlockHeight(wtx.hashBlock)) {
+ if (Optional<int> height = locked_chain.getBlockHeight(wtx.m_confirm.hashBlock)) {
// ... which are already in a block
for (const CTxOut &txout : wtx.tx->vout) {
// iterate over all their outputs
@@ -4093,9 +4091,9 @@ void CWallet::GetKeyBirthTimes(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain, std::map<C
unsigned int CWallet::ComputeTimeSmart(const CWalletTx& wtx) const
{
unsigned int nTimeSmart = wtx.nTimeReceived;
- if (!wtx.hashUnset()) {
+ if (!wtx.isUnconfirmed() && !wtx.isAbandoned()) {
int64_t blocktime;
- if (chain().findBlock(wtx.hashBlock, nullptr /* block */, &blocktime)) {
+ if (chain().findBlock(wtx.m_confirm.hashBlock, nullptr /* block */, &blocktime)) {
int64_t latestNow = wtx.nTimeReceived;
int64_t latestEntry = 0;
@@ -4123,7 +4121,7 @@ unsigned int CWallet::ComputeTimeSmart(const CWalletTx& wtx) const
nTimeSmart = std::max(latestEntry, std::min(blocktime, latestNow));
} else {
- WalletLogPrintf("%s: found %s in block %s not in index\n", __func__, wtx.GetHash().ToString(), wtx.hashBlock.ToString());
+ WalletLogPrintf("%s: found %s in block %s not in index\n", __func__, wtx.GetHash().ToString(), wtx.m_confirm.hashBlock.ToString());
}
}
return nTimeSmart;
@@ -4634,21 +4632,23 @@ CKeyPool::CKeyPool(const CPubKey& vchPubKeyIn, bool internalIn)
m_pre_split = false;
}
-void CWalletTx::SetMerkleBranch(const uint256& block_hash, int posInBlock)
+void CWalletTx::SetConf(Status status, const uint256& block_hash, int posInBlock)
{
+ // Update tx status
+ m_confirm.status = status;
+
// Update the tx's hashBlock
- hashBlock = block_hash;
+ m_confirm.hashBlock = block_hash;
// set the position of the transaction in the block
- nIndex = posInBlock;
+ m_confirm.nIndex = posInBlock;
}
int CWalletTx::GetDepthInMainChain(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain) const
{
- if (hashUnset())
- return 0;
+ if (isUnconfirmed() || isAbandoned()) return 0;
- return locked_chain.getBlockDepth(hashBlock) * (nIndex == -1 ? -1 : 1);
+ return locked_chain.getBlockDepth(m_confirm.hashBlock) * (isConflicted() ? -1 : 1);
}
int CWalletTx::GetBlocksToMaturity(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain) const
diff --git a/src/wallet/wallet.h b/src/wallet/wallet.h
index 984be3e301..d50ba2fb91 100644
--- a/src/wallet/wallet.h
+++ b/src/wallet/wallet.h
@@ -396,7 +396,9 @@ class CWalletTx
private:
const CWallet* pwallet;
- /** Constant used in hashBlock to indicate tx has been abandoned */
+ /** Constant used in hashBlock to indicate tx has been abandoned, only used at
+ * serialization/deserialization to avoid ambiguity with conflicted.
+ */
static const uint256 ABANDON_HASH;
public:
@@ -457,9 +459,7 @@ public:
mutable CAmount nChangeCached;
CWalletTx(const CWallet* pwalletIn, CTransactionRef arg)
- : tx(std::move(arg)),
- hashBlock(uint256()),
- nIndex(-1)
+ : tx(std::move(arg))
{
Init(pwalletIn);
}
@@ -477,16 +477,37 @@ public:
fInMempool = false;
nChangeCached = 0;
nOrderPos = -1;
+ m_confirm = Confirmation{};
}
CTransactionRef tx;
- uint256 hashBlock;
- /* An nIndex == -1 means that hashBlock (in nonzero) refers to the earliest
- * block in the chain we know this or any in-wallet dependency conflicts
- * with. Older clients interpret nIndex == -1 as unconfirmed for backward
- * compatibility.
+
+ /* New transactions start as UNCONFIRMED. At BlockConnected,
+ * they will transition to CONFIRMED. In case of reorg, at BlockDisconnected,
+ * they roll back to UNCONFIRMED. If we detect a conflicting transaction at
+ * block connection, we update conflicted tx and its dependencies as CONFLICTED.
+ * If tx isn't confirmed and outside of mempool, the user may switch it to ABANDONED
+ * by using the abandontransaction call. This last status may be override by a CONFLICTED
+ * or CONFIRMED transition.
+ */
+ enum Status {
+ UNCONFIRMED,
+ CONFIRMED,
+ CONFLICTED,
+ ABANDONED
+ };
+
+ /* Confirmation includes tx status and a pair of {block hash/tx index in block} at which tx has been confirmed.
+ * This pair is both 0 if tx hasn't confirmed yet. Meaning of these fields changes with CONFLICTED state
+ * where they instead point to block hash and index of the deepest conflicting tx.
*/
- int nIndex;
+ struct Confirmation {
+ Status status = UNCONFIRMED;
+ uint256 hashBlock = uint256();
+ int nIndex = 0;
+ };
+
+ Confirmation m_confirm;
template<typename Stream>
void Serialize(Stream& s) const
@@ -502,7 +523,9 @@ public:
std::vector<char> dummy_vector1; //!< Used to be vMerkleBranch
std::vector<char> dummy_vector2; //!< Used to be vtxPrev
bool dummy_bool = false; //!< Used to be fSpent
- s << tx << hashBlock << dummy_vector1 << nIndex << dummy_vector2 << mapValueCopy << vOrderForm << fTimeReceivedIsTxTime << nTimeReceived << fFromMe << dummy_bool;
+ uint256 serializedHash = isAbandoned() ? ABANDON_HASH : m_confirm.hashBlock;
+ int serializedIndex = isAbandoned() || isConflicted() ? -1 : m_confirm.nIndex;
+ s << tx << serializedHash << dummy_vector1 << serializedIndex << dummy_vector2 << mapValueCopy << vOrderForm << fTimeReceivedIsTxTime << nTimeReceived << fFromMe << dummy_bool;
}
template<typename Stream>
@@ -513,7 +536,25 @@ public:
std::vector<uint256> dummy_vector1; //!< Used to be vMerkleBranch
std::vector<CMerkleTx> dummy_vector2; //!< Used to be vtxPrev
bool dummy_bool; //! Used to be fSpent
- s >> tx >> hashBlock >> dummy_vector1 >> nIndex >> dummy_vector2 >> mapValue >> vOrderForm >> fTimeReceivedIsTxTime >> nTimeReceived >> fFromMe >> dummy_bool;
+ int serializedIndex;
+ s >> tx >> m_confirm.hashBlock >> dummy_vector1 >> serializedIndex >> dummy_vector2 >> mapValue >> vOrderForm >> fTimeReceivedIsTxTime >> nTimeReceived >> fFromMe >> dummy_bool;
+
+ /* At serialization/deserialization, an nIndex == -1 means that hashBlock refers to
+ * the earliest block in the chain we know this or any in-wallet ancestor conflicts
+ * with. If nIndex == -1 and hashBlock is ABANDON_HASH, it means transaction is abandoned.
+ * In same context, an nIndex >= 0 refers to a confirmed transaction (if hashBlock set) or
+ * unconfirmed one. Older clients interpret nIndex == -1 as unconfirmed for backward
+ * compatibility (pre-commit 9ac63d6).
+ */
+ if (serializedIndex == -1 && m_confirm.hashBlock == ABANDON_HASH) {
+ m_confirm.hashBlock = uint256();
+ setAbandoned();
+ } else if (serializedIndex == -1) {
+ setConflicted();
+ } else if (!m_confirm.hashBlock.IsNull()) {
+ m_confirm.nIndex = serializedIndex;
+ setConfirmed();
+ }
ReadOrderPos(nOrderPos, mapValue);
nTimeSmart = mapValue.count("timesmart") ? (unsigned int)atoi64(mapValue["timesmart"]) : 0;
@@ -590,7 +631,7 @@ public:
// in place.
std::set<uint256> GetConflicts() const NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS;
- void SetMerkleBranch(const uint256& block_hash, int posInBlock);
+ void SetConf(Status status, const uint256& block_hash, int posInBlock);
/**
* Return depth of transaction in blockchain:
@@ -607,10 +648,18 @@ public:
* >0 : is a coinbase transaction which matures in this many blocks
*/
int GetBlocksToMaturity(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain) const;
- bool hashUnset() const { return (hashBlock.IsNull() || hashBlock == ABANDON_HASH); }
- bool isAbandoned() const { return (hashBlock == ABANDON_HASH); }
- void setAbandoned() { hashBlock = ABANDON_HASH; }
-
+ bool isAbandoned() const { return m_confirm.status == CWalletTx::ABANDONED; }
+ void setAbandoned()
+ {
+ m_confirm.status = CWalletTx::ABANDONED;
+ m_confirm.hashBlock = uint256();
+ m_confirm.nIndex = 0;
+ }
+ bool isConflicted() const { return m_confirm.status == CWalletTx::CONFLICTED; }
+ void setConflicted() { m_confirm.status = CWalletTx::CONFLICTED; }
+ bool isUnconfirmed() const { return m_confirm.status == CWalletTx::UNCONFIRMED; }
+ void setUnconfirmed() { m_confirm.status = CWalletTx::UNCONFIRMED; }
+ void setConfirmed() { m_confirm.status = CWalletTx::CONFIRMED; }
const uint256& GetHash() const { return tx->GetHash(); }
bool IsCoinBase() const { return tx->IsCoinBase(); }
bool IsImmatureCoinBase(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain) const;
@@ -750,7 +799,7 @@ private:
* Abandoned state should probably be more carefully tracked via different
* posInBlock signals or by checking mempool presence when necessary.
*/
- bool AddToWalletIfInvolvingMe(const CTransactionRef& tx, const uint256& block_hash, int posInBlock, bool fUpdate) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_wallet);
+ bool AddToWalletIfInvolvingMe(const CTransactionRef& tx, CWalletTx::Status status, const uint256& block_hash, int posInBlock, bool fUpdate) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_wallet);
/* Mark a transaction (and its in-wallet descendants) as conflicting with a particular block. */
void MarkConflicted(const uint256& hashBlock, const uint256& hashTx);
@@ -762,7 +811,7 @@ private:
/* Used by TransactionAddedToMemorypool/BlockConnected/Disconnected/ScanForWalletTransactions.
* Should be called with non-zero block_hash and posInBlock if this is for a transaction that is included in a block. */
- void SyncTransaction(const CTransactionRef& tx, const uint256& block_hash, int posInBlock = 0, bool update_tx = true) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_wallet);
+ void SyncTransaction(const CTransactionRef& tx, CWalletTx::Status status, const uint256& block_hash, int posInBlock = 0, bool update_tx = true) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_wallet);
/* the HD chain data model (external chain counters) */
CHDChain hdChain;