Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#24304: [kernel 0/n] Introduce `bitcoin-chainstate`

2c03cec2ff8cdbfd5da92bfb507d218e5c6435b0 ci: Build bitcoin-chainstate (Carl Dong)
095aa6ca37bf0bd5c5e221bab779978a99b2a34c build: Add example bitcoin-chainstate executable (Carl Dong)

Pull request description:

  Part of: #24303

  This PR introduces an example/demo `bitcoin-chainstate` executable using said library which can print out information about a datadir and take in new blocks on stdin.

  Please read the commit messages for more details.

  -----

  #### You may ask: WTF?! Why is `index/*.cpp`, etc. being linked in?

  This PR is meant only to capture the state of dependencies in our consensus engine as of right now. There are many things to decouple from consensus, which will be done in subsequent PRs. Listing the files out right now in `bitcoin_chainstate_SOURCES` is purely to give us a clear picture of the task at hand, it is **not** to say that these dependencies _belongs_ there in any way.

  ### TODO

  1. Clean up `bitcoin-chainstate.cpp`
     It is quite ugly, with a lot of comments I've left for myself, I should clean it up to the best of my abilities (the ugliness of our init/shutdown might be the upper bound on cleanliness here...)

ACKs for top commit:
  ajtowns:
    ACK 2c03cec2ff8cdbfd5da92bfb507d218e5c6435b0
  ryanofsky:
    Code review ACK 2c03cec2ff8cdbfd5da92bfb507d218e5c6435b0. Just rebase, comments, formatting change since last review
  MarcoFalke:
    re-ACK 2c03cec2ff8cdbfd5da92bfb507d218e5c6435b0 🏔

Tree-SHA512: 86e7fb5718caa577df8abc8288c754f4a590650d974df9d2f6476c87ed25c70f923c4db651c6963f33498fc7a3a31f6692b9a75cbc996bf4888c5dac2f34a13b

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