Add an explanation of quickly hashing onto a non-power of two range.

In Olaoluwa Osuntokun's recent protocol proposal they were using a
 mod in an inner loop.  I wanted to suggest a normative protocol
 change to use the trick we use here, but to find an explanation
 of it I had to dig up the PR on github.  After I posted about it
 several other developers commented that it was very interesting
 and they were unaware of it.

I think ideally the code should be self documenting and help
 educate other contributors about non-obvious techniques that
 we use.  So I've written a description of the technique with
 citations for future reference.

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