Free BerkeleyEnvironment instances when not in use

Instead of adding BerkeleyEnvironment objects permanently to the g_dbenvs map,
use reference counted shared pointers and remove map entries when the last
BerkeleyEnvironment reference goes out of scope.

This change was requested by Matt Corallo <git@bluematt.me> and makes code that
sets up mock databases cleaner. The mock database environment will now go out
of scope and be reset on destruction so there is no need to call
BerkeleyEnvironment::Reset() during wallet construction to clear out prior
state.

This change does affect bitcoin behavior slightly. On startup, instead of same
wallet environments staying open throughout VerifyWallets() and OpenWallets()
calls, VerifyWallets() will open and close an environment once for each wallet,
and OpenWallets() will create its own environment(s) later.

3 files changed, 43 insertions, 33 deletions

diff --git a/src/wallet/db.cpp b/src/wallet/db.cpp
index d75e30d336..e75430dbec 100644
--- a/src/wallet/db.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/db.cpp
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ void CheckUniqueFileid(const BerkeleyEnvironment& env, const std::string& filena
 }
 
 CCriticalSection cs_db;
-std::map<std::string, BerkeleyEnvironment> g_dbenvs GUARDED_BY(cs_db); //!< Map from directory name to open db environment.
+std::map<std::string, std::weak_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment>> g_dbenvs GUARDED_BY(cs_db); //!< Map from directory name to db environment.
 } // namespace
 
 bool WalletDatabaseFileId::operator==(const WalletDatabaseFileId& rhs) const
@@ -80,19 +80,22 @@ bool IsWalletLoaded(const fs::path& wallet_path)
     LOCK(cs_db);
     auto env = g_dbenvs.find(env_directory.string());
     if (env == g_dbenvs.end()) return false;
-    return env->second.IsDatabaseLoaded(database_filename);
+    auto database = env->second.lock();
+    return database && database->IsDatabaseLoaded(database_filename);
 }
 
-BerkeleyEnvironment* GetWalletEnv(const fs::path& wallet_path, std::string& database_filename)
+std::shared_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment> GetWalletEnv(const fs::path& wallet_path, std::string& database_filename)
 {
     fs::path env_directory;
     SplitWalletPath(wallet_path, env_directory, database_filename);
     LOCK(cs_db);
-    // Note: An unused temporary BerkeleyEnvironment object may be created inside the
-    // emplace function if the key already exists. This is a little inefficient,
-    // but not a big concern since the map will be changed in the future to hold
-    // pointers instead of objects, anyway.
-    return &g_dbenvs.emplace(std::piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(env_directory.string()), std::forward_as_tuple(env_directory)).first->second;
+    auto inserted = g_dbenvs.emplace(env_directory.string(), std::weak_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment>());
+    if (inserted.second) {
+        auto env = std::make_shared<BerkeleyEnvironment>(env_directory.string());
+        inserted.first->second = env;
+        return env;
+    }
+    return inserted.first->second.lock();
 }
 
 //
@@ -137,6 +140,7 @@ BerkeleyEnvironment::BerkeleyEnvironment(const fs::path& dir_path) : strPath(dir
 
 BerkeleyEnvironment::~BerkeleyEnvironment()
 {
+    g_dbenvs.erase(strPath);
     Close();
 }
 
@@ -214,10 +218,9 @@ bool BerkeleyEnvironment::Open(bool retry)
     return true;
 }
 
-void BerkeleyEnvironment::MakeMock()
+BerkeleyEnvironment::BerkeleyEnvironment()
 {
-    if (fDbEnvInit)
-        throw std::runtime_error("BerkeleyEnvironment::MakeMock: Already initialized");
+    Reset();
 
     boost::this_thread::interruption_point();
 
@@ -266,7 +269,7 @@ BerkeleyEnvironment::VerifyResult BerkeleyEnvironment::Verify(const std::string&
 bool BerkeleyBatch::Recover(const fs::path& file_path, void *callbackDataIn, bool (*recoverKVcallback)(void* callbackData, CDataStream ssKey, CDataStream ssValue), std::string& newFilename)
 {
     std::string filename;
-    BerkeleyEnvironment* env = GetWalletEnv(file_path, filename);
+    std::shared_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment> env = GetWalletEnv(file_path, filename);
 
     // Recovery procedure:
     // move wallet file to walletfilename.timestamp.bak
@@ -335,7 +338,7 @@ bool BerkeleyBatch::Recover(const fs::path& file_path, void *callbackDataIn, boo
 bool BerkeleyBatch::VerifyEnvironment(const fs::path& file_path, std::string& errorStr)
 {
     std::string walletFile;
-    BerkeleyEnvironment* env = GetWalletEnv(file_path, walletFile);
+    std::shared_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment> env = GetWalletEnv(file_path, walletFile);
     fs::path walletDir = env->Directory();
 
     LogPrintf("Using BerkeleyDB version %s\n", DbEnv::version(0, 0, 0));
@@ -359,7 +362,7 @@ bool BerkeleyBatch::VerifyEnvironment(const fs::path& file_path, std::string& er
 bool BerkeleyBatch::VerifyDatabaseFile(const fs::path& file_path, std::string& warningStr, std::string& errorStr, BerkeleyEnvironment::recoverFunc_type recoverFunc)
 {
     std::string walletFile;
-    BerkeleyEnvironment* env = GetWalletEnv(file_path, walletFile);
+    std::shared_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment> env = GetWalletEnv(file_path, walletFile);
     fs::path walletDir = env->Directory();
 
     if (fs::exists(walletDir / walletFile))
@@ -463,7 +466,7 @@ BerkeleyBatch::BerkeleyBatch(BerkeleyDatabase& database, const char* pszMode, bo
 {
     fReadOnly = (!strchr(pszMode, '+') && !strchr(pszMode, 'w'));
     fFlushOnClose = fFlushOnCloseIn;
-    env = database.env;
+    env = database.env.get();
     if (database.IsDummy()) {
         return;
     }
@@ -520,7 +523,7 @@ BerkeleyBatch::BerkeleyBatch(BerkeleyDatabase& database, const char* pszMode, bo
             // versions of BDB have an set_lk_exclusive method for this
             // purpose, but the older version we use does not.)
             for (const auto& env : g_dbenvs) {
-                CheckUniqueFileid(env.second, strFilename, *pdb_temp, this->env->m_fileids[strFilename]);
+                CheckUniqueFileid(*env.second.lock().get(), strFilename, *pdb_temp, this->env->m_fileids[strFilename]);
             }
 
             pdb = pdb_temp.release();
@@ -621,7 +624,7 @@ bool BerkeleyBatch::Rewrite(BerkeleyDatabase& database, const char* pszSkip)
     if (database.IsDummy()) {
         return true;
     }
-    BerkeleyEnvironment *env = database.env;
+    BerkeleyEnvironment *env = database.env.get();
     const std::string& strFile = database.strFile;
     while (true) {
         {
@@ -752,7 +755,7 @@ bool BerkeleyBatch::PeriodicFlush(BerkeleyDatabase& database)
         return true;
     }
     bool ret = false;
-    BerkeleyEnvironment *env = database.env;
+    BerkeleyEnvironment *env = database.env.get();
     const std::string& strFile = database.strFile;
     TRY_LOCK(cs_db, lockDb);
     if (lockDb)
diff --git a/src/wallet/db.h b/src/wallet/db.h
index e453d441d7..88de748c7a 100644
--- a/src/wallet/db.h
+++ b/src/wallet/db.h
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ public:
     std::condition_variable_any m_db_in_use;
 
     BerkeleyEnvironment(const fs::path& env_directory);
+    BerkeleyEnvironment();
     ~BerkeleyEnvironment();
     void Reset();
 
-    void MakeMock();
     bool IsMock() const { return fMockDb; }
     bool IsInitialized() const { return fDbEnvInit; }
     bool IsDatabaseLoaded(const std::string& db_filename) const { return m_databases.find(db_filename) != m_databases.end(); }
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ public:
 bool IsWalletLoaded(const fs::path& wallet_path);
 
 /** Get BerkeleyEnvironment and database filename given a wallet path. */
-BerkeleyEnvironment* GetWalletEnv(const fs::path& wallet_path, std::string& database_filename);
+std::shared_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment> GetWalletEnv(const fs::path& wallet_path, std::string& database_filename);
 
 /** An instance of this class represents one database.
  * For BerkeleyDB this is just a (env, strFile) tuple.
@@ -117,17 +117,11 @@ public:
     }
 
     /** Create DB handle to real database */
-    BerkeleyDatabase(const fs::path& wallet_path, bool mock = false) :
-        nUpdateCounter(0), nLastSeen(0), nLastFlushed(0), nLastWalletUpdate(0)
+    BerkeleyDatabase(std::shared_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment> env, std::string filename) :
+        nUpdateCounter(0), nLastSeen(0), nLastFlushed(0), nLastWalletUpdate(0), env(std::move(env)), strFile(std::move(filename))
     {
-        env = GetWalletEnv(wallet_path, strFile);
-        auto inserted = env->m_databases.emplace(strFile, std::ref(*this));
+        auto inserted = this->env->m_databases.emplace(strFile, std::ref(*this));
         assert(inserted.second);
-        if (mock) {
-            env->Close();
-            env->Reset();
-            env->MakeMock();
-        }
     }
 
     ~BerkeleyDatabase() {
@@ -140,7 +134,8 @@ public:
     /** Return object for accessing database at specified path. */
     static std::unique_ptr<BerkeleyDatabase> Create(const fs::path& path)
     {
-        return MakeUnique<BerkeleyDatabase>(path);
+        std::string filename;
+        return MakeUnique<BerkeleyDatabase>(GetWalletEnv(path, filename), std::move(filename));
     }
 
     /** Return object for accessing dummy database with no read/write capabilities. */
@@ -152,7 +147,7 @@ public:
     /** Return object for accessing temporary in-memory database. */
     static std::unique_ptr<BerkeleyDatabase> CreateMock()
     {
-        return MakeUnique<BerkeleyDatabase>("", true /* mock */);
+        return MakeUnique<BerkeleyDatabase>(std::make_shared<BerkeleyEnvironment>(), "");
     }
 
     /** Rewrite the entire database on disk, with the exception of key pszSkip if non-zero
@@ -176,12 +171,21 @@ public:
     unsigned int nLastFlushed;
     int64_t nLastWalletUpdate;
 
+    /**
+     * Pointer to shared database environment.
+     *
+     * Normally there is only one BerkeleyDatabase object per
+     * BerkeleyEnvivonment, but in the special, backwards compatible case where
+     * multiple wallet BDB data files are loaded from the same directory, this
+     * will point to a shared instance that gets freed when the last data file
+     * is closed.
+     */
+    std::shared_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment> env;
+
     /** Database pointer. This is initialized lazily and reset during flushes, so it can be null. */
     std::unique_ptr<Db> m_db;
 
 private:
-    /** BerkeleyDB specific */
-    BerkeleyEnvironment *env;
     std::string strFile;
 
     /** Return whether this database handle is a dummy for testing.
diff --git a/src/wallet/wallet.cpp b/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
index 360d0f177c..ea4145226f 100644
--- a/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
@@ -3877,6 +3877,9 @@ bool CWallet::Verify(interfaces::Chain& chain, const WalletLocation& location, b
         return false;
     }
 
+    // Keep same database environment instance across Verify/Recover calls below.
+    std::unique_ptr<WalletDatabase> database = WalletDatabase::Create(wallet_path);
+
     try {
         if (!WalletBatch::VerifyEnvironment(wallet_path, error_string)) {
             return false;