Move CTxInWitness inside CTxIn

18 files changed, 96 insertions, 176 deletions

diff --git a/src/bench/verify_script.cpp b/src/bench/verify_script.cpp
index dc3940cdbd..4aca1c7eb3 100644
--- a/src/bench/verify_script.cpp
+++ b/src/bench/verify_script.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ static CMutableTransaction BuildSpendingTransaction(const CScript& scriptSig, co
     txSpend.nLockTime = 0;
     txSpend.vin.resize(1);
     txSpend.vout.resize(1);
-    txSpend.wit.vtxinwit.resize(1);
     txSpend.vin[0].prevout.hash = txCredit.GetHash();
     txSpend.vin[0].prevout.n = 0;
     txSpend.vin[0].scriptSig = scriptSig;
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ static void VerifyScriptBench(benchmark::State& state)
     CScript witScriptPubkey = CScript() << OP_DUP << OP_HASH160 << ToByteVector(pubkeyHash) << OP_EQUALVERIFY << OP_CHECKSIG;
     CTransaction txCredit = BuildCreditingTransaction(scriptPubKey);
     CMutableTransaction txSpend = BuildSpendingTransaction(scriptSig, txCredit);
-    CScriptWitness& witness = txSpend.wit.vtxinwit[0].scriptWitness;
+    CScriptWitness& witness = txSpend.vin[0].scriptWitness;
     witness.stack.emplace_back();
     key.Sign(SignatureHash(witScriptPubkey, txSpend, 0, SIGHASH_ALL, txCredit.vout[0].nValue, SIGVERSION_WITNESS_V0), witness.stack.back(), 0);
     witness.stack.back().push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(SIGHASH_ALL));
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ static void VerifyScriptBench(benchmark::State& state)
         bool success = VerifyScript(
             txSpend.vin[0].scriptSig,
             txCredit.vout[0].scriptPubKey,
-            &txSpend.wit.vtxinwit[0].scriptWitness,
+            &txSpend.vin[0].scriptWitness,
             flags,
             MutableTransactionSignatureChecker(&txSpend, 0, txCredit.vout[0].nValue),
             &err);
diff --git a/src/bitcoin-tx.cpp b/src/bitcoin-tx.cpp
index 1ed1449f03..816687a45d 100644
--- a/src/bitcoin-tx.cpp
+++ b/src/bitcoin-tx.cpp
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ static void MutateTxSign(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::string& flagStr)
             sigdata = CombineSignatures(prevPubKey, MutableTransactionSignatureChecker(&mergedTx, i, amount), sigdata, DataFromTransaction(txv, i));
         UpdateTransaction(mergedTx, i, sigdata);
 
-        if (!VerifyScript(txin.scriptSig, prevPubKey, mergedTx.wit.vtxinwit.size() > i ? &mergedTx.wit.vtxinwit[i].scriptWitness : NULL, STANDARD_SCRIPT_VERIFY_FLAGS, MutableTransactionSignatureChecker(&mergedTx, i, amount)))
+        if (!VerifyScript(txin.scriptSig, prevPubKey, &txin.scriptWitness, STANDARD_SCRIPT_VERIFY_FLAGS, MutableTransactionSignatureChecker(&mergedTx, i, amount)))
             fComplete = false;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/core_memusage.h b/src/core_memusage.h
index 0dcc24c40c..80f6216ee2 100644
--- a/src/core_memusage.h
+++ b/src/core_memusage.h
@@ -18,35 +18,19 @@ static inline size_t RecursiveDynamicUsage(const COutPoint& out) {
 }
 
 static inline size_t RecursiveDynamicUsage(const CTxIn& in) {
-    return RecursiveDynamicUsage(in.scriptSig) + RecursiveDynamicUsage(in.prevout);
-}
-
-static inline size_t RecursiveDynamicUsage(const CTxOut& out) {
-    return RecursiveDynamicUsage(out.scriptPubKey);
-}
-
-static inline size_t RecursiveDynamicUsage(const CScriptWitness& scriptWit) {
-    size_t mem = memusage::DynamicUsage(scriptWit.stack);
-    for (std::vector<std::vector<unsigned char> >::const_iterator it = scriptWit.stack.begin(); it != scriptWit.stack.end(); it++) {
-        mem += memusage::DynamicUsage(*it);
+    size_t mem = RecursiveDynamicUsage(in.scriptSig) + RecursiveDynamicUsage(in.prevout) + memusage::DynamicUsage(in.scriptWitness.stack);
+    for (std::vector<std::vector<unsigned char> >::const_iterator it = in.scriptWitness.stack.begin(); it != in.scriptWitness.stack.end(); it++) {
+         mem += memusage::DynamicUsage(*it);
     }
     return mem;
 }
 
-static inline size_t RecursiveDynamicUsage(const CTxInWitness& txinwit) {
-    return RecursiveDynamicUsage(txinwit.scriptWitness);
-}
-
-static inline size_t RecursiveDynamicUsage(const CTxWitness& txwit) {
-    size_t mem = memusage::DynamicUsage(txwit.vtxinwit);
-    for (std::vector<CTxInWitness>::const_iterator it = txwit.vtxinwit.begin(); it != txwit.vtxinwit.end(); it++) {
-        mem += RecursiveDynamicUsage(*it);
-    }
-    return mem;
+static inline size_t RecursiveDynamicUsage(const CTxOut& out) {
+    return RecursiveDynamicUsage(out.scriptPubKey);
 }
 
 static inline size_t RecursiveDynamicUsage(const CTransaction& tx) {
-    size_t mem = memusage::DynamicUsage(tx.vin) + memusage::DynamicUsage(tx.vout) + RecursiveDynamicUsage(tx.wit);
+    size_t mem = memusage::DynamicUsage(tx.vin) + memusage::DynamicUsage(tx.vout);
     for (std::vector<CTxIn>::const_iterator it = tx.vin.begin(); it != tx.vin.end(); it++) {
         mem += RecursiveDynamicUsage(*it);
     }
@@ -57,7 +41,7 @@ static inline size_t RecursiveDynamicUsage(const CTransaction& tx) {
 }
 
 static inline size_t RecursiveDynamicUsage(const CMutableTransaction& tx) {
-    size_t mem = memusage::DynamicUsage(tx.vin) + memusage::DynamicUsage(tx.vout) + RecursiveDynamicUsage(tx.wit);
+    size_t mem = memusage::DynamicUsage(tx.vin) + memusage::DynamicUsage(tx.vout);
     for (std::vector<CTxIn>::const_iterator it = tx.vin.begin(); it != tx.vin.end(); it++) {
         mem += RecursiveDynamicUsage(*it);
     }
diff --git a/src/core_write.cpp b/src/core_write.cpp
index ea01ddc10d..1125718597 100644
--- a/src/core_write.cpp
+++ b/src/core_write.cpp
@@ -168,9 +168,9 @@ void TxToUniv(const CTransaction& tx, const uint256& hashBlock, UniValue& entry)
             o.pushKV("asm", ScriptToAsmStr(txin.scriptSig, true));
             o.pushKV("hex", HexStr(txin.scriptSig.begin(), txin.scriptSig.end()));
             in.pushKV("scriptSig", o);
-            if (!tx.wit.IsNull() && i < tx.wit.vtxinwit.size() && !tx.wit.vtxinwit[i].IsNull()) {
+            if (!tx.vin[i].scriptWitness.IsNull()) {
                 UniValue txinwitness(UniValue::VARR);
-                for (const auto& item : tx.wit.vtxinwit[i].scriptWitness.stack) {
+                for (const auto& item : tx.vin[i].scriptWitness.stack) {
                     txinwitness.push_back(HexStr(item.begin(), item.end()));
                 }
                 in.pushKV("txinwitness", txinwitness);
diff --git a/src/miner.cpp b/src/miner.cpp
index e80e8a2656..b48b9cee49 100644
--- a/src/miner.cpp
+++ b/src/miner.cpp
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ bool BlockAssembler::TestPackageTransactions(const CTxMemPool::setEntries& packa
     BOOST_FOREACH (const CTxMemPool::txiter it, package) {
         if (!IsFinalTx(it->GetTx(), nHeight, nLockTimeCutoff))
             return false;
-        if (!fIncludeWitness && !it->GetTx().wit.IsNull())
+        if (!fIncludeWitness && it->GetTx().HasWitness())
             return false;
         if (fNeedSizeAccounting) {
             uint64_t nTxSize = ::GetSerializeSize(it->GetTx(), SER_NETWORK, PROTOCOL_VERSION);
@@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ void BlockAssembler::addPriorityTxs()
         }
 
         // cannot accept witness transactions into a non-witness block
-        if (!fIncludeWitness && !iter->GetTx().wit.IsNull())
+        if (!fIncludeWitness && iter->GetTx().HasWitness())
             continue;
 
         // If tx is dependent on other mempool txs which haven't yet been included
diff --git a/src/net_processing.cpp b/src/net_processing.cpp
index c37faf49f0..3ff5ccc18f 100644
--- a/src/net_processing.cpp
+++ b/src/net_processing.cpp
@@ -1666,7 +1666,7 @@ bool static ProcessMessage(CNode* pfrom, string strCommand, CDataStream& vRecv,
                         // Probably non-standard or insufficient fee/priority
                         LogPrint("mempool", "   removed orphan tx %s\n", orphanHash.ToString());
                         vEraseQueue.push_back(orphanHash);
-                        if (orphanTx.wit.IsNull() && !stateDummy.CorruptionPossible()) {
+                        if (!orphanTx.HasWitness() && !stateDummy.CorruptionPossible()) {
                             // Do not use rejection cache for witness transactions or
                             // witness-stripped transactions, as they can have been malleated.
                             // See https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/8279 for details.
@@ -1708,7 +1708,7 @@ bool static ProcessMessage(CNode* pfrom, string strCommand, CDataStream& vRecv,
                 LogPrint("mempool", "not keeping orphan with rejected parents %s\n",tx.GetHash().ToString());
             }
         } else {
-            if (tx.wit.IsNull() && !state.CorruptionPossible()) {
+            if (!tx.HasWitness() && !state.CorruptionPossible()) {
                 // Do not use rejection cache for witness transactions or
                 // witness-stripped transactions, as they can have been malleated.
                 // See https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/8279 for details.
diff --git a/src/policy/policy.cpp b/src/policy/policy.cpp
index 0c71a079fb..d318a0997c 100644
--- a/src/policy/policy.cpp
+++ b/src/policy/policy.cpp
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ bool IsWitnessStandard(const CTransaction& tx, const CCoinsViewCache& mapInputs)
     {
         // We don't care if witness for this input is empty, since it must not be bloated.
         // If the script is invalid without witness, it would be caught sooner or later during validation.
-        if (tx.wit.vtxinwit[i].IsNull())
+        if (tx.vin[i].scriptWitness.IsNull())
             continue;
 
         const CTxOut &prev = mapInputs.GetOutputFor(tx.vin[i]);
@@ -192,13 +192,13 @@ bool IsWitnessStandard(const CTransaction& tx, const CCoinsViewCache& mapInputs)
 
         // Check P2WSH standard limits
         if (witnessversion == 0 && witnessprogram.size() == 32) {
-            if (tx.wit.vtxinwit[i].scriptWitness.stack.back().size() > MAX_STANDARD_P2WSH_SCRIPT_SIZE)
+            if (tx.vin[i].scriptWitness.stack.back().size() > MAX_STANDARD_P2WSH_SCRIPT_SIZE)
                 return false;
-            size_t sizeWitnessStack = tx.wit.vtxinwit[i].scriptWitness.stack.size() - 1;
+            size_t sizeWitnessStack = tx.vin[i].scriptWitness.stack.size() - 1;
             if (sizeWitnessStack > MAX_STANDARD_P2WSH_STACK_ITEMS)
                 return false;
             for (unsigned int j = 0; j < sizeWitnessStack; j++) {
-                if (tx.wit.vtxinwit[i].scriptWitness.stack[j].size() > MAX_STANDARD_P2WSH_STACK_ITEM_SIZE)
+                if (tx.vin[i].scriptWitness.stack[j].size() > MAX_STANDARD_P2WSH_STACK_ITEM_SIZE)
                     return false;
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/primitives/transaction.cpp b/src/primitives/transaction.cpp
index 11d7eace55..faf3637d74 100644
--- a/src/primitives/transaction.cpp
+++ b/src/primitives/transaction.cpp
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ std::string CTxOut::ToString() const
 }
 
 CMutableTransaction::CMutableTransaction() : nVersion(CTransaction::CURRENT_VERSION), nLockTime(0) {}
-CMutableTransaction::CMutableTransaction(const CTransaction& tx) : nVersion(tx.nVersion), vin(tx.vin), vout(tx.vout), wit(tx.wit), nLockTime(tx.nLockTime) {}
+CMutableTransaction::CMutableTransaction(const CTransaction& tx) : nVersion(tx.nVersion), vin(tx.vin), vout(tx.vout), nLockTime(tx.nLockTime) {}
 
 uint256 CMutableTransaction::GetHash() const
 {
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ uint256 CTransaction::GetWitnessHash() const
 
 /* For backward compatibility, the hash is initialized to 0. TODO: remove the need for this default constructor entirely. */
 CTransaction::CTransaction() : nVersion(CTransaction::CURRENT_VERSION), vin(), vout(), nLockTime(0), hash() {}
-CTransaction::CTransaction(const CMutableTransaction &tx) : nVersion(tx.nVersion), vin(tx.vin), vout(tx.vout), wit(tx.wit), nLockTime(tx.nLockTime), hash(ComputeHash()) {}
-CTransaction::CTransaction(CMutableTransaction &&tx) : nVersion(tx.nVersion), vin(std::move(tx.vin)), vout(std::move(tx.vout)), wit(std::move(tx.wit)), nLockTime(tx.nLockTime), hash(ComputeHash()) {}
+CTransaction::CTransaction(const CMutableTransaction &tx) : nVersion(tx.nVersion), vin(tx.vin), vout(tx.vout), nLockTime(tx.nLockTime), hash(ComputeHash()) {}
+CTransaction::CTransaction(CMutableTransaction &&tx) : nVersion(tx.nVersion), vin(std::move(tx.vin)), vout(std::move(tx.vout)), nLockTime(tx.nLockTime), hash(ComputeHash()) {}
 
 CAmount CTransaction::GetValueOut() const
 {
@@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ std::string CTransaction::ToString() const
         nLockTime);
     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < vin.size(); i++)
         str += "    " + vin[i].ToString() + "\n";
-    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < wit.vtxinwit.size(); i++)
-        str += "    " + wit.vtxinwit[i].scriptWitness.ToString() + "\n";
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < vin.size(); i++)
+        str += "    " + vin[i].scriptWitness.ToString() + "\n";
     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < vout.size(); i++)
         str += "    " + vout[i].ToString() + "\n";
     return str;
diff --git a/src/primitives/transaction.h b/src/primitives/transaction.h
index 66fefafef5..79393fa949 100644
--- a/src/primitives/transaction.h
+++ b/src/primitives/transaction.h
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ public:
     COutPoint prevout;
     CScript scriptSig;
     uint32_t nSequence;
+    CScriptWitness scriptWitness; //! Only serialized through CTransaction
 
     /* Setting nSequence to this value for every input in a transaction
      * disables nLockTime. */
@@ -211,62 +212,6 @@ public:
     std::string ToString() const;
 };
 
-class CTxInWitness
-{
-public:
-    CScriptWitness scriptWitness;
-
-    ADD_SERIALIZE_METHODS;
-
-    template <typename Stream, typename Operation>
-    inline void SerializationOp(Stream& s, Operation ser_action)
-    {
-        READWRITE(scriptWitness.stack);
-    }
-
-    bool IsNull() const { return scriptWitness.IsNull(); }
-
-    CTxInWitness() { }
-};
-
-class CTxWitness
-{
-public:
-    /** In case vtxinwit is missing, all entries are treated as if they were empty CTxInWitnesses */
-    std::vector<CTxInWitness> vtxinwit;
-
-    ADD_SERIALIZE_METHODS;
-
-    bool IsEmpty() const { return vtxinwit.empty(); }
-
-    bool IsNull() const
-    {
-        for (size_t n = 0; n < vtxinwit.size(); n++) {
-            if (!vtxinwit[n].IsNull()) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    void SetNull()
-    {
-        vtxinwit.clear();
-    }
-
-    template <typename Stream, typename Operation>
-    inline void SerializationOp(Stream& s, Operation ser_action)
-    {
-        for (size_t n = 0; n < vtxinwit.size(); n++) {
-            READWRITE(vtxinwit[n]);
-        }
-        if (IsNull()) {
-            /* It's illegal to encode a witness when all vtxinwit entries are empty. */
-            throw std::ios_base::failure("Superfluous witness record");
-        }
-    }
-};
-
 struct CMutableTransaction;
 
 /**
@@ -294,7 +239,6 @@ inline void UnserializeTransaction(TxType& tx, Stream& s) {
     unsigned char flags = 0;
     tx.vin.clear();
     tx.vout.clear();
-    tx.wit.SetNull();
     /* Try to read the vin. In case the dummy is there, this will be read as an empty vector. */
     s >> tx.vin;
     if (tx.vin.size() == 0 && fAllowWitness) {
@@ -311,8 +255,9 @@ inline void UnserializeTransaction(TxType& tx, Stream& s) {
     if ((flags & 1) && fAllowWitness) {
         /* The witness flag is present, and we support witnesses. */
         flags ^= 1;
-        tx.wit.vtxinwit.resize(tx.vin.size());
-        s >> tx.wit;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < tx.vin.size(); i++) {
+            s >> tx.vin[i].scriptWitness.stack;
+        }
     }
     if (flags) {
         /* Unknown flag in the serialization */
@@ -328,10 +273,9 @@ inline void SerializeTransaction(const TxType& tx, Stream& s) {
     s << tx.nVersion;
     unsigned char flags = 0;
     // Consistency check
-    assert(tx.wit.vtxinwit.size() <= tx.vin.size());
     if (fAllowWitness) {
         /* Check whether witnesses need to be serialized. */
-        if (!tx.wit.IsNull()) {
+        if (tx.HasWitness()) {
             flags |= 1;
         }
     }
@@ -345,11 +289,7 @@ inline void SerializeTransaction(const TxType& tx, Stream& s) {
     s << tx.vout;
     if (flags & 1) {
         for (size_t i = 0; i < tx.vin.size(); i++) {
-            if (i < tx.wit.vtxinwit.size()) {
-                s << tx.wit.vtxinwit[i];
-            } else {
-                s << CTxInWitness();
-            }
+            s << tx.vin[i].scriptWitness.stack;
         }
     }
     s << tx.nLockTime;
@@ -379,7 +319,6 @@ public:
     const int32_t nVersion;
     const std::vector<CTxIn> vin;
     const std::vector<CTxOut> vout;
-    CTxWitness wit; // Not const: can change without invalidating the txid cache
     const uint32_t nLockTime;
 
 private:
@@ -451,6 +390,16 @@ public:
     }
 
     std::string ToString() const;
+
+    bool HasWitness() const
+    {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < vin.size(); i++) {
+            if (!vin[i].scriptWitness.IsNull()) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
 };
 
 /** A mutable version of CTransaction. */
@@ -459,7 +408,6 @@ struct CMutableTransaction
     int32_t nVersion;
     std::vector<CTxIn> vin;
     std::vector<CTxOut> vout;
-    CTxWitness wit;
     uint32_t nLockTime;
 
     CMutableTransaction();
@@ -485,6 +433,21 @@ struct CMutableTransaction
      * fly, as opposed to GetHash() in CTransaction, which uses a cached result.
      */
     uint256 GetHash() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const CMutableTransaction& a, const CMutableTransaction& b)
+    {
+        return a.GetHash() == b.GetHash();
+    }
+
+    bool HasWitness() const
+    {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < vin.size(); i++) {
+            if (!vin[i].scriptWitness.IsNull()) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
 };
 
 typedef std::shared_ptr<const CTransaction> CTransactionRef;
diff --git a/src/rpc/rawtransaction.cpp b/src/rpc/rawtransaction.cpp
index 48769a5335..b13aa4de34 100644
--- a/src/rpc/rawtransaction.cpp
+++ b/src/rpc/rawtransaction.cpp
@@ -82,16 +82,13 @@ void TxToJSON(const CTransaction& tx, const uint256 hashBlock, UniValue& entry)
             o.push_back(Pair("hex", HexStr(txin.scriptSig.begin(), txin.scriptSig.end())));
             in.push_back(Pair("scriptSig", o));
         }
-        if (!tx.wit.IsNull()) {
-            if (!tx.wit.vtxinwit[i].IsNull()) {
+        if (tx.HasWitness()) {
                 UniValue txinwitness(UniValue::VARR);
-                for (unsigned int j = 0; j < tx.wit.vtxinwit[i].scriptWitness.stack.size(); j++) {
-                    std::vector<unsigned char> item = tx.wit.vtxinwit[i].scriptWitness.stack[j];
+                for (unsigned int j = 0; j < tx.vin[i].scriptWitness.stack.size(); j++) {
+                    std::vector<unsigned char> item = tx.vin[i].scriptWitness.stack[j];
                     txinwitness.push_back(HexStr(item.begin(), item.end()));
                 }
                 in.push_back(Pair("txinwitness", txinwitness));
-            }
-
         }
         in.push_back(Pair("sequence", (int64_t)txin.nSequence));
         vin.push_back(in);
@@ -840,7 +837,7 @@ UniValue signrawtransaction(const JSONRPCRequest& request)
         UpdateTransaction(mergedTx, i, sigdata);
 
         ScriptError serror = SCRIPT_ERR_OK;
-        if (!VerifyScript(txin.scriptSig, prevPubKey, mergedTx.wit.vtxinwit.size() > i ? &mergedTx.wit.vtxinwit[i].scriptWitness : NULL, STANDARD_SCRIPT_VERIFY_FLAGS, TransactionSignatureChecker(&txConst, i, amount), &serror)) {
+        if (!VerifyScript(txin.scriptSig, prevPubKey, &txin.scriptWitness, STANDARD_SCRIPT_VERIFY_FLAGS, TransactionSignatureChecker(&txConst, i, amount), &serror)) {
             TxInErrorToJSON(txin, vErrors, ScriptErrorString(serror));
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/script/bitcoinconsensus.cpp b/src/script/bitcoinconsensus.cpp
index 036d6ca7bf..be7fa5d3b7 100644
--- a/src/script/bitcoinconsensus.cpp
+++ b/src/script/bitcoinconsensus.cpp
@@ -93,8 +93,9 @@ static int verify_script(const unsigned char *scriptPubKey, unsigned int scriptP
 
         // Regardless of the verification result, the tx did not error.
         set_error(err, bitcoinconsensus_ERR_OK);
+
         PrecomputedTransactionData txdata(tx);
-        return VerifyScript(tx.vin[nIn].scriptSig, CScript(scriptPubKey, scriptPubKey + scriptPubKeyLen), nIn < tx.wit.vtxinwit.size() ? &tx.wit.vtxinwit[nIn].scriptWitness : NULL, flags, TransactionSignatureChecker(&tx, nIn, amount, txdata), NULL);
+        return VerifyScript(tx.vin[nIn].scriptSig, CScript(scriptPubKey, scriptPubKey + scriptPubKeyLen), &tx.vin[nIn].scriptWitness, flags, TransactionSignatureChecker(&tx, nIn, amount, txdata), NULL);
     } catch (const std::exception&) {
         return set_error(err, bitcoinconsensus_ERR_TX_DESERIALIZE); // Error deserializing
     }
diff --git a/src/script/script.h b/src/script/script.h
index 278774d32e..76419c1495 100644
--- a/src/script/script.h
+++ b/src/script/script.h
@@ -656,6 +656,8 @@ struct CScriptWitness
 
     bool IsNull() const { return stack.empty(); }
 
+    void SetNull() { stack.clear(); stack.shrink_to_fit(); }
+
     std::string ToString() const;
 };
 
diff --git a/src/script/sign.cpp b/src/script/sign.cpp
index f552ad5bba..b008df2591 100644
--- a/src/script/sign.cpp
+++ b/src/script/sign.cpp
@@ -194,9 +194,7 @@ SignatureData DataFromTransaction(const CMutableTransaction& tx, unsigned int nI
     SignatureData data;
     assert(tx.vin.size() > nIn);
     data.scriptSig = tx.vin[nIn].scriptSig;
-    if (tx.wit.vtxinwit.size() > nIn) {
-        data.scriptWitness = tx.wit.vtxinwit[nIn].scriptWitness;
-    }
+    data.scriptWitness = tx.vin[nIn].scriptWitness;
     return data;
 }
 
@@ -204,10 +202,7 @@ void UpdateTransaction(CMutableTransaction& tx, unsigned int nIn, const Signatur
 {
     assert(tx.vin.size() > nIn);
     tx.vin[nIn].scriptSig = data.scriptSig;
-    if (!data.scriptWitness.IsNull() || tx.wit.vtxinwit.size() > nIn) {
-        tx.wit.vtxinwit.resize(tx.vin.size());
-        tx.wit.vtxinwit[nIn].scriptWitness = data.scriptWitness;
-    }
+    tx.vin[nIn].scriptWitness = data.scriptWitness;
 }
 
 bool SignSignature(const CKeyStore &keystore, const CScript& fromPubKey, CMutableTransaction& txTo, unsigned int nIn, const CAmount& amount, int nHashType)
diff --git a/src/test/script_tests.cpp b/src/test/script_tests.cpp
index eb324d5a6b..84498c5f10 100644
--- a/src/test/script_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/script_tests.cpp
@@ -145,8 +145,7 @@ CMutableTransaction BuildSpendingTransaction(const CScript& scriptSig, const CSc
     txSpend.nLockTime = 0;
     txSpend.vin.resize(1);
     txSpend.vout.resize(1);
-    txSpend.wit.vtxinwit.resize(1);
-    txSpend.wit.vtxinwit[0].scriptWitness = scriptWitness;
+    txSpend.vin[0].scriptWitness = scriptWitness;
     txSpend.vin[0].prevout.hash = txCredit.GetHash();
     txSpend.vin[0].prevout.n = 0;
     txSpend.vin[0].scriptSig = scriptSig;
diff --git a/src/test/sigopcount_tests.cpp b/src/test/sigopcount_tests.cpp
index 2e974cc612..3488a0befc 100644
--- a/src/test/sigopcount_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/sigopcount_tests.cpp
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ ScriptError VerifyWithFlag(const CTransaction& output, const CMutableTransaction
 {
     ScriptError error;
     CTransaction inputi(input);
-    bool ret = VerifyScript(inputi.vin[0].scriptSig, output.vout[0].scriptPubKey, inputi.wit.vtxinwit.size() > 0 ? &inputi.wit.vtxinwit[0].scriptWitness : NULL, flags, TransactionSignatureChecker(&inputi, 0, output.vout[0].nValue), &error);
+    bool ret = VerifyScript(inputi.vin[0].scriptSig, output.vout[0].scriptPubKey, &inputi.vin[0].scriptWitness, flags, TransactionSignatureChecker(&inputi, 0, output.vout[0].nValue), &error);
     BOOST_CHECK((ret == true) == (error == SCRIPT_ERR_OK));
 
     return error;
@@ -84,13 +84,12 @@ ScriptError VerifyWithFlag(const CTransaction& output, const CMutableTransaction
  * and witness such that spendingTx spends output zero of creationTx.
  * Also inserts creationTx's output into the coins view.
  */
-void BuildTxs(CMutableTransaction& spendingTx, CCoinsViewCache& coins, CMutableTransaction& creationTx, const CScript& scriptPubKey, const CScript& scriptSig, const CTxInWitness& witness)
+void BuildTxs(CMutableTransaction& spendingTx, CCoinsViewCache& coins, CMutableTransaction& creationTx, const CScript& scriptPubKey, const CScript& scriptSig, const CScriptWitness& witness)
 {
     creationTx.nVersion = 1;
     creationTx.vin.resize(1);
     creationTx.vin[0].prevout.SetNull();
     creationTx.vin[0].scriptSig = CScript();
-    creationTx.wit.vtxinwit.resize(1);
     creationTx.vout.resize(1);
     creationTx.vout[0].nValue = 1;
     creationTx.vout[0].scriptPubKey = scriptPubKey;
@@ -100,8 +99,7 @@ void BuildTxs(CMutableTransaction& spendingTx, CCoinsViewCache& coins, CMutableT
     spendingTx.vin[0].prevout.hash = creationTx.GetHash();
     spendingTx.vin[0].prevout.n = 0;
     spendingTx.vin[0].scriptSig = scriptSig;
-    spendingTx.wit.vtxinwit.resize(1);
-    spendingTx.wit.vtxinwit[0] = witness;
+    spendingTx.vin[0].scriptWitness = witness;
     spendingTx.vout.resize(1);
     spendingTx.vout[0].nValue = 1;
     spendingTx.vout[0].scriptPubKey = CScript();
@@ -133,7 +131,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GetTxSigOpCost)
         // Do not use a valid signature to avoid using wallet operations.
         CScript scriptSig = CScript() << OP_0 << OP_0;
 
-        BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, CTxInWitness());
+        BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, CScriptWitness());
         // Legacy counting only includes signature operations in scriptSigs and scriptPubKeys
         // of a transaction and does not take the actual executed sig operations into account.
         // spendingTx in itself does not contain a signature operation.
@@ -151,7 +149,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GetTxSigOpCost)
         CScript scriptPubKey = GetScriptForDestination(CScriptID(redeemScript));
         CScript scriptSig = CScript() << OP_0 << OP_0 << ToByteVector(redeemScript);
 
-        BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, CTxInWitness());
+        BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, CScriptWitness());
         assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), coins, flags) == 2 * WITNESS_SCALE_FACTOR);
         assert(VerifyWithFlag(creationTx, spendingTx, flags) == SCRIPT_ERR_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY);
     }
@@ -161,14 +159,12 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GetTxSigOpCost)
         CScript p2pk = CScript() << ToByteVector(pubkey) << OP_CHECKSIG;
         CScript scriptPubKey = GetScriptForWitness(p2pk);
         CScript scriptSig = CScript();
-        CTxInWitness witness;
         CScriptWitness scriptWitness;
         scriptWitness.stack.push_back(vector<unsigned char>(0));
         scriptWitness.stack.push_back(vector<unsigned char>(0));
-        witness.scriptWitness = scriptWitness;
 
 
-        BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, witness);
+        BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, scriptWitness);
         assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), coins, flags) == 1);
         // No signature operations if we don't verify the witness.
         assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), coins, flags & ~SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS) == 0);
@@ -177,10 +173,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GetTxSigOpCost)
         // The sig op cost for witness version != 0 is zero.
         assert(scriptPubKey[0] == 0x00);
         scriptPubKey[0] = 0x51;
-        BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, witness);
+        BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, scriptWitness);
         assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), coins, flags) == 0);
         scriptPubKey[0] = 0x00;
-        BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, witness);
+        BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, scriptWitness);
 
         // The witness of a coinbase transaction is not taken into account.
         spendingTx.vin[0].prevout.SetNull();
@@ -193,13 +189,11 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GetTxSigOpCost)
         CScript scriptSig = GetScriptForWitness(p2pk);
         CScript scriptPubKey = GetScriptForDestination(CScriptID(scriptSig));
         scriptSig = CScript() << ToByteVector(scriptSig);
-        CTxInWitness witness;
         CScriptWitness scriptWitness;
         scriptWitness.stack.push_back(vector<unsigned char>(0));
         scriptWitness.stack.push_back(vector<unsigned char>(0));
-        witness.scriptWitness = scriptWitness;
 
-        BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, witness);
+        BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, scriptWitness);
         assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), coins, flags) == 1);
         assert(VerifyWithFlag(creationTx, spendingTx, flags) == SCRIPT_ERR_EQUALVERIFY);
     }
@@ -209,14 +203,12 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GetTxSigOpCost)
         CScript witnessScript = CScript() << 1 << ToByteVector(pubkey) << ToByteVector(pubkey) << 2 << OP_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY;
         CScript scriptPubKey = GetScriptForWitness(witnessScript);
         CScript scriptSig = CScript();
-        CTxInWitness witness;
         CScriptWitness scriptWitness;
         scriptWitness.stack.push_back(vector<unsigned char>(0));
         scriptWitness.stack.push_back(vector<unsigned char>(0));
         scriptWitness.stack.push_back(vector<unsigned char>(witnessScript.begin(), witnessScript.end()));
-        witness.scriptWitness = scriptWitness;
 
-        BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, witness);
+        BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, scriptWitness);
         assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), coins, flags) == 2);
         assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), coins, flags & ~SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS) == 0);
         assert(VerifyWithFlag(creationTx, spendingTx, flags) == SCRIPT_ERR_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY);
@@ -228,14 +220,12 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GetTxSigOpCost)
         CScript redeemScript = GetScriptForWitness(witnessScript);
         CScript scriptPubKey = GetScriptForDestination(CScriptID(redeemScript));
         CScript scriptSig = CScript() << ToByteVector(redeemScript);
-        CTxInWitness witness;
         CScriptWitness scriptWitness;
         scriptWitness.stack.push_back(vector<unsigned char>(0));
         scriptWitness.stack.push_back(vector<unsigned char>(0));
         scriptWitness.stack.push_back(vector<unsigned char>(witnessScript.begin(), witnessScript.end()));
-        witness.scriptWitness = scriptWitness;
 
-        BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, witness);
+        BuildTxs(spendingTx, coins, creationTx, scriptPubKey, scriptSig, scriptWitness);
         assert(GetTransactionSigOpCost(CTransaction(spendingTx), coins, flags) == 2);
         assert(VerifyWithFlag(creationTx, spendingTx, flags) == SCRIPT_ERR_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY);
     }
diff --git a/src/test/transaction_tests.cpp b/src/test/transaction_tests.cpp
index ae5406ef7e..cd9294c7a9 100644
--- a/src/test/transaction_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/transaction_tests.cpp
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(tx_valid)
                     amount = mapprevOutValues[tx.vin[i].prevout];
                 }
                 unsigned int verify_flags = ParseScriptFlags(test[2].get_str());
-                const CScriptWitness *witness = (i < tx.wit.vtxinwit.size()) ? &tx.wit.vtxinwit[i].scriptWitness : NULL;
+                const CScriptWitness *witness = &tx.vin[i].scriptWitness;
                 BOOST_CHECK_MESSAGE(VerifyScript(tx.vin[i].scriptSig, mapprevOutScriptPubKeys[tx.vin[i].prevout],
                                                  witness, verify_flags, TransactionSignatureChecker(&tx, i, amount, txdata), &err),
                                     strTest);
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(tx_invalid)
                 if (mapprevOutValues.count(tx.vin[i].prevout)) {
                     amount = mapprevOutValues[tx.vin[i].prevout];
                 }
-                const CScriptWitness *witness = (i < tx.wit.vtxinwit.size()) ? &tx.wit.vtxinwit[i].scriptWitness : NULL;
+                const CScriptWitness *witness = &tx.vin[i].scriptWitness;
                 fValid = VerifyScript(tx.vin[i].scriptSig, mapprevOutScriptPubKeys[tx.vin[i].prevout],
                                       witness, verify_flags, TransactionSignatureChecker(&tx, i, amount, txdata), &err);
             }
@@ -351,7 +351,6 @@ void CreateCreditAndSpend(const CKeyStore& keystore, const CScript& outscript, C
     outputm.vin.resize(1);
     outputm.vin[0].prevout.SetNull();
     outputm.vin[0].scriptSig = CScript();
-    outputm.wit.vtxinwit.resize(1);
     outputm.vout.resize(1);
     outputm.vout[0].nValue = 1;
     outputm.vout[0].scriptPubKey = outscript;
@@ -362,14 +361,12 @@ void CreateCreditAndSpend(const CKeyStore& keystore, const CScript& outscript, C
     assert(output->vin[0] == outputm.vin[0]);
     assert(output->vout.size() == 1);
     assert(output->vout[0] == outputm.vout[0]);
-    assert(output->wit.vtxinwit.size() == 0);
 
     CMutableTransaction inputm;
     inputm.nVersion = 1;
     inputm.vin.resize(1);
     inputm.vin[0].prevout.hash = output->GetHash();
     inputm.vin[0].prevout.n = 0;
-    inputm.wit.vtxinwit.resize(1);
     inputm.vout.resize(1);
     inputm.vout[0].nValue = 1;
     inputm.vout[0].scriptPubKey = CScript();
@@ -382,20 +379,14 @@ void CreateCreditAndSpend(const CKeyStore& keystore, const CScript& outscript, C
     assert(input.vin[0] == inputm.vin[0]);
     assert(input.vout.size() == 1);
     assert(input.vout[0] == inputm.vout[0]);
-    if (inputm.wit.IsNull()) {
-        assert(input.wit.IsNull());
-    } else {
-        assert(!input.wit.IsNull());
-        assert(input.wit.vtxinwit.size() == 1);
-        assert(input.wit.vtxinwit[0].scriptWitness.stack == inputm.wit.vtxinwit[0].scriptWitness.stack);
-    }
+    assert(input.vin[0].scriptWitness.stack == inputm.vin[0].scriptWitness.stack);
 }
 
 void CheckWithFlag(const CTransactionRef& output, const CMutableTransaction& input, int flags, bool success)
 {
     ScriptError error;
     CTransaction inputi(input);
-    bool ret = VerifyScript(inputi.vin[0].scriptSig, output->vout[0].scriptPubKey, inputi.wit.vtxinwit.size() > 0 ? &inputi.wit.vtxinwit[0].scriptWitness : NULL, flags, TransactionSignatureChecker(&inputi, 0, output->vout[0].nValue), &error);
+    bool ret = VerifyScript(inputi.vin[0].scriptSig, output->vout[0].scriptPubKey, &inputi.vin[0].scriptWitness, flags, TransactionSignatureChecker(&inputi, 0, output->vout[0].nValue), &error);
     assert(ret == success);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/validation.cpp b/src/validation.cpp
index a541978c85..9a08018113 100644
--- a/src/validation.cpp
+++ b/src/validation.cpp
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ int64_t GetTransactionSigOpCost(const CTransaction& tx, const CCoinsViewCache& i
     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tx.vin.size(); i++)
     {
         const CTxOut &prevout = inputs.GetOutputFor(tx.vin[i]);
-        nSigOps += CountWitnessSigOps(tx.vin[i].scriptSig, prevout.scriptPubKey, i < tx.wit.vtxinwit.size() ? &tx.wit.vtxinwit[i].scriptWitness : NULL, flags);
+        nSigOps += CountWitnessSigOps(tx.vin[i].scriptSig, prevout.scriptPubKey, &tx.vin[i].scriptWitness, flags);
     }
     return nSigOps;
 }
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ bool AcceptToMemoryPoolWorker(CTxMemPool& pool, CValidationState& state, const C
 
     // Reject transactions with witness before segregated witness activates (override with -prematurewitness)
     bool witnessEnabled = IsWitnessEnabled(chainActive.Tip(), Params().GetConsensus());
-    if (!GetBoolArg("-prematurewitness",false) && !tx.wit.IsNull() && !witnessEnabled) {
+    if (!GetBoolArg("-prematurewitness",false) && tx.HasWitness() && !witnessEnabled) {
         return state.DoS(0, false, REJECT_NONSTANDARD, "no-witness-yet", true);
     }
 
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ bool AcceptToMemoryPoolWorker(CTxMemPool& pool, CValidationState& state, const C
             return state.Invalid(false, REJECT_NONSTANDARD, "bad-txns-nonstandard-inputs");
 
         // Check for non-standard witness in P2WSH
-        if (!tx.wit.IsNull() && fRequireStandard && !IsWitnessStandard(tx, view))
+        if (tx.HasWitness() && fRequireStandard && !IsWitnessStandard(tx, view))
             return state.DoS(0, false, REJECT_NONSTANDARD, "bad-witness-nonstandard", true);
 
         int64_t nSigOpsCost = GetTransactionSigOpCost(tx, view, STANDARD_SCRIPT_VERIFY_FLAGS);
@@ -912,7 +912,7 @@ bool AcceptToMemoryPoolWorker(CTxMemPool& pool, CValidationState& state, const C
             // SCRIPT_VERIFY_CLEANSTACK requires SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS, so we
             // need to turn both off, and compare against just turning off CLEANSTACK
             // to see if the failure is specifically due to witness validation.
-            if (tx.wit.IsNull() && CheckInputs(tx, state, view, true, scriptVerifyFlags & ~(SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS | SCRIPT_VERIFY_CLEANSTACK), true, txdata) &&
+            if (!tx.HasWitness() && CheckInputs(tx, state, view, true, scriptVerifyFlags & ~(SCRIPT_VERIFY_WITNESS | SCRIPT_VERIFY_CLEANSTACK), true, txdata) &&
                 !CheckInputs(tx, state, view, true, scriptVerifyFlags & ~SCRIPT_VERIFY_CLEANSTACK, true, txdata)) {
                 // Only the witness is missing, so the transaction itself may be fine.
                 state.SetCorruptionPossible();
@@ -1304,7 +1304,7 @@ void UpdateCoins(const CTransaction& tx, CCoinsViewCache& inputs, int nHeight)
 
 bool CScriptCheck::operator()() {
     const CScript &scriptSig = ptxTo->vin[nIn].scriptSig;
-    const CScriptWitness *witness = (nIn < ptxTo->wit.vtxinwit.size()) ? &ptxTo->wit.vtxinwit[nIn].scriptWitness : NULL;
+    const CScriptWitness *witness = &ptxTo->vin[nIn].scriptWitness;
     if (!VerifyScript(scriptSig, scriptPubKey, witness, nFlags, CachingTransactionSignatureChecker(ptxTo, nIn, amount, cacheStore, *txdata), &error)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -2846,11 +2846,10 @@ void UpdateUncommittedBlockStructures(CBlock& block, const CBlockIndex* pindexPr
 {
     int commitpos = GetWitnessCommitmentIndex(block);
     static const std::vector<unsigned char> nonce(32, 0x00);
-    if (commitpos != -1 && IsWitnessEnabled(pindexPrev, consensusParams) && block.vtx[0]->wit.IsEmpty()) {
+    if (commitpos != -1 && IsWitnessEnabled(pindexPrev, consensusParams) && !block.vtx[0]->HasWitness()) {
         CMutableTransaction tx(*block.vtx[0]);
-        tx.wit.vtxinwit.resize(1);
-        tx.wit.vtxinwit[0].scriptWitness.stack.resize(1);
-        tx.wit.vtxinwit[0].scriptWitness.stack[0] = nonce;
+        tx.vin[0].scriptWitness.stack.resize(1);
+        tx.vin[0].scriptWitness.stack[0] = nonce;
         block.vtx[0] = MakeTransactionRef(std::move(tx));
     }
 }
@@ -2958,10 +2957,10 @@ bool ContextualCheckBlock(const CBlock& block, CValidationState& state, const Co
             // The malleation check is ignored; as the transaction tree itself
             // already does not permit it, it is impossible to trigger in the
             // witness tree.
-            if (block.vtx[0]->wit.vtxinwit.size() != 1 || block.vtx[0]->wit.vtxinwit[0].scriptWitness.stack.size() != 1 || block.vtx[0]->wit.vtxinwit[0].scriptWitness.stack[0].size() != 32) {
+            if (block.vtx[0]->vin[0].scriptWitness.stack.size() != 1 || block.vtx[0]->vin[0].scriptWitness.stack[0].size() != 32) {
                 return state.DoS(100, false, REJECT_INVALID, "bad-witness-nonce-size", true, strprintf("%s : invalid witness nonce size", __func__));
             }
-            CHash256().Write(hashWitness.begin(), 32).Write(&block.vtx[0]->wit.vtxinwit[0].scriptWitness.stack[0][0], 32).Finalize(hashWitness.begin());
+            CHash256().Write(hashWitness.begin(), 32).Write(&block.vtx[0]->vin[0].scriptWitness.stack[0][0], 32).Finalize(hashWitness.begin());
             if (memcmp(hashWitness.begin(), &block.vtx[0]->vout[commitpos].scriptPubKey[6], 32)) {
                 return state.DoS(100, false, REJECT_INVALID, "bad-witness-merkle-match", true, strprintf("%s : witness merkle commitment mismatch", __func__));
             }
@@ -2972,7 +2971,7 @@ bool ContextualCheckBlock(const CBlock& block, CValidationState& state, const Co
     // No witness data is allowed in blocks that don't commit to witness data, as this would otherwise leave room for spam
     if (!fHaveWitness) {
         for (size_t i = 0; i < block.vtx.size(); i++) {
-            if (!block.vtx[i]->wit.IsNull()) {
+            if (block.vtx[i]->HasWitness()) {
                 return state.DoS(100, false, REJECT_INVALID, "unexpected-witness", true, strprintf("%s : unexpected witness data found", __func__));
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/wallet/wallet.cpp b/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
index 638fca9917..2ef4802a10 100644
--- a/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
@@ -2301,7 +2301,6 @@ bool CWallet::CreateTransaction(const vector<CRecipient>& vecSend, CWalletTx& wt
                 nChangePosInOut = nChangePosRequest;
                 txNew.vin.clear();
                 txNew.vout.clear();
-                txNew.wit.SetNull();
                 wtxNew.fFromMe = true;
                 bool fFirst = true;
 
@@ -2488,9 +2487,10 @@ bool CWallet::CreateTransaction(const vector<CRecipient>& vecSend, CWalletTx& wt
 
                 // Remove scriptSigs if we used dummy signatures for fee calculation
                 if (!sign) {
-                    BOOST_FOREACH (CTxIn& vin, txNew.vin)
+                    BOOST_FOREACH (CTxIn& vin, txNew.vin) {
                         vin.scriptSig = CScript();
-                    txNew.wit.SetNull();
+                        vin.scriptWitness.SetNull();
+                    }
                 }
 
                 // Embed the constructed transaction data in wtxNew.