Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#20457: util: Make Parse{Int,UInt}{32,64} use locale independent std::from_chars(…) (C++17) instead of locale dependent strto{l,ll,ul,ull}

4747db876154ddd828c03d9eda10ecf8b25d8dc8 util: Introduce ToIntegral<T>(const std::string&) for locale independent parsing using std::from_chars(…) (C++17) (practicalswift)

Pull request description:

  Make `Parse{Int,UInt}{32,64}` use locale independent `std::from_chars(…)` (C++17) instead of locale dependent `strto{l,ll,ul,ull}`.

  [About `std::from_chars`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/from_chars): _"Unlike other parsing functions in C++ and C libraries, `std::from_chars` is locale-independent, non-allocating, and non-throwing."_

ACKs for top commit:
  laanwj:
    Code review ACK 4747db876154ddd828c03d9eda10ecf8b25d8dc8

Tree-SHA512: 40f2cd582bc19ddcf2c498eca3379167619eff6aa047bbac2f73b8fd8ecaefe5947c66700a189f83848751f9f8c05645e83afd4a44a1679062aee5440dba880a

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