Merge #18468: Span improvements

26acc8dd9b512f220c1facdba2c5de7976d3c258 Add sanity check asserts to span when -DDEBUG (Pieter Wuille)
2676aeadfa0e43dcaaccc4720623cdfe0beed528 Simplify usage of Span in several places (Pieter Wuille)
ab303a16d114b1e94c6cf0e4c5db5389dfa197f6 Add Span constructors for arrays and vectors (Pieter Wuille)
bb3d38fc061d8482e68cd335a45c9cd8bb66a475 Make pointer-based Span construction safer (Pieter Wuille)
1f790a1147ad9a5fe06987d84b6cd71f91cbec4b Make Span size type unsigned (Pieter Wuille)

Pull request description:

  This improves our Span class by making it closer to the C++20 `std::span` one:
  * ~~Support conversion between compatible Spans (e.g. `Span<char>` to `Span<const char>`).~~ (done in #18591)
  * Make the size type `std::size_t` rather than `std::ptrdiff_t` (the C++20 one underwent the same change).
  * Support construction of Spans directly from arrays, `std::string`s, `std::array`s, `std::vector`s, `prevector`s, ... (for all but arrays, this only works for const containers to prevent surprises).

  And then make use of those improvements in various call sites.

  I realize the template magic used looks scary, but it's only needed to make overload resultion make the right choices. Note that the operations done on values are all extremely simple: no casts, explicit conversions, or warning-silencing constructions. That should hopefully make it simpler to review.

ACKs for top commit:
  laanwj:
    Code review ACK 26acc8dd9b512f220c1facdba2c5de7976d3c258
  promag:
    Code review ACK 26acc8dd9b512f220c1facdba2c5de7976d3c258.

Tree-SHA512: 5a5bd346a140edf782b5b3b3f04d9160c7b9e9def35159814a07780ab1dd352545b88d3cc491e0f80d161f829c49ebfb952fddc9180f1a56f1257aa51f38788a

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