Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#22337: wallet: Use bilingual_str for errors

92993aa5cf37995e65e68dfd6f129ecaf418e01c Change SignTransaction's input_errors to use bilingual_str (Andrew Chow)
171366e89b828a557f8262d9dc14ff7a03f813f7 Use bilingual_str for address fetching functions (Andrew Chow)
9571c69b51115454c6a699be9492024f7b46c2b4 Add bilingual_str::clear() (Andrew Chow)

Pull request description:

  In a couple of places in the wallet, errors are `std::string`. In order for these errors to be translated, change them to use `bilingual_str`.

ACKs for top commit:
  hebasto:
    re-ACK 92993aa5cf37995e65e68dfd6f129ecaf418e01c, only rebased since my [previous](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/22337#pullrequestreview-694542729) review, verified with
  klementtan:
    Code review ACK 92993aa5cf37995e65e68dfd6f129ecaf418e01c
  meshcollider:
    Code review ACK 92993aa5cf37995e65e68dfd6f129ecaf418e01c

Tree-SHA512: 5400e419dd87db8c49b67ed0964de2d44b58010a566ca246f2f0760ed9ef6a9b6f6df7a6adcb211b315b74c727bfe8c7d07eb5690b5922fa5828ceef4c83461f

17 files changed, 74 insertions, 60 deletions

diff --git a/src/rpc/rawtransaction_util.cpp b/src/rpc/rawtransaction_util.cpp
index 122a92f084..f21eddf56c 100644
--- a/src/rpc/rawtransaction_util.cpp
+++ b/src/rpc/rawtransaction_util.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <univalue.h>
 #include <util/rbf.h>
 #include <util/strencodings.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 
 CMutableTransaction ConstructTransaction(const UniValue& inputs_in, const UniValue& outputs_in, const UniValue& locktime, bool rbf)
 {
@@ -280,22 +281,22 @@ void SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& mtx, const SigningProvider* keystore,
     int nHashType = ParseSighashString(hashType);
 
     // Script verification errors
-    std::map<int, std::string> input_errors;
+    std::map<int, bilingual_str> input_errors;
 
     bool complete = SignTransaction(mtx, keystore, coins, nHashType, input_errors);
     SignTransactionResultToJSON(mtx, complete, coins, input_errors, result);
 }
 
-void SignTransactionResultToJSON(CMutableTransaction& mtx, bool complete, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, const std::map<int, std::string>& input_errors, UniValue& result)
+void SignTransactionResultToJSON(CMutableTransaction& mtx, bool complete, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, const std::map<int, bilingual_str>& input_errors, UniValue& result)
 {
     // Make errors UniValue
     UniValue vErrors(UniValue::VARR);
     for (const auto& err_pair : input_errors) {
-        if (err_pair.second == "Missing amount") {
+        if (err_pair.second.original == "Missing amount") {
             // This particular error needs to be an exception for some reason
             throw JSONRPCError(RPC_TYPE_ERROR, strprintf("Missing amount for %s", coins.at(mtx.vin.at(err_pair.first).prevout).out.ToString()));
         }
-        TxInErrorToJSON(mtx.vin.at(err_pair.first), vErrors, err_pair.second);
+        TxInErrorToJSON(mtx.vin.at(err_pair.first), vErrors, err_pair.second.original);
     }
 
     result.pushKV("hex", EncodeHexTx(CTransaction(mtx)));
diff --git a/src/rpc/rawtransaction_util.h b/src/rpc/rawtransaction_util.h
index ce7d5834fa..d2e116f7ee 100644
--- a/src/rpc/rawtransaction_util.h
+++ b/src/rpc/rawtransaction_util.h
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <map>
 #include <string>
 
+struct bilingual_str;
 class FillableSigningProvider;
 class UniValue;
 struct CMutableTransaction;
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ class SigningProvider;
  * @param result         JSON object where signed transaction results accumulate
  */
 void SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& mtx, const SigningProvider* keystore, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, const UniValue& hashType, UniValue& result);
-void SignTransactionResultToJSON(CMutableTransaction& mtx, bool complete, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, const std::map<int, std::string>& input_errors, UniValue& result);
+void SignTransactionResultToJSON(CMutableTransaction& mtx, bool complete, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, const std::map<int, bilingual_str>& input_errors, UniValue& result);
 
 /**
   * Parse a prevtxs UniValue array and get the map of coins from it
diff --git a/src/script/sign.cpp b/src/script/sign.cpp
index 7864e690d8..2faf7e5048 100644
--- a/src/script/sign.cpp
+++ b/src/script/sign.cpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <script/signingprovider.h>
 #include <script/standard.h>
 #include <uint256.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 #include <util/vector.h>
 
 typedef std::vector<unsigned char> valtype;
@@ -629,7 +630,7 @@ bool IsSegWitOutput(const SigningProvider& provider, const CScript& script)
     return false;
 }
 
-bool SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& mtx, const SigningProvider* keystore, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, int nHashType, std::map<int, std::string>& input_errors)
+bool SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& mtx, const SigningProvider* keystore, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, int nHashType, std::map<int, bilingual_str>& input_errors)
 {
     bool fHashSingle = ((nHashType & ~SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY) == SIGHASH_SINGLE);
 
@@ -661,7 +662,7 @@ bool SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& mtx, const SigningProvider* keystore,
         CTxIn& txin = mtx.vin[i];
         auto coin = coins.find(txin.prevout);
         if (coin == coins.end() || coin->second.IsSpent()) {
-            input_errors[i] = "Input not found or already spent";
+            input_errors[i] = _("Input not found or already spent");
             continue;
         }
         const CScript& prevPubKey = coin->second.out.scriptPubKey;
@@ -677,7 +678,7 @@ bool SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& mtx, const SigningProvider* keystore,
 
         // amount must be specified for valid segwit signature
         if (amount == MAX_MONEY && !txin.scriptWitness.IsNull()) {
-            input_errors[i] = "Missing amount";
+            input_errors[i] = _("Missing amount");
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -685,12 +686,12 @@ bool SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& mtx, const SigningProvider* keystore,
         if (!VerifyScript(txin.scriptSig, prevPubKey, &txin.scriptWitness, STANDARD_SCRIPT_VERIFY_FLAGS, TransactionSignatureChecker(&txConst, i, amount, txdata, MissingDataBehavior::FAIL), &serror)) {
             if (serror == SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION) {
                 // Unable to sign input and verification failed (possible attempt to partially sign).
-                input_errors[i] = "Unable to sign input, invalid stack size (possibly missing key)";
+                input_errors[i] = Untranslated("Unable to sign input, invalid stack size (possibly missing key)");
             } else if (serror == SCRIPT_ERR_SIG_NULLFAIL) {
                 // Verification failed (possibly due to insufficient signatures).
-                input_errors[i] = "CHECK(MULTI)SIG failing with non-zero signature (possibly need more signatures)";
+                input_errors[i] = Untranslated("CHECK(MULTI)SIG failing with non-zero signature (possibly need more signatures)");
             } else {
-                input_errors[i] = ScriptErrorString(serror);
+                input_errors[i] = Untranslated(ScriptErrorString(serror));
             }
         } else {
             // If this input succeeds, make sure there is no error set for it
diff --git a/src/script/sign.h b/src/script/sign.h
index b4e7318892..b8fcac2e3c 100644
--- a/src/script/sign.h
+++ b/src/script/sign.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ class CScript;
 class CTransaction;
 class SigningProvider;
 
+struct bilingual_str;
 struct CMutableTransaction;
 
 /** Interface for signature creators. */
@@ -178,6 +179,6 @@ bool IsSolvable(const SigningProvider& provider, const CScript& script);
 bool IsSegWitOutput(const SigningProvider& provider, const CScript& script);
 
 /** Sign the CMutableTransaction */
-bool SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& mtx, const SigningProvider* provider, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, int sighash, std::map<int, std::string>& input_errors);
+bool SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& mtx, const SigningProvider* provider, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, int sighash, std::map<int, bilingual_str>& input_errors);
 
 #endif // BITCOIN_SCRIPT_SIGN_H
diff --git a/src/test/fuzz/script_sign.cpp b/src/test/fuzz/script_sign.cpp
index fe850a6959..684324c36e 100644
--- a/src/test/fuzz/script_sign.cpp
+++ b/src/test/fuzz/script_sign.cpp
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <test/fuzz/FuzzedDataProvider.h>
 #include <test/fuzz/fuzz.h>
 #include <test/fuzz/util.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cstdint>
@@ -135,7 +136,7 @@ FUZZ_TARGET_INIT(script_sign, initialize_script_sign)
                 }
                 coins[*outpoint] = *coin;
             }
-            std::map<int, std::string> input_errors;
+            std::map<int, bilingual_str> input_errors;
             (void)SignTransaction(sign_transaction_tx_to, &provider, coins, fuzzed_data_provider.ConsumeIntegral<int>(), input_errors);
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/test/util/setup_common.cpp b/src/test/util/setup_common.cpp
index 2d044af184..ce81fc378f 100644
--- a/src/test/util/setup_common.cpp
+++ b/src/test/util/setup_common.cpp
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ CMutableTransaction TestChain100Setup::CreateValidMempoolTransaction(CTransactio
     input_coins.insert({outpoint_to_spend, utxo_to_spend});
     // - Default signature hashing type
     int nHashType = SIGHASH_ALL;
-    std::map<int, std::string> input_errors;
+    std::map<int, bilingual_str> input_errors;
     assert(SignTransaction(mempool_txn, &keystore, input_coins, nHashType, input_errors));
 
     // If submit=true, add transaction to the mempool.
diff --git a/src/test/util/wallet.cpp b/src/test/util/wallet.cpp
index fd6012e9fe..061659818f 100644
--- a/src/test/util/wallet.cpp
+++ b/src/test/util/wallet.cpp
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <outputtype.h>
 #include <script/standard.h>
 #ifdef ENABLE_WALLET
+#include <util/translation.h>
 #include <wallet/wallet.h>
 #endif
 
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ std::string getnewaddress(CWallet& w)
 {
     constexpr auto output_type = OutputType::BECH32;
     CTxDestination dest;
-    std::string error;
+    bilingual_str error;
     if (!w.GetNewDestination(output_type, "", dest, error)) assert(false);
 
     return EncodeDestination(dest);
diff --git a/src/util/translation.h b/src/util/translation.h
index 99899ef3c2..62388b568c 100644
--- a/src/util/translation.h
+++ b/src/util/translation.h
@@ -28,6 +28,12 @@ struct bilingual_str {
     {
         return original.empty();
     }
+
+    void clear()
+    {
+        original.clear();
+        translated.clear();
+    }
 };
 
 inline bilingual_str operator+(bilingual_str lhs, const bilingual_str& rhs)
diff --git a/src/wallet/interfaces.cpp b/src/wallet/interfaces.cpp
index e33adf94c9..2c891c3c1e 100644
--- a/src/wallet/interfaces.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/interfaces.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <uint256.h>
 #include <util/check.h>
 #include <util/system.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 #include <util/ui_change_type.h>
 #include <wallet/context.h>
 #include <wallet/feebumper.h>
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ public:
     bool getNewDestination(const OutputType type, const std::string label, CTxDestination& dest) override
     {
         LOCK(m_wallet->cs_wallet);
-        std::string error;
+        bilingual_str error;
         return m_wallet->GetNewDestination(type, label, dest, error);
     }
     bool getPubKey(const CScript& script, const CKeyID& address, CPubKey& pub_key) override
diff --git a/src/wallet/rpcwallet.cpp b/src/wallet/rpcwallet.cpp
index 4b32ff56f4..2e2300f887 100644
--- a/src/wallet/rpcwallet.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/rpcwallet.cpp
@@ -276,9 +276,9 @@ static RPCHelpMan getnewaddress()
     }
 
     CTxDestination dest;
-    std::string error;
+    bilingual_str error;
     if (!pwallet->GetNewDestination(output_type, label, dest, error)) {
-        throw JSONRPCError(RPC_WALLET_KEYPOOL_RAN_OUT, error);
+        throw JSONRPCError(RPC_WALLET_KEYPOOL_RAN_OUT, error.original);
     }
 
     return EncodeDestination(dest);
@@ -324,9 +324,9 @@ static RPCHelpMan getrawchangeaddress()
     }
 
     CTxDestination dest;
-    std::string error;
+    bilingual_str error;
     if (!pwallet->GetNewChangeDestination(output_type, dest, error)) {
-        throw JSONRPCError(RPC_WALLET_KEYPOOL_RAN_OUT, error);
+        throw JSONRPCError(RPC_WALLET_KEYPOOL_RAN_OUT, error.original);
     }
     return EncodeDestination(dest);
 },
@@ -3392,7 +3392,7 @@ RPCHelpMan signrawtransactionwithwallet()
     int nHashType = ParseSighashString(request.params[2]);
 
     // Script verification errors
-    std::map<int, std::string> input_errors;
+    std::map<int, bilingual_str> input_errors;
 
     bool complete = pwallet->SignTransaction(mtx, coins, nHashType, input_errors);
     UniValue result(UniValue::VOBJ);
diff --git a/src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.cpp b/src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.cpp
index 3c821e5a81..fe41f9b8cc 100644
--- a/src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.cpp
@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@
 //! Value for the first BIP 32 hardened derivation. Can be used as a bit mask and as a value. See BIP 32 for more details.
 const uint32_t BIP32_HARDENED_KEY_LIMIT = 0x80000000;
 
-bool LegacyScriptPubKeyMan::GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, CTxDestination& dest, std::string& error)
+bool LegacyScriptPubKeyMan::GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, CTxDestination& dest, bilingual_str& error)
 {
     if (LEGACY_OUTPUT_TYPES.count(type) == 0) {
-        error = _("Error: Legacy wallets only support the \"legacy\", \"p2sh-segwit\", and \"bech32\" address types").translated;
+        error = _("Error: Legacy wallets only support the \"legacy\", \"p2sh-segwit\", and \"bech32\" address types");
         return false;
     }
     assert(type != OutputType::BECH32M);
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ bool LegacyScriptPubKeyMan::GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, CTxDestinat
     // Generate a new key that is added to wallet
     CPubKey new_key;
     if (!GetKeyFromPool(new_key, type)) {
-        error = _("Error: Keypool ran out, please call keypoolrefill first").translated;
+        error = _("Error: Keypool ran out, please call keypoolrefill first");
         return false;
     }
     LearnRelatedScripts(new_key, type);
@@ -295,22 +295,22 @@ bool LegacyScriptPubKeyMan::Encrypt(const CKeyingMaterial& master_key, WalletBat
     return true;
 }
 
-bool LegacyScriptPubKeyMan::GetReservedDestination(const OutputType type, bool internal, CTxDestination& address, int64_t& index, CKeyPool& keypool, std::string& error)
+bool LegacyScriptPubKeyMan::GetReservedDestination(const OutputType type, bool internal, CTxDestination& address, int64_t& index, CKeyPool& keypool, bilingual_str& error)
 {
     if (LEGACY_OUTPUT_TYPES.count(type) == 0) {
-        error = _("Error: Legacy wallets only support the \"legacy\", \"p2sh-segwit\", and \"bech32\" address types").translated;
+        error = _("Error: Legacy wallets only support the \"legacy\", \"p2sh-segwit\", and \"bech32\" address types");
         return false;
     }
     assert(type != OutputType::BECH32M);
 
     LOCK(cs_KeyStore);
     if (!CanGetAddresses(internal)) {
-        error = _("Error: Keypool ran out, please call keypoolrefill first").translated;
+        error = _("Error: Keypool ran out, please call keypoolrefill first");
         return false;
     }
 
     if (!ReserveKeyFromKeyPool(index, keypool, internal)) {
-        error = _("Error: Keypool ran out, please call keypoolrefill first").translated;
+        error = _("Error: Keypool ran out, please call keypoolrefill first");
         return false;
     }
     address = GetDestinationForKey(keypool.vchPubKey, type);
@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ bool LegacyScriptPubKeyMan::CanProvide(const CScript& script, SignatureData& sig
     }
 }
 
-bool LegacyScriptPubKeyMan::SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, int sighash, std::map<int, std::string>& input_errors) const
+bool LegacyScriptPubKeyMan::SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, int sighash, std::map<int, bilingual_str>& input_errors) const
 {
     return ::SignTransaction(tx, this, coins, sighash, input_errors);
 }
@@ -1613,11 +1613,11 @@ std::set<CKeyID> LegacyScriptPubKeyMan::GetKeys() const
     return set_address;
 }
 
-bool DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan::GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, CTxDestination& dest, std::string& error)
+bool DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan::GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, CTxDestination& dest, bilingual_str& error)
 {
     // Returns true if this descriptor supports getting new addresses. Conditions where we may be unable to fetch them (e.g. locked) are caught later
     if (!CanGetAddresses()) {
-        error = "No addresses available";
+        error = _("No addresses available");
         return false;
     }
     {
@@ -1636,12 +1636,12 @@ bool DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan::GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, CTxDest
         std::vector<CScript> scripts_temp;
         if (m_wallet_descriptor.range_end <= m_max_cached_index && !TopUp(1)) {
             // We can't generate anymore keys
-            error = "Error: Keypool ran out, please call keypoolrefill first";
+            error = _("Error: Keypool ran out, please call keypoolrefill first");
             return false;
         }
         if (!m_wallet_descriptor.descriptor->ExpandFromCache(m_wallet_descriptor.next_index, m_wallet_descriptor.cache, scripts_temp, out_keys)) {
             // We can't generate anymore keys
-            error = "Error: Keypool ran out, please call keypoolrefill first";
+            error = _("Error: Keypool ran out, please call keypoolrefill first");
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -1721,7 +1721,7 @@ bool DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan::Encrypt(const CKeyingMaterial& master_key, Walle
     return true;
 }
 
-bool DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan::GetReservedDestination(const OutputType type, bool internal, CTxDestination& address, int64_t& index, CKeyPool& keypool, std::string& error)
+bool DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan::GetReservedDestination(const OutputType type, bool internal, CTxDestination& address, int64_t& index, CKeyPool& keypool, bilingual_str& error)
 {
     LOCK(cs_desc_man);
     bool result = GetNewDestination(type, address, error);
@@ -2046,7 +2046,7 @@ bool DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan::CanProvide(const CScript& script, SignatureData&
     return IsMine(script);
 }
 
-bool DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan::SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, int sighash, std::map<int, std::string>& input_errors) const
+bool DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan::SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, int sighash, std::map<int, bilingual_str>& input_errors) const
 {
     std::unique_ptr<FlatSigningProvider> keys = std::make_unique<FlatSigningProvider>();
     for (const auto& coin_pair : coins) {
diff --git a/src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.h b/src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.h
index 3f203d57b9..93e1886102 100644
--- a/src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.h
+++ b/src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.h
@@ -174,14 +174,14 @@ protected:
 public:
     explicit ScriptPubKeyMan(WalletStorage& storage) : m_storage(storage) {}
     virtual ~ScriptPubKeyMan() {};
-    virtual bool GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, CTxDestination& dest, std::string& error) { return false; }
+    virtual bool GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, CTxDestination& dest, bilingual_str& error) { return false; }
     virtual isminetype IsMine(const CScript& script) const { return ISMINE_NO; }
 
     //! Check that the given decryption key is valid for this ScriptPubKeyMan, i.e. it decrypts all of the keys handled by it.
     virtual bool CheckDecryptionKey(const CKeyingMaterial& master_key, bool accept_no_keys = false) { return false; }
     virtual bool Encrypt(const CKeyingMaterial& master_key, WalletBatch* batch) { return false; }
 
-    virtual bool GetReservedDestination(const OutputType type, bool internal, CTxDestination& address, int64_t& index, CKeyPool& keypool, std::string& error) { return false; }
+    virtual bool GetReservedDestination(const OutputType type, bool internal, CTxDestination& address, int64_t& index, CKeyPool& keypool, bilingual_str& error) { return false; }
     virtual void KeepDestination(int64_t index, const OutputType& type) {}
     virtual void ReturnDestination(int64_t index, bool internal, const CTxDestination& addr) {}
 
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ public:
     virtual bool CanProvide(const CScript& script, SignatureData& sigdata) { return false; }
 
     /** Creates new signatures and adds them to the transaction. Returns whether all inputs were signed */
-    virtual bool SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, int sighash, std::map<int, std::string>& input_errors) const { return false; }
+    virtual bool SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, int sighash, std::map<int, bilingual_str>& input_errors) const { return false; }
     /** Sign a message with the given script */
     virtual SigningResult SignMessage(const std::string& message, const PKHash& pkhash, std::string& str_sig) const { return SigningResult::SIGNING_FAILED; };
     /** Adds script and derivation path information to a PSBT, and optionally signs it. */
@@ -355,13 +355,13 @@ private:
 public:
     using ScriptPubKeyMan::ScriptPubKeyMan;
 
-    bool GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, CTxDestination& dest, std::string& error) override;
+    bool GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, CTxDestination& dest, bilingual_str& error) override;
     isminetype IsMine(const CScript& script) const override;
 
     bool CheckDecryptionKey(const CKeyingMaterial& master_key, bool accept_no_keys = false) override;
     bool Encrypt(const CKeyingMaterial& master_key, WalletBatch* batch) override;
 
-    bool GetReservedDestination(const OutputType type, bool internal, CTxDestination& address, int64_t& index, CKeyPool& keypool, std::string& error) override;
+    bool GetReservedDestination(const OutputType type, bool internal, CTxDestination& address, int64_t& index, CKeyPool& keypool, bilingual_str& error) override;
     void KeepDestination(int64_t index, const OutputType& type) override;
     void ReturnDestination(int64_t index, bool internal, const CTxDestination&) override;
 
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ public:
 
     bool CanProvide(const CScript& script, SignatureData& sigdata) override;
 
-    bool SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, int sighash, std::map<int, std::string>& input_errors) const override;
+    bool SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, int sighash, std::map<int, bilingual_str>& input_errors) const override;
     SigningResult SignMessage(const std::string& message, const PKHash& pkhash, std::string& str_sig) const override;
     TransactionError FillPSBT(PartiallySignedTransaction& psbt, const PrecomputedTransactionData& txdata, int sighash_type = 1 /* SIGHASH_ALL */, bool sign = true, bool bip32derivs = false, int* n_signed = nullptr) const override;
 
@@ -559,13 +559,13 @@ public:
 
     mutable RecursiveMutex cs_desc_man;
 
-    bool GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, CTxDestination& dest, std::string& error) override;
+    bool GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, CTxDestination& dest, bilingual_str& error) override;
     isminetype IsMine(const CScript& script) const override;
 
     bool CheckDecryptionKey(const CKeyingMaterial& master_key, bool accept_no_keys = false) override;
     bool Encrypt(const CKeyingMaterial& master_key, WalletBatch* batch) override;
 
-    bool GetReservedDestination(const OutputType type, bool internal, CTxDestination& address, int64_t& index, CKeyPool& keypool, std::string& error) override;
+    bool GetReservedDestination(const OutputType type, bool internal, CTxDestination& address, int64_t& index, CKeyPool& keypool, bilingual_str& error) override;
     void ReturnDestination(int64_t index, bool internal, const CTxDestination& addr) override;
 
     // Tops up the descriptor cache and m_map_script_pub_keys. The cache is stored in the wallet file
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ public:
 
     bool CanProvide(const CScript& script, SignatureData& sigdata) override;
 
-    bool SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, int sighash, std::map<int, std::string>& input_errors) const override;
+    bool SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, int sighash, std::map<int, bilingual_str>& input_errors) const override;
     SigningResult SignMessage(const std::string& message, const PKHash& pkhash, std::string& str_sig) const override;
     TransactionError FillPSBT(PartiallySignedTransaction& psbt, const PrecomputedTransactionData& txdata, int sighash_type = 1 /* SIGHASH_ALL */, bool sign = true, bool bip32derivs = false, int* n_signed = nullptr) const override;
 
diff --git a/src/wallet/spend.cpp b/src/wallet/spend.cpp
index 6a8df437ae..cd51ead539 100644
--- a/src/wallet/spend.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/spend.cpp
@@ -618,9 +618,9 @@ bool CWallet::CreateTransactionInternal(
         // Reserve a new key pair from key pool. If it fails, provide a dummy
         // destination in case we don't need change.
         CTxDestination dest;
-        std::string dest_err;
+        bilingual_str dest_err;
         if (!reservedest.GetReservedDestination(dest, true, dest_err)) {
-            error = strprintf(_("Transaction needs a change address, but we can't generate it. %s"), dest_err);
+            error = _("Transaction needs a change address, but we can't generate it.") + Untranslated(" ") + dest_err;
         }
         scriptChange = GetScriptForDestination(dest);
         // A valid destination implies a change script (and
diff --git a/src/wallet/test/coinselector_tests.cpp b/src/wallet/test/coinselector_tests.cpp
index c65ebad52f..3488ae3526 100644
--- a/src/wallet/test/coinselector_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/test/coinselector_tests.cpp
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <primitives/transaction.h>
 #include <random.h>
 #include <test/util/setup_common.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 #include <wallet/coincontrol.h>
 #include <wallet/coinselection.h>
 #include <wallet/test/wallet_test_fixture.h>
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ static void add_coin(CWallet& wallet, const CAmount& nValue, int nAge = 6*24, bo
     tx.vout[nInput].nValue = nValue;
     if (spendable) {
         CTxDestination dest;
-        std::string error;
+        bilingual_str error;
         const bool destination_ok = wallet.GetNewDestination(OutputType::BECH32, "", dest, error);
         assert(destination_ok);
         tx.vout[nInput].scriptPubKey = GetScriptForDestination(dest);
diff --git a/src/wallet/test/wallet_tests.cpp b/src/wallet/test/wallet_tests.cpp
index 75a08b6f74..c8c5215e1b 100644
--- a/src/wallet/test/wallet_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/test/wallet_tests.cpp
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ static CMutableTransaction TestSimpleSpend(const CTransaction& from, uint32_t in
     keystore.AddKey(key);
     std::map<COutPoint, Coin> coins;
     coins[mtx.vin[0].prevout].out = from.vout[index];
-    std::map<int, std::string> input_errors;
+    std::map<int, bilingual_str> input_errors;
     BOOST_CHECK(SignTransaction(mtx, &keystore, coins, SIGHASH_ALL, input_errors));
     return mtx;
 }
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(wallet_disableprivkeys, TestChain100Setup)
     wallet->SetWalletFlag(WALLET_FLAG_DISABLE_PRIVATE_KEYS);
     BOOST_CHECK(!wallet->TopUpKeyPool(1000));
     CTxDestination dest;
-    std::string error;
+    bilingual_str error;
     BOOST_CHECK(!wallet->GetNewDestination(OutputType::BECH32, "", dest, error));
 }
 
diff --git a/src/wallet/wallet.cpp b/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
index 7291f1d378..e6227048d2 100644
--- a/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
@@ -1829,11 +1829,11 @@ bool CWallet::SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& tx) const
         const CWalletTx& wtx = mi->second;
         coins[input.prevout] = Coin(wtx.tx->vout[input.prevout.n], wtx.m_confirm.block_height, wtx.IsCoinBase());
     }
-    std::map<int, std::string> input_errors;
+    std::map<int, bilingual_str> input_errors;
     return SignTransaction(tx, coins, SIGHASH_DEFAULT, input_errors);
 }
 
-bool CWallet::SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, int sighash, std::map<int, std::string>& input_errors) const
+bool CWallet::SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, int sighash, std::map<int, bilingual_str>& input_errors) const
 {
     // Try to sign with all ScriptPubKeyMans
     for (ScriptPubKeyMan* spk_man : GetAllScriptPubKeyMans()) {
@@ -2135,7 +2135,7 @@ bool CWallet::TopUpKeyPool(unsigned int kpSize)
     return res;
 }
 
-bool CWallet::GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, const std::string label, CTxDestination& dest, std::string& error)
+bool CWallet::GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, const std::string label, CTxDestination& dest, bilingual_str& error)
 {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     error.clear();
@@ -2145,7 +2145,7 @@ bool CWallet::GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, const std::string label,
         spk_man->TopUp();
         result = spk_man->GetNewDestination(type, dest, error);
     } else {
-        error = strprintf(_("Error: No %s addresses available."), FormatOutputType(type)).translated;
+        error = strprintf(_("Error: No %s addresses available."), FormatOutputType(type));
     }
     if (result) {
         SetAddressBook(dest, label, "receive");
@@ -2154,7 +2154,7 @@ bool CWallet::GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, const std::string label,
     return result;
 }
 
-bool CWallet::GetNewChangeDestination(const OutputType type, CTxDestination& dest, std::string& error)
+bool CWallet::GetNewChangeDestination(const OutputType type, CTxDestination& dest, bilingual_str& error)
 {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     error.clear();
@@ -2207,11 +2207,11 @@ std::set<CTxDestination> CWallet::GetLabelAddresses(const std::string& label) co
     return result;
 }
 
-bool ReserveDestination::GetReservedDestination(CTxDestination& dest, bool internal, std::string& error)
+bool ReserveDestination::GetReservedDestination(CTxDestination& dest, bool internal, bilingual_str& error)
 {
     m_spk_man = pwallet->GetScriptPubKeyMan(type, internal);
     if (!m_spk_man) {
-        error = strprintf(_("Error: No %s addresses available."), FormatOutputType(type)).translated;
+        error = strprintf(_("Error: No %s addresses available."), FormatOutputType(type));
         return false;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/wallet/wallet.h b/src/wallet/wallet.h
index 3997751f52..25f89e8ea4 100644
--- a/src/wallet/wallet.h
+++ b/src/wallet/wallet.h
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     //! Reserve an address
-    bool GetReservedDestination(CTxDestination& pubkey, bool internal, std::string& error);
+    bool GetReservedDestination(CTxDestination& pubkey, bool internal, bilingual_str& error);
     //! Return reserved address
     void ReturnDestination();
     //! Keep the address. Do not return it's key to the keypool when this object goes out of scope
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ public:
     /** Fetch the inputs and sign with SIGHASH_ALL. */
     bool SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& tx) const EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_wallet);
     /** Sign the tx given the input coins and sighash. */
-    bool SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, int sighash, std::map<int, std::string>& input_errors) const;
+    bool SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::map<COutPoint, Coin>& coins, int sighash, std::map<int, bilingual_str>& input_errors) const;
     SigningResult SignMessage(const std::string& message, const PKHash& pkhash, std::string& str_sig) const;
 
     /**
@@ -665,8 +665,8 @@ public:
      */
     void MarkDestinationsDirty(const std::set<CTxDestination>& destinations) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_wallet);
 
-    bool GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, const std::string label, CTxDestination& dest, std::string& error);
-    bool GetNewChangeDestination(const OutputType type, CTxDestination& dest, std::string& error);
+    bool GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, const std::string label, CTxDestination& dest, bilingual_str& error);
+    bool GetNewChangeDestination(const OutputType type, CTxDestination& dest, bilingual_str& error);
 
     isminetype IsMine(const CTxDestination& dest) const EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_wallet);
     isminetype IsMine(const CScript& script) const EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_wallet);