Merge #10195: Switch chainstate db and cache to per-txout model

589827975 scripted-diff: various renames for per-utxo consistency (Pieter Wuille)
a5e02bc7f Increase travis unit test timeout (Pieter Wuille)
73de2c1ff Rename CCoinsCacheEntry::coins to coin (Pieter Wuille)
119e552f7 Merge CCoinsViewCache's GetOutputFor and AccessCoin (Pieter Wuille)
580b02309 [MOVEONLY] Move old CCoins class to txdb.cpp (Pieter Wuille)
8b25d2c0c Upgrade from per-tx database to per-txout (Pieter Wuille)
b2af357f3 Reduce reserved memory space for flushing (Pieter Wuille)
41aa5b79a Pack Coin more tightly (Pieter Wuille)
97072d668 Remove unused CCoins methods (Pieter Wuille)
ce23efaa5 Extend coins_tests (Pieter Wuille)
508307968 Switch CCoinsView and chainstate db from per-txid to per-txout (Pieter Wuille)
4ec0d9e79 Refactor GetUTXOStats in preparation for per-COutPoint iteration (Pieter Wuille)
13870b56f Replace CCoins-based CTxMemPool::pruneSpent with isSpent (Pieter Wuille)
05293f3cb Remove ModifyCoins/ModifyNewCoins (Pieter Wuille)
961e48397 Switch tests from ModifyCoins to AddCoin/SpendCoin (Pieter Wuille)
8b3868c1b Switch CScriptCheck to use Coin instead of CCoins (Pieter Wuille)
c87b957a3 Only pass things committed to by tx's witness hash to CScriptCheck (Matt Corallo)
f68cdfe92 Switch from per-tx to per-txout CCoinsViewCache methods in some places (Pieter Wuille)
000391132 Introduce new per-txout CCoinsViewCache functions (Pieter Wuille)
bd83111a0 Optimization: Coin&& to ApplyTxInUndo (Pieter Wuille)
cb2c7fdac Replace CTxInUndo with Coin (Pieter Wuille)
422634e2f Introduce Coin, a single unspent output (Pieter Wuille)
7d991b55d Store/allow tx metadata in all undo records (Pieter Wuille)
c3aa0c119 Report on-disk size in gettxoutsetinfo (Pieter Wuille)
d34242430 Remove/ignore tx version in utxo and undo (Pieter Wuille)
7e0032290 Add specialization of SipHash for 256 + 32 bit data (Pieter Wuille)
e484652fc Introduce CHashVerifier to hash read data (Pieter Wuille)
f54580e7e error() in disconnect for disk corruption, not inconsistency (Pieter Wuille)
e66dbde6d Add SizeEstimate to CDBBatch (Pieter Wuille)

Tree-SHA512: ce1fb1e40c77d38915cd02189fab7a8b125c7f44d425c85579d872c3bede3a437760997907c99d7b3017ced1c2de54b2ac7223d99d83a6658fe5ef61edef1de3

28 files changed, 1093 insertions, 1050 deletions

diff --git a/src/bench/ccoins_caching.cpp b/src/bench/ccoins_caching.cpp
index 1e8e3d462f..5aab3381fd 100644
--- a/src/bench/ccoins_caching.cpp
+++ b/src/bench/ccoins_caching.cpp
@@ -35,14 +35,14 @@ SetupDummyInputs(CBasicKeyStore& keystoreRet, CCoinsViewCache& coinsRet)
     dummyTransactions[0].vout[0].scriptPubKey << ToByteVector(key[0].GetPubKey()) << OP_CHECKSIG;
     dummyTransactions[0].vout[1].nValue = 50 * CENT;
     dummyTransactions[0].vout[1].scriptPubKey << ToByteVector(key[1].GetPubKey()) << OP_CHECKSIG;
-    coinsRet.ModifyCoins(dummyTransactions[0].GetHash())->FromTx(dummyTransactions[0], 0);
+    AddCoins(coinsRet, dummyTransactions[0], 0);
 
     dummyTransactions[1].vout.resize(2);
     dummyTransactions[1].vout[0].nValue = 21 * CENT;
     dummyTransactions[1].vout[0].scriptPubKey = GetScriptForDestination(key[2].GetPubKey().GetID());
     dummyTransactions[1].vout[1].nValue = 22 * CENT;
     dummyTransactions[1].vout[1].scriptPubKey = GetScriptForDestination(key[3].GetPubKey().GetID());
-    coinsRet.ModifyCoins(dummyTransactions[1].GetHash())->FromTx(dummyTransactions[1], 0);
+    AddCoins(coinsRet, dummyTransactions[1], 0);
 
     return dummyTransactions;
 }
diff --git a/src/bitcoin-tx.cpp b/src/bitcoin-tx.cpp
index 45738b5df8..cf280f485c 100644
--- a/src/bitcoin-tx.cpp
+++ b/src/bitcoin-tx.cpp
@@ -556,24 +556,26 @@ static void MutateTxSign(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::string& flagStr)
             if (nOut < 0)
                 throw std::runtime_error("vout must be positive");
 
+            COutPoint out(txid, nOut);
             std::vector<unsigned char> pkData(ParseHexUV(prevOut["scriptPubKey"], "scriptPubKey"));
             CScript scriptPubKey(pkData.begin(), pkData.end());
 
             {
-                CCoinsModifier coins = view.ModifyCoins(txid);
-                if (coins->IsAvailable(nOut) && coins->vout[nOut].scriptPubKey != scriptPubKey) {
+                const Coin& coin = view.AccessCoin(out);
+                if (!coin.IsSpent() && coin.out.scriptPubKey != scriptPubKey) {
                     std::string err("Previous output scriptPubKey mismatch:\n");
-                    err = err + ScriptToAsmStr(coins->vout[nOut].scriptPubKey) + "\nvs:\n"+
+                    err = err + ScriptToAsmStr(coin.out.scriptPubKey) + "\nvs:\n"+
                         ScriptToAsmStr(scriptPubKey);
                     throw std::runtime_error(err);
                 }
-                if ((unsigned int)nOut >= coins->vout.size())
-                    coins->vout.resize(nOut+1);
-                coins->vout[nOut].scriptPubKey = scriptPubKey;
-                coins->vout[nOut].nValue = 0;
+                Coin newcoin;
+                newcoin.out.scriptPubKey = scriptPubKey;
+                newcoin.out.nValue = 0;
                 if (prevOut.exists("amount")) {
-                    coins->vout[nOut].nValue = AmountFromValue(prevOut["amount"]);
+                    newcoin.out.nValue = AmountFromValue(prevOut["amount"]);
                 }
+                newcoin.nHeight = 1;
+                view.AddCoin(out, std::move(newcoin), true);
             }
 
             // if redeemScript given and private keys given,
@@ -595,13 +597,13 @@ static void MutateTxSign(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::string& flagStr)
     // Sign what we can:
     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < mergedTx.vin.size(); i++) {
         CTxIn& txin = mergedTx.vin[i];
-        const CCoins* coins = view.AccessCoins(txin.prevout.hash);
-        if (!coins || !coins->IsAvailable(txin.prevout.n)) {
+        const Coin& coin = view.AccessCoin(txin.prevout);
+        if (coin.IsSpent()) {
             fComplete = false;
             continue;
         }
-        const CScript& prevPubKey = coins->vout[txin.prevout.n].scriptPubKey;
-        const CAmount& amount = coins->vout[txin.prevout.n].nValue;
+        const CScript& prevPubKey = coin.out.scriptPubKey;
+        const CAmount& amount = coin.out.nValue;
 
         SignatureData sigdata;
         // Only sign SIGHASH_SINGLE if there's a corresponding output:
diff --git a/src/coins.cpp b/src/coins.cpp
index b2e33abf33..5b7c562678 100644
--- a/src/coins.cpp
+++ b/src/coins.cpp
@@ -4,174 +4,126 @@
 
 #include "coins.h"
 
+#include "consensus/consensus.h"
 #include "memusage.h"
 #include "random.h"
 
 #include <assert.h>
 
-/**
- * calculate number of bytes for the bitmask, and its number of non-zero bytes
- * each bit in the bitmask represents the availability of one output, but the
- * availabilities of the first two outputs are encoded separately
- */
-void CCoins::CalcMaskSize(unsigned int &nBytes, unsigned int &nNonzeroBytes) const {
-    unsigned int nLastUsedByte = 0;
-    for (unsigned int b = 0; 2+b*8 < vout.size(); b++) {
-        bool fZero = true;
-        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 8 && 2+b*8+i < vout.size(); i++) {
-            if (!vout[2+b*8+i].IsNull()) {
-                fZero = false;
-                continue;
-            }
-        }
-        if (!fZero) {
-            nLastUsedByte = b + 1;
-            nNonzeroBytes++;
-        }
-    }
-    nBytes += nLastUsedByte;
-}
-
-bool CCoins::Spend(uint32_t nPos) 
-{
-    if (nPos >= vout.size() || vout[nPos].IsNull())
-        return false;
-    vout[nPos].SetNull();
-    Cleanup();
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool CCoinsView::GetCoins(const uint256 &txid, CCoins &coins) const { return false; }
-bool CCoinsView::HaveCoins(const uint256 &txid) const { return false; }
+bool CCoinsView::GetCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint, Coin &coin) const { return false; }
+bool CCoinsView::HaveCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint) const { return false; }
 uint256 CCoinsView::GetBestBlock() const { return uint256(); }
 bool CCoinsView::BatchWrite(CCoinsMap &mapCoins, const uint256 &hashBlock) { return false; }
 CCoinsViewCursor *CCoinsView::Cursor() const { return 0; }
 
 
 CCoinsViewBacked::CCoinsViewBacked(CCoinsView *viewIn) : base(viewIn) { }
-bool CCoinsViewBacked::GetCoins(const uint256 &txid, CCoins &coins) const { return base->GetCoins(txid, coins); }
-bool CCoinsViewBacked::HaveCoins(const uint256 &txid) const { return base->HaveCoins(txid); }
+bool CCoinsViewBacked::GetCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint, Coin &coin) const { return base->GetCoin(outpoint, coin); }
+bool CCoinsViewBacked::HaveCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint) const { return base->HaveCoin(outpoint); }
 uint256 CCoinsViewBacked::GetBestBlock() const { return base->GetBestBlock(); }
 void CCoinsViewBacked::SetBackend(CCoinsView &viewIn) { base = &viewIn; }
 bool CCoinsViewBacked::BatchWrite(CCoinsMap &mapCoins, const uint256 &hashBlock) { return base->BatchWrite(mapCoins, hashBlock); }
 CCoinsViewCursor *CCoinsViewBacked::Cursor() const { return base->Cursor(); }
+size_t CCoinsViewBacked::EstimateSize() const { return base->EstimateSize(); }
 
-SaltedTxidHasher::SaltedTxidHasher() : k0(GetRand(std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max())), k1(GetRand(std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max())) {}
+SaltedOutpointHasher::SaltedOutpointHasher() : k0(GetRand(std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max())), k1(GetRand(std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max())) {}
 
-CCoinsViewCache::CCoinsViewCache(CCoinsView *baseIn) : CCoinsViewBacked(baseIn), hasModifier(false), cachedCoinsUsage(0) { }
-
-CCoinsViewCache::~CCoinsViewCache()
-{
-    assert(!hasModifier);
-}
+CCoinsViewCache::CCoinsViewCache(CCoinsView *baseIn) : CCoinsViewBacked(baseIn), cachedCoinsUsage(0) {}
 
 size_t CCoinsViewCache::DynamicMemoryUsage() const {
     return memusage::DynamicUsage(cacheCoins) + cachedCoinsUsage;
 }
 
-CCoinsMap::const_iterator CCoinsViewCache::FetchCoins(const uint256 &txid) const {
-    CCoinsMap::iterator it = cacheCoins.find(txid);
+CCoinsMap::iterator CCoinsViewCache::FetchCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint) const {
+    CCoinsMap::iterator it = cacheCoins.find(outpoint);
     if (it != cacheCoins.end())
         return it;
-    CCoins tmp;
-    if (!base->GetCoins(txid, tmp))
+    Coin tmp;
+    if (!base->GetCoin(outpoint, tmp))
         return cacheCoins.end();
-    CCoinsMap::iterator ret = cacheCoins.insert(std::make_pair(txid, CCoinsCacheEntry())).first;
-    tmp.swap(ret->second.coins);
-    if (ret->second.coins.IsPruned()) {
-        // The parent only has an empty entry for this txid; we can consider our
+    CCoinsMap::iterator ret = cacheCoins.emplace(std::piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(outpoint), std::forward_as_tuple(std::move(tmp))).first;
+    if (ret->second.coin.IsSpent()) {
+        // The parent only has an empty entry for this outpoint; we can consider our
         // version as fresh.
         ret->second.flags = CCoinsCacheEntry::FRESH;
     }
-    cachedCoinsUsage += ret->second.coins.DynamicMemoryUsage();
+    cachedCoinsUsage += ret->second.coin.DynamicMemoryUsage();
     return ret;
 }
 
-bool CCoinsViewCache::GetCoins(const uint256 &txid, CCoins &coins) const {
-    CCoinsMap::const_iterator it = FetchCoins(txid);
+bool CCoinsViewCache::GetCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint, Coin &coin) const {
+    CCoinsMap::const_iterator it = FetchCoin(outpoint);
     if (it != cacheCoins.end()) {
-        coins = it->second.coins;
+        coin = it->second.coin;
         return true;
     }
     return false;
 }
 
-CCoinsModifier CCoinsViewCache::ModifyCoins(const uint256 &txid) {
-    assert(!hasModifier);
-    std::pair<CCoinsMap::iterator, bool> ret = cacheCoins.insert(std::make_pair(txid, CCoinsCacheEntry()));
-    size_t cachedCoinUsage = 0;
-    if (ret.second) {
-        if (!base->GetCoins(txid, ret.first->second.coins)) {
-            // The parent view does not have this entry; mark it as fresh.
-            ret.first->second.coins.Clear();
-            ret.first->second.flags = CCoinsCacheEntry::FRESH;
-        } else if (ret.first->second.coins.IsPruned()) {
-            // The parent view only has a pruned entry for this; mark it as fresh.
-            ret.first->second.flags = CCoinsCacheEntry::FRESH;
+void CCoinsViewCache::AddCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint, Coin&& coin, bool possible_overwrite) {
+    assert(!coin.IsSpent());
+    if (coin.out.scriptPubKey.IsUnspendable()) return;
+    CCoinsMap::iterator it;
+    bool inserted;
+    std::tie(it, inserted) = cacheCoins.emplace(std::piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(outpoint), std::tuple<>());
+    bool fresh = false;
+    if (!inserted) {
+        cachedCoinsUsage -= it->second.coin.DynamicMemoryUsage();
+    }
+    if (!possible_overwrite) {
+        if (!it->second.coin.IsSpent()) {
+            throw std::logic_error("Adding new coin that replaces non-pruned entry");
         }
-    } else {
-        cachedCoinUsage = ret.first->second.coins.DynamicMemoryUsage();
+        fresh = !(it->second.flags & CCoinsCacheEntry::DIRTY);
+    }
+    it->second.coin = std::move(coin);
+    it->second.flags |= CCoinsCacheEntry::DIRTY | (fresh ? CCoinsCacheEntry::FRESH : 0);
+    cachedCoinsUsage += it->second.coin.DynamicMemoryUsage();
+}
+
+void AddCoins(CCoinsViewCache& cache, const CTransaction &tx, int nHeight) {
+    bool fCoinbase = tx.IsCoinBase();
+    const uint256& txid = tx.GetHash();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < tx.vout.size(); ++i) {
+        // Pass fCoinbase as the possible_overwrite flag to AddCoin, in order to correctly
+        // deal with the pre-BIP30 occurrances of duplicate coinbase transactions.
+        cache.AddCoin(COutPoint(txid, i), Coin(tx.vout[i], nHeight, fCoinbase), fCoinbase);
     }
-    // Assume that whenever ModifyCoins is called, the entry will be modified.
-    ret.first->second.flags |= CCoinsCacheEntry::DIRTY;
-    return CCoinsModifier(*this, ret.first, cachedCoinUsage);
 }
 
-/* ModifyNewCoins allows for faster coin modification when creating the new
- * outputs from a transaction.  It assumes that BIP 30 (no duplicate txids)
- * applies and has already been tested for (or the test is not required due to
- * BIP 34, height in coinbase).  If we can assume BIP 30 then we know that any
- * non-coinbase transaction we are adding to the UTXO must not already exist in
- * the utxo unless it is fully spent.  Thus we can check only if it exists DIRTY
- * at the current level of the cache, in which case it is not safe to mark it
- * FRESH (b/c then its spentness still needs to flushed).  If it's not dirty and
- * doesn't exist or is pruned in the current cache, we know it either doesn't
- * exist or is pruned in parent caches, which is the definition of FRESH.  The
- * exception to this is the two historical violations of BIP 30 in the chain,
- * both of which were coinbases.  We do not mark these fresh so we we can ensure
- * that they will still be properly overwritten when spent.
- */
-CCoinsModifier CCoinsViewCache::ModifyNewCoins(const uint256 &txid, bool coinbase) {
-    assert(!hasModifier);
-    std::pair<CCoinsMap::iterator, bool> ret = cacheCoins.insert(std::make_pair(txid, CCoinsCacheEntry()));
-    if (!coinbase) {
-        // New coins must not already exist.
-        if (!ret.first->second.coins.IsPruned())
-            throw std::logic_error("ModifyNewCoins should not find pre-existing coins on a non-coinbase unless they are pruned!");
-
-        if (!(ret.first->second.flags & CCoinsCacheEntry::DIRTY)) {
-            // If the coin is known to be pruned (have no unspent outputs) in
-            // the current view and the cache entry is not dirty, we know the
-            // coin also must be pruned in the parent view as well, so it is safe
-            // to mark this fresh.
-            ret.first->second.flags |= CCoinsCacheEntry::FRESH;
-        }
+void CCoinsViewCache::SpendCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint, Coin* moveout) {
+    CCoinsMap::iterator it = FetchCoin(outpoint);
+    if (it == cacheCoins.end()) return;
+    cachedCoinsUsage -= it->second.coin.DynamicMemoryUsage();
+    if (moveout) {
+        *moveout = std::move(it->second.coin);
+    }
+    if (it->second.flags & CCoinsCacheEntry::FRESH) {
+        cacheCoins.erase(it);
+    } else {
+        it->second.flags |= CCoinsCacheEntry::DIRTY;
+        it->second.coin.Clear();
     }
-    ret.first->second.coins.Clear();
-    ret.first->second.flags |= CCoinsCacheEntry::DIRTY;
-    return CCoinsModifier(*this, ret.first, 0);
 }
 
-const CCoins* CCoinsViewCache::AccessCoins(const uint256 &txid) const {
-    CCoinsMap::const_iterator it = FetchCoins(txid);
+static const Coin coinEmpty;
+
+const Coin& CCoinsViewCache::AccessCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint) const {
+    CCoinsMap::const_iterator it = FetchCoin(outpoint);
     if (it == cacheCoins.end()) {
-        return NULL;
+        return coinEmpty;
     } else {
-        return &it->second.coins;
+        return it->second.coin;
     }
 }
 
-bool CCoinsViewCache::HaveCoins(const uint256 &txid) const {
-    CCoinsMap::const_iterator it = FetchCoins(txid);
-    // We're using vtx.empty() instead of IsPruned here for performance reasons,
-    // as we only care about the case where a transaction was replaced entirely
-    // in a reorganization (which wipes vout entirely, as opposed to spending
-    // which just cleans individual outputs).
-    return (it != cacheCoins.end() && !it->second.coins.vout.empty());
+bool CCoinsViewCache::HaveCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint) const {
+    CCoinsMap::const_iterator it = FetchCoin(outpoint);
+    return (it != cacheCoins.end() && !it->second.coin.IsSpent());
 }
 
-bool CCoinsViewCache::HaveCoinsInCache(const uint256 &txid) const {
-    CCoinsMap::const_iterator it = cacheCoins.find(txid);
+bool CCoinsViewCache::HaveCoinInCache(const COutPoint &outpoint) const {
+    CCoinsMap::const_iterator it = cacheCoins.find(outpoint);
     return it != cacheCoins.end();
 }
 
@@ -186,19 +138,18 @@ void CCoinsViewCache::SetBestBlock(const uint256 &hashBlockIn) {
 }
 
 bool CCoinsViewCache::BatchWrite(CCoinsMap &mapCoins, const uint256 &hashBlockIn) {
-    assert(!hasModifier);
     for (CCoinsMap::iterator it = mapCoins.begin(); it != mapCoins.end();) {
         if (it->second.flags & CCoinsCacheEntry::DIRTY) { // Ignore non-dirty entries (optimization).
             CCoinsMap::iterator itUs = cacheCoins.find(it->first);
             if (itUs == cacheCoins.end()) {
                 // The parent cache does not have an entry, while the child does
                 // We can ignore it if it's both FRESH and pruned in the child
-                if (!(it->second.flags & CCoinsCacheEntry::FRESH && it->second.coins.IsPruned())) {
+                if (!(it->second.flags & CCoinsCacheEntry::FRESH && it->second.coin.IsSpent())) {
                     // Otherwise we will need to create it in the parent
                     // and move the data up and mark it as dirty
                     CCoinsCacheEntry& entry = cacheCoins[it->first];
-                    entry.coins.swap(it->second.coins);
-                    cachedCoinsUsage += entry.coins.DynamicMemoryUsage();
+                    entry.coin = std::move(it->second.coin);
+                    cachedCoinsUsage += entry.coin.DynamicMemoryUsage();
                     entry.flags = CCoinsCacheEntry::DIRTY;
                     // We can mark it FRESH in the parent if it was FRESH in the child
                     // Otherwise it might have just been flushed from the parent's cache
@@ -211,21 +162,21 @@ bool CCoinsViewCache::BatchWrite(CCoinsMap &mapCoins, const uint256 &hashBlockIn
                 // parent cache entry has unspent outputs. If this ever happens,
                 // it means the FRESH flag was misapplied and there is a logic
                 // error in the calling code.
-                if ((it->second.flags & CCoinsCacheEntry::FRESH) && !itUs->second.coins.IsPruned())
+                if ((it->second.flags & CCoinsCacheEntry::FRESH) && !itUs->second.coin.IsSpent())
                     throw std::logic_error("FRESH flag misapplied to cache entry for base transaction with spendable outputs");
 
                 // Found the entry in the parent cache
-                if ((itUs->second.flags & CCoinsCacheEntry::FRESH) && it->second.coins.IsPruned()) {
+                if ((itUs->second.flags & CCoinsCacheEntry::FRESH) && it->second.coin.IsSpent()) {
                     // The grandparent does not have an entry, and the child is
                     // modified and being pruned. This means we can just delete
                     // it from the parent.
-                    cachedCoinsUsage -= itUs->second.coins.DynamicMemoryUsage();
+                    cachedCoinsUsage -= itUs->second.coin.DynamicMemoryUsage();
                     cacheCoins.erase(itUs);
                 } else {
                     // A normal modification.
-                    cachedCoinsUsage -= itUs->second.coins.DynamicMemoryUsage();
-                    itUs->second.coins.swap(it->second.coins);
-                    cachedCoinsUsage += itUs->second.coins.DynamicMemoryUsage();
+                    cachedCoinsUsage -= itUs->second.coin.DynamicMemoryUsage();
+                    itUs->second.coin = std::move(it->second.coin);
+                    cachedCoinsUsage += itUs->second.coin.DynamicMemoryUsage();
                     itUs->second.flags |= CCoinsCacheEntry::DIRTY;
                     // NOTE: It is possible the child has a FRESH flag here in
                     // the event the entry we found in the parent is pruned. But
@@ -249,11 +200,11 @@ bool CCoinsViewCache::Flush() {
     return fOk;
 }
 
-void CCoinsViewCache::Uncache(const uint256& hash)
+void CCoinsViewCache::Uncache(const COutPoint& hash)
 {
     CCoinsMap::iterator it = cacheCoins.find(hash);
     if (it != cacheCoins.end() && it->second.flags == 0) {
-        cachedCoinsUsage -= it->second.coins.DynamicMemoryUsage();
+        cachedCoinsUsage -= it->second.coin.DynamicMemoryUsage();
         cacheCoins.erase(it);
     }
 }
@@ -262,13 +213,6 @@ unsigned int CCoinsViewCache::GetCacheSize() const {
     return cacheCoins.size();
 }
 
-const CTxOut &CCoinsViewCache::GetOutputFor(const CTxIn& input) const
-{
-    const CCoins* coins = AccessCoins(input.prevout.hash);
-    assert(coins && coins->IsAvailable(input.prevout.n));
-    return coins->vout[input.prevout.n];
-}
-
 CAmount CCoinsViewCache::GetValueIn(const CTransaction& tx) const
 {
     if (tx.IsCoinBase())
@@ -276,7 +220,7 @@ CAmount CCoinsViewCache::GetValueIn(const CTransaction& tx) const
 
     CAmount nResult = 0;
     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tx.vin.size(); i++)
-        nResult += GetOutputFor(tx.vin[i]).nValue;
+        nResult += AccessCoin(tx.vin[i].prevout).out.nValue;
 
     return nResult;
 }
@@ -285,9 +229,7 @@ bool CCoinsViewCache::HaveInputs(const CTransaction& tx) const
 {
     if (!tx.IsCoinBase()) {
         for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tx.vin.size(); i++) {
-            const COutPoint &prevout = tx.vin[i].prevout;
-            const CCoins* coins = AccessCoins(prevout.hash);
-            if (!coins || !coins->IsAvailable(prevout.n)) {
+            if (!HaveCoin(tx.vin[i].prevout)) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
@@ -295,25 +237,15 @@ bool CCoinsViewCache::HaveInputs(const CTransaction& tx) const
     return true;
 }
 
-CCoinsModifier::CCoinsModifier(CCoinsViewCache& cache_, CCoinsMap::iterator it_, size_t usage) : cache(cache_), it(it_), cachedCoinUsage(usage) {
-    assert(!cache.hasModifier);
-    cache.hasModifier = true;
-}
+static const size_t MAX_OUTPUTS_PER_BLOCK = MAX_BLOCK_BASE_SIZE /  ::GetSerializeSize(CTxOut(), SER_NETWORK, PROTOCOL_VERSION); // TODO: merge with similar definition in undo.h.
 
-CCoinsModifier::~CCoinsModifier()
+const Coin& AccessByTxid(const CCoinsViewCache& view, const uint256& txid)
 {
-    assert(cache.hasModifier);
-    cache.hasModifier = false;
-    it->second.coins.Cleanup();
-    cache.cachedCoinsUsage -= cachedCoinUsage; // Subtract the old usage
-    if ((it->second.flags & CCoinsCacheEntry::FRESH) && it->second.coins.IsPruned()) {
-        cache.cacheCoins.erase(it);
-    } else {
-        // If the coin still exists after the modification, add the new usage
-        cache.cachedCoinsUsage += it->second.coins.DynamicMemoryUsage();
+    COutPoint iter(txid, 0);
+    while (iter.n < MAX_OUTPUTS_PER_BLOCK) {
+        const Coin& alternate = view.AccessCoin(iter);
+        if (!alternate.IsSpent()) return alternate;
+        ++iter.n;
     }
-}
-
-CCoinsViewCursor::~CCoinsViewCursor()
-{
+    return coinEmpty;
 }
diff --git a/src/coins.h b/src/coins.h
index 065bae56e9..476db8f37c 100644
--- a/src/coins.h
+++ b/src/coins.h
@@ -20,135 +20,37 @@
 #include <boost/foreach.hpp>
 #include <unordered_map>
 
-/** 
- * Pruned version of CTransaction: only retains metadata and unspent transaction outputs
+/**
+ * A UTXO entry.
  *
  * Serialized format:
- * - VARINT(nVersion)
- * - VARINT(nCode)
- * - unspentness bitvector, for vout[2] and further; least significant byte first
- * - the non-spent CTxOuts (via CTxOutCompressor)
- * - VARINT(nHeight)
- *
- * The nCode value consists of:
- * - bit 0: IsCoinBase()
- * - bit 1: vout[0] is not spent
- * - bit 2: vout[1] is not spent
- * - The higher bits encode N, the number of non-zero bytes in the following bitvector.
- *   - In case both bit 1 and bit 2 are unset, they encode N-1, as there must be at
- *     least one non-spent output).
- *
- * Example: 0104835800816115944e077fe7c803cfa57f29b36bf87c1d358bb85e
- *          <><><--------------------------------------------><---->
- *          |  \                  |                             /
- *    version   code             vout[1]                  height
- *
- *    - version = 1
- *    - code = 4 (vout[1] is not spent, and 0 non-zero bytes of bitvector follow)
- *    - unspentness bitvector: as 0 non-zero bytes follow, it has length 0
- *    - vout[1]: 835800816115944e077fe7c803cfa57f29b36bf87c1d35
- *               * 8358: compact amount representation for 60000000000 (600 BTC)
- *               * 00: special txout type pay-to-pubkey-hash
- *               * 816115944e077fe7c803cfa57f29b36bf87c1d35: address uint160
- *    - height = 203998
- *
- *
- * Example: 0109044086ef97d5790061b01caab50f1b8e9c50a5057eb43c2d9563a4eebbd123008c988f1a4a4de2161e0f50aac7f17e7f9555caa486af3b
- *          <><><--><--------------------------------------------------><----------------------------------------------><---->
- *         /  \   \                     |                                                           |                     /
- *  version  code  unspentness       vout[4]                                                     vout[16]           height
- *
- *  - version = 1
- *  - code = 9 (coinbase, neither vout[0] or vout[1] are unspent,
- *                2 (1, +1 because both bit 1 and bit 2 are unset) non-zero bitvector bytes follow)
- *  - unspentness bitvector: bits 2 (0x04) and 14 (0x4000) are set, so vout[2+2] and vout[14+2] are unspent
- *  - vout[4]: 86ef97d5790061b01caab50f1b8e9c50a5057eb43c2d9563a4ee
- *             * 86ef97d579: compact amount representation for 234925952 (2.35 BTC)
- *             * 00: special txout type pay-to-pubkey-hash
- *             * 61b01caab50f1b8e9c50a5057eb43c2d9563a4ee: address uint160
- *  - vout[16]: bbd123008c988f1a4a4de2161e0f50aac7f17e7f9555caa4
- *              * bbd123: compact amount representation for 110397 (0.001 BTC)
- *              * 00: special txout type pay-to-pubkey-hash
- *              * 8c988f1a4a4de2161e0f50aac7f17e7f9555caa4: address uint160
- *  - height = 120891
+ * - VARINT((coinbase ? 1 : 0) | (height << 1))
+ * - the non-spent CTxOut (via CTxOutCompressor)
  */
-class CCoins
+class Coin
 {
 public:
-    //! whether transaction is a coinbase
-    bool fCoinBase;
-
-    //! unspent transaction outputs; spent outputs are .IsNull(); spent outputs at the end of the array are dropped
-    std::vector<CTxOut> vout;
+    //! unspent transaction output
+    CTxOut out;
 
-    //! at which height this transaction was included in the active block chain
-    int nHeight;
+    //! whether containing transaction was a coinbase
+    unsigned int fCoinBase : 1;
 
-    //! version of the CTransaction; accesses to this value should probably check for nHeight as well,
-    //! as new tx version will probably only be introduced at certain heights
-    int nVersion;
+    //! at which height this containing transaction was included in the active block chain
+    uint32_t nHeight : 31;
 
-    void FromTx(const CTransaction &tx, int nHeightIn) {
-        fCoinBase = tx.IsCoinBase();
-        vout = tx.vout;
-        nHeight = nHeightIn;
-        nVersion = tx.nVersion;
-        ClearUnspendable();
-    }
-
-    //! construct a CCoins from a CTransaction, at a given height
-    CCoins(const CTransaction &tx, int nHeightIn) {
-        FromTx(tx, nHeightIn);
-    }
+    //! construct a Coin from a CTxOut and height/coinbase information.
+    Coin(CTxOut&& outIn, int nHeightIn, bool fCoinBaseIn) : out(std::move(outIn)), fCoinBase(fCoinBaseIn), nHeight(nHeightIn) {}
+    Coin(const CTxOut& outIn, int nHeightIn, bool fCoinBaseIn) : out(outIn), fCoinBase(fCoinBaseIn),nHeight(nHeightIn) {}
 
     void Clear() {
+        out.SetNull();
         fCoinBase = false;
-        std::vector<CTxOut>().swap(vout);
         nHeight = 0;
-        nVersion = 0;
     }
 
     //! empty constructor
-    CCoins() : fCoinBase(false), vout(0), nHeight(0), nVersion(0) { }
-
-    //!remove spent outputs at the end of vout
-    void Cleanup() {
-        while (vout.size() > 0 && vout.back().IsNull())
-            vout.pop_back();
-        if (vout.empty())
-            std::vector<CTxOut>().swap(vout);
-    }
-
-    void ClearUnspendable() {
-        BOOST_FOREACH(CTxOut &txout, vout) {
-            if (txout.scriptPubKey.IsUnspendable())
-                txout.SetNull();
-        }
-        Cleanup();
-    }
-
-    void swap(CCoins &to) {
-        std::swap(to.fCoinBase, fCoinBase);
-        to.vout.swap(vout);
-        std::swap(to.nHeight, nHeight);
-        std::swap(to.nVersion, nVersion);
-    }
-
-    //! equality test
-    friend bool operator==(const CCoins &a, const CCoins &b) {
-         // Empty CCoins objects are always equal.
-         if (a.IsPruned() && b.IsPruned())
-             return true;
-         return a.fCoinBase == b.fCoinBase &&
-                a.nHeight == b.nHeight &&
-                a.nVersion == b.nVersion &&
-                a.vout == b.vout;
-    }
-    friend bool operator!=(const CCoins &a, const CCoins &b) {
-        return !(a == b);
-    }
-
-    void CalcMaskSize(unsigned int &nBytes, unsigned int &nNonzeroBytes) const;
+    Coin() : fCoinBase(false), nHeight(0) { }
 
     bool IsCoinBase() const {
         return fCoinBase;
@@ -156,115 +58,52 @@ public:
 
     template<typename Stream>
     void Serialize(Stream &s) const {
-        unsigned int nMaskSize = 0, nMaskCode = 0;
-        CalcMaskSize(nMaskSize, nMaskCode);
-        bool fFirst = vout.size() > 0 && !vout[0].IsNull();
-        bool fSecond = vout.size() > 1 && !vout[1].IsNull();
-        assert(fFirst || fSecond || nMaskCode);
-        unsigned int nCode = 8*(nMaskCode - (fFirst || fSecond ? 0 : 1)) + (fCoinBase ? 1 : 0) + (fFirst ? 2 : 0) + (fSecond ? 4 : 0);
-        // version
-        ::Serialize(s, VARINT(this->nVersion));
-        // header code
-        ::Serialize(s, VARINT(nCode));
-        // spentness bitmask
-        for (unsigned int b = 0; b<nMaskSize; b++) {
-            unsigned char chAvail = 0;
-            for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 8 && 2+b*8+i < vout.size(); i++)
-                if (!vout[2+b*8+i].IsNull())
-                    chAvail |= (1 << i);
-            ::Serialize(s, chAvail);
-        }
-        // txouts themself
-        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < vout.size(); i++) {
-            if (!vout[i].IsNull())
-                ::Serialize(s, CTxOutCompressor(REF(vout[i])));
-        }
-        // coinbase height
-        ::Serialize(s, VARINT(nHeight));
+        assert(!IsSpent());
+        uint32_t code = nHeight * 2 + fCoinBase;
+        ::Serialize(s, VARINT(code));
+        ::Serialize(s, CTxOutCompressor(REF(out)));
     }
 
     template<typename Stream>
     void Unserialize(Stream &s) {
-        unsigned int nCode = 0;
-        // version
-        ::Unserialize(s, VARINT(this->nVersion));
-        // header code
-        ::Unserialize(s, VARINT(nCode));
-        fCoinBase = nCode & 1;
-        std::vector<bool> vAvail(2, false);
-        vAvail[0] = (nCode & 2) != 0;
-        vAvail[1] = (nCode & 4) != 0;
-        unsigned int nMaskCode = (nCode / 8) + ((nCode & 6) != 0 ? 0 : 1);
-        // spentness bitmask
-        while (nMaskCode > 0) {
-            unsigned char chAvail = 0;
-            ::Unserialize(s, chAvail);
-            for (unsigned int p = 0; p < 8; p++) {
-                bool f = (chAvail & (1 << p)) != 0;
-                vAvail.push_back(f);
-            }
-            if (chAvail != 0)
-                nMaskCode--;
-        }
-        // txouts themself
-        vout.assign(vAvail.size(), CTxOut());
-        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < vAvail.size(); i++) {
-            if (vAvail[i])
-                ::Unserialize(s, REF(CTxOutCompressor(vout[i])));
-        }
-        // coinbase height
-        ::Unserialize(s, VARINT(nHeight));
-        Cleanup();
+        uint32_t code = 0;
+        ::Unserialize(s, VARINT(code));
+        nHeight = code >> 1;
+        fCoinBase = code & 1;
+        ::Unserialize(s, REF(CTxOutCompressor(out)));
     }
 
-    //! mark a vout spent
-    bool Spend(uint32_t nPos);
-
-    //! check whether a particular output is still available
-    bool IsAvailable(unsigned int nPos) const {
-        return (nPos < vout.size() && !vout[nPos].IsNull());
-    }
-
-    //! check whether the entire CCoins is spent
-    //! note that only !IsPruned() CCoins can be serialized
-    bool IsPruned() const {
-        BOOST_FOREACH(const CTxOut &out, vout)
-            if (!out.IsNull())
-                return false;
-        return true;
+    bool IsSpent() const {
+        return out.IsNull();
     }
 
     size_t DynamicMemoryUsage() const {
-        size_t ret = memusage::DynamicUsage(vout);
-        BOOST_FOREACH(const CTxOut &out, vout) {
-            ret += RecursiveDynamicUsage(out.scriptPubKey);
-        }
-        return ret;
+        return memusage::DynamicUsage(out.scriptPubKey);
     }
 };
 
-class SaltedTxidHasher
+class SaltedOutpointHasher
 {
 private:
     /** Salt */
     const uint64_t k0, k1;
 
 public:
-    SaltedTxidHasher();
+    SaltedOutpointHasher();
 
     /**
      * This *must* return size_t. With Boost 1.46 on 32-bit systems the
      * unordered_map will behave unpredictably if the custom hasher returns a
      * uint64_t, resulting in failures when syncing the chain (#4634).
      */
-    size_t operator()(const uint256& txid) const {
-        return SipHashUint256(k0, k1, txid);
+    size_t operator()(const COutPoint& id) const {
+        return SipHashUint256Extra(k0, k1, id.hash, id.n);
     }
 };
 
 struct CCoinsCacheEntry
 {
-    CCoins coins; // The actual cached data.
+    Coin coin; // The actual cached data.
     unsigned char flags;
 
     enum Flags {
@@ -277,20 +116,21 @@ struct CCoinsCacheEntry
          */
     };
 
-    CCoinsCacheEntry() : coins(), flags(0) {}
+    CCoinsCacheEntry() : flags(0) {}
+    explicit CCoinsCacheEntry(Coin&& coin_) : coin(std::move(coin_)), flags(0) {}
 };
 
-typedef std::unordered_map<uint256, CCoinsCacheEntry, SaltedTxidHasher> CCoinsMap;
+typedef std::unordered_map<COutPoint, CCoinsCacheEntry, SaltedOutpointHasher> CCoinsMap;
 
 /** Cursor for iterating over CoinsView state */
 class CCoinsViewCursor
 {
 public:
     CCoinsViewCursor(const uint256 &hashBlockIn): hashBlock(hashBlockIn) {}
-    virtual ~CCoinsViewCursor();
+    virtual ~CCoinsViewCursor() {}
 
-    virtual bool GetKey(uint256 &key) const = 0;
-    virtual bool GetValue(CCoins &coins) const = 0;
+    virtual bool GetKey(COutPoint &key) const = 0;
+    virtual bool GetValue(Coin &coin) const = 0;
     virtual unsigned int GetValueSize() const = 0;
 
     virtual bool Valid() const = 0;
@@ -306,17 +146,17 @@ private:
 class CCoinsView
 {
 public:
-    //! Retrieve the CCoins (unspent transaction outputs) for a given txid
-    virtual bool GetCoins(const uint256 &txid, CCoins &coins) const;
+    //! Retrieve the Coin (unspent transaction output) for a given outpoint.
+    virtual bool GetCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint, Coin &coin) const;
 
-    //! Just check whether we have data for a given txid.
-    //! This may (but cannot always) return true for fully spent transactions
-    virtual bool HaveCoins(const uint256 &txid) const;
+    //! Just check whether we have data for a given outpoint.
+    //! This may (but cannot always) return true for spent outputs.
+    virtual bool HaveCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint) const;
 
     //! Retrieve the block hash whose state this CCoinsView currently represents
     virtual uint256 GetBestBlock() const;
 
-    //! Do a bulk modification (multiple CCoins changes + BestBlock change).
+    //! Do a bulk modification (multiple Coin changes + BestBlock change).
     //! The passed mapCoins can be modified.
     virtual bool BatchWrite(CCoinsMap &mapCoins, const uint256 &hashBlock);
 
@@ -325,6 +165,9 @@ public:
 
     //! As we use CCoinsViews polymorphically, have a virtual destructor
     virtual ~CCoinsView() {}
+
+    //! Estimate database size (0 if not implemented)
+    virtual size_t EstimateSize() const { return 0; }
 };
 
 
@@ -336,45 +179,20 @@ protected:
 
 public:
     CCoinsViewBacked(CCoinsView *viewIn);
-    bool GetCoins(const uint256 &txid, CCoins &coins) const;
-    bool HaveCoins(const uint256 &txid) const;
-    uint256 GetBestBlock() const;
+    bool GetCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint, Coin &coin) const override;
+    bool HaveCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint) const override;
+    uint256 GetBestBlock() const override;
     void SetBackend(CCoinsView &viewIn);
-    bool BatchWrite(CCoinsMap &mapCoins, const uint256 &hashBlock);
-    CCoinsViewCursor *Cursor() const;
+    bool BatchWrite(CCoinsMap &mapCoins, const uint256 &hashBlock) override;
+    CCoinsViewCursor *Cursor() const override;
+    size_t EstimateSize() const override;
 };
 
 
-class CCoinsViewCache;
-
-/** 
- * A reference to a mutable cache entry. Encapsulating it allows us to run
- *  cleanup code after the modification is finished, and keeping track of
- *  concurrent modifications. 
- */
-class CCoinsModifier
-{
-private:
-    CCoinsViewCache& cache;
-    CCoinsMap::iterator it;
-    size_t cachedCoinUsage; // Cached memory usage of the CCoins object before modification
-    CCoinsModifier(CCoinsViewCache& cache_, CCoinsMap::iterator it_, size_t usage);
-
-public:
-    CCoins* operator->() { return &it->second.coins; }
-    CCoins& operator*() { return it->second.coins; }
-    ~CCoinsModifier();
-    friend class CCoinsViewCache;
-};
-
 /** CCoinsView that adds a memory cache for transactions to another CCoinsView */
 class CCoinsViewCache : public CCoinsViewBacked
 {
 protected:
-    /* Whether this cache has an active modifier. */
-    bool hasModifier;
-
-
     /**
      * Make mutable so that we can "fill the cache" even from Get-methods
      * declared as "const".  
@@ -382,51 +200,45 @@ protected:
     mutable uint256 hashBlock;
     mutable CCoinsMap cacheCoins;
 
-    /* Cached dynamic memory usage for the inner CCoins objects. */
+    /* Cached dynamic memory usage for the inner Coin objects. */
     mutable size_t cachedCoinsUsage;
 
 public:
     CCoinsViewCache(CCoinsView *baseIn);
-    ~CCoinsViewCache();
 
     // Standard CCoinsView methods
-    bool GetCoins(const uint256 &txid, CCoins &coins) const;
-    bool HaveCoins(const uint256 &txid) const;
+    bool GetCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint, Coin &coin) const;
+    bool HaveCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint) const;
     uint256 GetBestBlock() const;
     void SetBestBlock(const uint256 &hashBlock);
     bool BatchWrite(CCoinsMap &mapCoins, const uint256 &hashBlock);
 
     /**
-     * Check if we have the given tx already loaded in this cache.
-     * The semantics are the same as HaveCoins(), but no calls to
+     * Check if we have the given utxo already loaded in this cache.
+     * The semantics are the same as HaveCoin(), but no calls to
      * the backing CCoinsView are made.
      */
-    bool HaveCoinsInCache(const uint256 &txid) const;
+    bool HaveCoinInCache(const COutPoint &outpoint) const;
 
     /**
-     * Return a pointer to CCoins in the cache, or NULL if not found. This is
-     * more efficient than GetCoins. Modifications to other cache entries are
+     * Return a reference to Coin in the cache, or a pruned one if not found. This is
+     * more efficient than GetCoin. Modifications to other cache entries are
      * allowed while accessing the returned pointer.
      */
-    const CCoins* AccessCoins(const uint256 &txid) const;
+    const Coin& AccessCoin(const COutPoint &output) const;
 
     /**
-     * Return a modifiable reference to a CCoins. If no entry with the given
-     * txid exists, a new one is created. Simultaneous modifications are not
-     * allowed.
+     * Add a coin. Set potential_overwrite to true if a non-pruned version may
+     * already exist.
      */
-    CCoinsModifier ModifyCoins(const uint256 &txid);
+    void AddCoin(const COutPoint& outpoint, Coin&& coin, bool potential_overwrite);
 
     /**
-     * Return a modifiable reference to a CCoins. Assumes that no entry with the given
-     * txid exists and creates a new one. This saves a database access in the case where
-     * the coins were to be wiped out by FromTx anyway.  This should not be called with
-     * the 2 historical coinbase duplicate pairs because the new coins are marked fresh, and
-     * in the event the duplicate coinbase was spent before a flush, the now pruned coins
-     * would not properly overwrite the first coinbase of the pair. Simultaneous modifications
-     * are not allowed.
+     * Spend a coin. Pass moveto in order to get the deleted data.
+     * If no unspent output exists for the passed outpoint, this call
+     * has no effect.
      */
-    CCoinsModifier ModifyNewCoins(const uint256 &txid, bool coinbase);
+    void SpendCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint, Coin* moveto = nullptr);
 
     /**
      * Push the modifications applied to this cache to its base.
@@ -436,12 +248,12 @@ public:
     bool Flush();
 
     /**
-     * Removes the transaction with the given hash from the cache, if it is
+     * Removes the UTXO with the given outpoint from the cache, if it is
      * not modified.
      */
-    void Uncache(const uint256 &txid);
+    void Uncache(const COutPoint &outpoint);
 
-    //! Calculate the size of the cache (in number of transactions)
+    //! Calculate the size of the cache (in number of transaction outputs)
     unsigned int GetCacheSize() const;
 
     //! Calculate the size of the cache (in bytes)
@@ -460,12 +272,8 @@ public:
     //! Check whether all prevouts of the transaction are present in the UTXO set represented by this view
     bool HaveInputs(const CTransaction& tx) const;
 
-    const CTxOut &GetOutputFor(const CTxIn& input) const;
-
-    friend class CCoinsModifier;
-
 private:
-    CCoinsMap::const_iterator FetchCoins(const uint256 &txid) const;
+    CCoinsMap::iterator FetchCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint) const;
 
     /**
      * By making the copy constructor private, we prevent accidentally using it when one intends to create a cache on top of a base cache.
@@ -473,4 +281,13 @@ private:
     CCoinsViewCache(const CCoinsViewCache &);
 };
 
+//! Utility function to add all of a transaction's outputs to a cache.
+// It assumes that overwrites are only possible for coinbase transactions,
+// TODO: pass in a boolean to limit these possible overwrites to known
+// (pre-BIP34) cases.
+void AddCoins(CCoinsViewCache& cache, const CTransaction& tx, int nHeight);
+
+//! Utility function to find any unspent output with a given txid.
+const Coin& AccessByTxid(const CCoinsViewCache& cache, const uint256& txid);
+
 #endif // BITCOIN_COINS_H
diff --git a/src/consensus/tx_verify.cpp b/src/consensus/tx_verify.cpp
index 043f4cf95c..bf68f8754b 100644
--- a/src/consensus/tx_verify.cpp
+++ b/src/consensus/tx_verify.cpp
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ unsigned int GetP2SHSigOpCount(const CTransaction& tx, const CCoinsViewCache& in
     unsigned int nSigOps = 0;
     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tx.vin.size(); i++)
     {
-        const CTxOut &prevout = inputs.GetOutputFor(tx.vin[i]);
+        const CTxOut &prevout = inputs.AccessCoin(tx.vin[i].prevout).out;
         if (prevout.scriptPubKey.IsPayToScriptHash())
             nSigOps += prevout.scriptPubKey.GetSigOpCount(tx.vin[i].scriptSig);
     }
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ int64_t GetTransactionSigOpCost(const CTransaction& tx, const CCoinsViewCache& i
 
     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tx.vin.size(); i++)
     {
-        const CTxOut &prevout = inputs.GetOutputFor(tx.vin[i]);
+        const CTxOut &prevout = inputs.AccessCoin(tx.vin[i].prevout).out;
         nSigOps += CountWitnessSigOps(tx.vin[i].scriptSig, prevout.scriptPubKey, &tx.vin[i].scriptWitness, flags);
     }
     return nSigOps;
@@ -213,20 +213,20 @@ bool Consensus::CheckTxInputs(const CTransaction& tx, CValidationState& state, c
         for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tx.vin.size(); i++)
         {
             const COutPoint &prevout = tx.vin[i].prevout;
-            const CCoins *coins = inputs.AccessCoins(prevout.hash);
-            assert(coins);
+            const Coin& coin = inputs.AccessCoin(prevout);
+            assert(!coin.IsSpent());
 
             // If prev is coinbase, check that it's matured
-            if (coins->IsCoinBase()) {
-                if (nSpendHeight - coins->nHeight < COINBASE_MATURITY)
+            if (coin.IsCoinBase()) {
+                if (nSpendHeight - coin.nHeight < COINBASE_MATURITY)
                     return state.Invalid(false,
                         REJECT_INVALID, "bad-txns-premature-spend-of-coinbase",
-                        strprintf("tried to spend coinbase at depth %d", nSpendHeight - coins->nHeight));
+                        strprintf("tried to spend coinbase at depth %d", nSpendHeight - coin.nHeight));
             }
 
             // Check for negative or overflow input values
-            nValueIn += coins->vout[prevout.n].nValue;
-            if (!MoneyRange(coins->vout[prevout.n].nValue) || !MoneyRange(nValueIn))
+            nValueIn += coin.out.nValue;
+            if (!MoneyRange(coin.out.nValue) || !MoneyRange(nValueIn))
                 return state.DoS(100, false, REJECT_INVALID, "bad-txns-inputvalues-outofrange");
 
         }
diff --git a/src/dbwrapper.h b/src/dbwrapper.h
index b13e98b7a4..24ef71bfbf 100644
--- a/src/dbwrapper.h
+++ b/src/dbwrapper.h
@@ -55,11 +55,19 @@ private:
     CDataStream ssKey;
     CDataStream ssValue;
 
+    size_t size_estimate;
+
 public:
     /**
      * @param[in] _parent   CDBWrapper that this batch is to be submitted to
      */
-    CDBBatch(const CDBWrapper &_parent) : parent(_parent), ssKey(SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION), ssValue(SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION) { };
+    CDBBatch(const CDBWrapper &_parent) : parent(_parent), ssKey(SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION), ssValue(SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION), size_estimate(0) { };
+
+    void Clear()
+    {
+        batch.Clear();
+        size_estimate = 0;
+    }
 
     template <typename K, typename V>
     void Write(const K& key, const V& value)
@@ -74,6 +82,14 @@ public:
         leveldb::Slice slValue(ssValue.data(), ssValue.size());
 
         batch.Put(slKey, slValue);
+        // LevelDB serializes writes as:
+        // - byte: header
+        // - varint: key length (1 byte up to 127B, 2 bytes up to 16383B, ...)
+        // - byte[]: key
+        // - varint: value length
+        // - byte[]: value
+        // The formula below assumes the key and value are both less than 16k.
+        size_estimate += 3 + (slKey.size() > 127) + slKey.size() + (slValue.size() > 127) + slValue.size();
         ssKey.clear();
         ssValue.clear();
     }
@@ -86,8 +102,16 @@ public:
         leveldb::Slice slKey(ssKey.data(), ssKey.size());
 
         batch.Delete(slKey);
+        // LevelDB serializes erases as:
+        // - byte: header
+        // - varint: key length
+        // - byte[]: key
+        // The formula below assumes the key is less than 16kB.
+        size_estimate += 2 + (slKey.size() > 127) + slKey.size();
         ssKey.clear();
     }
+
+    size_t SizeEstimate() const { return size_estimate; }
 };
 
 class CDBIterator
@@ -281,7 +305,22 @@ public:
      * Return true if the database managed by this class contains no entries.
      */
     bool IsEmpty();
+
+    template<typename K>
+    size_t EstimateSize(const K& key_begin, const K& key_end) const
+    {
+        CDataStream ssKey1(SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION), ssKey2(SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
+        ssKey1.reserve(DBWRAPPER_PREALLOC_KEY_SIZE);
+        ssKey2.reserve(DBWRAPPER_PREALLOC_KEY_SIZE);
+        ssKey1 << key_begin;
+        ssKey2 << key_end;
+        leveldb::Slice slKey1(ssKey1.data(), ssKey1.size());
+        leveldb::Slice slKey2(ssKey2.data(), ssKey2.size());
+        uint64_t size = 0;
+        leveldb::Range range(slKey1, slKey2);
+        pdb->GetApproximateSizes(&range, 1, &size);
+        return size;
+    }
 };
 
 #endif // BITCOIN_DBWRAPPER_H
-
diff --git a/src/hash.cpp b/src/hash.cpp
index a14a2386a2..b361c90d16 100644
--- a/src/hash.cpp
+++ b/src/hash.cpp
@@ -208,3 +208,44 @@ uint64_t SipHashUint256(uint64_t k0, uint64_t k1, const uint256& val)
     SIPROUND;
     return v0 ^ v1 ^ v2 ^ v3;
 }
+
+uint64_t SipHashUint256Extra(uint64_t k0, uint64_t k1, const uint256& val, uint32_t extra)
+{
+    /* Specialized implementation for efficiency */
+    uint64_t d = val.GetUint64(0);
+
+    uint64_t v0 = 0x736f6d6570736575ULL ^ k0;
+    uint64_t v1 = 0x646f72616e646f6dULL ^ k1;
+    uint64_t v2 = 0x6c7967656e657261ULL ^ k0;
+    uint64_t v3 = 0x7465646279746573ULL ^ k1 ^ d;
+
+    SIPROUND;
+    SIPROUND;
+    v0 ^= d;
+    d = val.GetUint64(1);
+    v3 ^= d;
+    SIPROUND;
+    SIPROUND;
+    v0 ^= d;
+    d = val.GetUint64(2);
+    v3 ^= d;
+    SIPROUND;
+    SIPROUND;
+    v0 ^= d;
+    d = val.GetUint64(3);
+    v3 ^= d;
+    SIPROUND;
+    SIPROUND;
+    v0 ^= d;
+    d = (((uint64_t)36) << 56) | extra;
+    v3 ^= d;
+    SIPROUND;
+    SIPROUND;
+    v0 ^= d;
+    v2 ^= 0xFF;
+    SIPROUND;
+    SIPROUND;
+    SIPROUND;
+    SIPROUND;
+    return v0 ^ v1 ^ v2 ^ v3;
+}
diff --git a/src/hash.h b/src/hash.h
index eacb8f04fe..b9952d39fc 100644
--- a/src/hash.h
+++ b/src/hash.h
@@ -160,6 +160,41 @@ public:
     }
 };
 
+/** Reads data from an underlying stream, while hashing the read data. */
+template<typename Source>
+class CHashVerifier : public CHashWriter
+{
+private:
+    Source* source;
+
+public:
+    CHashVerifier(Source* source_) : CHashWriter(source_->GetType(), source_->GetVersion()), source(source_) {}
+
+    void read(char* pch, size_t nSize)
+    {
+        source->read(pch, nSize);
+        this->write(pch, nSize);
+    }
+
+    void ignore(size_t nSize)
+    {
+        char data[1024];
+        while (nSize > 0) {
+            size_t now = std::min<size_t>(nSize, 1024);
+            read(data, now);
+            nSize -= now;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    CHashVerifier<Source>& operator>>(T& obj)
+    {
+        // Unserialize from this stream
+        ::Unserialize(*this, obj);
+        return (*this);
+    }
+};
+
 /** Compute the 256-bit hash of an object's serialization. */
 template<typename T>
 uint256 SerializeHash(const T& obj, int nType=SER_GETHASH, int nVersion=PROTOCOL_VERSION)
@@ -206,5 +241,6 @@ public:
  *      .Finalize()
  */
 uint64_t SipHashUint256(uint64_t k0, uint64_t k1, const uint256& val);
+uint64_t SipHashUint256Extra(uint64_t k0, uint64_t k1, const uint256& val, uint32_t extra);
 
 #endif // BITCOIN_HASH_H
diff --git a/src/init.cpp b/src/init.cpp
index f343f1d965..33023a1800 100644
--- a/src/init.cpp
+++ b/src/init.cpp
@@ -146,9 +146,9 @@ class CCoinsViewErrorCatcher : public CCoinsViewBacked
 {
 public:
     CCoinsViewErrorCatcher(CCoinsView* view) : CCoinsViewBacked(view) {}
-    bool GetCoins(const uint256 &txid, CCoins &coins) const {
+    bool GetCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint, Coin &coin) const override {
         try {
-            return CCoinsViewBacked::GetCoins(txid, coins);
+            return CCoinsViewBacked::GetCoin(outpoint, coin);
         } catch(const std::runtime_error& e) {
             uiInterface.ThreadSafeMessageBox(_("Error reading from database, shutting down."), "", CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR);
             LogPrintf("Error reading from database: %s\n", e.what());
@@ -1450,6 +1450,12 @@ bool AppInitMain(boost::thread_group& threadGroup, CScheduler& scheduler)
                     //If we're reindexing in prune mode, wipe away unusable block files and all undo data files
                     if (fPruneMode)
                         CleanupBlockRevFiles();
+                } else {
+                    // If necessary, upgrade from older database format.
+                    if (!pcoinsdbview->Upgrade()) {
+                        strLoadError = _("Error upgrading chainstate database");
+                        break;
+                    }
                 }
 
                 if (!LoadBlockIndex(chainparams)) {
diff --git a/src/net_processing.cpp b/src/net_processing.cpp
index 3102c2ef9a..971db3427c 100644
--- a/src/net_processing.cpp
+++ b/src/net_processing.cpp
@@ -911,12 +911,11 @@ bool static AlreadyHave(const CInv& inv) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main)
                 recentRejects->reset();
             }
 
-            // Use pcoinsTip->HaveCoinsInCache as a quick approximation to exclude
-            // requesting or processing some txs which have already been included in a block
             return recentRejects->contains(inv.hash) ||
                    mempool.exists(inv.hash) ||
                    mapOrphanTransactions.count(inv.hash) ||
-                   pcoinsTip->HaveCoinsInCache(inv.hash);
+                   pcoinsTip->HaveCoinInCache(COutPoint(inv.hash, 0)) || // Best effort: only try output 0 and 1
+                   pcoinsTip->HaveCoinInCache(COutPoint(inv.hash, 1));
         }
     case MSG_BLOCK:
     case MSG_WITNESS_BLOCK:
diff --git a/src/policy/policy.cpp b/src/policy/policy.cpp
index f4fffd6578..14d58e7442 100644
--- a/src/policy/policy.cpp
+++ b/src/policy/policy.cpp
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ bool AreInputsStandard(const CTransaction& tx, const CCoinsViewCache& mapInputs)
 
     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tx.vin.size(); i++)
     {
-        const CTxOut& prev = mapInputs.GetOutputFor(tx.vin[i]);
+        const CTxOut& prev = mapInputs.AccessCoin(tx.vin[i].prevout).out;
 
         std::vector<std::vector<unsigned char> > vSolutions;
         txnouttype whichType;
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ bool IsWitnessStandard(const CTransaction& tx, const CCoinsViewCache& mapInputs)
         if (tx.vin[i].scriptWitness.IsNull())
             continue;
 
-        const CTxOut &prev = mapInputs.GetOutputFor(tx.vin[i]);
+        const CTxOut &prev = mapInputs.AccessCoin(tx.vin[i].prevout).out;
 
         // get the scriptPubKey corresponding to this input:
         CScript prevScript = prev.scriptPubKey;
diff --git a/src/qt/transactiondesc.cpp b/src/qt/transactiondesc.cpp
index d81188895b..233fc08772 100644
--- a/src/qt/transactiondesc.cpp
+++ b/src/qt/transactiondesc.cpp
@@ -293,13 +293,12 @@ QString TransactionDesc::toHTML(CWallet *wallet, CWalletTx &wtx, TransactionReco
         {
             COutPoint prevout = txin.prevout;
 
-            CCoins prev;
-            if(pcoinsTip->GetCoins(prevout.hash, prev))
+            Coin prev;
+            if(pcoinsTip->GetCoin(prevout, prev))
             {
-                if (prevout.n < prev.vout.size())
                 {
                     strHTML += "<li>";
-                    const CTxOut &vout = prev.vout[prevout.n];
+                    const CTxOut &vout = prev.out;
                     CTxDestination address;
                     if (ExtractDestination(vout.scriptPubKey, address))
                     {
diff --git a/src/rest.cpp b/src/rest.cpp
index 7537ed4502..b08d7153b1 100644
--- a/src/rest.cpp
+++ b/src/rest.cpp
@@ -42,16 +42,19 @@ static const struct {
 };
 
 struct CCoin {
-    uint32_t nTxVer; // Don't call this nVersion, that name has a special meaning inside IMPLEMENT_SERIALIZE
     uint32_t nHeight;
     CTxOut out;
 
     ADD_SERIALIZE_METHODS;
 
+    CCoin() : nHeight(0) {}
+    CCoin(Coin&& in) : nHeight(in.nHeight), out(std::move(in.out)) {}
+
     template <typename Stream, typename Operation>
     inline void SerializationOp(Stream& s, Operation ser_action)
     {
-        READWRITE(nTxVer);
+        uint32_t nTxVerDummy = 0;
+        READWRITE(nTxVerDummy);
         READWRITE(nHeight);
         READWRITE(out);
     }
@@ -509,22 +512,11 @@ static bool rest_getutxos(HTTPRequest* req, const std::string& strURIPart)
             view.SetBackend(viewMempool); // switch cache backend to db+mempool in case user likes to query mempool
 
         for (size_t i = 0; i < vOutPoints.size(); i++) {
-            CCoins coins;
-            uint256 hash = vOutPoints[i].hash;
             bool hit = false;
-            if (view.GetCoins(hash, coins)) {
-                mempool.pruneSpent(hash, coins);
-                if (coins.IsAvailable(vOutPoints[i].n)) {
-                    hit = true;
-                    // Safe to index into vout here because IsAvailable checked if it's off the end of the array, or if
-                    // n is valid but points to an already spent output (IsNull).
-                    CCoin coin;
-                    coin.nTxVer = coins.nVersion;
-                    coin.nHeight = coins.nHeight;
-                    coin.out = coins.vout.at(vOutPoints[i].n);
-                    assert(!coin.out.IsNull());
-                    outs.push_back(coin);
-                }
+            Coin coin;
+            if (view.GetCoin(vOutPoints[i], coin) && !mempool.isSpent(vOutPoints[i])) {
+                hit = true;
+                outs.emplace_back(std::move(coin));
             }
 
             hits.push_back(hit);
@@ -568,7 +560,6 @@ static bool rest_getutxos(HTTPRequest* req, const std::string& strURIPart)
         UniValue utxos(UniValue::VARR);
         BOOST_FOREACH (const CCoin& coin, outs) {
             UniValue utxo(UniValue::VOBJ);
-            utxo.push_back(Pair("txvers", (int32_t)coin.nTxVer));
             utxo.push_back(Pair("height", (int32_t)coin.nHeight));
             utxo.push_back(Pair("value", ValueFromAmount(coin.out.nValue)));
 
diff --git a/src/rpc/blockchain.cpp b/src/rpc/blockchain.cpp
index f9bd81cfb9..96871ce1dc 100644
--- a/src/rpc/blockchain.cpp
+++ b/src/rpc/blockchain.cpp
@@ -781,13 +781,29 @@ struct CCoinsStats
     uint256 hashBlock;
     uint64_t nTransactions;
     uint64_t nTransactionOutputs;
-    uint64_t nSerializedSize;
     uint256 hashSerialized;
+    uint64_t nDiskSize;
     CAmount nTotalAmount;
 
-    CCoinsStats() : nHeight(0), nTransactions(0), nTransactionOutputs(0), nSerializedSize(0), nTotalAmount(0) {}
+    CCoinsStats() : nHeight(0), nTransactions(0), nTransactionOutputs(0), nTotalAmount(0) {}
 };
 
+static void ApplyStats(CCoinsStats &stats, CHashWriter& ss, const uint256& hash, const std::map<uint32_t, Coin>& outputs)
+{
+    assert(!outputs.empty());
+    ss << hash;
+    ss << VARINT(outputs.begin()->second.nHeight * 2 + outputs.begin()->second.fCoinBase);
+    stats.nTransactions++;
+    for (const auto output : outputs) {
+        ss << VARINT(output.first + 1);
+        ss << *(const CScriptBase*)(&output.second.out.scriptPubKey);
+        ss << VARINT(output.second.out.nValue);
+        stats.nTransactionOutputs++;
+        stats.nTotalAmount += output.second.out.nValue;
+    }
+    ss << VARINT(0);
+}
+
 //! Calculate statistics about the unspent transaction output set
 static bool GetUTXOStats(CCoinsView *view, CCoinsStats &stats)
 {
@@ -800,32 +816,29 @@ static bool GetUTXOStats(CCoinsView *view, CCoinsStats &stats)
         stats.nHeight = mapBlockIndex.find(stats.hashBlock)->second->nHeight;
     }
     ss << stats.hashBlock;
-    CAmount nTotalAmount = 0;
+    uint256 prevkey;
+    std::map<uint32_t, Coin> outputs;
     while (pcursor->Valid()) {
         boost::this_thread::interruption_point();
-        uint256 key;
-        CCoins coins;
-        if (pcursor->GetKey(key) && pcursor->GetValue(coins)) {
-            stats.nTransactions++;
-            ss << key;
-            for (unsigned int i=0; i<coins.vout.size(); i++) {
-                const CTxOut &out = coins.vout[i];
-                if (!out.IsNull()) {
-                    stats.nTransactionOutputs++;
-                    ss << VARINT(i+1);
-                    ss << out;
-                    nTotalAmount += out.nValue;
-                }
+        COutPoint key;
+        Coin coin;
+        if (pcursor->GetKey(key) && pcursor->GetValue(coin)) {
+            if (!outputs.empty() && key.hash != prevkey) {
+                ApplyStats(stats, ss, prevkey, outputs);
+                outputs.clear();
             }
-            stats.nSerializedSize += 32 + pcursor->GetValueSize();
-            ss << VARINT(0);
+            prevkey = key.hash;
+            outputs[key.n] = std::move(coin);
         } else {
             return error("%s: unable to read value", __func__);
         }
         pcursor->Next();
     }
+    if (!outputs.empty()) {
+        ApplyStats(stats, ss, prevkey, outputs);
+    }
     stats.hashSerialized = ss.GetHash();
-    stats.nTotalAmount = nTotalAmount;
+    stats.nDiskSize = view->EstimateSize();
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -891,8 +904,8 @@ UniValue gettxoutsetinfo(const JSONRPCRequest& request)
             "  \"bestblock\": \"hex\",   (string) the best block hash hex\n"
             "  \"transactions\": n,      (numeric) The number of transactions\n"
             "  \"txouts\": n,            (numeric) The number of output transactions\n"
-            "  \"bytes_serialized\": n,  (numeric) The serialized size\n"
             "  \"hash_serialized\": \"hash\",   (string) The serialized hash\n"
+            "  \"disk_size\": n,         (numeric) The estimated size of the chainstate on disk\n"
             "  \"total_amount\": x.xxx          (numeric) The total amount\n"
             "}\n"
             "\nExamples:\n"
@@ -909,8 +922,8 @@ UniValue gettxoutsetinfo(const JSONRPCRequest& request)
         ret.push_back(Pair("bestblock", stats.hashBlock.GetHex()));
         ret.push_back(Pair("transactions", (int64_t)stats.nTransactions));
         ret.push_back(Pair("txouts", (int64_t)stats.nTransactionOutputs));
-        ret.push_back(Pair("bytes_serialized", (int64_t)stats.nSerializedSize));
-        ret.push_back(Pair("hash_serialized", stats.hashSerialized.GetHex()));
+        ret.push_back(Pair("hash_serialized_2", stats.hashSerialized.GetHex()));
+        ret.push_back(Pair("disk_size", stats.nDiskSize));
         ret.push_back(Pair("total_amount", ValueFromAmount(stats.nTotalAmount)));
     } else {
         throw JSONRPCError(RPC_INTERNAL_ERROR, "Unable to read UTXO set");
@@ -963,37 +976,37 @@ UniValue gettxout(const JSONRPCRequest& request)
     std::string strHash = request.params[0].get_str();
     uint256 hash(uint256S(strHash));
     int n = request.params[1].get_int();
+    COutPoint out(hash, n);
     bool fMempool = true;
     if (request.params.size() > 2)
         fMempool = request.params[2].get_bool();
 
-    CCoins coins;
+    Coin coin;
     if (fMempool) {
         LOCK(mempool.cs);
         CCoinsViewMemPool view(pcoinsTip, mempool);
-        if (!view.GetCoins(hash, coins))
+        if (!view.GetCoin(out, coin) || mempool.isSpent(out)) { // TODO: filtering spent coins should be done by the CCoinsViewMemPool
             return NullUniValue;
-        mempool.pruneSpent(hash, coins); // TODO: this should be done by the CCoinsViewMemPool
+        }
     } else {
-        if (!pcoinsTip->GetCoins(hash, coins))
+        if (!pcoinsTip->GetCoin(out, coin)) {
             return NullUniValue;
+        }
     }
-    if (n<0 || (unsigned int)n>=coins.vout.size() || coins.vout[n].IsNull())
-        return NullUniValue;
 
     BlockMap::iterator it = mapBlockIndex.find(pcoinsTip->GetBestBlock());
     CBlockIndex *pindex = it->second;
     ret.push_back(Pair("bestblock", pindex->GetBlockHash().GetHex()));
-    if ((unsigned int)coins.nHeight == MEMPOOL_HEIGHT)
+    if (coin.nHeight == MEMPOOL_HEIGHT) {
         ret.push_back(Pair("confirmations", 0));
-    else
-        ret.push_back(Pair("confirmations", pindex->nHeight - coins.nHeight + 1));
-    ret.push_back(Pair("value", ValueFromAmount(coins.vout[n].nValue)));
+    } else {
+        ret.push_back(Pair("confirmations", (int64_t)(pindex->nHeight - coin.nHeight + 1)));
+    }
+    ret.push_back(Pair("value", ValueFromAmount(coin.out.nValue)));
     UniValue o(UniValue::VOBJ);
-    ScriptPubKeyToUniv(coins.vout[n].scriptPubKey, o, true);
+    ScriptPubKeyToUniv(coin.out.scriptPubKey, o, true);
     ret.push_back(Pair("scriptPubKey", o));
-    ret.push_back(Pair("version", coins.nVersion));
-    ret.push_back(Pair("coinbase", coins.fCoinBase));
+    ret.push_back(Pair("coinbase", (bool)coin.fCoinBase));
 
     return ret;
 }
diff --git a/src/rpc/rawtransaction.cpp b/src/rpc/rawtransaction.cpp
index 683bb25246..e27c2a77c7 100644
--- a/src/rpc/rawtransaction.cpp
+++ b/src/rpc/rawtransaction.cpp
@@ -219,9 +219,10 @@ UniValue gettxoutproof(const JSONRPCRequest& request)
             throw JSONRPCError(RPC_INVALID_ADDRESS_OR_KEY, "Block not found");
         pblockindex = mapBlockIndex[hashBlock];
     } else {
-        CCoins coins;
-        if (pcoinsTip->GetCoins(oneTxid, coins) && coins.nHeight > 0 && coins.nHeight <= chainActive.Height())
-            pblockindex = chainActive[coins.nHeight];
+        const Coin& coin = AccessByTxid(*pcoinsTip, oneTxid);
+        if (!coin.IsSpent() && coin.nHeight > 0 && coin.nHeight <= chainActive.Height()) {
+            pblockindex = chainActive[coin.nHeight];
+        }
     }
 
     if (pblockindex == NULL)
@@ -637,9 +638,7 @@ UniValue signrawtransaction(const JSONRPCRequest& request)
         view.SetBackend(viewMempool); // temporarily switch cache backend to db+mempool view
 
         BOOST_FOREACH(const CTxIn& txin, mergedTx.vin) {
-            const uint256& prevHash = txin.prevout.hash;
-            CCoins coins;
-            view.AccessCoins(prevHash); // this is certainly allowed to fail
+            view.AccessCoin(txin.prevout); // Load entries from viewChain into view; can fail.
         }
 
         view.SetBackend(viewDummy); // switch back to avoid locking mempool for too long
@@ -691,24 +690,26 @@ UniValue signrawtransaction(const JSONRPCRequest& request)
             if (nOut < 0)
                 throw JSONRPCError(RPC_DESERIALIZATION_ERROR, "vout must be positive");
 
+            COutPoint out(txid, nOut);
             std::vector<unsigned char> pkData(ParseHexO(prevOut, "scriptPubKey"));
             CScript scriptPubKey(pkData.begin(), pkData.end());
 
             {
-                CCoinsModifier coins = view.ModifyCoins(txid);
-                if (coins->IsAvailable(nOut) && coins->vout[nOut].scriptPubKey != scriptPubKey) {
+                const Coin& coin = view.AccessCoin(out);
+                if (!coin.IsSpent() && coin.out.scriptPubKey != scriptPubKey) {
                     std::string err("Previous output scriptPubKey mismatch:\n");
-                    err = err + ScriptToAsmStr(coins->vout[nOut].scriptPubKey) + "\nvs:\n"+
+                    err = err + ScriptToAsmStr(coin.out.scriptPubKey) + "\nvs:\n"+
                         ScriptToAsmStr(scriptPubKey);
                     throw JSONRPCError(RPC_DESERIALIZATION_ERROR, err);
                 }
-                if ((unsigned int)nOut >= coins->vout.size())
-                    coins->vout.resize(nOut+1);
-                coins->vout[nOut].scriptPubKey = scriptPubKey;
-                coins->vout[nOut].nValue = 0;
+                Coin newcoin;
+                newcoin.out.scriptPubKey = scriptPubKey;
+                newcoin.out.nValue = 0;
                 if (prevOut.exists("amount")) {
-                    coins->vout[nOut].nValue = AmountFromValue(find_value(prevOut, "amount"));
+                    newcoin.out.nValue = AmountFromValue(find_value(prevOut, "amount"));
                 }
+                newcoin.nHeight = 1;
+                view.AddCoin(out, std::move(newcoin), true);
             }
 
             // if redeemScript given and not using the local wallet (private keys
@@ -766,13 +767,13 @@ UniValue signrawtransaction(const JSONRPCRequest& request)
     // Sign what we can:
     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < mergedTx.vin.size(); i++) {
         CTxIn& txin = mergedTx.vin[i];
-        const CCoins* coins = view.AccessCoins(txin.prevout.hash);
-        if (coins == NULL || !coins->IsAvailable(txin.prevout.n)) {
+        const Coin& coin = view.AccessCoin(txin.prevout);
+        if (coin.IsSpent()) {
             TxInErrorToJSON(txin, vErrors, "Input not found or already spent");
             continue;
         }
-        const CScript& prevPubKey = coins->vout[txin.prevout.n].scriptPubKey;
-        const CAmount& amount = coins->vout[txin.prevout.n].nValue;
+        const CScript& prevPubKey = coin.out.scriptPubKey;
+        const CAmount& amount = coin.out.nValue;
 
         SignatureData sigdata;
         // Only sign SIGHASH_SINGLE if there's a corresponding output:
@@ -844,9 +845,12 @@ UniValue sendrawtransaction(const JSONRPCRequest& request)
         nMaxRawTxFee = 0;
 
     CCoinsViewCache &view = *pcoinsTip;
-    const CCoins* existingCoins = view.AccessCoins(hashTx);
+    bool fHaveChain = false;
+    for (size_t o = 0; !fHaveChain && o < tx->vout.size(); o++) {
+        const Coin& existingCoin = view.AccessCoin(COutPoint(hashTx, o));
+        fHaveChain = !existingCoin.IsSpent();
+    }
     bool fHaveMempool = mempool.exists(hashTx);
-    bool fHaveChain = existingCoins && existingCoins->nHeight < 1000000000;
     if (!fHaveMempool && !fHaveChain) {
         // push to local node and sync with wallets
         CValidationState state;
diff --git a/src/test/coins_tests.cpp b/src/test/coins_tests.cpp
index 31ed1a50b9..4a4e551695 100644
--- a/src/test/coins_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/coins_tests.cpp
@@ -17,35 +17,44 @@
 
 #include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
 
-bool ApplyTxInUndo(const CTxInUndo& undo, CCoinsViewCache& view, const COutPoint& out);
+int ApplyTxInUndo(Coin&& undo, CCoinsViewCache& view, const COutPoint& out);
 void UpdateCoins(const CTransaction& tx, CCoinsViewCache& inputs, CTxUndo &txundo, int nHeight);
 
 namespace
 {
+//! equality test
+bool operator==(const Coin &a, const Coin &b) {
+    // Empty Coin objects are always equal.
+    if (a.IsSpent() && b.IsSpent()) return true;
+    return a.fCoinBase == b.fCoinBase &&
+           a.nHeight == b.nHeight &&
+           a.out == b.out;
+}
+
 class CCoinsViewTest : public CCoinsView
 {
     uint256 hashBestBlock_;
-    std::map<uint256, CCoins> map_;
+    std::map<COutPoint, Coin> map_;
 
 public:
-    bool GetCoins(const uint256& txid, CCoins& coins) const
+    bool GetCoin(const COutPoint& outpoint, Coin& coin) const
     {
-        std::map<uint256, CCoins>::const_iterator it = map_.find(txid);
+        std::map<COutPoint, Coin>::const_iterator it = map_.find(outpoint);
         if (it == map_.end()) {
             return false;
         }
-        coins = it->second;
-        if (coins.IsPruned() && insecure_rand() % 2 == 0) {
+        coin = it->second;
+        if (coin.IsSpent() && insecure_rand() % 2 == 0) {
             // Randomly return false in case of an empty entry.
             return false;
         }
         return true;
     }
 
-    bool HaveCoins(const uint256& txid) const
+    bool HaveCoin(const COutPoint& outpoint) const
     {
-        CCoins coins;
-        return GetCoins(txid, coins);
+        Coin coin;
+        return GetCoin(outpoint, coin);
     }
 
     uint256 GetBestBlock() const { return hashBestBlock_; }
@@ -55,8 +64,8 @@ public:
         for (CCoinsMap::iterator it = mapCoins.begin(); it != mapCoins.end(); ) {
             if (it->second.flags & CCoinsCacheEntry::DIRTY) {
                 // Same optimization used in CCoinsViewDB is to only write dirty entries.
-                map_[it->first] = it->second.coins;
-                if (it->second.coins.IsPruned() && insecure_rand() % 3 == 0) {
+                map_[it->first] = it->second.coin;
+                if (it->second.coin.IsSpent() && insecure_rand() % 3 == 0) {
                     // Randomly delete empty entries on write.
                     map_.erase(it->first);
                 }
@@ -78,9 +87,12 @@ public:
     {
         // Manually recompute the dynamic usage of the whole data, and compare it.
         size_t ret = memusage::DynamicUsage(cacheCoins);
+        size_t count = 0;
         for (CCoinsMap::iterator it = cacheCoins.begin(); it != cacheCoins.end(); it++) {
-            ret += it->second.coins.DynamicMemoryUsage();
+            ret += it->second.coin.DynamicMemoryUsage();
+            ++count;
         }
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(GetCacheSize(), count);
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(DynamicMemoryUsage(), ret);
     }
 
@@ -97,7 +109,7 @@ static const unsigned int NUM_SIMULATION_ITERATIONS = 40000;
 // This is a large randomized insert/remove simulation test on a variable-size
 // stack of caches on top of CCoinsViewTest.
 //
-// It will randomly create/update/delete CCoins entries to a tip of caches, with
+// It will randomly create/update/delete Coin entries to a tip of caches, with
 // txids picked from a limited list of random 256-bit hashes. Occasionally, a
 // new tip is added to the stack of caches, or the tip is flushed and removed.
 //
@@ -109,13 +121,15 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(coins_cache_simulation_test)
     bool removed_all_caches = false;
     bool reached_4_caches = false;
     bool added_an_entry = false;
+    bool added_an_unspendable_entry = false;
     bool removed_an_entry = false;
     bool updated_an_entry = false;
     bool found_an_entry = false;
     bool missed_an_entry = false;
+    bool uncached_an_entry = false;
 
     // A simple map to track what we expect the cache stack to represent.
-    std::map<uint256, CCoins> result;
+    std::map<COutPoint, Coin> result;
 
     // The cache stack.
     CCoinsViewTest base; // A CCoinsViewTest at the bottom.
@@ -133,36 +147,51 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(coins_cache_simulation_test)
         // Do a random modification.
         {
             uint256 txid = txids[insecure_rand() % txids.size()]; // txid we're going to modify in this iteration.
-            CCoins& coins = result[txid];
-            CCoinsModifier entry = stack.back()->ModifyCoins(txid);
-            BOOST_CHECK(coins == *entry);
-            if (insecure_rand() % 5 == 0 || coins.IsPruned()) {
-                if (coins.IsPruned()) {
-                    added_an_entry = true;
+            Coin& coin = result[COutPoint(txid, 0)];
+            const Coin& entry = (insecure_rand() % 500 == 0) ? AccessByTxid(*stack.back(), txid) : stack.back()->AccessCoin(COutPoint(txid, 0));
+            BOOST_CHECK(coin == entry);
+
+            if (insecure_rand() % 5 == 0 || coin.IsSpent()) {
+                Coin newcoin;
+                newcoin.out.nValue = insecure_rand();
+                newcoin.nHeight = 1;
+                if (insecure_rand() % 16 == 0 && coin.IsSpent()) {
+                    newcoin.out.scriptPubKey.assign(1 + (insecure_rand() & 0x3F), OP_RETURN);
+                    BOOST_CHECK(newcoin.out.scriptPubKey.IsUnspendable());
+                    added_an_unspendable_entry = true;
                 } else {
-                    updated_an_entry = true;
+                    newcoin.out.scriptPubKey.assign(insecure_rand() & 0x3F, 0); // Random sizes so we can test memory usage accounting
+                    (coin.IsSpent() ? added_an_entry : updated_an_entry) = true;
+                    coin = newcoin;
                 }
-                coins.nVersion = insecure_rand();
-                coins.vout.resize(1);
-                coins.vout[0].nValue = insecure_rand();
-                *entry = coins;
+                stack.back()->AddCoin(COutPoint(txid, 0), std::move(newcoin), !coin.IsSpent() || insecure_rand() & 1);
             } else {
-                coins.Clear();
-                entry->Clear();
                 removed_an_entry = true;
+                coin.Clear();
+                stack.back()->SpendCoin(COutPoint(txid, 0));
             }
         }
 
+        // One every 10 iterations, remove a random entry from the cache
+        if (insecure_rand() % 10) {
+            COutPoint out(txids[insecure_rand() % txids.size()], 0);
+            int cacheid = insecure_rand() % stack.size();
+            stack[cacheid]->Uncache(out);
+            uncached_an_entry |= !stack[cacheid]->HaveCoinInCache(out);
+        }
+
         // Once every 1000 iterations and at the end, verify the full cache.
         if (insecure_rand() % 1000 == 1 || i == NUM_SIMULATION_ITERATIONS - 1) {
-            for (std::map<uint256, CCoins>::iterator it = result.begin(); it != result.end(); it++) {
-                const CCoins* coins = stack.back()->AccessCoins(it->first);
-                if (coins) {
-                    BOOST_CHECK(*coins == it->second);
-                    found_an_entry = true;
-                } else {
-                    BOOST_CHECK(it->second.IsPruned());
+            for (auto it = result.begin(); it != result.end(); it++) {
+                bool have = stack.back()->HaveCoin(it->first);
+                const Coin& coin = stack.back()->AccessCoin(it->first);
+                BOOST_CHECK(have == !coin.IsSpent());
+                BOOST_CHECK(coin == it->second);
+                if (coin.IsSpent()) {
                     missed_an_entry = true;
+                } else {
+                    BOOST_CHECK(stack.back()->HaveCoinInCache(it->first));
+                    found_an_entry = true;
                 }
             }
             BOOST_FOREACH(const CCoinsViewCacheTest *test, stack) {
@@ -211,25 +240,27 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(coins_cache_simulation_test)
     BOOST_CHECK(removed_all_caches);
     BOOST_CHECK(reached_4_caches);
     BOOST_CHECK(added_an_entry);
+    BOOST_CHECK(added_an_unspendable_entry);
     BOOST_CHECK(removed_an_entry);
     BOOST_CHECK(updated_an_entry);
     BOOST_CHECK(found_an_entry);
     BOOST_CHECK(missed_an_entry);
+    BOOST_CHECK(uncached_an_entry);
 }
 
-typedef std::tuple<CTransaction,CTxUndo,CCoins> TxData;
 // Store of all necessary tx and undo data for next test
-std::map<uint256, TxData> alltxs;
-
-TxData &FindRandomFrom(const std::set<uint256> &txidset) {
-    assert(txidset.size());
-    std::set<uint256>::iterator txIt = txidset.lower_bound(GetRandHash());
-    if (txIt == txidset.end()) {
-        txIt = txidset.begin();
+typedef std::map<COutPoint, std::tuple<CTransaction,CTxUndo,Coin>> UtxoData;
+UtxoData utxoData;
+
+UtxoData::iterator FindRandomFrom(const std::set<COutPoint> &utxoSet) {
+    assert(utxoSet.size());
+    auto utxoSetIt = utxoSet.lower_bound(COutPoint(GetRandHash(), 0));
+    if (utxoSetIt == utxoSet.end()) {
+        utxoSetIt = utxoSet.begin();
     }
-    std::map<uint256, TxData>::iterator txdit = alltxs.find(*txIt);
-    assert(txdit != alltxs.end());
-    return txdit->second;
+    auto utxoDataIt = utxoData.find(*utxoSetIt);
+    assert(utxoDataIt != utxoData.end());
+    return utxoDataIt;
 }
 
 
@@ -242,7 +273,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(updatecoins_simulation_test)
 {
     bool spent_a_duplicate_coinbase = false;
     // A simple map to track what we expect the cache stack to represent.
-    std::map<uint256, CCoins> result;
+    std::map<COutPoint, Coin> result;
 
     // The cache stack.
     CCoinsViewTest base; // A CCoinsViewTest at the bottom.
@@ -250,10 +281,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(updatecoins_simulation_test)
     stack.push_back(new CCoinsViewCacheTest(&base)); // Start with one cache.
 
     // Track the txids we've used in various sets
-    std::set<uint256> coinbaseids;
-    std::set<uint256> disconnectedids;
-    std::set<uint256> duplicateids;
-    std::set<uint256> utxoset;
+    std::set<COutPoint> coinbase_coins;
+    std::set<COutPoint> disconnected_coins;
+    std::set<COutPoint> duplicate_coins;
+    std::set<COutPoint> utxoset;
 
     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < NUM_SIMULATION_ITERATIONS; i++) {
         uint32_t randiter = insecure_rand();
@@ -264,23 +295,24 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(updatecoins_simulation_test)
             tx.vin.resize(1);
             tx.vout.resize(1);
             tx.vout[0].nValue = i; //Keep txs unique unless intended to duplicate
+            tx.vout[0].scriptPubKey.assign(insecure_rand() & 0x3F, 0); // Random sizes so we can test memory usage accounting
             unsigned int height = insecure_rand();
-            CCoins oldcoins;
+            Coin old_coin;
 
             // 2/20 times create a new coinbase
-            if (randiter % 20 < 2 || coinbaseids.size() < 10) {
+            if (randiter % 20 < 2 || coinbase_coins.size() < 10) {
                 // 1/10 of those times create a duplicate coinbase
-                if (insecure_rand() % 10 == 0 && coinbaseids.size()) {
-                    TxData &txd = FindRandomFrom(coinbaseids);
+                if (insecure_rand() % 10 == 0 && coinbase_coins.size()) {
+                    auto utxod = FindRandomFrom(coinbase_coins);
                     // Reuse the exact same coinbase
-                    tx = std::get<0>(txd);
+                    tx = std::get<0>(utxod->second);
                     // shouldn't be available for reconnection if its been duplicated
-                    disconnectedids.erase(tx.GetHash());
+                    disconnected_coins.erase(utxod->first);
 
-                    duplicateids.insert(tx.GetHash());
+                    duplicate_coins.insert(utxod->first);
                 }
                 else {
-                    coinbaseids.insert(tx.GetHash());
+                    coinbase_coins.insert(COutPoint(tx.GetHash(), 0));
                 }
                 assert(CTransaction(tx).IsCoinBase());
             }
@@ -288,114 +320,118 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(updatecoins_simulation_test)
             // 17/20 times reconnect previous or add a regular tx
             else {
 
-                uint256 prevouthash;
+                COutPoint prevout;
                 // 1/20 times reconnect a previously disconnected tx
-                if (randiter % 20 == 2 && disconnectedids.size()) {
-                    TxData &txd = FindRandomFrom(disconnectedids);
-                    tx = std::get<0>(txd);
-                    prevouthash = tx.vin[0].prevout.hash;
-                    if (!CTransaction(tx).IsCoinBase() && !utxoset.count(prevouthash)) {
-                        disconnectedids.erase(tx.GetHash());
+                if (randiter % 20 == 2 && disconnected_coins.size()) {
+                    auto utxod = FindRandomFrom(disconnected_coins);
+                    tx = std::get<0>(utxod->second);
+                    prevout = tx.vin[0].prevout;
+                    if (!CTransaction(tx).IsCoinBase() && !utxoset.count(prevout)) {
+                        disconnected_coins.erase(utxod->first);
                         continue;
                     }
 
                     // If this tx is already IN the UTXO, then it must be a coinbase, and it must be a duplicate
-                    if (utxoset.count(tx.GetHash())) {
+                    if (utxoset.count(utxod->first)) {
                         assert(CTransaction(tx).IsCoinBase());
-                        assert(duplicateids.count(tx.GetHash()));
+                        assert(duplicate_coins.count(utxod->first));
                     }
-                    disconnectedids.erase(tx.GetHash());
+                    disconnected_coins.erase(utxod->first);
                 }
 
                 // 16/20 times create a regular tx
                 else {
-                    TxData &txd = FindRandomFrom(utxoset);
-                    prevouthash = std::get<0>(txd).GetHash();
+                    auto utxod = FindRandomFrom(utxoset);
+                    prevout = utxod->first;
 
                     // Construct the tx to spend the coins of prevouthash
-                    tx.vin[0].prevout.hash = prevouthash;
-                    tx.vin[0].prevout.n = 0;
+                    tx.vin[0].prevout = prevout;
                     assert(!CTransaction(tx).IsCoinBase());
                 }
                 // In this simple test coins only have two states, spent or unspent, save the unspent state to restore
-                oldcoins = result[prevouthash];
+                old_coin = result[prevout];
                 // Update the expected result of prevouthash to know these coins are spent
-                result[prevouthash].Clear();
+                result[prevout].Clear();
 
-                utxoset.erase(prevouthash);
+                utxoset.erase(prevout);
 
                 // The test is designed to ensure spending a duplicate coinbase will work properly
                 // if that ever happens and not resurrect the previously overwritten coinbase
-                if (duplicateids.count(prevouthash))
+                if (duplicate_coins.count(prevout)) {
                     spent_a_duplicate_coinbase = true;
+                }
 
             }
             // Update the expected result to know about the new output coins
-            result[tx.GetHash()].FromTx(tx, height);
+            assert(tx.vout.size() == 1);
+            const COutPoint outpoint(tx.GetHash(), 0);
+            result[outpoint] = Coin(tx.vout[0], height, CTransaction(tx).IsCoinBase());
 
             // Call UpdateCoins on the top cache
             CTxUndo undo;
             UpdateCoins(tx, *(stack.back()), undo, height);
 
             // Update the utxo set for future spends
-            utxoset.insert(tx.GetHash());
+            utxoset.insert(outpoint);
 
             // Track this tx and undo info to use later
-            alltxs.insert(std::make_pair(tx.GetHash(),std::make_tuple(tx,undo,oldcoins)));
-        }
-
-        //1/20 times undo a previous transaction
-        else if (utxoset.size()) {
-            TxData &txd = FindRandomFrom(utxoset);
+            utxoData.emplace(outpoint, std::make_tuple(tx,undo,old_coin));
+        } else if (utxoset.size()) {
+            //1/20 times undo a previous transaction
+            auto utxod = FindRandomFrom(utxoset);
 
-            CTransaction &tx = std::get<0>(txd);
-            CTxUndo &undo = std::get<1>(txd);
-            CCoins &origcoins = std::get<2>(txd);
-
-            uint256 undohash = tx.GetHash();
+            CTransaction &tx = std::get<0>(utxod->second);
+            CTxUndo &undo = std::get<1>(utxod->second);
+            Coin &orig_coin = std::get<2>(utxod->second);
 
             // Update the expected result
             // Remove new outputs
-            result[undohash].Clear();
+            result[utxod->first].Clear();
             // If not coinbase restore prevout
             if (!tx.IsCoinBase()) {
-                result[tx.vin[0].prevout.hash] = origcoins;
+                result[tx.vin[0].prevout] = orig_coin;
             }
 
             // Disconnect the tx from the current UTXO
             // See code in DisconnectBlock
             // remove outputs
-            {
-                CCoinsModifier outs = stack.back()->ModifyCoins(undohash);
-                outs->Clear();
-            }
+            stack.back()->SpendCoin(utxod->first);
             // restore inputs
             if (!tx.IsCoinBase()) {
                 const COutPoint &out = tx.vin[0].prevout;
-                const CTxInUndo &undoin = undo.vprevout[0];
-                ApplyTxInUndo(undoin, *(stack.back()), out);
+                Coin coin = undo.vprevout[0];
+                ApplyTxInUndo(std::move(coin), *(stack.back()), out);
             }
             // Store as a candidate for reconnection
-            disconnectedids.insert(undohash);
+            disconnected_coins.insert(utxod->first);
 
             // Update the utxoset
-            utxoset.erase(undohash);
+            utxoset.erase(utxod->first);
             if (!tx.IsCoinBase())
-                utxoset.insert(tx.vin[0].prevout.hash);
+                utxoset.insert(tx.vin[0].prevout);
         }
 
         // Once every 1000 iterations and at the end, verify the full cache.
         if (insecure_rand() % 1000 == 1 || i == NUM_SIMULATION_ITERATIONS - 1) {
-            for (std::map<uint256, CCoins>::iterator it = result.begin(); it != result.end(); it++) {
-                const CCoins* coins = stack.back()->AccessCoins(it->first);
-                if (coins) {
-                    BOOST_CHECK(*coins == it->second);
-                } else {
-                    BOOST_CHECK(it->second.IsPruned());
-                }
+            for (auto it = result.begin(); it != result.end(); it++) {
+                bool have = stack.back()->HaveCoin(it->first);
+                const Coin& coin = stack.back()->AccessCoin(it->first);
+                BOOST_CHECK(have == !coin.IsSpent());
+                BOOST_CHECK(coin == it->second);
             }
         }
 
+        // One every 10 iterations, remove a random entry from the cache
+        if (utxoset.size() > 1 && insecure_rand() % 30) {
+            stack[insecure_rand() % stack.size()]->Uncache(FindRandomFrom(utxoset)->first);
+        }
+        if (disconnected_coins.size() > 1 && insecure_rand() % 30) {
+            stack[insecure_rand() % stack.size()]->Uncache(FindRandomFrom(disconnected_coins)->first);
+        }
+        if (duplicate_coins.size() > 1 && insecure_rand() % 30) {
+            stack[insecure_rand() % stack.size()]->Uncache(FindRandomFrom(duplicate_coins)->first);
+        }
+
         if (insecure_rand() % 100 == 0) {
             // Every 100 iterations, flush an intermediate cache
             if (stack.size() > 1 && insecure_rand() % 2 == 0) {
@@ -433,53 +469,36 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(updatecoins_simulation_test)
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ccoins_serialization)
 {
     // Good example
-    CDataStream ss1(ParseHex("0104835800816115944e077fe7c803cfa57f29b36bf87c1d358bb85e"), SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
-    CCoins cc1;
+    CDataStream ss1(ParseHex("97f23c835800816115944e077fe7c803cfa57f29b36bf87c1d35"), SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
+    Coin cc1;
     ss1 >> cc1;
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc1.nVersion, 1);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc1.fCoinBase, false);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc1.nHeight, 203998);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc1.vout.size(), 2);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc1.IsAvailable(0), false);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc1.IsAvailable(1), true);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc1.vout[1].nValue, 60000000000ULL);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(HexStr(cc1.vout[1].scriptPubKey), HexStr(GetScriptForDestination(CKeyID(uint160(ParseHex("816115944e077fe7c803cfa57f29b36bf87c1d35"))))));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc1.out.nValue, 60000000000ULL);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(HexStr(cc1.out.scriptPubKey), HexStr(GetScriptForDestination(CKeyID(uint160(ParseHex("816115944e077fe7c803cfa57f29b36bf87c1d35"))))));
 
     // Good example
-    CDataStream ss2(ParseHex("0109044086ef97d5790061b01caab50f1b8e9c50a5057eb43c2d9563a4eebbd123008c988f1a4a4de2161e0f50aac7f17e7f9555caa486af3b"), SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
-    CCoins cc2;
+    CDataStream ss2(ParseHex("8ddf77bbd123008c988f1a4a4de2161e0f50aac7f17e7f9555caa4"), SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
+    Coin cc2;
     ss2 >> cc2;
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc2.nVersion, 1);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc2.fCoinBase, true);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc2.nHeight, 120891);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc2.vout.size(), 17);
-    for (int i = 0; i < 17; i++) {
-        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc2.IsAvailable(i), i == 4 || i == 16);
-    }
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc2.vout[4].nValue, 234925952);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(HexStr(cc2.vout[4].scriptPubKey), HexStr(GetScriptForDestination(CKeyID(uint160(ParseHex("61b01caab50f1b8e9c50a5057eb43c2d9563a4ee"))))));
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc2.vout[16].nValue, 110397);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(HexStr(cc2.vout[16].scriptPubKey), HexStr(GetScriptForDestination(CKeyID(uint160(ParseHex("8c988f1a4a4de2161e0f50aac7f17e7f9555caa4"))))));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc2.out.nValue, 110397);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(HexStr(cc2.out.scriptPubKey), HexStr(GetScriptForDestination(CKeyID(uint160(ParseHex("8c988f1a4a4de2161e0f50aac7f17e7f9555caa4"))))));
 
     // Smallest possible example
-    CDataStream ssx(SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(HexStr(ssx.begin(), ssx.end()), "");
-
-    CDataStream ss3(ParseHex("0002000600"), SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
-    CCoins cc3;
+    CDataStream ss3(ParseHex("000006"), SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
+    Coin cc3;
     ss3 >> cc3;
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc3.nVersion, 0);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc3.fCoinBase, false);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc3.nHeight, 0);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc3.vout.size(), 1);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc3.IsAvailable(0), true);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc3.vout[0].nValue, 0);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc3.vout[0].scriptPubKey.size(), 0);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc3.out.nValue, 0);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(cc3.out.scriptPubKey.size(), 0);
 
     // scriptPubKey that ends beyond the end of the stream
-    CDataStream ss4(ParseHex("0002000800"), SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
+    CDataStream ss4(ParseHex("000007"), SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
     try {
-        CCoins cc4;
+        Coin cc4;
         ss4 >> cc4;
         BOOST_CHECK_MESSAGE(false, "We should have thrown");
     } catch (const std::ios_base::failure& e) {
@@ -490,16 +509,16 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ccoins_serialization)
     uint64_t x = 3000000000ULL;
     tmp << VARINT(x);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(HexStr(tmp.begin(), tmp.end()), "8a95c0bb00");
-    CDataStream ss5(ParseHex("0002008a95c0bb0000"), SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
+    CDataStream ss5(ParseHex("00008a95c0bb00"), SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
     try {
-        CCoins cc5;
+        Coin cc5;
         ss5 >> cc5;
         BOOST_CHECK_MESSAGE(false, "We should have thrown");
     } catch (const std::ios_base::failure& e) {
     }
 }
 
-const static uint256 TXID;
+const static COutPoint OUTPOINT;
 const static CAmount PRUNED = -1;
 const static CAmount ABSENT = -2;
 const static CAmount FAIL = -3;
@@ -514,15 +533,15 @@ const static auto FLAGS = {char(0), FRESH, DIRTY, char(DIRTY | FRESH)};
 const static auto CLEAN_FLAGS = {char(0), FRESH};
 const static auto ABSENT_FLAGS = {NO_ENTRY};
 
-void SetCoinsValue(CAmount value, CCoins& coins)
+void SetCoinsValue(CAmount value, Coin& coin)
 {
     assert(value != ABSENT);
-    coins.Clear();
-    assert(coins.IsPruned());
+    coin.Clear();
+    assert(coin.IsSpent());
     if (value != PRUNED) {
-        coins.vout.emplace_back();
-        coins.vout.back().nValue = value;
-        assert(!coins.IsPruned());
+        coin.out.nValue = value;
+        coin.nHeight = 1;
+        assert(!coin.IsSpent());
     }
 }
 
@@ -535,25 +554,23 @@ size_t InsertCoinsMapEntry(CCoinsMap& map, CAmount value, char flags)
     assert(flags != NO_ENTRY);
     CCoinsCacheEntry entry;
     entry.flags = flags;
-    SetCoinsValue(value, entry.coins);
-    auto inserted = map.emplace(TXID, std::move(entry));
+    SetCoinsValue(value, entry.coin);
+    auto inserted = map.emplace(OUTPOINT, std::move(entry));
     assert(inserted.second);
-    return inserted.first->second.coins.DynamicMemoryUsage();
+    return inserted.first->second.coin.DynamicMemoryUsage();
 }
 
 void GetCoinsMapEntry(const CCoinsMap& map, CAmount& value, char& flags)
 {
-    auto it = map.find(TXID);
+    auto it = map.find(OUTPOINT);
     if (it == map.end()) {
         value = ABSENT;
         flags = NO_ENTRY;
     } else {
-        if (it->second.coins.IsPruned()) {
-            assert(it->second.coins.vout.size() == 0);
+        if (it->second.coin.IsSpent()) {
             value = PRUNED;
         } else {
-            assert(it->second.coins.vout.size() == 1);
-            value = it->second.coins.vout[0].nValue;
+            value = it->second.coin.out.nValue;
         }
         flags = it->second.flags;
         assert(flags != NO_ENTRY);
@@ -581,10 +598,10 @@ public:
     CCoinsViewCacheTest cache{&base};
 };
 
-void CheckAccessCoins(CAmount base_value, CAmount cache_value, CAmount expected_value, char cache_flags, char expected_flags)
+void CheckAccessCoin(CAmount base_value, CAmount cache_value, CAmount expected_value, char cache_flags, char expected_flags)
 {
     SingleEntryCacheTest test(base_value, cache_value, cache_flags);
-    test.cache.AccessCoins(TXID);
+    test.cache.AccessCoin(OUTPOINT);
     test.cache.SelfTest();
 
     CAmount result_value;
@@ -603,39 +620,39 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ccoins_access)
      *               Base    Cache   Result  Cache        Result
      *               Value   Value   Value   Flags        Flags
      */
-    CheckAccessCoins(ABSENT, ABSENT, ABSENT, NO_ENTRY   , NO_ENTRY   );
-    CheckAccessCoins(ABSENT, PRUNED, PRUNED, 0          , 0          );
-    CheckAccessCoins(ABSENT, PRUNED, PRUNED, FRESH      , FRESH      );
-    CheckAccessCoins(ABSENT, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
-    CheckAccessCoins(ABSENT, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH);
-    CheckAccessCoins(ABSENT, VALUE2, VALUE2, 0          , 0          );
-    CheckAccessCoins(ABSENT, VALUE2, VALUE2, FRESH      , FRESH      );
-    CheckAccessCoins(ABSENT, VALUE2, VALUE2, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
-    CheckAccessCoins(ABSENT, VALUE2, VALUE2, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH);
-    CheckAccessCoins(PRUNED, ABSENT, PRUNED, NO_ENTRY   , FRESH      );
-    CheckAccessCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, 0          , 0          );
-    CheckAccessCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, FRESH      , FRESH      );
-    CheckAccessCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
-    CheckAccessCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH);
-    CheckAccessCoins(PRUNED, VALUE2, VALUE2, 0          , 0          );
-    CheckAccessCoins(PRUNED, VALUE2, VALUE2, FRESH      , FRESH      );
-    CheckAccessCoins(PRUNED, VALUE2, VALUE2, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
-    CheckAccessCoins(PRUNED, VALUE2, VALUE2, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH);
-    CheckAccessCoins(VALUE1, ABSENT, VALUE1, NO_ENTRY   , 0          );
-    CheckAccessCoins(VALUE1, PRUNED, PRUNED, 0          , 0          );
-    CheckAccessCoins(VALUE1, PRUNED, PRUNED, FRESH      , FRESH      );
-    CheckAccessCoins(VALUE1, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
-    CheckAccessCoins(VALUE1, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH);
-    CheckAccessCoins(VALUE1, VALUE2, VALUE2, 0          , 0          );
-    CheckAccessCoins(VALUE1, VALUE2, VALUE2, FRESH      , FRESH      );
-    CheckAccessCoins(VALUE1, VALUE2, VALUE2, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
-    CheckAccessCoins(VALUE1, VALUE2, VALUE2, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH);
+    CheckAccessCoin(ABSENT, ABSENT, ABSENT, NO_ENTRY   , NO_ENTRY   );
+    CheckAccessCoin(ABSENT, PRUNED, PRUNED, 0          , 0          );
+    CheckAccessCoin(ABSENT, PRUNED, PRUNED, FRESH      , FRESH      );
+    CheckAccessCoin(ABSENT, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
+    CheckAccessCoin(ABSENT, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH);
+    CheckAccessCoin(ABSENT, VALUE2, VALUE2, 0          , 0          );
+    CheckAccessCoin(ABSENT, VALUE2, VALUE2, FRESH      , FRESH      );
+    CheckAccessCoin(ABSENT, VALUE2, VALUE2, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
+    CheckAccessCoin(ABSENT, VALUE2, VALUE2, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH);
+    CheckAccessCoin(PRUNED, ABSENT, PRUNED, NO_ENTRY   , FRESH      );
+    CheckAccessCoin(PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, 0          , 0          );
+    CheckAccessCoin(PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, FRESH      , FRESH      );
+    CheckAccessCoin(PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
+    CheckAccessCoin(PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH);
+    CheckAccessCoin(PRUNED, VALUE2, VALUE2, 0          , 0          );
+    CheckAccessCoin(PRUNED, VALUE2, VALUE2, FRESH      , FRESH      );
+    CheckAccessCoin(PRUNED, VALUE2, VALUE2, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
+    CheckAccessCoin(PRUNED, VALUE2, VALUE2, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH);
+    CheckAccessCoin(VALUE1, ABSENT, VALUE1, NO_ENTRY   , 0          );
+    CheckAccessCoin(VALUE1, PRUNED, PRUNED, 0          , 0          );
+    CheckAccessCoin(VALUE1, PRUNED, PRUNED, FRESH      , FRESH      );
+    CheckAccessCoin(VALUE1, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
+    CheckAccessCoin(VALUE1, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH);
+    CheckAccessCoin(VALUE1, VALUE2, VALUE2, 0          , 0          );
+    CheckAccessCoin(VALUE1, VALUE2, VALUE2, FRESH      , FRESH      );
+    CheckAccessCoin(VALUE1, VALUE2, VALUE2, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
+    CheckAccessCoin(VALUE1, VALUE2, VALUE2, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH);
 }
 
-void CheckModifyCoins(CAmount base_value, CAmount cache_value, CAmount modify_value, CAmount expected_value, char cache_flags, char expected_flags)
+void CheckSpendCoins(CAmount base_value, CAmount cache_value, CAmount expected_value, char cache_flags, char expected_flags)
 {
     SingleEntryCacheTest test(base_value, cache_value, cache_flags);
-    SetCoinsValue(modify_value, *test.cache.ModifyCoins(TXID));
+    test.cache.SpendCoin(OUTPOINT);
     test.cache.SelfTest();
 
     CAmount result_value;
@@ -645,79 +662,55 @@ void CheckModifyCoins(CAmount base_value, CAmount cache_value, CAmount modify_va
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(result_flags, expected_flags);
 };
 
-BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ccoins_modify)
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ccoins_spend)
 {
-    /* Check ModifyCoin behavior, requesting a coin from a cache view layered on
-     * top of a base view, writing a modification to the coin, and then checking
+    /* Check SpendCoin behavior, requesting a coin from a cache view layered on
+     * top of a base view, spending, and then checking
      * the resulting entry in the cache after the modification.
      *
-     *               Base    Cache   Write   Result  Cache        Result
-     *               Value   Value   Value   Value   Flags        Flags
+     *              Base    Cache   Result  Cache        Result
+     *              Value   Value   Value   Flags        Flags
      */
-    CheckModifyCoins(ABSENT, ABSENT, PRUNED, ABSENT, NO_ENTRY   , NO_ENTRY   );
-    CheckModifyCoins(ABSENT, ABSENT, VALUE3, VALUE3, NO_ENTRY   , DIRTY|FRESH);
-    CheckModifyCoins(ABSENT, PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, 0          , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(ABSENT, PRUNED, PRUNED, ABSENT, FRESH      , NO_ENTRY   );
-    CheckModifyCoins(ABSENT, PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(ABSENT, PRUNED, PRUNED, ABSENT, DIRTY|FRESH, NO_ENTRY   );
-    CheckModifyCoins(ABSENT, PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, 0          , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(ABSENT, PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, FRESH      , DIRTY|FRESH);
-    CheckModifyCoins(ABSENT, PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(ABSENT, PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH);
-    CheckModifyCoins(ABSENT, VALUE2, PRUNED, PRUNED, 0          , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(ABSENT, VALUE2, PRUNED, ABSENT, FRESH      , NO_ENTRY   );
-    CheckModifyCoins(ABSENT, VALUE2, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(ABSENT, VALUE2, PRUNED, ABSENT, DIRTY|FRESH, NO_ENTRY   );
-    CheckModifyCoins(ABSENT, VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, 0          , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(ABSENT, VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, FRESH      , DIRTY|FRESH);
-    CheckModifyCoins(ABSENT, VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(ABSENT, VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH);
-    CheckModifyCoins(PRUNED, ABSENT, PRUNED, ABSENT, NO_ENTRY   , NO_ENTRY   );
-    CheckModifyCoins(PRUNED, ABSENT, VALUE3, VALUE3, NO_ENTRY   , DIRTY|FRESH);
-    CheckModifyCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, 0          , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, ABSENT, FRESH      , NO_ENTRY   );
-    CheckModifyCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, ABSENT, DIRTY|FRESH, NO_ENTRY   );
-    CheckModifyCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, 0          , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, FRESH      , DIRTY|FRESH);
-    CheckModifyCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH);
-    CheckModifyCoins(PRUNED, VALUE2, PRUNED, PRUNED, 0          , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(PRUNED, VALUE2, PRUNED, ABSENT, FRESH      , NO_ENTRY   );
-    CheckModifyCoins(PRUNED, VALUE2, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(PRUNED, VALUE2, PRUNED, ABSENT, DIRTY|FRESH, NO_ENTRY   );
-    CheckModifyCoins(PRUNED, VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, 0          , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(PRUNED, VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, FRESH      , DIRTY|FRESH);
-    CheckModifyCoins(PRUNED, VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(PRUNED, VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH);
-    CheckModifyCoins(VALUE1, ABSENT, PRUNED, PRUNED, NO_ENTRY   , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(VALUE1, ABSENT, VALUE3, VALUE3, NO_ENTRY   , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(VALUE1, PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, 0          , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(VALUE1, PRUNED, PRUNED, ABSENT, FRESH      , NO_ENTRY   );
-    CheckModifyCoins(VALUE1, PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(VALUE1, PRUNED, PRUNED, ABSENT, DIRTY|FRESH, NO_ENTRY   );
-    CheckModifyCoins(VALUE1, PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, 0          , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(VALUE1, PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, FRESH      , DIRTY|FRESH);
-    CheckModifyCoins(VALUE1, PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(VALUE1, PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH);
-    CheckModifyCoins(VALUE1, VALUE2, PRUNED, PRUNED, 0          , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(VALUE1, VALUE2, PRUNED, ABSENT, FRESH      , NO_ENTRY   );
-    CheckModifyCoins(VALUE1, VALUE2, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(VALUE1, VALUE2, PRUNED, ABSENT, DIRTY|FRESH, NO_ENTRY   );
-    CheckModifyCoins(VALUE1, VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, 0          , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(VALUE1, VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, FRESH      , DIRTY|FRESH);
-    CheckModifyCoins(VALUE1, VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
-    CheckModifyCoins(VALUE1, VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH);
+    CheckSpendCoins(ABSENT, ABSENT, ABSENT, NO_ENTRY   , NO_ENTRY   );
+    CheckSpendCoins(ABSENT, PRUNED, PRUNED, 0          , DIRTY      );
+    CheckSpendCoins(ABSENT, PRUNED, ABSENT, FRESH      , NO_ENTRY   );
+    CheckSpendCoins(ABSENT, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
+    CheckSpendCoins(ABSENT, PRUNED, ABSENT, DIRTY|FRESH, NO_ENTRY   );
+    CheckSpendCoins(ABSENT, VALUE2, PRUNED, 0          , DIRTY      );
+    CheckSpendCoins(ABSENT, VALUE2, ABSENT, FRESH      , NO_ENTRY   );
+    CheckSpendCoins(ABSENT, VALUE2, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
+    CheckSpendCoins(ABSENT, VALUE2, ABSENT, DIRTY|FRESH, NO_ENTRY   );
+    CheckSpendCoins(PRUNED, ABSENT, ABSENT, NO_ENTRY   , NO_ENTRY   );
+    CheckSpendCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, 0          , DIRTY      );
+    CheckSpendCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, ABSENT, FRESH      , NO_ENTRY   );
+    CheckSpendCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
+    CheckSpendCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, ABSENT, DIRTY|FRESH, NO_ENTRY   );
+    CheckSpendCoins(PRUNED, VALUE2, PRUNED, 0          , DIRTY      );
+    CheckSpendCoins(PRUNED, VALUE2, ABSENT, FRESH      , NO_ENTRY   );
+    CheckSpendCoins(PRUNED, VALUE2, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
+    CheckSpendCoins(PRUNED, VALUE2, ABSENT, DIRTY|FRESH, NO_ENTRY   );
+    CheckSpendCoins(VALUE1, ABSENT, PRUNED, NO_ENTRY   , DIRTY      );
+    CheckSpendCoins(VALUE1, PRUNED, PRUNED, 0          , DIRTY      );
+    CheckSpendCoins(VALUE1, PRUNED, ABSENT, FRESH      , NO_ENTRY   );
+    CheckSpendCoins(VALUE1, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
+    CheckSpendCoins(VALUE1, PRUNED, ABSENT, DIRTY|FRESH, NO_ENTRY   );
+    CheckSpendCoins(VALUE1, VALUE2, PRUNED, 0          , DIRTY      );
+    CheckSpendCoins(VALUE1, VALUE2, ABSENT, FRESH      , NO_ENTRY   );
+    CheckSpendCoins(VALUE1, VALUE2, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      );
+    CheckSpendCoins(VALUE1, VALUE2, ABSENT, DIRTY|FRESH, NO_ENTRY   );
 }
 
-void CheckModifyNewCoinsBase(CAmount base_value, CAmount cache_value, CAmount modify_value, CAmount expected_value, char cache_flags, char expected_flags, bool coinbase)
+void CheckAddCoinBase(CAmount base_value, CAmount cache_value, CAmount modify_value, CAmount expected_value, char cache_flags, char expected_flags, bool coinbase)
 {
     SingleEntryCacheTest test(base_value, cache_value, cache_flags);
 
     CAmount result_value;
     char result_flags;
     try {
-        SetCoinsValue(modify_value, *test.cache.ModifyNewCoins(TXID, coinbase));
+        CTxOut output;
+        output.nValue = modify_value;
+        test.cache.AddCoin(OUTPOINT, Coin(std::move(output), 1, coinbase), coinbase);
+        test.cache.SelfTest();
         GetCoinsMapEntry(test.cache.map(), result_value, result_flags);
     } catch (std::logic_error& e) {
         result_value = FAIL;
@@ -728,64 +721,46 @@ void CheckModifyNewCoinsBase(CAmount base_value, CAmount cache_value, CAmount mo
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(result_flags, expected_flags);
 }
 
-// Simple wrapper for CheckModifyNewCoinsBase function above that loops through
+// Simple wrapper for CheckAddCoinBase function above that loops through
 // different possible base_values, making sure each one gives the same results.
-// This wrapper lets the modify_new test below be shorter and less repetitive,
-// while still verifying that the CoinsViewCache::ModifyNewCoins implementation
+// This wrapper lets the coins_add test below be shorter and less repetitive,
+// while still verifying that the CoinsViewCache::AddCoin implementation
 // ignores base values.
 template <typename... Args>
-void CheckModifyNewCoins(Args&&... args)
+void CheckAddCoin(Args&&... args)
 {
     for (CAmount base_value : {ABSENT, PRUNED, VALUE1})
-        CheckModifyNewCoinsBase(base_value, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+        CheckAddCoinBase(base_value, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
 }
 
-BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ccoins_modify_new)
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ccoins_add)
 {
-    /* Check ModifyNewCoin behavior, requesting a new coin from a cache view,
+    /* Check AddCoin behavior, requesting a new coin from a cache view,
      * writing a modification to the coin, and then checking the resulting
      * entry in the cache after the modification. Verify behavior with the
-     * with the ModifyNewCoin coinbase argument set to false, and to true.
+     * with the AddCoin potential_overwrite argument set to false, and to true.
      *
-     *                  Cache   Write   Result  Cache        Result     Coinbase
-     *                  Value   Value   Value   Flags        Flags
+     *           Cache   Write   Result  Cache        Result       potential_overwrite
+     *           Value   Value   Value   Flags        Flags
      */
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(ABSENT, PRUNED, ABSENT, NO_ENTRY   , NO_ENTRY   , false);
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(ABSENT, PRUNED, PRUNED, NO_ENTRY   , DIRTY      , true );
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(ABSENT, VALUE3, VALUE3, NO_ENTRY   , DIRTY|FRESH, false);
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(ABSENT, VALUE3, VALUE3, NO_ENTRY   , DIRTY      , true );
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, ABSENT, 0          , NO_ENTRY   , false);
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, 0          , DIRTY      , true );
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, ABSENT, FRESH      , NO_ENTRY   , false);
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, ABSENT, FRESH      , NO_ENTRY   , true );
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      , false);
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      , true );
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, ABSENT, DIRTY|FRESH, NO_ENTRY   , false);
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(PRUNED, PRUNED, ABSENT, DIRTY|FRESH, NO_ENTRY   , true );
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, 0          , DIRTY|FRESH, false);
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, 0          , DIRTY      , true );
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, FRESH      , DIRTY|FRESH, false);
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, FRESH      , DIRTY|FRESH, true );
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY      , DIRTY      , false);
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY      , DIRTY      , true );
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH, false);
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH, true );
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(VALUE2, PRUNED, FAIL  , 0          , NO_ENTRY   , false);
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(VALUE2, PRUNED, PRUNED, 0          , DIRTY      , true );
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(VALUE2, PRUNED, FAIL  , FRESH      , NO_ENTRY   , false);
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(VALUE2, PRUNED, ABSENT, FRESH      , NO_ENTRY   , true );
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(VALUE2, PRUNED, FAIL  , DIRTY      , NO_ENTRY   , false);
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(VALUE2, PRUNED, PRUNED, DIRTY      , DIRTY      , true );
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(VALUE2, PRUNED, FAIL  , DIRTY|FRESH, NO_ENTRY   , false);
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(VALUE2, PRUNED, ABSENT, DIRTY|FRESH, NO_ENTRY   , true );
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(VALUE2, VALUE3, FAIL  , 0          , NO_ENTRY   , false);
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, 0          , DIRTY      , true );
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(VALUE2, VALUE3, FAIL  , FRESH      , NO_ENTRY   , false);
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, FRESH      , DIRTY|FRESH, true );
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(VALUE2, VALUE3, FAIL  , DIRTY      , NO_ENTRY   , false);
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY      , DIRTY      , true );
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(VALUE2, VALUE3, FAIL  , DIRTY|FRESH, NO_ENTRY   , false);
-    CheckModifyNewCoins(VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH, true );
+    CheckAddCoin(ABSENT, VALUE3, VALUE3, NO_ENTRY   , DIRTY|FRESH, false);
+    CheckAddCoin(ABSENT, VALUE3, VALUE3, NO_ENTRY   , DIRTY      , true );
+    CheckAddCoin(PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, 0          , DIRTY|FRESH, false);
+    CheckAddCoin(PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, 0          , DIRTY      , true );
+    CheckAddCoin(PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, FRESH      , DIRTY|FRESH, false);
+    CheckAddCoin(PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, FRESH      , DIRTY|FRESH, true );
+    CheckAddCoin(PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY      , DIRTY      , false);
+    CheckAddCoin(PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY      , DIRTY      , true );
+    CheckAddCoin(PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH, false);
+    CheckAddCoin(PRUNED, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH, true );
+    CheckAddCoin(VALUE2, VALUE3, FAIL  , 0          , NO_ENTRY   , false);
+    CheckAddCoin(VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, 0          , DIRTY      , true );
+    CheckAddCoin(VALUE2, VALUE3, FAIL  , FRESH      , NO_ENTRY   , false);
+    CheckAddCoin(VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, FRESH      , DIRTY|FRESH, true );
+    CheckAddCoin(VALUE2, VALUE3, FAIL  , DIRTY      , NO_ENTRY   , false);
+    CheckAddCoin(VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY      , DIRTY      , true );
+    CheckAddCoin(VALUE2, VALUE3, FAIL  , DIRTY|FRESH, NO_ENTRY   , false);
+    CheckAddCoin(VALUE2, VALUE3, VALUE3, DIRTY|FRESH, DIRTY|FRESH, true );
 }
 
 void CheckWriteCoins(CAmount parent_value, CAmount child_value, CAmount expected_value, char parent_flags, char child_flags, char expected_flags)
diff --git a/src/test/hash_tests.cpp b/src/test/hash_tests.cpp
index d8de765db1..bb7e473248 100644
--- a/src/test/hash_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/hash_tests.cpp
@@ -128,6 +128,23 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(siphash)
     tx.nVersion = 1;
     ss << tx;
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SipHashUint256(1, 2, ss.GetHash()), 0x79751e980c2a0a35ULL);
+
+    // Check consistency between CSipHasher and SipHashUint256[Extra].
+    FastRandomContext ctx;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
+        uint64_t k1 = ctx.rand64();
+        uint64_t k2 = ctx.rand64();
+        uint256 x = GetRandHash();
+        uint32_t n = ctx.rand32();
+        uint8_t nb[4];
+        WriteLE32(nb, n);
+        CSipHasher sip256(k1, k2);
+        sip256.Write(x.begin(), 32);
+        CSipHasher sip288 = sip256;
+        sip288.Write(nb, 4);
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SipHashUint256(k1, k2, x), sip256.Finalize());
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(SipHashUint256Extra(k1, k2, x, n), sip288.Finalize());
+    }
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END()
diff --git a/src/test/script_P2SH_tests.cpp b/src/test/script_P2SH_tests.cpp
index ede68f23d7..0789b2e80c 100644
--- a/src/test/script_P2SH_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/script_P2SH_tests.cpp
@@ -112,7 +112,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(sign)
         {
             CScript sigSave = txTo[i].vin[0].scriptSig;
             txTo[i].vin[0].scriptSig = txTo[j].vin[0].scriptSig;
-            bool sigOK = CScriptCheck(CCoins(txFrom, 0), txTo[i], 0, SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH | SCRIPT_VERIFY_STRICTENC, false, &txdata)();
+            const CTxOut& output = txFrom.vout[txTo[i].vin[0].prevout.n];
+            bool sigOK = CScriptCheck(output.scriptPubKey, output.nValue, txTo[i], 0, SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH | SCRIPT_VERIFY_STRICTENC, false, &txdata)();
             if (i == j)
                 BOOST_CHECK_MESSAGE(sigOK, strprintf("VerifySignature %d %d", i, j));
             else
@@ -316,7 +317,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(AreInputsStandard)
     txFrom.vout[6].scriptPubKey = GetScriptForDestination(CScriptID(twentySigops));
     txFrom.vout[6].nValue = 6000;
 
-    coins.ModifyCoins(txFrom.GetHash())->FromTx(txFrom, 0);
+    AddCoins(coins, txFrom, 0);
 
     CMutableTransaction txTo;
     txTo.vout.resize(1);
diff --git a/src/test/sigopcount_tests.cpp b/src/test/sigopcount_tests.cpp
index 92781d763d..4e117448fe 100644
--- a/src/test/sigopcount_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/sigopcount_tests.cpp
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ void BuildTxs(CMutableTransaction& spendingTx, CCoinsViewCache& coins, CMutableT
     spendingTx.vout[0].nValue = 1;
     spendingTx.vout[0].scriptPubKey = CScript();
 
-    coins.ModifyCoins(creationTx.GetHash())->FromTx(creationTx, 0);
+    AddCoins(coins, creationTx, 0);
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GetTxSigOpCost)
diff --git a/src/test/test_bitcoin_fuzzy.cpp b/src/test/test_bitcoin_fuzzy.cpp
index e11e46bb02..de14251601 100644
--- a/src/test/test_bitcoin_fuzzy.cpp
+++ b/src/test/test_bitcoin_fuzzy.cpp
@@ -168,8 +168,8 @@ int do_fuzz()
         {
             try
             {
-                CCoins block;
-                ds >> block;
+                Coin coin;
+                ds >> coin;
             } catch (const std::ios_base::failure& e) {return 0;}
             break;
         }
diff --git a/src/test/transaction_tests.cpp b/src/test/transaction_tests.cpp
index 67610301d7..5c7516fbf1 100644
--- a/src/test/transaction_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/transaction_tests.cpp
@@ -307,14 +307,14 @@ SetupDummyInputs(CBasicKeyStore& keystoreRet, CCoinsViewCache& coinsRet)
     dummyTransactions[0].vout[0].scriptPubKey << ToByteVector(key[0].GetPubKey()) << OP_CHECKSIG;
     dummyTransactions[0].vout[1].nValue = 50*CENT;
     dummyTransactions[0].vout[1].scriptPubKey << ToByteVector(key[1].GetPubKey()) << OP_CHECKSIG;
-    coinsRet.ModifyCoins(dummyTransactions[0].GetHash())->FromTx(dummyTransactions[0], 0);
+    AddCoins(coinsRet, dummyTransactions[0], 0);
 
     dummyTransactions[1].vout.resize(2);
     dummyTransactions[1].vout[0].nValue = 21*CENT;
     dummyTransactions[1].vout[0].scriptPubKey = GetScriptForDestination(key[2].GetPubKey().GetID());
     dummyTransactions[1].vout[1].nValue = 22*CENT;
     dummyTransactions[1].vout[1].scriptPubKey = GetScriptForDestination(key[3].GetPubKey().GetID());
-    coinsRet.ModifyCoins(dummyTransactions[1].GetHash())->FromTx(dummyTransactions[1], 0);
+    AddCoins(coinsRet, dummyTransactions[1], 0);
 
     return dummyTransactions;
 }
@@ -470,19 +470,20 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_big_witness_transaction) {
     for (int i=0; i<20; i++)
         threadGroup.create_thread(boost::bind(&CCheckQueue<CScriptCheck>::Thread, boost::ref(scriptcheckqueue)));
 
-    CCoins coins;
-    coins.nVersion = 1;
-    coins.fCoinBase = false;
+    std::vector<Coin> coins;
     for(uint32_t i = 0; i < mtx.vin.size(); i++) {
-        CTxOut txout;
-        txout.nValue = 1000;
-        txout.scriptPubKey = scriptPubKey;
-        coins.vout.push_back(txout);
+        Coin coin;
+        coin.nHeight = 1;
+        coin.fCoinBase = false;
+        coin.out.nValue = 1000;
+        coin.out.scriptPubKey = scriptPubKey;
+        coins.emplace_back(std::move(coin));
     }
 
     for(uint32_t i = 0; i < mtx.vin.size(); i++) {
         std::vector<CScriptCheck> vChecks;
-        CScriptCheck check(coins, tx, i, SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH | SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS, false, &txdata);
+        const CTxOut& output = coins[tx.vin[i].prevout.n].out;
+        CScriptCheck check(output.scriptPubKey, output.nValue, tx, i, SCRIPT_VERIFY_P2SH | SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS, false, &txdata);
         vChecks.push_back(CScriptCheck());
         check.swap(vChecks.back());
         control.Add(vChecks);
diff --git a/src/txdb.cpp b/src/txdb.cpp
index 76aab23983..c8f5090293 100644
--- a/src/txdb.cpp
+++ b/src/txdb.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 #include <boost/thread.hpp>
 
+static const char DB_COIN = 'C';
 static const char DB_COINS = 'c';
 static const char DB_BLOCK_FILES = 'f';
 static const char DB_TXINDEX = 't';
@@ -24,17 +25,40 @@ static const char DB_FLAG = 'F';
 static const char DB_REINDEX_FLAG = 'R';
 static const char DB_LAST_BLOCK = 'l';
 
+namespace {
+
+struct CoinEntry {
+    COutPoint* outpoint;
+    char key;
+    CoinEntry(const COutPoint* ptr) : outpoint(const_cast<COutPoint*>(ptr)), key(DB_COIN)  {}
+
+    template<typename Stream>
+    void Serialize(Stream &s) const {
+        s << key;
+        s << outpoint->hash;
+        s << VARINT(outpoint->n);
+    }
+
+    template<typename Stream>
+    void Unserialize(Stream& s) {
+        s >> key;
+        s >> outpoint->hash;
+        s >> VARINT(outpoint->n);
+    }
+};
+
+}
 
 CCoinsViewDB::CCoinsViewDB(size_t nCacheSize, bool fMemory, bool fWipe) : db(GetDataDir() / "chainstate", nCacheSize, fMemory, fWipe, true) 
 {
 }
 
-bool CCoinsViewDB::GetCoins(const uint256 &txid, CCoins &coins) const {
-    return db.Read(std::make_pair(DB_COINS, txid), coins);
+bool CCoinsViewDB::GetCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint, Coin &coin) const {
+    return db.Read(CoinEntry(&outpoint), coin);
 }
 
-bool CCoinsViewDB::HaveCoins(const uint256 &txid) const {
-    return db.Exists(std::make_pair(DB_COINS, txid));
+bool CCoinsViewDB::HaveCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint) const {
+    return db.Exists(CoinEntry(&outpoint));
 }
 
 uint256 CCoinsViewDB::GetBestBlock() const {
@@ -50,10 +74,11 @@ bool CCoinsViewDB::BatchWrite(CCoinsMap &mapCoins, const uint256 &hashBlock) {
     size_t changed = 0;
     for (CCoinsMap::iterator it = mapCoins.begin(); it != mapCoins.end();) {
         if (it->second.flags & CCoinsCacheEntry::DIRTY) {
-            if (it->second.coins.IsPruned())
-                batch.Erase(std::make_pair(DB_COINS, it->first));
+            CoinEntry entry(&it->first);
+            if (it->second.coin.IsSpent())
+                batch.Erase(entry);
             else
-                batch.Write(std::make_pair(DB_COINS, it->first), it->second.coins);
+                batch.Write(entry, it->second.coin);
             changed++;
         }
         count++;
@@ -63,8 +88,14 @@ bool CCoinsViewDB::BatchWrite(CCoinsMap &mapCoins, const uint256 &hashBlock) {
     if (!hashBlock.IsNull())
         batch.Write(DB_BEST_BLOCK, hashBlock);
 
-    LogPrint(BCLog::COINDB, "Committing %u changed transactions (out of %u) to coin database...\n", (unsigned int)changed, (unsigned int)count);
-    return db.WriteBatch(batch);
+    bool ret = db.WriteBatch(batch);
+    LogPrint(BCLog::COINDB, "Committed %u changed transaction outputs (out of %u) to coin database...\n", (unsigned int)changed, (unsigned int)count);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+size_t CCoinsViewDB::EstimateSize() const
+{
+    return db.EstimateSize(DB_COIN, (char)(DB_COIN+1));
 }
 
 CBlockTreeDB::CBlockTreeDB(size_t nCacheSize, bool fMemory, bool fWipe) : CDBWrapper(GetDataDir() / "blocks" / "index", nCacheSize, fMemory, fWipe) {
@@ -96,29 +127,31 @@ CCoinsViewCursor *CCoinsViewDB::Cursor() const
     /* It seems that there are no "const iterators" for LevelDB.  Since we
        only need read operations on it, use a const-cast to get around
        that restriction.  */
-    i->pcursor->Seek(DB_COINS);
+    i->pcursor->Seek(DB_COIN);
     // Cache key of first record
     if (i->pcursor->Valid()) {
-        i->pcursor->GetKey(i->keyTmp);
+        CoinEntry entry(&i->keyTmp.second);
+        i->pcursor->GetKey(entry);
+        i->keyTmp.first = entry.key;
     } else {
         i->keyTmp.first = 0; // Make sure Valid() and GetKey() return false
     }
     return i;
 }
 
-bool CCoinsViewDBCursor::GetKey(uint256 &key) const
+bool CCoinsViewDBCursor::GetKey(COutPoint &key) const
 {
     // Return cached key
-    if (keyTmp.first == DB_COINS) {
+    if (keyTmp.first == DB_COIN) {
         key = keyTmp.second;
         return true;
     }
     return false;
 }
 
-bool CCoinsViewDBCursor::GetValue(CCoins &coins) const
+bool CCoinsViewDBCursor::GetValue(Coin &coin) const
 {
-    return pcursor->GetValue(coins);
+    return pcursor->GetValue(coin);
 }
 
 unsigned int CCoinsViewDBCursor::GetValueSize() const
@@ -128,14 +161,18 @@ unsigned int CCoinsViewDBCursor::GetValueSize() const
 
 bool CCoinsViewDBCursor::Valid() const
 {
-    return keyTmp.first == DB_COINS;
+    return keyTmp.first == DB_COIN;
 }
 
 void CCoinsViewDBCursor::Next()
 {
     pcursor->Next();
-    if (!pcursor->Valid() || !pcursor->GetKey(keyTmp))
+    CoinEntry entry(&keyTmp.second);
+    if (!pcursor->Valid() || !pcursor->GetKey(entry)) {
         keyTmp.first = 0; // Invalidate cached key after last record so that Valid() and GetKey() return false
+    } else {
+        keyTmp.first = entry.key;
+    }
 }
 
 bool CBlockTreeDB::WriteBatchSync(const std::vector<std::pair<int, const CBlockFileInfo*> >& fileInfo, int nLastFile, const std::vector<const CBlockIndex*>& blockinfo) {
@@ -215,3 +252,103 @@ bool CBlockTreeDB::LoadBlockIndexGuts(std::function<CBlockIndex*(const uint256&)
 
     return true;
 }
+
+namespace {
+
+//! Legacy class to deserialize pre-pertxout database entries without reindex.
+class CCoins
+{
+public:
+    //! whether transaction is a coinbase
+    bool fCoinBase;
+
+    //! unspent transaction outputs; spent outputs are .IsNull(); spent outputs at the end of the array are dropped
+    std::vector<CTxOut> vout;
+
+    //! at which height this transaction was included in the active block chain
+    int nHeight;
+
+    //! empty constructor
+    CCoins() : fCoinBase(false), vout(0), nHeight(0) { }
+
+    template<typename Stream>
+    void Unserialize(Stream &s) {
+        unsigned int nCode = 0;
+        // version
+        int nVersionDummy;
+        ::Unserialize(s, VARINT(nVersionDummy));
+        // header code
+        ::Unserialize(s, VARINT(nCode));
+        fCoinBase = nCode & 1;
+        std::vector<bool> vAvail(2, false);
+        vAvail[0] = (nCode & 2) != 0;
+        vAvail[1] = (nCode & 4) != 0;
+        unsigned int nMaskCode = (nCode / 8) + ((nCode & 6) != 0 ? 0 : 1);
+        // spentness bitmask
+        while (nMaskCode > 0) {
+            unsigned char chAvail = 0;
+            ::Unserialize(s, chAvail);
+            for (unsigned int p = 0; p < 8; p++) {
+                bool f = (chAvail & (1 << p)) != 0;
+                vAvail.push_back(f);
+            }
+            if (chAvail != 0)
+                nMaskCode--;
+        }
+        // txouts themself
+        vout.assign(vAvail.size(), CTxOut());
+        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < vAvail.size(); i++) {
+            if (vAvail[i])
+                ::Unserialize(s, REF(CTxOutCompressor(vout[i])));
+        }
+        // coinbase height
+        ::Unserialize(s, VARINT(nHeight));
+    }
+};
+
+}
+
+/** Upgrade the database from older formats.
+ *
+ * Currently implemented: from the per-tx utxo model (0.8..0.14.x) to per-txout.
+ */
+bool CCoinsViewDB::Upgrade() {
+    std::unique_ptr<CDBIterator> pcursor(db.NewIterator());
+    pcursor->Seek(std::make_pair(DB_COINS, uint256()));
+    if (!pcursor->Valid()) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    LogPrintf("Upgrading database...\n");
+    size_t batch_size = 1 << 24;
+    CDBBatch batch(db);
+    while (pcursor->Valid()) {
+        boost::this_thread::interruption_point();
+        std::pair<unsigned char, uint256> key;
+        if (pcursor->GetKey(key) && key.first == DB_COINS) {
+            CCoins old_coins;
+            if (!pcursor->GetValue(old_coins)) {
+                return error("%s: cannot parse CCoins record", __func__);
+            }
+            COutPoint outpoint(key.second, 0);
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < old_coins.vout.size(); ++i) {
+                if (!old_coins.vout[i].IsNull() && !old_coins.vout[i].scriptPubKey.IsUnspendable()) {
+                    Coin newcoin(std::move(old_coins.vout[i]), old_coins.nHeight, old_coins.fCoinBase);
+                    outpoint.n = i;
+                    CoinEntry entry(&outpoint);
+                    batch.Write(entry, newcoin);
+                }
+            }
+            batch.Erase(key);
+            if (batch.SizeEstimate() > batch_size) {
+                db.WriteBatch(batch);
+                batch.Clear();
+            }
+            pcursor->Next();
+        } else {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    db.WriteBatch(batch);
+    return true;
+}
diff --git a/src/txdb.h b/src/txdb.h
index 117e7201fb..974dd4ebe3 100644
--- a/src/txdb.h
+++ b/src/txdb.h
@@ -22,9 +22,7 @@ class uint256;
 //! Compensate for extra memory peak (x1.5-x1.9) at flush time.
 static constexpr int DB_PEAK_USAGE_FACTOR = 2;
 //! No need to periodic flush if at least this much space still available.
-static constexpr int MAX_BLOCK_COINSDB_USAGE = 200 * DB_PEAK_USAGE_FACTOR;
-//! Always periodic flush if less than this much space still available.
-static constexpr int MIN_BLOCK_COINSDB_USAGE = 50 * DB_PEAK_USAGE_FACTOR;
+static constexpr int MAX_BLOCK_COINSDB_USAGE = 10 * DB_PEAK_USAGE_FACTOR;
 //! -dbcache default (MiB)
 static const int64_t nDefaultDbCache = 450;
 //! max. -dbcache (MiB)
@@ -73,11 +71,15 @@ protected:
 public:
     CCoinsViewDB(size_t nCacheSize, bool fMemory = false, bool fWipe = false);
 
-    bool GetCoins(const uint256 &txid, CCoins &coins) const;
-    bool HaveCoins(const uint256 &txid) const;
-    uint256 GetBestBlock() const;
-    bool BatchWrite(CCoinsMap &mapCoins, const uint256 &hashBlock);
-    CCoinsViewCursor *Cursor() const;
+    bool GetCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint, Coin &coin) const override;
+    bool HaveCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint) const override;
+    uint256 GetBestBlock() const override;
+    bool BatchWrite(CCoinsMap &mapCoins, const uint256 &hashBlock) override;
+    CCoinsViewCursor *Cursor() const override;
+
+    //! Attempt to update from an older database format. Returns whether an error occurred.
+    bool Upgrade();
+    size_t EstimateSize() const override;
 };
 
 /** Specialization of CCoinsViewCursor to iterate over a CCoinsViewDB */
@@ -86,8 +88,8 @@ class CCoinsViewDBCursor: public CCoinsViewCursor
 public:
     ~CCoinsViewDBCursor() {}
 
-    bool GetKey(uint256 &key) const;
-    bool GetValue(CCoins &coins) const;
+    bool GetKey(COutPoint &key) const;
+    bool GetValue(Coin &coin) const;
     unsigned int GetValueSize() const;
 
     bool Valid() const;
@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ private:
     CCoinsViewDBCursor(CDBIterator* pcursorIn, const uint256 &hashBlockIn):
         CCoinsViewCursor(hashBlockIn), pcursor(pcursorIn) {}
     std::unique_ptr<CDBIterator> pcursor;
-    std::pair<char, uint256> keyTmp;
+    std::pair<char, COutPoint> keyTmp;
 
     friend class CCoinsViewDB;
 };
diff --git a/src/txmempool.cpp b/src/txmempool.cpp
index 852984426f..17389db9f0 100644
--- a/src/txmempool.cpp
+++ b/src/txmempool.cpp
@@ -343,17 +343,10 @@ CTxMemPool::CTxMemPool(CBlockPolicyEstimator* estimator) :
     nCheckFrequency = 0;
 }
 
-void CTxMemPool::pruneSpent(const uint256 &hashTx, CCoins &coins)
+bool CTxMemPool::isSpent(const COutPoint& outpoint)
 {
     LOCK(cs);
-
-    auto it = mapNextTx.lower_bound(COutPoint(hashTx, 0));
-
-    // iterate over all COutPoints in mapNextTx whose hash equals the provided hashTx
-    while (it != mapNextTx.end() && it->first->hash == hashTx) {
-        coins.Spend(it->first->n); // and remove those outputs from coins
-        it++;
-    }
+    return mapNextTx.count(outpoint);
 }
 
 unsigned int CTxMemPool::GetTransactionsUpdated() const
@@ -531,9 +524,9 @@ void CTxMemPool::removeForReorg(const CCoinsViewCache *pcoins, unsigned int nMem
                 indexed_transaction_set::const_iterator it2 = mapTx.find(txin.prevout.hash);
                 if (it2 != mapTx.end())
                     continue;
-                const CCoins *coins = pcoins->AccessCoins(txin.prevout.hash);
-                if (nCheckFrequency != 0) assert(coins);
-                if (!coins || (coins->IsCoinBase() && ((signed long)nMemPoolHeight) - coins->nHeight < COINBASE_MATURITY)) {
+                const Coin &coin = pcoins->AccessCoin(txin.prevout);
+                if (nCheckFrequency != 0) assert(!coin.IsSpent());
+                if (coin.IsSpent() || (coin.IsCoinBase() && ((signed long)nMemPoolHeight) - coin.nHeight < COINBASE_MATURITY)) {
                     txToRemove.insert(it);
                     break;
                 }
@@ -661,8 +654,7 @@ void CTxMemPool::check(const CCoinsViewCache *pcoins) const
                     parentSigOpCost += it2->GetSigOpCost();
                 }
             } else {
-                const CCoins* coins = pcoins->AccessCoins(txin.prevout.hash);
-                assert(coins && coins->IsAvailable(txin.prevout.n));
+                assert(pcoins->HaveCoin(txin.prevout));
             }
             // Check whether its inputs are marked in mapNextTx.
             auto it3 = mapNextTx.find(txin.prevout);
@@ -898,20 +890,24 @@ bool CTxMemPool::HasNoInputsOf(const CTransaction &tx) const
 
 CCoinsViewMemPool::CCoinsViewMemPool(CCoinsView* baseIn, const CTxMemPool& mempoolIn) : CCoinsViewBacked(baseIn), mempool(mempoolIn) { }
 
-bool CCoinsViewMemPool::GetCoins(const uint256 &txid, CCoins &coins) const {
+bool CCoinsViewMemPool::GetCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint, Coin &coin) const {
     // If an entry in the mempool exists, always return that one, as it's guaranteed to never
     // conflict with the underlying cache, and it cannot have pruned entries (as it contains full)
     // transactions. First checking the underlying cache risks returning a pruned entry instead.
-    CTransactionRef ptx = mempool.get(txid);
+    CTransactionRef ptx = mempool.get(outpoint.hash);
     if (ptx) {
-        coins = CCoins(*ptx, MEMPOOL_HEIGHT);
-        return true;
+        if (outpoint.n < ptx->vout.size()) {
+            coin = Coin(ptx->vout[outpoint.n], MEMPOOL_HEIGHT, false);
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
     }
-    return (base->GetCoins(txid, coins) && !coins.IsPruned());
+    return (base->GetCoin(outpoint, coin) && !coin.IsSpent());
 }
 
-bool CCoinsViewMemPool::HaveCoins(const uint256 &txid) const {
-    return mempool.exists(txid) || base->HaveCoins(txid);
+bool CCoinsViewMemPool::HaveCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint) const {
+    return mempool.exists(outpoint) || base->HaveCoin(outpoint);
 }
 
 size_t CTxMemPool::DynamicMemoryUsage() const {
@@ -1022,7 +1018,7 @@ void CTxMemPool::trackPackageRemoved(const CFeeRate& rate) {
     }
 }
 
-void CTxMemPool::TrimToSize(size_t sizelimit, std::vector<uint256>* pvNoSpendsRemaining) {
+void CTxMemPool::TrimToSize(size_t sizelimit, std::vector<COutPoint>* pvNoSpendsRemaining) {
     LOCK(cs);
 
     unsigned nTxnRemoved = 0;
@@ -1053,11 +1049,10 @@ void CTxMemPool::TrimToSize(size_t sizelimit, std::vector<uint256>* pvNoSpendsRe
         if (pvNoSpendsRemaining) {
             BOOST_FOREACH(const CTransaction& tx, txn) {
                 BOOST_FOREACH(const CTxIn& txin, tx.vin) {
-                    if (exists(txin.prevout.hash))
-                        continue;
-                    auto iter = mapNextTx.lower_bound(COutPoint(txin.prevout.hash, 0));
-                    if (iter == mapNextTx.end() || iter->first->hash != txin.prevout.hash)
-                        pvNoSpendsRemaining->push_back(txin.prevout.hash);
+                    if (exists(txin.prevout.hash)) continue;
+                    if (!mapNextTx.count(txin.prevout)) {
+                        pvNoSpendsRemaining->push_back(txin.prevout);
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -1074,3 +1069,5 @@ bool CTxMemPool::TransactionWithinChainLimit(const uint256& txid, size_t chainLi
     return it == mapTx.end() || (it->GetCountWithAncestors() < chainLimit &&
        it->GetCountWithDescendants() < chainLimit);
 }
+
+SaltedTxidHasher::SaltedTxidHasher() : k0(GetRand(std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max())), k1(GetRand(std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max())) {}
diff --git a/src/txmempool.h b/src/txmempool.h
index 671a8b596c..0316b42ba2 100644
--- a/src/txmempool.h
+++ b/src/txmempool.h
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@
 class CAutoFile;
 class CBlockIndex;
 
-/** Fake height value used in CCoins to signify they are only in the memory pool (since 0.8) */
-static const unsigned int MEMPOOL_HEIGHT = 0x7FFFFFFF;
+/** Fake height value used in Coin to signify they are only in the memory pool (since 0.8) */
+static const uint32_t MEMPOOL_HEIGHT = 0x7FFFFFFF;
 
 struct LockPoints
 {
@@ -327,6 +327,20 @@ enum class MemPoolRemovalReason {
     REPLACED     //! Removed for replacement
 };
 
+class SaltedTxidHasher
+{
+private:
+    /** Salt */
+    const uint64_t k0, k1;
+
+public:
+    SaltedTxidHasher();
+
+    size_t operator()(const uint256& txid) const {
+        return SipHashUint256(k0, k1, txid);
+    }
+};
+
 /**
  * CTxMemPool stores valid-according-to-the-current-best-chain transactions
  * that may be included in the next block.
@@ -515,7 +529,7 @@ public:
     void _clear(); //lock free
     bool CompareDepthAndScore(const uint256& hasha, const uint256& hashb);
     void queryHashes(std::vector<uint256>& vtxid);
-    void pruneSpent(const uint256& hash, CCoins &coins);
+    bool isSpent(const COutPoint& outpoint);
     unsigned int GetTransactionsUpdated() const;
     void AddTransactionsUpdated(unsigned int n);
     /**
@@ -576,10 +590,10 @@ public:
     CFeeRate GetMinFee(size_t sizelimit) const;
 
     /** Remove transactions from the mempool until its dynamic size is <= sizelimit.
-      *  pvNoSpendsRemaining, if set, will be populated with the list of transactions
+      *  pvNoSpendsRemaining, if set, will be populated with the list of outpoints
       *  which are not in mempool which no longer have any spends in this mempool.
       */
-    void TrimToSize(size_t sizelimit, std::vector<uint256>* pvNoSpendsRemaining=NULL);
+    void TrimToSize(size_t sizelimit, std::vector<COutPoint>* pvNoSpendsRemaining=NULL);
 
     /** Expire all transaction (and their dependencies) in the mempool older than time. Return the number of removed transactions. */
     int Expire(int64_t time);
@@ -605,6 +619,13 @@ public:
         return (mapTx.count(hash) != 0);
     }
 
+    bool exists(const COutPoint& outpoint) const
+    {
+        LOCK(cs);
+        auto it = mapTx.find(outpoint.hash);
+        return (it != mapTx.end() && outpoint.n < it->GetTx().vout.size());
+    }
+
     CTransactionRef get(const uint256& hash) const;
     TxMempoolInfo info(const uint256& hash) const;
     std::vector<TxMempoolInfo> infoAll() const;
@@ -664,8 +685,8 @@ protected:
 
 public:
     CCoinsViewMemPool(CCoinsView* baseIn, const CTxMemPool& mempoolIn);
-    bool GetCoins(const uint256 &txid, CCoins &coins) const;
-    bool HaveCoins(const uint256 &txid) const;
+    bool GetCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint, Coin &coin) const;
+    bool HaveCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint) const;
 };
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/undo.h b/src/undo.h
index a94e31f5cc..3749d5d7a8 100644
--- a/src/undo.h
+++ b/src/undo.h
@@ -7,58 +7,90 @@
 #define BITCOIN_UNDO_H
 
 #include "compressor.h" 
+#include "consensus/consensus.h"
 #include "primitives/transaction.h"
 #include "serialize.h"
 
 /** Undo information for a CTxIn
  *
- *  Contains the prevout's CTxOut being spent, and if this was the
- *  last output of the affected transaction, its metadata as well
- *  (coinbase or not, height, transaction version)
+ *  Contains the prevout's CTxOut being spent, and its metadata as well
+ *  (coinbase or not, height). The serialization contains a dummy value of
+ *  zero. This is be compatible with older versions which expect to see
+ *  the transaction version there.
  */
-class CTxInUndo
+class TxInUndoSerializer
 {
-public:
-    CTxOut txout;         // the txout data before being spent
-    bool fCoinBase;       // if the outpoint was the last unspent: whether it belonged to a coinbase
-    unsigned int nHeight; // if the outpoint was the last unspent: its height
-    int nVersion;         // if the outpoint was the last unspent: its version
-
-    CTxInUndo() : txout(), fCoinBase(false), nHeight(0), nVersion(0) {}
-    CTxInUndo(const CTxOut &txoutIn, bool fCoinBaseIn = false, unsigned int nHeightIn = 0, int nVersionIn = 0) : txout(txoutIn), fCoinBase(fCoinBaseIn), nHeight(nHeightIn), nVersion(nVersionIn) { }
+    const Coin* txout;
 
+public:
     template<typename Stream>
     void Serialize(Stream &s) const {
-        ::Serialize(s, VARINT(nHeight*2+(fCoinBase ? 1 : 0)));
-        if (nHeight > 0)
-            ::Serialize(s, VARINT(this->nVersion));
-        ::Serialize(s, CTxOutCompressor(REF(txout)));
+        ::Serialize(s, VARINT(txout->nHeight * 2 + (txout->fCoinBase ? 1 : 0)));
+        if (txout->nHeight > 0) {
+            // Required to maintain compatibility with older undo format.
+            ::Serialize(s, (unsigned char)0);
+        }
+        ::Serialize(s, CTxOutCompressor(REF(txout->out)));
     }
 
+    TxInUndoSerializer(const Coin* coin) : txout(coin) {}
+};
+
+class TxInUndoDeserializer
+{
+    Coin* txout;
+
+public:
     template<typename Stream>
     void Unserialize(Stream &s) {
         unsigned int nCode = 0;
         ::Unserialize(s, VARINT(nCode));
-        nHeight = nCode / 2;
-        fCoinBase = nCode & 1;
-        if (nHeight > 0)
-            ::Unserialize(s, VARINT(this->nVersion));
-        ::Unserialize(s, REF(CTxOutCompressor(REF(txout))));
+        txout->nHeight = nCode / 2;
+        txout->fCoinBase = nCode & 1;
+        if (txout->nHeight > 0) {
+            // Old versions stored the version number for the last spend of
+            // a transaction's outputs. Non-final spends were indicated with
+            // height = 0.
+            int nVersionDummy;
+            ::Unserialize(s, VARINT(nVersionDummy));
+        }
+        ::Unserialize(s, REF(CTxOutCompressor(REF(txout->out))));
     }
+
+    TxInUndoDeserializer(Coin* coin) : txout(coin) {}
 };
 
+static const size_t MAX_INPUTS_PER_BLOCK = MAX_BLOCK_BASE_SIZE / ::GetSerializeSize(CTxIn(), SER_NETWORK, PROTOCOL_VERSION);
+
 /** Undo information for a CTransaction */
 class CTxUndo
 {
 public:
     // undo information for all txins
-    std::vector<CTxInUndo> vprevout;
+    std::vector<Coin> vprevout;
 
-    ADD_SERIALIZE_METHODS;
+    template <typename Stream>
+    void Serialize(Stream& s) const {
+        // TODO: avoid reimplementing vector serializer
+        uint64_t count = vprevout.size();
+        ::Serialize(s, COMPACTSIZE(REF(count)));
+        for (const auto& prevout : vprevout) {
+            ::Serialize(s, REF(TxInUndoSerializer(&prevout)));
+        }
+    }
 
-    template <typename Stream, typename Operation>
-    inline void SerializationOp(Stream& s, Operation ser_action) {
-        READWRITE(vprevout);
+    template <typename Stream>
+    void Unserialize(Stream& s) {
+        // TODO: avoid reimplementing vector deserializer
+        uint64_t count = 0;
+        ::Unserialize(s, COMPACTSIZE(count));
+        if (count > MAX_INPUTS_PER_BLOCK) {
+            throw std::ios_base::failure("Too many input undo records");
+        }
+        vprevout.resize(count);
+        for (auto& prevout : vprevout) {
+            ::Unserialize(s, REF(TxInUndoDeserializer(&prevout)));
+        }
     }
 };
 
diff --git a/src/validation.cpp b/src/validation.cpp
index 381d1b01c2..de65839eef 100644
--- a/src/validation.cpp
+++ b/src/validation.cpp
@@ -268,15 +268,15 @@ bool CheckSequenceLocks(const CTransaction &tx, int flags, LockPoints* lp, bool
         prevheights.resize(tx.vin.size());
         for (size_t txinIndex = 0; txinIndex < tx.vin.size(); txinIndex++) {
             const CTxIn& txin = tx.vin[txinIndex];
-            CCoins coins;
-            if (!viewMemPool.GetCoins(txin.prevout.hash, coins)) {
+            Coin coin;
+            if (!viewMemPool.GetCoin(txin.prevout, coin)) {
                 return error("%s: Missing input", __func__);
             }
-            if (coins.nHeight == MEMPOOL_HEIGHT) {
+            if (coin.nHeight == MEMPOOL_HEIGHT) {
                 // Assume all mempool transaction confirm in the next block
                 prevheights[txinIndex] = tip->nHeight + 1;
             } else {
-                prevheights[txinIndex] = coins.nHeight;
+                prevheights[txinIndex] = coin.nHeight;
             }
         }
         lockPair = CalculateSequenceLocks(tx, flags, &prevheights, index);
@@ -315,9 +315,9 @@ void LimitMempoolSize(CTxMemPool& pool, size_t limit, unsigned long age) {
         LogPrint(BCLog::MEMPOOL, "Expired %i transactions from the memory pool\n", expired);
     }
 
-    std::vector<uint256> vNoSpendsRemaining;
+    std::vector<COutPoint> vNoSpendsRemaining;
     pool.TrimToSize(limit, &vNoSpendsRemaining);
-    BOOST_FOREACH(const uint256& removed, vNoSpendsRemaining)
+    BOOST_FOREACH(const COutPoint& removed, vNoSpendsRemaining)
         pcoinsTip->Uncache(removed);
 }
 
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ void UpdateMempoolForReorg(DisconnectedBlockTransactions &disconnectpool, bool f
 
 bool AcceptToMemoryPoolWorker(CTxMemPool& pool, CValidationState& state, const CTransactionRef& ptx, bool fLimitFree,
                               bool* pfMissingInputs, int64_t nAcceptTime, std::list<CTransactionRef>* plTxnReplaced,
-                              bool fOverrideMempoolLimit, const CAmount& nAbsurdFee, std::vector<uint256>& vHashTxnToUncache)
+                              bool fOverrideMempoolLimit, const CAmount& nAbsurdFee, std::vector<COutPoint>& coins_to_uncache)
 {
     const CTransaction& tx = *ptx;
     const uint256 hash = tx.GetHash();
@@ -487,30 +487,30 @@ bool AcceptToMemoryPoolWorker(CTxMemPool& pool, CValidationState& state, const C
         view.SetBackend(viewMemPool);
 
         // do we already have it?
-        bool fHadTxInCache = pcoinsTip->HaveCoinsInCache(hash);
-        if (view.HaveCoins(hash)) {
-            if (!fHadTxInCache)
-                vHashTxnToUncache.push_back(hash);
-            return state.Invalid(false, REJECT_ALREADY_KNOWN, "txn-already-known");
+        for (size_t out = 0; out < tx.vout.size(); out++) {
+            COutPoint outpoint(hash, out);
+            bool had_coin_in_cache = pcoinsTip->HaveCoinInCache(outpoint);
+            if (view.HaveCoin(outpoint)) {
+                if (!had_coin_in_cache) {
+                    coins_to_uncache.push_back(outpoint);
+                }
+                return state.Invalid(false, REJECT_ALREADY_KNOWN, "txn-already-known");
+            }
         }
 
         // do all inputs exist?
-        // Note that this does not check for the presence of actual outputs (see the next check for that),
-        // and only helps with filling in pfMissingInputs (to determine missing vs spent).
         BOOST_FOREACH(const CTxIn txin, tx.vin) {
-            if (!pcoinsTip->HaveCoinsInCache(txin.prevout.hash))
-                vHashTxnToUncache.push_back(txin.prevout.hash);
-            if (!view.HaveCoins(txin.prevout.hash)) {
-                if (pfMissingInputs)
+            if (!pcoinsTip->HaveCoinInCache(txin.prevout)) {
+                coins_to_uncache.push_back(txin.prevout);
+            }
+            if (!view.HaveCoin(txin.prevout)) {
+                if (pfMissingInputs) {
                     *pfMissingInputs = true;
+                }
                 return false; // fMissingInputs and !state.IsInvalid() is used to detect this condition, don't set state.Invalid()
             }
         }
 
-        // are the actual inputs available?
-        if (!view.HaveInputs(tx))
-            return state.Invalid(false, REJECT_DUPLICATE, "bad-txns-inputs-spent");
-
         // Bring the best block into scope
         view.GetBestBlock();
 
@@ -548,8 +548,8 @@ bool AcceptToMemoryPoolWorker(CTxMemPool& pool, CValidationState& state, const C
         // during reorgs to ensure COINBASE_MATURITY is still met.
         bool fSpendsCoinbase = false;
         BOOST_FOREACH(const CTxIn &txin, tx.vin) {
-            const CCoins *coins = view.AccessCoins(txin.prevout.hash);
-            if (coins->IsCoinBase()) {
+            const Coin &coin = view.AccessCoin(txin.prevout);
+            if (coin.IsCoinBase()) {
                 fSpendsCoinbase = true;
                 break;
             }
@@ -813,10 +813,10 @@ bool AcceptToMemoryPoolWithTime(CTxMemPool& pool, CValidationState &state, const
                         bool* pfMissingInputs, int64_t nAcceptTime, std::list<CTransactionRef>* plTxnReplaced,
                         bool fOverrideMempoolLimit, const CAmount nAbsurdFee)
 {
-    std::vector<uint256> vHashTxToUncache;
-    bool res = AcceptToMemoryPoolWorker(pool, state, tx, fLimitFree, pfMissingInputs, nAcceptTime, plTxnReplaced, fOverrideMempoolLimit, nAbsurdFee, vHashTxToUncache);
+    std::vector<COutPoint> coins_to_uncache;
+    bool res = AcceptToMemoryPoolWorker(pool, state, tx, fLimitFree, pfMissingInputs, nAcceptTime, plTxnReplaced, fOverrideMempoolLimit, nAbsurdFee, coins_to_uncache);
     if (!res) {
-        BOOST_FOREACH(const uint256& hashTx, vHashTxToUncache)
+        BOOST_FOREACH(const COutPoint& hashTx, coins_to_uncache)
             pcoinsTip->Uncache(hashTx);
     }
     // After we've (potentially) uncached entries, ensure our coins cache is still within its size limits
@@ -868,15 +868,8 @@ bool GetTransaction(const uint256 &hash, CTransactionRef &txOut, const Consensus
     }
 
     if (fAllowSlow) { // use coin database to locate block that contains transaction, and scan it
-        int nHeight = -1;
-        {
-            const CCoinsViewCache& view = *pcoinsTip;
-            const CCoins* coins = view.AccessCoins(hash);
-            if (coins)
-                nHeight = coins->nHeight;
-        }
-        if (nHeight > 0)
-            pindexSlow = chainActive[nHeight];
+        const Coin& coin = AccessByTxid(*pcoinsTip, hash);
+        if (!coin.IsSpent()) pindexSlow = chainActive[coin.nHeight];
     }
 
     if (pindexSlow) {
@@ -1124,24 +1117,12 @@ void UpdateCoins(const CTransaction& tx, CCoinsViewCache& inputs, CTxUndo &txund
     if (!tx.IsCoinBase()) {
         txundo.vprevout.reserve(tx.vin.size());
         BOOST_FOREACH(const CTxIn &txin, tx.vin) {
-            CCoinsModifier coins = inputs.ModifyCoins(txin.prevout.hash);
-            unsigned nPos = txin.prevout.n;
-
-            if (nPos >= coins->vout.size() || coins->vout[nPos].IsNull())
-                assert(false);
-            // mark an outpoint spent, and construct undo information
-            txundo.vprevout.push_back(CTxInUndo(coins->vout[nPos]));
-            coins->Spend(nPos);
-            if (coins->vout.size() == 0) {
-                CTxInUndo& undo = txundo.vprevout.back();
-                undo.nHeight = coins->nHeight;
-                undo.fCoinBase = coins->fCoinBase;
-                undo.nVersion = coins->nVersion;
-            }
+            txundo.vprevout.emplace_back();
+            inputs.SpendCoin(txin.prevout, &txundo.vprevout.back());
         }
     }
     // add outputs
-    inputs.ModifyNewCoins(tx.GetHash(), tx.IsCoinBase())->FromTx(tx, nHeight);
+    AddCoins(inputs, tx, nHeight);
 }
 
 void UpdateCoins(const CTransaction& tx, CCoinsViewCache& inputs, int nHeight)
@@ -1185,11 +1166,19 @@ bool CheckInputs(const CTransaction& tx, CValidationState &state, const CCoinsVi
         if (fScriptChecks) {
             for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tx.vin.size(); i++) {
                 const COutPoint &prevout = tx.vin[i].prevout;
-                const CCoins* coins = inputs.AccessCoins(prevout.hash);
-                assert(coins);
+                const Coin& coin = inputs.AccessCoin(prevout);
+                assert(!coin.IsSpent());
+
+                // We very carefully only pass in things to CScriptCheck which
+                // are clearly committed to by tx' witness hash. This provides
+                // a sanity check that our caching is not introducing consensus
+                // failures through additional data in, eg, the coins being
+                // spent being checked as a part of CScriptCheck.
+                const CScript& scriptPubKey = coin.out.scriptPubKey;
+                const CAmount amount = coin.out.nValue;
 
                 // Verify signature
-                CScriptCheck check(*coins, tx, i, flags, cacheStore, &txdata);
+                CScriptCheck check(scriptPubKey, amount, tx, i, flags, cacheStore, &txdata);
                 if (pvChecks) {
                     pvChecks->push_back(CScriptCheck());
                     check.swap(pvChecks->back());
@@ -1201,7 +1190,7 @@ bool CheckInputs(const CTransaction& tx, CValidationState &state, const CCoinsVi
                         // arguments; if so, don't trigger DoS protection to
                         // avoid splitting the network between upgraded and
                         // non-upgraded nodes.
-                        CScriptCheck check2(*coins, tx, i,
+                        CScriptCheck check2(scriptPubKey, amount, tx, i,
                                 flags & ~STANDARD_NOT_MANDATORY_VERIFY_FLAGS, cacheStore, &txdata);
                         if (check2())
                             return state.Invalid(false, REJECT_NONSTANDARD, strprintf("non-mandatory-script-verify-flag (%s)", ScriptErrorString(check.GetScriptError())));
@@ -1260,8 +1249,10 @@ bool UndoReadFromDisk(CBlockUndo& blockundo, const CDiskBlockPos& pos, const uin
 
     // Read block
     uint256 hashChecksum;
+    CHashVerifier<CAutoFile> verifier(&filein); // We need a CHashVerifier as reserializing may lose data
     try {
-        filein >> blockundo;
+        verifier << hashBlock;
+        verifier >> blockundo;
         filein >> hashChecksum;
     }
     catch (const std::exception& e) {
@@ -1269,10 +1260,7 @@ bool UndoReadFromDisk(CBlockUndo& blockundo, const CDiskBlockPos& pos, const uin
     }
 
     // Verify checksum
-    CHashWriter hasher(SER_GETHASH, PROTOCOL_VERSION);
-    hasher << hashBlock;
-    hasher << blockundo;
-    if (hashChecksum != hasher.GetHash())
+    if (hashChecksum != verifier.GetHash())
         return error("%s: Checksum mismatch", __func__);
 
     return true;
@@ -1298,46 +1286,43 @@ bool AbortNode(CValidationState& state, const std::string& strMessage, const std
 
 } // anon namespace
 
+enum DisconnectResult
+{
+    DISCONNECT_OK,      // All good.
+    DISCONNECT_UNCLEAN, // Rolled back, but UTXO set was inconsistent with block.
+    DISCONNECT_FAILED   // Something else went wrong.
+};
+
 /**
- * Apply the undo operation of a CTxInUndo to the given chain state.
- * @param undo The undo object.
+ * Restore the UTXO in a Coin at a given COutPoint
+ * @param undo The Coin to be restored.
  * @param view The coins view to which to apply the changes.
  * @param out The out point that corresponds to the tx input.
- * @return True on success.
+ * @return A DisconnectResult as an int
  */
-bool ApplyTxInUndo(const CTxInUndo& undo, CCoinsViewCache& view, const COutPoint& out)
+int ApplyTxInUndo(Coin&& undo, CCoinsViewCache& view, const COutPoint& out)
 {
     bool fClean = true;
 
-    CCoinsModifier coins = view.ModifyCoins(out.hash);
-    if (undo.nHeight != 0) {
-        // undo data contains height: this is the last output of the prevout tx being spent
-        if (!coins->IsPruned())
-            fClean = fClean && error("%s: undo data overwriting existing transaction", __func__);
-        coins->Clear();
-        coins->fCoinBase = undo.fCoinBase;
-        coins->nHeight = undo.nHeight;
-        coins->nVersion = undo.nVersion;
-    } else {
-        if (coins->IsPruned())
-            fClean = fClean && error("%s: undo data adding output to missing transaction", __func__);
+    if (view.HaveCoin(out)) fClean = false; // overwriting transaction output
+
+    if (undo.nHeight == 0) {
+        // Missing undo metadata (height and coinbase). Older versions included this
+        // information only in undo records for the last spend of a transactions'
+        // outputs. This implies that it must be present for some other output of the same tx.
+        const Coin& alternate = AccessByTxid(view, out.hash);
+        if (!alternate.IsSpent()) {
+            undo.nHeight = alternate.nHeight;
+            undo.fCoinBase = alternate.fCoinBase;
+        } else {
+            return DISCONNECT_FAILED; // adding output for transaction without known metadata
+        }
     }
-    if (coins->IsAvailable(out.n))
-        fClean = fClean && error("%s: undo data overwriting existing output", __func__);
-    if (coins->vout.size() < out.n+1)
-        coins->vout.resize(out.n+1);
-    coins->vout[out.n] = undo.txout;
+    view.AddCoin(out, std::move(undo), undo.fCoinBase);
 
-    return fClean;
+    return fClean ? DISCONNECT_OK : DISCONNECT_UNCLEAN;
 }
 
-enum DisconnectResult
-{
-    DISCONNECT_OK,      // All good.
-    DISCONNECT_UNCLEAN, // Rolled back, but UTXO set was inconsistent with block.
-    DISCONNECT_FAILED   // Something else went wrong.
-};
-
 /** Undo the effects of this block (with given index) on the UTXO set represented by coins.
  *  When UNCLEAN or FAILED is returned, view is left in an indeterminate state. */
 static DisconnectResult DisconnectBlock(const CBlock& block, const CBlockIndex* pindex, CCoinsViewCache& view)
@@ -1369,36 +1354,31 @@ static DisconnectResult DisconnectBlock(const CBlock& block, const CBlockIndex*
 
         // Check that all outputs are available and match the outputs in the block itself
         // exactly.
-        {
-        CCoinsModifier outs = view.ModifyCoins(hash);
-        outs->ClearUnspendable();
-
-        CCoins outsBlock(tx, pindex->nHeight);
-        // The CCoins serialization does not serialize negative numbers.
-        // No network rules currently depend on the version here, so an inconsistency is harmless
-        // but it must be corrected before txout nversion ever influences a network rule.
-        if (outsBlock.nVersion < 0)
-            outs->nVersion = outsBlock.nVersion;
-        if (*outs != outsBlock)
-            fClean = fClean && error("DisconnectBlock(): added transaction mismatch? database corrupted");
-
-        // remove outputs
-        outs->Clear();
+        for (size_t o = 0; o < tx.vout.size(); o++) {
+            if (!tx.vout[o].scriptPubKey.IsUnspendable()) {
+                COutPoint out(hash, o);
+                Coin coin;
+                view.SpendCoin(out, &coin);
+                if (tx.vout[o] != coin.out) {
+                    fClean = false; // transaction output mismatch
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         // restore inputs
         if (i > 0) { // not coinbases
-            const CTxUndo &txundo = blockUndo.vtxundo[i-1];
+            CTxUndo &txundo = blockUndo.vtxundo[i-1];
             if (txundo.vprevout.size() != tx.vin.size()) {
                 error("DisconnectBlock(): transaction and undo data inconsistent");
                 return DISCONNECT_FAILED;
             }
             for (unsigned int j = tx.vin.size(); j-- > 0;) {
                 const COutPoint &out = tx.vin[j].prevout;
-                const CTxInUndo &undo = txundo.vprevout[j];
-                if (!ApplyTxInUndo(undo, view, out))
-                    fClean = false;
+                int res = ApplyTxInUndo(std::move(txundo.vprevout[j]), view, out);
+                if (res == DISCONNECT_FAILED) return DISCONNECT_FAILED;
+                fClean = fClean && res != DISCONNECT_UNCLEAN;
             }
+            // At this point, all of txundo.vprevout should have been moved out.
         }
     }
 
@@ -1579,10 +1559,12 @@ static bool ConnectBlock(const CBlock& block, CValidationState& state, CBlockInd
 
     if (fEnforceBIP30) {
         for (const auto& tx : block.vtx) {
-            const CCoins* coins = view.AccessCoins(tx->GetHash());
-            if (coins && !coins->IsPruned())
-                return state.DoS(100, error("ConnectBlock(): tried to overwrite transaction"),
-                                 REJECT_INVALID, "bad-txns-BIP30");
+            for (size_t o = 0; o < tx->vout.size(); o++) {
+                if (view.HaveCoin(COutPoint(tx->GetHash(), o))) {
+                    return state.DoS(100, error("ConnectBlock(): tried to overwrite transaction"),
+                                     REJECT_INVALID, "bad-txns-BIP30");
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -1649,7 +1631,7 @@ static bool ConnectBlock(const CBlock& block, CValidationState& state, CBlockInd
             // be in ConnectBlock because they require the UTXO set
             prevheights.resize(tx.vin.size());
             for (size_t j = 0; j < tx.vin.size(); j++) {
-                prevheights[j] = view.AccessCoins(tx.vin[j].prevout.hash)->nHeight;
+                prevheights[j] = view.AccessCoin(tx.vin[j].prevout).nHeight;
             }
 
             if (!SequenceLocks(tx, nLockTimeFlags, &prevheights, *pindex)) {
@@ -1787,9 +1769,8 @@ bool static FlushStateToDisk(CValidationState &state, FlushStateMode mode, int n
     int64_t nMempoolSizeMax = GetArg("-maxmempool", DEFAULT_MAX_MEMPOOL_SIZE) * 1000000;
     int64_t cacheSize = pcoinsTip->DynamicMemoryUsage() * DB_PEAK_USAGE_FACTOR;
     int64_t nTotalSpace = nCoinCacheUsage + std::max<int64_t>(nMempoolSizeMax - nMempoolUsage, 0);
-    // The cache is large and we're within 10% and 200 MiB or 50% and 50MiB of the limit, but we have time now (not in the middle of a block processing).
-    bool fCacheLarge = mode == FLUSH_STATE_PERIODIC && cacheSize > std::min(std::max(nTotalSpace / 2, nTotalSpace - MIN_BLOCK_COINSDB_USAGE * 1024 * 1024),
-                                                                            std::max((9 * nTotalSpace) / 10, nTotalSpace - MAX_BLOCK_COINSDB_USAGE * 1024 * 1024));
+    // The cache is large and we're within 10% and 10 MiB of the limit, but we have time now (not in the middle of a block processing).
+    bool fCacheLarge = mode == FLUSH_STATE_PERIODIC && cacheSize > std::max((9 * nTotalSpace) / 10, nTotalSpace - MAX_BLOCK_COINSDB_USAGE * 1024 * 1024);
     // The cache is over the limit, we have to write now.
     bool fCacheCritical = mode == FLUSH_STATE_IF_NEEDED && cacheSize > nTotalSpace;
     // It's been a while since we wrote the block index to disk. Do this frequently, so we don't need to redownload after a crash.
@@ -1830,12 +1811,12 @@ bool static FlushStateToDisk(CValidationState &state, FlushStateMode mode, int n
     }
     // Flush best chain related state. This can only be done if the blocks / block index write was also done.
     if (fDoFullFlush) {
-        // Typical CCoins structures on disk are around 128 bytes in size.
+        // Typical Coin structures on disk are around 48 bytes in size.
         // Pushing a new one to the database can cause it to be written
         // twice (once in the log, and once in the tables). This is already
         // an overestimation, as most will delete an existing entry or
         // overwrite one. Still, use a conservative safety factor of 2.
-        if (!CheckDiskSpace(128 * 2 * 2 * pcoinsTip->GetCacheSize()))
+        if (!CheckDiskSpace(48 * 2 * 2 * pcoinsTip->GetCacheSize()))
             return state.Error("out of disk space");
         // Flush the chainstate (which may refer to block index entries).
         if (!pcoinsTip->Flush())
@@ -1917,7 +1898,7 @@ void static UpdateTip(CBlockIndex *pindexNew, const CChainParams& chainParams) {
             DoWarning(strWarning);
         }
     }
-    LogPrintf("%s: new best=%s height=%d version=0x%08x log2_work=%.8g tx=%lu date='%s' progress=%f cache=%.1fMiB(%utx)", __func__,
+    LogPrintf("%s: new best=%s height=%d version=0x%08x log2_work=%.8g tx=%lu date='%s' progress=%f cache=%.1fMiB(%utxo)", __func__,
       chainActive.Tip()->GetBlockHash().ToString(), chainActive.Height(), chainActive.Tip()->nVersion,
       log(chainActive.Tip()->nChainWork.getdouble())/log(2.0), (unsigned long)chainActive.Tip()->nChainTx,
       DateTimeStrFormat("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", chainActive.Tip()->GetBlockTime()),
diff --git a/src/validation.h b/src/validation.h
index 02a9b5a369..096fd0a9ee 100644
--- a/src/validation.h
+++ b/src/validation.h
@@ -406,8 +406,8 @@ private:
 
 public:
     CScriptCheck(): amount(0), ptxTo(0), nIn(0), nFlags(0), cacheStore(false), error(SCRIPT_ERR_UNKNOWN_ERROR) {}
-    CScriptCheck(const CCoins& txFromIn, const CTransaction& txToIn, unsigned int nInIn, unsigned int nFlagsIn, bool cacheIn, PrecomputedTransactionData* txdataIn) :
-        scriptPubKey(txFromIn.vout[txToIn.vin[nInIn].prevout.n].scriptPubKey), amount(txFromIn.vout[txToIn.vin[nInIn].prevout.n].nValue),
+    CScriptCheck(const CScript& scriptPubKeyIn, const CAmount amountIn, const CTransaction& txToIn, unsigned int nInIn, unsigned int nFlagsIn, bool cacheIn, PrecomputedTransactionData* txdataIn) :
+        scriptPubKey(scriptPubKeyIn), amount(amountIn),
         ptxTo(&txToIn), nIn(nInIn), nFlags(nFlagsIn), cacheStore(cacheIn), error(SCRIPT_ERR_UNKNOWN_ERROR), txdata(txdataIn) { }
 
     bool operator()();