Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#21329: descriptor wallet: Cache last hardened xpub and use in normalized descriptors

e6cf0ed92de31a5ac35a271b0da8f0a8364d1175 wallet, rpc: listdescriptors does not need unlocked (Andrew Chow)
3280704886b60644d103a5eb310691c003a39328 Pass in DescriptorCache to ToNormalizedString (Andrew Chow)
7a26ff10c2f2e139fbc63e2f37fb33ea4efae088 Change DescriptorImpl::ToStringHelper to use an enum (Andrew Chow)
75530c93a83f3e94bcb78b6aa463c5570c1e737e Remove priv option for ToNormalizedString (Andrew Chow)
74fede3b8ba69e2cc82c617cdf406ab79df58825 wallet: Upgrade existing descriptor caches (Andrew Chow)
432ba9e5434da90d2cf680f23e8c7b7164c9f945 wallet: Store last hardened xpub cache (Andrew Chow)
d87b544b834077f102724415e0fada6ee8b2def2 descriptors: Cache last hardened xpub (Andrew Chow)
cacc3910989c4f3d7afa530dbab042461426abce Move DescriptorCache writing to WalletBatch (Andrew Chow)
0b4c8ef75cd03c8f0a8cfadb47e0fbcabe3c5e59 Refactor Cache merging and writing (Andrew Chow)
976b53b085d681645fd3a008fe382de85647e29f Revert "Cache parent xpub inside of BIP32PubkeyProvider" (Andrew Chow)

Pull request description:

  Currently fetching a normalized descriptor requires the wallet to be unlocked as it needs the private keys to derive the last hardened xpub. This is not very user friendly as normalized descriptors shouldn't require and don't involve the private keys except for derivation. We solve this problem by caching the last hardened xpub (which has to be derived at some point when generating the address pool).

  However the last hardened xpub was not already being cached. We only cached the immediate parent xpub and derived child keys. For example, with a descriptor derivation path of `/84'/0'/0'/0/*`, the parent xpub that is cached is `m/84'/0'/0'/0`, and the child keys of `m/84'/0'/0'/0/i` (note that child keys would not be cached in this case). This parent xpub is not suitable for the normalized descriptor form as we want the key at `m/84'/0'/0'`. So this PR adds another field to `DescriptorCache` to cache the last hardened xpub so that we can use them for normalized descriptors.

  Since `DescriptorCache` is changing, existing descriptor wallets need to be upgraded to use this new cache. The upgrade will occur in the background either at loading time (if the wallet is not encrypted) or at unlocking time in the same manner that `UpgradeKeyMetadata` operates. It will use a new wallet flag `WALLET_FLAG_LAST_HARDENED_XPUB_CACHED` to indicate whether the descriptor wallet has the last hardened xpub cache.

  Lastly `listdescriptors` will not require the wallet to be locked and `getaddressinfo`'s `parent_desc` will always be output (assuming the upgrade has occurred).

ACKs for top commit:
  fjahr:
    tACK e6cf0ed92de31a5ac35a271b0da8f0a8364d1175
  S3RK:
    reACK e6cf0ed
  jonatack:
    Semi ACK e6cf0ed92de31a5ac35a271b0da8f0a8364d1175 reviewed, debug-built and ran unit tests and some of the descriptor functional tests at each commit. I'm not very familiar with this code and it could be clearer to the uninitiated IMHO, so I'm not confident enough to give a full ACK. Various minor suggestions follow, most of them for readability, feel free to pick and choose.
  meshcollider:
    Code review + functional test run ACK e6cf0ed92de31a5ac35a271b0da8f0a8364d1175

Tree-SHA512: ac27aade8644525cd65bfcaf27ff32afb974085b1451faf4ff68c6671a690bd6a41d4f39a33cbf461ae0fbe85995c0a4c08dbd36171da1c1d2a1d00053ad298d

12 files changed, 268 insertions, 96 deletions

diff --git a/src/script/descriptor.cpp b/src/script/descriptor.cpp
index fdbd2d7fc7..682b55742a 100644
--- a/src/script/descriptor.cpp
+++ b/src/script/descriptor.cpp
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ public:
      *  write_cache is the cache to write keys to (if not nullptr)
      *  Caches are not exclusive but this is not tested. Currently we use them exclusively
      */
-    virtual bool GetPubKey(int pos, const SigningProvider& arg, CPubKey& key, KeyOriginInfo& info, const DescriptorCache* read_cache = nullptr, DescriptorCache* write_cache = nullptr) = 0;
+    virtual bool GetPubKey(int pos, const SigningProvider& arg, CPubKey& key, KeyOriginInfo& info, const DescriptorCache* read_cache = nullptr, DescriptorCache* write_cache = nullptr) const = 0;
 
     /** Whether this represent multiple public keys at different positions. */
     virtual bool IsRange() const = 0;
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ public:
     virtual bool ToPrivateString(const SigningProvider& arg, std::string& out) const = 0;
 
     /** Get the descriptor string form with the xpub at the last hardened derivation */
-    virtual bool ToNormalizedString(const SigningProvider& arg, std::string& out, bool priv) const = 0;
+    virtual bool ToNormalizedString(const SigningProvider& arg, std::string& out, const DescriptorCache* cache = nullptr) const = 0;
 
     /** Derive a private key, if private data is available in arg. */
     virtual bool GetPrivKey(int pos, const SigningProvider& arg, CKey& key) const = 0;
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ class OriginPubkeyProvider final : public PubkeyProvider
 
 public:
     OriginPubkeyProvider(uint32_t exp_index, KeyOriginInfo info, std::unique_ptr<PubkeyProvider> provider) : PubkeyProvider(exp_index), m_origin(std::move(info)), m_provider(std::move(provider)) {}
-    bool GetPubKey(int pos, const SigningProvider& arg, CPubKey& key, KeyOriginInfo& info, const DescriptorCache* read_cache = nullptr, DescriptorCache* write_cache = nullptr) override
+    bool GetPubKey(int pos, const SigningProvider& arg, CPubKey& key, KeyOriginInfo& info, const DescriptorCache* read_cache = nullptr, DescriptorCache* write_cache = nullptr) const override
     {
         if (!m_provider->GetPubKey(pos, arg, key, info, read_cache, write_cache)) return false;
         std::copy(std::begin(m_origin.fingerprint), std::end(m_origin.fingerprint), info.fingerprint);
@@ -216,10 +216,10 @@ public:
         ret = "[" + OriginString() + "]" + std::move(sub);
         return true;
     }
-    bool ToNormalizedString(const SigningProvider& arg, std::string& ret, bool priv) const override
+    bool ToNormalizedString(const SigningProvider& arg, std::string& ret, const DescriptorCache* cache) const override
     {
         std::string sub;
-        if (!m_provider->ToNormalizedString(arg, sub, priv)) return false;
+        if (!m_provider->ToNormalizedString(arg, sub, cache)) return false;
         // If m_provider is a BIP32PubkeyProvider, we may get a string formatted like a OriginPubkeyProvider
         // In that case, we need to strip out the leading square bracket and fingerprint from the substring,
         // and append that to our own origin string.
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class ConstPubkeyProvider final : public PubkeyProvider
 
 public:
     ConstPubkeyProvider(uint32_t exp_index, const CPubKey& pubkey, bool xonly) : PubkeyProvider(exp_index), m_pubkey(pubkey), m_xonly(xonly) {}
-    bool GetPubKey(int pos, const SigningProvider& arg, CPubKey& key, KeyOriginInfo& info, const DescriptorCache* read_cache = nullptr, DescriptorCache* write_cache = nullptr) override
+    bool GetPubKey(int pos, const SigningProvider& arg, CPubKey& key, KeyOriginInfo& info, const DescriptorCache* read_cache = nullptr, DescriptorCache* write_cache = nullptr) const override
     {
         key = m_pubkey;
         info.path.clear();
@@ -263,9 +263,8 @@ public:
         ret = EncodeSecret(key);
         return true;
     }
-    bool ToNormalizedString(const SigningProvider& arg, std::string& ret, bool priv) const override
+    bool ToNormalizedString(const SigningProvider& arg, std::string& ret, const DescriptorCache* cache) const override
     {
-        if (priv) return ToPrivateString(arg, ret);
         ret = ToString();
         return true;
     }
@@ -288,9 +287,6 @@ class BIP32PubkeyProvider final : public PubkeyProvider
     CExtPubKey m_root_extkey;
     KeyPath m_path;
     DeriveType m_derive;
-    // Cache of the parent of the final derived pubkeys.
-    // Primarily useful for situations when no read_cache is provided
-    CExtPubKey m_cached_xpub;
 
     bool GetExtKey(const SigningProvider& arg, CExtKey& ret) const
     {
@@ -305,11 +301,14 @@ class BIP32PubkeyProvider final : public PubkeyProvider
     }
 
     // Derives the last xprv
-    bool GetDerivedExtKey(const SigningProvider& arg, CExtKey& xprv) const
+    bool GetDerivedExtKey(const SigningProvider& arg, CExtKey& xprv, CExtKey& last_hardened) const
     {
         if (!GetExtKey(arg, xprv)) return false;
         for (auto entry : m_path) {
             xprv.Derive(xprv, entry);
+            if (entry >> 31) {
+                last_hardened = xprv;
+            }
         }
         return true;
     }
@@ -327,7 +326,7 @@ public:
     BIP32PubkeyProvider(uint32_t exp_index, const CExtPubKey& extkey, KeyPath path, DeriveType derive) : PubkeyProvider(exp_index), m_root_extkey(extkey), m_path(std::move(path)), m_derive(derive) {}
     bool IsRange() const override { return m_derive != DeriveType::NO; }
     size_t GetSize() const override { return 33; }
-    bool GetPubKey(int pos, const SigningProvider& arg, CPubKey& key_out, KeyOriginInfo& final_info_out, const DescriptorCache* read_cache = nullptr, DescriptorCache* write_cache = nullptr) override
+    bool GetPubKey(int pos, const SigningProvider& arg, CPubKey& key_out, KeyOriginInfo& final_info_out, const DescriptorCache* read_cache = nullptr, DescriptorCache* write_cache = nullptr) const override
     {
         // Info of parent of the to be derived pubkey
         KeyOriginInfo parent_info;
@@ -343,6 +342,7 @@ public:
         // Derive keys or fetch them from cache
         CExtPubKey final_extkey = m_root_extkey;
         CExtPubKey parent_extkey = m_root_extkey;
+        CExtPubKey last_hardened_extkey;
         bool der = true;
         if (read_cache) {
             if (!read_cache->GetCachedDerivedExtPubKey(m_expr_index, pos, final_extkey)) {
@@ -352,16 +352,17 @@ public:
                 final_extkey = parent_extkey;
                 if (m_derive == DeriveType::UNHARDENED) der = parent_extkey.Derive(final_extkey, pos);
             }
-        } else if (m_cached_xpub.pubkey.IsValid() && m_derive != DeriveType::HARDENED) {
-            parent_extkey = final_extkey = m_cached_xpub;
-            if (m_derive == DeriveType::UNHARDENED) der = parent_extkey.Derive(final_extkey, pos);
         } else if (IsHardened()) {
             CExtKey xprv;
-            if (!GetDerivedExtKey(arg, xprv)) return false;
+            CExtKey lh_xprv;
+            if (!GetDerivedExtKey(arg, xprv, lh_xprv)) return false;
             parent_extkey = xprv.Neuter();
             if (m_derive == DeriveType::UNHARDENED) der = xprv.Derive(xprv, pos);
             if (m_derive == DeriveType::HARDENED) der = xprv.Derive(xprv, pos | 0x80000000UL);
             final_extkey = xprv.Neuter();
+            if (lh_xprv.key.IsValid()) {
+                last_hardened_extkey = lh_xprv.Neuter();
+            }
         } else {
             for (auto entry : m_path) {
                 der = parent_extkey.Derive(parent_extkey, entry);
@@ -376,15 +377,14 @@ public:
         final_info_out = final_info_out_tmp;
         key_out = final_extkey.pubkey;
 
-        // We rely on the consumer to check that m_derive isn't HARDENED as above
-        // But we can't have already cached something in case we read something from the cache
-        // and parent_extkey isn't actually the parent.
-        if (!m_cached_xpub.pubkey.IsValid()) m_cached_xpub = parent_extkey;
-
         if (write_cache) {
             // Only cache parent if there is any unhardened derivation
             if (m_derive != DeriveType::HARDENED) {
                 write_cache->CacheParentExtPubKey(m_expr_index, parent_extkey);
+                // Cache last hardened xpub if we have it
+                if (last_hardened_extkey.pubkey.IsValid()) {
+                    write_cache->CacheLastHardenedExtPubKey(m_expr_index, last_hardened_extkey);
+                }
             } else if (final_info_out.path.size() > 0) {
                 write_cache->CacheDerivedExtPubKey(m_expr_index, pos, final_extkey);
             }
@@ -412,11 +412,10 @@ public:
         }
         return true;
     }
-    bool ToNormalizedString(const SigningProvider& arg, std::string& out, bool priv) const override
+    bool ToNormalizedString(const SigningProvider& arg, std::string& out, const DescriptorCache* cache) const override
     {
         // For hardened derivation type, just return the typical string, nothing to normalize
         if (m_derive == DeriveType::HARDENED) {
-            if (priv) return ToPrivateString(arg, out);
             out = ToString();
             return true;
         }
@@ -429,33 +428,42 @@ public:
         }
         // Either no derivation or all unhardened derivation
         if (i == -1) {
-            if (priv) return ToPrivateString(arg, out);
             out = ToString();
             return true;
         }
-        // Derive the xpub at the last hardened step
-        CExtKey xprv;
-        if (!GetExtKey(arg, xprv)) return false;
+        // Get the path to the last hardened stup
         KeyOriginInfo origin;
         int k = 0;
         for (; k <= i; ++k) {
-            // Derive
-            xprv.Derive(xprv, m_path.at(k));
             // Add to the path
             origin.path.push_back(m_path.at(k));
-            // First derivation element, get the fingerprint for origin
-            if (k == 0) {
-                std::copy(xprv.vchFingerprint, xprv.vchFingerprint + 4, origin.fingerprint);
-            }
         }
         // Build the remaining path
         KeyPath end_path;
         for (; k < (int)m_path.size(); ++k) {
             end_path.push_back(m_path.at(k));
         }
+        // Get the fingerprint
+        CKeyID id = m_root_extkey.pubkey.GetID();
+        std::copy(id.begin(), id.begin() + 4, origin.fingerprint);
+
+        CExtPubKey xpub;
+        CExtKey lh_xprv;
+        // If we have the cache, just get the parent xpub
+        if (cache != nullptr) {
+            cache->GetCachedLastHardenedExtPubKey(m_expr_index, xpub);
+        }
+        if (!xpub.pubkey.IsValid()) {
+            // Cache miss, or nor cache, or need privkey
+            CExtKey xprv;
+            if (!GetDerivedExtKey(arg, xprv, lh_xprv)) return false;
+            xpub = lh_xprv.Neuter();
+        }
+        assert(xpub.pubkey.IsValid());
+
         // Build the string
         std::string origin_str = HexStr(origin.fingerprint) + FormatHDKeypath(origin.path);
-        out = "[" + origin_str + "]" + (priv ? EncodeExtKey(xprv) : EncodeExtPubKey(xprv.Neuter())) + FormatHDKeypath(end_path);
+        out = "[" + origin_str + "]" + EncodeExtPubKey(xpub) + FormatHDKeypath(end_path);
         if (IsRange()) {
             out += "/*";
             assert(m_derive == DeriveType::UNHARDENED);
@@ -465,7 +473,8 @@ public:
     bool GetPrivKey(int pos, const SigningProvider& arg, CKey& key) const override
     {
         CExtKey extkey;
-        if (!GetDerivedExtKey(arg, extkey)) return false;
+        CExtKey dummy;
+        if (!GetDerivedExtKey(arg, extkey, dummy)) return false;
         if (m_derive == DeriveType::UNHARDENED) extkey.Derive(extkey, pos);
         if (m_derive == DeriveType::HARDENED) extkey.Derive(extkey, pos | 0x80000000UL);
         key = extkey.key;
@@ -508,6 +517,13 @@ public:
     DescriptorImpl(std::vector<std::unique_ptr<PubkeyProvider>> pubkeys, std::unique_ptr<DescriptorImpl> script, const std::string& name) : m_pubkey_args(std::move(pubkeys)), m_name(name), m_subdescriptor_args(Vector(std::move(script))) {}
     DescriptorImpl(std::vector<std::unique_ptr<PubkeyProvider>> pubkeys, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<DescriptorImpl>> scripts, const std::string& name) : m_pubkey_args(std::move(pubkeys)), m_name(name), m_subdescriptor_args(std::move(scripts)) {}
 
+    enum class StringType
+    {
+        PUBLIC,
+        PRIVATE,
+        NORMALIZED,
+    };
+
     bool IsSolvable() const override
     {
         for (const auto& arg : m_subdescriptor_args) {
@@ -527,19 +543,19 @@ public:
         return false;
     }
 
-    virtual bool ToStringSubScriptHelper(const SigningProvider* arg, std::string& ret, bool priv, bool normalized) const
+    virtual bool ToStringSubScriptHelper(const SigningProvider* arg, std::string& ret, const StringType type, const DescriptorCache* cache = nullptr) const
     {
         size_t pos = 0;
         for (const auto& scriptarg : m_subdescriptor_args) {
             if (pos++) ret += ",";
             std::string tmp;
-            if (!scriptarg->ToStringHelper(arg, tmp, priv, normalized)) return false;
+            if (!scriptarg->ToStringHelper(arg, tmp, type, cache)) return false;
             ret += std::move(tmp);
         }
         return true;
     }
 
-    bool ToStringHelper(const SigningProvider* arg, std::string& out, bool priv, bool normalized) const
+    bool ToStringHelper(const SigningProvider* arg, std::string& out, const StringType type, const DescriptorCache* cache = nullptr) const
     {
         std::string extra = ToStringExtra();
         size_t pos = extra.size() > 0 ? 1 : 0;
@@ -547,17 +563,21 @@ public:
         for (const auto& pubkey : m_pubkey_args) {
             if (pos++) ret += ",";
             std::string tmp;
-            if (normalized) {
-                if (!pubkey->ToNormalizedString(*arg, tmp, priv)) return false;
-            } else if (priv) {
-                if (!pubkey->ToPrivateString(*arg, tmp)) return false;
-            } else {
-                tmp = pubkey->ToString();
+            switch (type) {
+                case StringType::NORMALIZED:
+                    if (!pubkey->ToNormalizedString(*arg, tmp, cache)) return false;
+                    break;
+                case StringType::PRIVATE:
+                    if (!pubkey->ToPrivateString(*arg, tmp)) return false;
+                    break;
+                case StringType::PUBLIC:
+                    tmp = pubkey->ToString();
+                    break;
             }
             ret += std::move(tmp);
         }
         std::string subscript;
-        if (!ToStringSubScriptHelper(arg, subscript, priv, normalized)) return false;
+        if (!ToStringSubScriptHelper(arg, subscript, type, cache)) return false;
         if (pos && subscript.size()) ret += ',';
         out = std::move(ret) + std::move(subscript) + ")";
         return true;
@@ -566,20 +586,20 @@ public:
     std::string ToString() const final
     {
         std::string ret;
-        ToStringHelper(nullptr, ret, false, false);
+        ToStringHelper(nullptr, ret, StringType::PUBLIC);
         return AddChecksum(ret);
     }
 
     bool ToPrivateString(const SigningProvider& arg, std::string& out) const final
     {
-        bool ret = ToStringHelper(&arg, out, true, false);
+        bool ret = ToStringHelper(&arg, out, StringType::PRIVATE);
         out = AddChecksum(out);
         return ret;
     }
 
-    bool ToNormalizedString(const SigningProvider& arg, std::string& out, bool priv) const override final
+    bool ToNormalizedString(const SigningProvider& arg, std::string& out, const DescriptorCache* cache) const override final
     {
-        bool ret = ToStringHelper(&arg, out, priv, true);
+        bool ret = ToStringHelper(&arg, out, StringType::NORMALIZED, cache);
         out = AddChecksum(out);
         return ret;
     }
@@ -833,7 +853,7 @@ protected:
         out.tr_spenddata[output].Merge(builder.GetSpendData());
         return Vector(GetScriptForDestination(output));
     }
-    bool ToStringSubScriptHelper(const SigningProvider* arg, std::string& ret, bool priv, bool normalized) const override
+    bool ToStringSubScriptHelper(const SigningProvider* arg, std::string& ret, const StringType type, const DescriptorCache* cache = nullptr) const override
     {
         if (m_depths.empty()) return true;
         std::vector<bool> path;
@@ -844,7 +864,7 @@ protected:
                 path.push_back(false);
             }
             std::string tmp;
-            if (!m_subdescriptor_args[pos]->ToStringHelper(arg, tmp, priv, normalized)) return false;
+            if (!m_subdescriptor_args[pos]->ToStringHelper(arg, tmp, type, cache)) return false;
             ret += std::move(tmp);
             while (!path.empty() && path.back()) {
                 if (path.size() > 1) ret += '}';
@@ -1411,6 +1431,11 @@ void DescriptorCache::CacheDerivedExtPubKey(uint32_t key_exp_pos, uint32_t der_i
     xpubs[der_index] = xpub;
 }
 
+void DescriptorCache::CacheLastHardenedExtPubKey(uint32_t key_exp_pos, const CExtPubKey& xpub)
+{
+    m_last_hardened_xpubs[key_exp_pos] = xpub;
+}
+
 bool DescriptorCache::GetCachedParentExtPubKey(uint32_t key_exp_pos, CExtPubKey& xpub) const
 {
     const auto& it = m_parent_xpubs.find(key_exp_pos);
@@ -1429,6 +1454,55 @@ bool DescriptorCache::GetCachedDerivedExtPubKey(uint32_t key_exp_pos, uint32_t d
     return true;
 }
 
+bool DescriptorCache::GetCachedLastHardenedExtPubKey(uint32_t key_exp_pos, CExtPubKey& xpub) const
+{
+    const auto& it = m_last_hardened_xpubs.find(key_exp_pos);
+    if (it == m_last_hardened_xpubs.end()) return false;
+    xpub = it->second;
+    return true;
+}
+
+DescriptorCache DescriptorCache::MergeAndDiff(const DescriptorCache& other)
+{
+    DescriptorCache diff;
+    for (const auto& parent_xpub_pair : other.GetCachedParentExtPubKeys()) {
+        CExtPubKey xpub;
+        if (GetCachedParentExtPubKey(parent_xpub_pair.first, xpub)) {
+            if (xpub != parent_xpub_pair.second) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) + ": New cached parent xpub does not match already cached parent xpub");
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        CacheParentExtPubKey(parent_xpub_pair.first, parent_xpub_pair.second);
+        diff.CacheParentExtPubKey(parent_xpub_pair.first, parent_xpub_pair.second);
+    }
+    for (const auto& derived_xpub_map_pair : other.GetCachedDerivedExtPubKeys()) {
+        for (const auto& derived_xpub_pair : derived_xpub_map_pair.second) {
+            CExtPubKey xpub;
+            if (GetCachedDerivedExtPubKey(derived_xpub_map_pair.first, derived_xpub_pair.first, xpub)) {
+                if (xpub != derived_xpub_pair.second) {
+                    throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) + ": New cached derived xpub does not match already cached derived xpub");
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            CacheDerivedExtPubKey(derived_xpub_map_pair.first, derived_xpub_pair.first, derived_xpub_pair.second);
+            diff.CacheDerivedExtPubKey(derived_xpub_map_pair.first, derived_xpub_pair.first, derived_xpub_pair.second);
+        }
+    }
+    for (const auto& lh_xpub_pair : other.GetCachedLastHardenedExtPubKeys()) {
+        CExtPubKey xpub;
+        if (GetCachedLastHardenedExtPubKey(lh_xpub_pair.first, xpub)) {
+            if (xpub != lh_xpub_pair.second) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) + ": New cached last hardened xpub does not match already cached last hardened xpub");
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        CacheLastHardenedExtPubKey(lh_xpub_pair.first, lh_xpub_pair.second);
+        diff.CacheLastHardenedExtPubKey(lh_xpub_pair.first, lh_xpub_pair.second);
+    }
+    return diff;
+}
+
 const ExtPubKeyMap DescriptorCache::GetCachedParentExtPubKeys() const
 {
     return m_parent_xpubs;
@@ -1438,3 +1512,8 @@ const std::unordered_map<uint32_t, ExtPubKeyMap> DescriptorCache::GetCachedDeriv
 {
     return m_derived_xpubs;
 }
+
+const ExtPubKeyMap DescriptorCache::GetCachedLastHardenedExtPubKeys() const
+{
+    return m_last_hardened_xpubs;
+}
diff --git a/src/script/descriptor.h b/src/script/descriptor.h
index 332ae2f230..ecd7c4eea5 100644
--- a/src/script/descriptor.h
+++ b/src/script/descriptor.h
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ private:
     std::unordered_map<uint32_t, ExtPubKeyMap> m_derived_xpubs;
     /** Map key expression index -> parent xpub */
     ExtPubKeyMap m_parent_xpubs;
+    /** Map key expression index -> last hardened xpub */
+    ExtPubKeyMap m_last_hardened_xpubs;
 
 public:
     /** Cache a parent xpub
@@ -50,11 +52,30 @@ public:
      * @param[in] xpub The CExtPubKey to get from cache
      */
     bool GetCachedDerivedExtPubKey(uint32_t key_exp_pos, uint32_t der_index, CExtPubKey& xpub) const;
+    /** Cache a last hardened xpub
+     *
+     * @param[in] key_exp_pos Position of the key expression within the descriptor
+     * @param[in] xpub The CExtPubKey to cache
+     */
+    void CacheLastHardenedExtPubKey(uint32_t key_exp_pos, const CExtPubKey& xpub);
+    /** Retrieve a cached last hardened xpub
+     *
+     * @param[in] key_exp_pos Position of the key expression within the descriptor
+     * @param[in] xpub The CExtPubKey to get from cache
+     */
+    bool GetCachedLastHardenedExtPubKey(uint32_t key_exp_pos, CExtPubKey& xpub) const;
 
     /** Retrieve all cached parent xpubs */
     const ExtPubKeyMap GetCachedParentExtPubKeys() const;
     /** Retrieve all cached derived xpubs */
     const std::unordered_map<uint32_t, ExtPubKeyMap> GetCachedDerivedExtPubKeys() const;
+    /** Retrieve all cached last hardened xpubs */
+    const ExtPubKeyMap GetCachedLastHardenedExtPubKeys() const;
+
+    /** Combine another DescriptorCache into this one.
+     * Returns a cache containing the items from the other cache unknown to current cache
+     */
+    DescriptorCache MergeAndDiff(const DescriptorCache& other);
 };
 
 /** \brief Interface for parsed descriptor objects.
@@ -94,7 +115,7 @@ struct Descriptor {
     virtual bool ToPrivateString(const SigningProvider& provider, std::string& out) const = 0;
 
     /** Convert the descriptor to a normalized string. Normalized descriptors have the xpub at the last hardened step. This fails if the provided provider does not have the private keys to derive that xpub. */
-    virtual bool ToNormalizedString(const SigningProvider& provider, std::string& out, bool priv) const = 0;
+    virtual bool ToNormalizedString(const SigningProvider& provider, std::string& out, const DescriptorCache* cache = nullptr) const = 0;
 
     /** Expand a descriptor at a specified position.
      *
diff --git a/src/test/descriptor_tests.cpp b/src/test/descriptor_tests.cpp
index 36e2dac3ff..8553f80a17 100644
--- a/src/test/descriptor_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/descriptor_tests.cpp
@@ -124,14 +124,10 @@ void DoCheck(const std::string& prv, const std::string& pub, const std::string&
 
     // Check that private can produce the normalized descriptors
     std::string norm1;
-    BOOST_CHECK(parse_priv->ToNormalizedString(keys_priv, norm1, false));
+    BOOST_CHECK(parse_priv->ToNormalizedString(keys_priv, norm1));
     BOOST_CHECK(EqualDescriptor(norm1, norm_pub));
-    BOOST_CHECK(parse_pub->ToNormalizedString(keys_priv, norm1, false));
+    BOOST_CHECK(parse_pub->ToNormalizedString(keys_priv, norm1));
     BOOST_CHECK(EqualDescriptor(norm1, norm_pub));
-    BOOST_CHECK(parse_priv->ToNormalizedString(keys_priv, norm1, true));
-    BOOST_CHECK(EqualDescriptor(norm1, norm_prv));
-    BOOST_CHECK(parse_pub->ToNormalizedString(keys_priv, norm1, true));
-    BOOST_CHECK(EqualDescriptor(norm1, norm_prv));
 
     // Check whether IsRange on both returns the expected result
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(parse_pub->IsRange(), (flags & RANGE) != 0);
diff --git a/src/wallet/rpcdump.cpp b/src/wallet/rpcdump.cpp
index 35649ab02c..ead9e4cefb 100644
--- a/src/wallet/rpcdump.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/rpcdump.cpp
@@ -1787,8 +1787,6 @@ RPCHelpMan listdescriptors()
         throw JSONRPCError(RPC_WALLET_ERROR, "listdescriptors is not available for non-descriptor wallets");
     }
 
-    EnsureWalletIsUnlocked(*wallet);
-
     LOCK(wallet->cs_wallet);
 
     UniValue descriptors(UniValue::VARR);
@@ -1802,7 +1800,7 @@ RPCHelpMan listdescriptors()
         LOCK(desc_spk_man->cs_desc_man);
         const auto& wallet_descriptor = desc_spk_man->GetWalletDescriptor();
         std::string descriptor;
-        if (!desc_spk_man->GetDescriptorString(descriptor, false)) {
+        if (!desc_spk_man->GetDescriptorString(descriptor)) {
             throw JSONRPCError(RPC_WALLET_ERROR, "Can't get normalized descriptor string.");
         }
         spk.pushKV("desc", descriptor);
diff --git a/src/wallet/rpcwallet.cpp b/src/wallet/rpcwallet.cpp
index bc5d771b6e..f1d5117415 100644
--- a/src/wallet/rpcwallet.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/rpcwallet.cpp
@@ -3872,7 +3872,7 @@ RPCHelpMan getaddressinfo()
     DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan* desc_spk_man = dynamic_cast<DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan*>(pwallet->GetScriptPubKeyMan(scriptPubKey));
     if (desc_spk_man) {
         std::string desc_str;
-        if (desc_spk_man->GetDescriptorString(desc_str, false)) {
+        if (desc_spk_man->GetDescriptorString(desc_str)) {
             ret.pushKV("parent_desc", desc_str);
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.cpp b/src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.cpp
index 44c3912544..2a3880f2d1 100644
--- a/src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.cpp
@@ -1805,34 +1805,10 @@ bool DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan::TopUp(unsigned int size)
             }
             m_map_pubkeys[pubkey] = i;
         }
-        // Write the cache
-        for (const auto& parent_xpub_pair : temp_cache.GetCachedParentExtPubKeys()) {
-            CExtPubKey xpub;
-            if (m_wallet_descriptor.cache.GetCachedParentExtPubKey(parent_xpub_pair.first, xpub)) {
-                if (xpub != parent_xpub_pair.second) {
-                    throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) + ": New cached parent xpub does not match already cached parent xpub");
-                }
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (!batch.WriteDescriptorParentCache(parent_xpub_pair.second, id, parent_xpub_pair.first)) {
-                throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) + ": writing cache item failed");
-            }
-            m_wallet_descriptor.cache.CacheParentExtPubKey(parent_xpub_pair.first, parent_xpub_pair.second);
-        }
-        for (const auto& derived_xpub_map_pair : temp_cache.GetCachedDerivedExtPubKeys()) {
-            for (const auto& derived_xpub_pair : derived_xpub_map_pair.second) {
-                CExtPubKey xpub;
-                if (m_wallet_descriptor.cache.GetCachedDerivedExtPubKey(derived_xpub_map_pair.first, derived_xpub_pair.first, xpub)) {
-                    if (xpub != derived_xpub_pair.second) {
-                        throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) + ": New cached derived xpub does not match already cached derived xpub");
-                    }
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if (!batch.WriteDescriptorDerivedCache(derived_xpub_pair.second, id, derived_xpub_map_pair.first, derived_xpub_pair.first)) {
-                    throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) + ": writing cache item failed");
-                }
-                m_wallet_descriptor.cache.CacheDerivedExtPubKey(derived_xpub_map_pair.first, derived_xpub_pair.first, derived_xpub_pair.second);
-            }
+        // Merge and write the cache
+        DescriptorCache new_items = m_wallet_descriptor.cache.MergeAndDiff(temp_cache);
+        if (!batch.WriteDescriptorCacheItems(id, new_items)) {
+            throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) + ": writing cache items failed");
         }
         m_max_cached_index++;
     }
@@ -2290,15 +2266,41 @@ const std::vector<CScript> DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan::GetScriptPubKeys() const
     return script_pub_keys;
 }
 
-bool DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan::GetDescriptorString(std::string& out, bool priv) const
+bool DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan::GetDescriptorString(std::string& out) const
 {
     LOCK(cs_desc_man);
-    if (m_storage.IsLocked()) {
-        return false;
+
+    FlatSigningProvider provider;
+    provider.keys = GetKeys();
+
+    return m_wallet_descriptor.descriptor->ToNormalizedString(provider, out, &m_wallet_descriptor.cache);
+}
+
+void DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan::UpgradeDescriptorCache()
+{
+    LOCK(cs_desc_man);
+    if (m_storage.IsLocked() || m_storage.IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_LAST_HARDENED_XPUB_CACHED)) {
+        return;
     }
 
+    // Skip if we have the last hardened xpub cache
+    if (m_wallet_descriptor.cache.GetCachedLastHardenedExtPubKeys().size() > 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Expand the descriptor
     FlatSigningProvider provider;
     provider.keys = GetKeys();
+    FlatSigningProvider out_keys;
+    std::vector<CScript> scripts_temp;
+    DescriptorCache temp_cache;
+    if (!m_wallet_descriptor.descriptor->Expand(0, provider, scripts_temp, out_keys, &temp_cache)){
+        throw std::runtime_error("Unable to expand descriptor");
+    }
 
-    return m_wallet_descriptor.descriptor->ToNormalizedString(provider, out, priv);
+    // Cache the last hardened xpubs
+    DescriptorCache diff = m_wallet_descriptor.cache.MergeAndDiff(temp_cache);
+    if (!WalletBatch(m_storage.GetDatabase()).WriteDescriptorCacheItems(GetID(), diff)) {
+        throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) + ": writing cache items failed");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.h b/src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.h
index b2ca354b0a..3b78d92dff 100644
--- a/src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.h
+++ b/src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.h
@@ -630,7 +630,9 @@ public:
     const WalletDescriptor GetWalletDescriptor() const EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_desc_man);
     const std::vector<CScript> GetScriptPubKeys() const;
 
-    bool GetDescriptorString(std::string& out, bool priv) const;
+    bool GetDescriptorString(std::string& out) const;
+
+    void UpgradeDescriptorCache();
 };
 
 #endif // BITCOIN_WALLET_SCRIPTPUBKEYMAN_H
diff --git a/src/wallet/wallet.cpp b/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
index 556476767a..36807cbeeb 100644
--- a/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
@@ -374,6 +374,19 @@ void CWallet::UpgradeKeyMetadata()
     SetWalletFlag(WALLET_FLAG_KEY_ORIGIN_METADATA);
 }
 
+void CWallet::UpgradeDescriptorCache()
+{
+    if (!IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_DESCRIPTORS) || IsLocked() || IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_LAST_HARDENED_XPUB_CACHED)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for (ScriptPubKeyMan* spkm : GetAllScriptPubKeyMans()) {
+        DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan* desc_spkm = dynamic_cast<DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan*>(spkm);
+        desc_spkm->UpgradeDescriptorCache();
+    }
+    SetWalletFlag(WALLET_FLAG_LAST_HARDENED_XPUB_CACHED);
+}
+
 bool CWallet::Unlock(const SecureString& strWalletPassphrase, bool accept_no_keys)
 {
     CCrypter crypter;
@@ -390,6 +403,8 @@ bool CWallet::Unlock(const SecureString& strWalletPassphrase, bool accept_no_key
             if (Unlock(_vMasterKey, accept_no_keys)) {
                 // Now that we've unlocked, upgrade the key metadata
                 UpgradeKeyMetadata();
+                // Now that we've unlocked, upgrade the descriptor cache
+                UpgradeDescriptorCache();
                 return true;
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/wallet/wallet.h b/src/wallet/wallet.h
index 91ef79dea8..552fa85915 100644
--- a/src/wallet/wallet.h
+++ b/src/wallet/wallet.h
@@ -117,6 +117,7 @@ static constexpr uint64_t KNOWN_WALLET_FLAGS =
         WALLET_FLAG_AVOID_REUSE
     |   WALLET_FLAG_BLANK_WALLET
     |   WALLET_FLAG_KEY_ORIGIN_METADATA
+    |   WALLET_FLAG_LAST_HARDENED_XPUB_CACHED
     |   WALLET_FLAG_DISABLE_PRIVATE_KEYS
     |   WALLET_FLAG_DESCRIPTORS
     |   WALLET_FLAG_EXTERNAL_SIGNER;
@@ -128,6 +129,7 @@ static const std::map<std::string,WalletFlags> WALLET_FLAG_MAP{
     {"avoid_reuse", WALLET_FLAG_AVOID_REUSE},
     {"blank", WALLET_FLAG_BLANK_WALLET},
     {"key_origin_metadata", WALLET_FLAG_KEY_ORIGIN_METADATA},
+    {"last_hardened_xpub_cached", WALLET_FLAG_LAST_HARDENED_XPUB_CACHED},
     {"disable_private_keys", WALLET_FLAG_DISABLE_PRIVATE_KEYS},
     {"descriptor_wallet", WALLET_FLAG_DESCRIPTORS},
     {"external_signer", WALLET_FLAG_EXTERNAL_SIGNER}
@@ -476,6 +478,9 @@ public:
     //! Upgrade stored CKeyMetadata objects to store key origin info as KeyOriginInfo
     void UpgradeKeyMetadata() EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_wallet);
 
+    //! Upgrade DescriptorCaches
+    void UpgradeDescriptorCache() EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_wallet);
+
     bool LoadMinVersion(int nVersion) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_wallet) { AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet); nWalletVersion = nVersion; return true; }
 
     //! Adds a destination data tuple to the store, without saving it to disk
diff --git a/src/wallet/walletdb.cpp b/src/wallet/walletdb.cpp
index 24d5351945..748cabe290 100644
--- a/src/wallet/walletdb.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/walletdb.cpp
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ const std::string TX{"tx"};
 const std::string VERSION{"version"};
 const std::string WALLETDESCRIPTOR{"walletdescriptor"};
 const std::string WALLETDESCRIPTORCACHE{"walletdescriptorcache"};
+const std::string WALLETDESCRIPTORLHCACHE{"walletdescriptorlhcache"};
 const std::string WALLETDESCRIPTORCKEY{"walletdescriptorckey"};
 const std::string WALLETDESCRIPTORKEY{"walletdescriptorkey"};
 const std::string WATCHMETA{"watchmeta"};
@@ -248,6 +249,35 @@ bool WalletBatch::WriteDescriptorParentCache(const CExtPubKey& xpub, const uint2
     return WriteIC(std::make_pair(std::make_pair(DBKeys::WALLETDESCRIPTORCACHE, desc_id), key_exp_index), ser_xpub);
 }
 
+bool WalletBatch::WriteDescriptorLastHardenedCache(const CExtPubKey& xpub, const uint256& desc_id, uint32_t key_exp_index)
+{
+    std::vector<unsigned char> ser_xpub(BIP32_EXTKEY_SIZE);
+    xpub.Encode(ser_xpub.data());
+    return WriteIC(std::make_pair(std::make_pair(DBKeys::WALLETDESCRIPTORLHCACHE, desc_id), key_exp_index), ser_xpub);
+}
+
+bool WalletBatch::WriteDescriptorCacheItems(const uint256& desc_id, const DescriptorCache& cache)
+{
+    for (const auto& parent_xpub_pair : cache.GetCachedParentExtPubKeys()) {
+        if (!WriteDescriptorParentCache(parent_xpub_pair.second, desc_id, parent_xpub_pair.first)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    for (const auto& derived_xpub_map_pair : cache.GetCachedDerivedExtPubKeys()) {
+        for (const auto& derived_xpub_pair : derived_xpub_map_pair.second) {
+            if (!WriteDescriptorDerivedCache(derived_xpub_pair.second, desc_id, derived_xpub_map_pair.first, derived_xpub_pair.first)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for (const auto& lh_xpub_pair : cache.GetCachedLastHardenedExtPubKeys()) {
+        if (!WriteDescriptorLastHardenedCache(lh_xpub_pair.second, desc_id, lh_xpub_pair.first)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 class CWalletScanState {
 public:
     unsigned int nKeys{0};
@@ -602,6 +632,17 @@ ReadKeyValue(CWallet* pwallet, CDataStream& ssKey, CDataStream& ssValue,
             } else {
                 wss.m_descriptor_caches[desc_id].CacheDerivedExtPubKey(key_exp_index, der_index, xpub);
             }
+        } else if (strType == DBKeys::WALLETDESCRIPTORLHCACHE) {
+            uint256 desc_id;
+            uint32_t key_exp_index;
+            ssKey >> desc_id;
+            ssKey >> key_exp_index;
+
+            std::vector<unsigned char> ser_xpub(BIP32_EXTKEY_SIZE);
+            ssValue >> ser_xpub;
+            CExtPubKey xpub;
+            xpub.Decode(ser_xpub.data());
+            wss.m_descriptor_caches[desc_id].CacheLastHardenedExtPubKey(key_exp_index, xpub);
         } else if (strType == DBKeys::WALLETDESCRIPTORKEY) {
             uint256 desc_id;
             CPubKey pubkey;
@@ -843,6 +884,14 @@ DBErrors WalletBatch::LoadWallet(CWallet* pwallet)
         result = DBErrors::CORRUPT;
     }
 
+    // Upgrade all of the descriptor caches to cache the last hardened xpub
+    // This operation is not atomic, but if it fails, only new entries are added so it is backwards compatible
+    try {
+        pwallet->UpgradeDescriptorCache();
+    } catch (...) {
+        result = DBErrors::CORRUPT;
+    }
+
     // Set the inactive chain
     if (wss.m_hd_chains.size() > 0) {
         LegacyScriptPubKeyMan* legacy_spkm = pwallet->GetLegacyScriptPubKeyMan();
diff --git a/src/wallet/walletdb.h b/src/wallet/walletdb.h
index e7b2d7d780..e7c6b61891 100644
--- a/src/wallet/walletdb.h
+++ b/src/wallet/walletdb.h
@@ -246,6 +246,8 @@ public:
     bool WriteDescriptor(const uint256& desc_id, const WalletDescriptor& descriptor);
     bool WriteDescriptorDerivedCache(const CExtPubKey& xpub, const uint256& desc_id, uint32_t key_exp_index, uint32_t der_index);
     bool WriteDescriptorParentCache(const CExtPubKey& xpub, const uint256& desc_id, uint32_t key_exp_index);
+    bool WriteDescriptorLastHardenedCache(const CExtPubKey& xpub, const uint256& desc_id, uint32_t key_exp_index);
+    bool WriteDescriptorCacheItems(const uint256& desc_id, const DescriptorCache& cache);
 
     /// Write destination data key,value tuple to database
     bool WriteDestData(const std::string &address, const std::string &key, const std::string &value);
diff --git a/src/wallet/walletutil.h b/src/wallet/walletutil.h
index 0713f768c1..c75e1759bc 100644
--- a/src/wallet/walletutil.h
+++ b/src/wallet/walletutil.h
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@ enum WalletFlags : uint64_t {
     // Indicates that the metadata has already been upgraded to contain key origins
     WALLET_FLAG_KEY_ORIGIN_METADATA = (1ULL << 1),
 
+    // Indicates that the descriptor cache has been upgraded to cache last hardened xpubs
+    WALLET_FLAG_LAST_HARDENED_XPUB_CACHED = (1ULL << 2),
+
     // will enforce the rule that the wallet can't contain any private keys (only watch-only/pubkeys)
     WALLET_FLAG_DISABLE_PRIVATE_KEYS = (1ULL << 32),