Merge #19668: Do not hide compile-time thread safety warnings

ea74e10acf17903e44c85e3678853414653dd4e1 doc: Add best practice for annotating/asserting locks (Hennadii Stepanov)
2ee7743fe723227f2ea1b031eddb14fc6863f4c8 sync.h: Make runtime lock checks require compile-time lock checks (Anthony Towns)
23d71d171e6e22ba5e4a909d597a54595b2a2c1f Do not hide compile-time thread safety warnings (Hennadii Stepanov)
3ddc150857178bfb1c854c05bf9b526777876f56 Add missed thread safety annotations (Hennadii Stepanov)
af9ea55a72c94678b343f5dd98dc78f3a3ac58cb Use LockAssertion utility class instead of AssertLockHeld() (Hennadii Stepanov)

Pull request description:

  On the way of transit from `RecursiveMutex` to `Mutex` (see #19303) it is crucial to have run-time `AssertLockHeld()` assertion that does _not_ hide compile-time Clang Thread Safety Analysis warnings.

  On master (65e4ecabd5b4252154640c7bac38c92a3f3a7018) using `AssertLockHeld()` could hide Clang Thread Safety Analysis warnings, e.g., with the following patch applied:
  ```diff
  --- a/src/txmempool.h
  +++ b/src/txmempool.h
  @@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ public:
       void addUnchecked(const CTxMemPoolEntry& entry, setEntries& setAncestors, bool validFeeEstimate = true) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs, cs_main);

       void removeRecursive(const CTransaction& tx, MemPoolRemovalReason reason) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs);
  -    void removeForReorg(const CCoinsViewCache* pcoins, unsigned int nMemPoolHeight, int flags) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs, cs_main);
  +    void removeForReorg(const CCoinsViewCache* pcoins, unsigned int nMemPoolHeight, int flags) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main);
       void removeConflicts(const CTransaction& tx) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs);
       void removeForBlock(const std::vector<CTransactionRef>& vtx, unsigned int nBlockHeight) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs);

  ```
  Clang compiles the code without any thread safety warnings.

  See "Add missed thread safety annotations" commit for the actual thread safety warnings that are fixed in this PR.

ACKs for top commit:
  MarcoFalke:
    ACK ea74e10acf 🎙
  jnewbery:
    ACK ea74e10acf17903e44c85e3678853414653dd4e1
  ajtowns:
    ACK ea74e10acf17903e44c85e3678853414653dd4e1

Tree-SHA512: 8cba996e526751a1cb0e613c0cc1b10f027a3e9945fbfb4bd30f6355fd36b9f9c2e1e95ed3183fc254b42df7c30223278e18e5bdb5e1ef85db7fef067595d447

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