Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#21470: BIP 350: Implement Bech32m and use it for v1+ segwit addresses (0.20 backport)

c0f85fd8503a6e6f66cb8659bd88deec92b96eec Backport invalid address tests (Pieter Wuille)
c6709867d3614809c17d38bab5ac6772460c0599 naming nits (Fabian Jahr)
1a4e88e0e885cfcb91196840a958e7c9fa09c3b5 Use Bech32m encoding for v1+ segwit addresses (Pieter Wuille)
cf18ac9665a13ea701f4410287e6ad10ae1f1c30 Add Bech32m test vectors (Pieter Wuille)
5f9537b2d9d1af80431870d77814d93f621e83cb Implement Bech32m encoding/decoding (Pieter Wuille)

Pull request description:

  Backport of #20861 for 0.20. Also includes #21471.

ACKs for top commit:
  jnewbery:
    utACK c0f85fd8503a6e6f66cb8659bd88deec92b96eec
  MarcoFalke:
    range-diff-only ACK c0f85fd850 🐔

Tree-SHA512: e87e52995cb9b555109bc500dba1e844993d881821d2001443b3de9e3ef9050ddb73deefa0c1af732418fa7355a86b875789887c9611c340713b3ad26809d58e

15 files changed, 566 insertions, 484 deletions

diff --git a/contrib/testgen/gen_key_io_test_vectors.py b/contrib/testgen/gen_key_io_test_vectors.py
index a00acb1f41..c9a12c9237 100755
--- a/contrib/testgen/gen_key_io_test_vectors.py
+++ b/contrib/testgen/gen_key_io_test_vectors.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ from itertools import islice
 from base58 import b58encode_chk, b58decode_chk, b58chars
 import random
 from binascii import b2a_hex
-from segwit_addr import bech32_encode, decode, convertbits, CHARSET
+from segwit_addr import bech32_encode, decode, convertbits, CHARSET, Encoding
 
 # key types
 PUBKEY_ADDRESS = 0
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ PRIVKEY_REGTEST = 239
 OP_0 = 0x00
 OP_1 = 0x51
 OP_2 = 0x52
+OP_3 = 0x53
 OP_16 = 0x60
 OP_DUP = 0x76
 OP_EQUAL = 0x87
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ script_prefix = (OP_HASH160, 20)
 script_suffix = (OP_EQUAL,)
 p2wpkh_prefix = (OP_0, 20)
 p2wsh_prefix = (OP_0, 32)
+p2tr_prefix = (OP_1, 32)
 
 metadata_keys = ['isPrivkey', 'chain', 'isCompressed', 'tryCaseFlip']
 # templates for valid sequences
@@ -66,29 +68,39 @@ templates = [
 ]
 # templates for valid bech32 sequences
 bech32_templates = [
-  # hrp, version, witprog_size, metadata, output_prefix
-  ('bc',    0, 20, (False, 'main',    None, True), p2wpkh_prefix),
-  ('bc',    0, 32, (False, 'main',    None, True), p2wsh_prefix),
-  ('bc',    1,  2, (False, 'main',    None, True), (OP_1, 2)),
-  ('tb',    0, 20, (False, 'test',    None, True), p2wpkh_prefix),
-  ('tb',    0, 32, (False, 'test',    None, True), p2wsh_prefix),
-  ('tb',    2, 16, (False, 'test',    None, True), (OP_2, 16)),
-  ('bcrt',  0, 20, (False, 'regtest', None, True), p2wpkh_prefix),
-  ('bcrt',  0, 32, (False, 'regtest', None, True), p2wsh_prefix),
-  ('bcrt', 16, 40, (False, 'regtest', None, True), (OP_16, 40))
+  # hrp, version, witprog_size, metadata, encoding, output_prefix
+  ('bc',    0, 20, (False, 'main',    None, True), Encoding.BECH32,  p2wpkh_prefix),
+  ('bc',    0, 32, (False, 'main',    None, True), Encoding.BECH32,  p2wsh_prefix),
+  ('bc',    1, 32, (False, 'main',    None, True), Encoding.BECH32M, p2tr_prefix),
+  ('bc',    2,  2, (False, 'main',    None, True), Encoding.BECH32M, (OP_2, 2)),
+  ('tb',    0, 20, (False, 'test',    None, True), Encoding.BECH32,  p2wpkh_prefix),
+  ('tb',    0, 32, (False, 'test',    None, True), Encoding.BECH32,  p2wsh_prefix),
+  ('tb',    1, 32, (False, 'test',    None, True), Encoding.BECH32M, p2tr_prefix),
+  ('tb',    3, 16, (False, 'test',    None, True), Encoding.BECH32M, (OP_3, 16)),
+  ('bcrt',  0, 20, (False, 'regtest', None, True), Encoding.BECH32,  p2wpkh_prefix),
+  ('bcrt',  0, 32, (False, 'regtest', None, True), Encoding.BECH32,  p2wsh_prefix),
+  ('bcrt',  1, 32, (False, 'regtest', None, True), Encoding.BECH32M, p2tr_prefix),
+  ('bcrt', 16, 40, (False, 'regtest', None, True), Encoding.BECH32M, (OP_16, 40))
 ]
 # templates for invalid bech32 sequences
 bech32_ng_templates = [
-  # hrp, version, witprog_size, invalid_bech32, invalid_checksum, invalid_char
-  ('tc',    0, 20, False, False, False),
-  ('tb',   17, 32, False, False, False),
-  ('bcrt',  3,  1, False, False, False),
-  ('bc',   15, 41, False, False, False),
-  ('tb',    0, 16, False, False, False),
-  ('bcrt',  0, 32, True,  False, False),
-  ('bc',    0, 16, True,  False, False),
-  ('tb',    0, 32, False, True,  False),
-  ('bcrt',  0, 20, False, False, True)
+  # hrp, version, witprog_size, encoding, invalid_bech32, invalid_checksum, invalid_char
+  ('tc',    0, 20, Encoding.BECH32,  False, False, False),
+  ('bt',    1, 32, Encoding.BECH32M, False, False, False),
+  ('tb',   17, 32, Encoding.BECH32M, False, False, False),
+  ('bcrt',  3,  1, Encoding.BECH32M, False, False, False),
+  ('bc',   15, 41, Encoding.BECH32M, False, False, False),
+  ('tb',    0, 16, Encoding.BECH32,  False, False, False),
+  ('bcrt',  0, 32, Encoding.BECH32,  True,  False, False),
+  ('bc',    0, 16, Encoding.BECH32,  True,  False, False),
+  ('tb',    0, 32, Encoding.BECH32,  False, True,  False),
+  ('bcrt',  0, 20, Encoding.BECH32,  False, False, True),
+  ('bc',    0, 20, Encoding.BECH32M, False, False, False),
+  ('tb',    0, 32, Encoding.BECH32M, False, False, False),
+  ('bcrt',  0, 20, Encoding.BECH32M, False, False, False),
+  ('bc',    1, 32, Encoding.BECH32,  False, False, False),
+  ('tb',    2, 16, Encoding.BECH32,  False, False, False),
+  ('bcrt', 16, 20, Encoding.BECH32,  False, False, False),
 ]
 
 def is_valid(v):
@@ -128,8 +140,9 @@ def gen_valid_bech32_vector(template):
     hrp = template[0]
     witver = template[1]
     witprog = bytearray(os.urandom(template[2]))
-    dst_prefix = bytearray(template[4])
-    rv = bech32_encode(hrp, [witver] + convertbits(witprog, 8, 5))
+    encoding = template[4]
+    dst_prefix = bytearray(template[5])
+    rv = bech32_encode(encoding, hrp, [witver] + convertbits(witprog, 8, 5))
     return rv, dst_prefix + witprog
 
 def gen_valid_vectors():
@@ -189,22 +202,23 @@ def gen_invalid_bech32_vector(template):
     hrp = template[0]
     witver = template[1]
     witprog = bytearray(os.urandom(template[2]))
+    encoding = template[3]
 
     if no_data:
-        rv = bech32_encode(hrp, [])
+        rv = bech32_encode(encoding, hrp, [])
     else:
         data = [witver] + convertbits(witprog, 8, 5)
-        if template[3] and not no_data:
+        if template[4] and not no_data:
             if template[2] % 5 in {2, 4}:
                 data[-1] |= 1
             else:
                 data.append(0)
-        rv = bech32_encode(hrp, data)
+        rv = bech32_encode(encoding, hrp, data)
 
-    if template[4]:
+    if template[5]:
         i = len(rv) - random.randrange(1, 7)
         rv = rv[:i] + random.choice(CHARSET.replace(rv[i], '')) + rv[i + 1:]
-    if template[5]:
+    if template[6]:
         i = len(hrp) + 1 + random.randrange(0, len(rv) - len(hrp) - 4)
         rv = rv[:i] + rv[i:i + 4].upper() + rv[i + 4:]
 
diff --git a/doc/bips.md b/doc/bips.md
index b96862297f..793ff29a26 100644
--- a/doc/bips.md
+++ b/doc/bips.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-BIPs that are implemented by Bitcoin Core (up-to-date up to **v0.19.0**):
+BIPs that are implemented by Bitcoin Core (up-to-date up to **v0.20.2**):
 
 * [`BIP 9`](https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0009.mediawiki): The changes allowing multiple soft-forks to be deployed in parallel have been implemented since **v0.12.1**  ([PR #7575](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/7575))
 * [`BIP 11`](https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0011.mediawiki): Multisig outputs are standard since **v0.6.0** ([PR #669](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/669)).
@@ -42,3 +42,4 @@ BIPs that are implemented by Bitcoin Core (up-to-date up to **v0.19.0**):
 * [`BIP 173`](https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0173.mediawiki): Bech32 addresses for native Segregated Witness outputs are supported as of **v0.16.0** ([PR 11167](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/11167)). Bech32 addresses are generated by default as of **v0.20.0** ([PR 16884](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/16884)).
 * [`BIP 174`](https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0174.mediawiki): RPCs to operate on Partially Signed Bitcoin Transactions (PSBT) are present as of **v0.17.0** ([PR 13557](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/13557)).
 * [`BIP 176`](https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0176.mediawiki): Bits Denomination [QT only] is supported as of **v0.16.0** ([PR 12035](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/12035)).
+* [`BIP 350`](https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0350.mediawiki): Addresses for native v1+ segregated Witness outputs use Bech32m instead of Bech32 as of **v0.20.2** ([PR 20861](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/20861)).
diff --git a/doc/release-notes-20861.md b/doc/release-notes-20861.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..66c92699c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/release-notes-20861.md
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Updated RPCs
+------------
+
+- Due to [BIP 350](https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0350.mediawiki)
+  being implemented, behavior for all RPCs that accept addresses is changed when
+  a native witness version 1 (or higher) is passed. These now require a Bech32m
+  encoding instead of a Bech32 one, and Bech32m encoding will be used for such
+  addresses in RPC output as well. No version 1 addresses should be created
+  for mainnet until consensus rules are adopted that give them meaning
+  (e.g. through [BIP 341](https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0341.mediawiki)).
+  Once that happens, Bech32m is expected to be used for them, so this shouldn't
+  affect any production systems, but may be observed on other networks.
diff --git a/src/bech32.cpp b/src/bech32.cpp
index 1e0471f110..288b14e023 100644
--- a/src/bech32.cpp
+++ b/src/bech32.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2017 Pieter Wuille
+// Copyright (c) 2017, 2021 Pieter Wuille
 // Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
 // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
 
@@ -7,15 +7,18 @@
 
 #include <assert.h>
 
+namespace bech32
+{
+
 namespace
 {
 
 typedef std::vector<uint8_t> data;
 
-/** The Bech32 character set for encoding. */
+/** The Bech32 and Bech32m character set for encoding. */
 const char* CHARSET = "qpzry9x8gf2tvdw0s3jn54khce6mua7l";
 
-/** The Bech32 character set for decoding. */
+/** The Bech32 and Bech32m character set for decoding. */
 const int8_t CHARSET_REV[128] = {
     -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
     -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
@@ -27,6 +30,12 @@ const int8_t CHARSET_REV[128] = {
      1,  0,  3, 16, 11, 28, 12, 14,  6,  4,  2, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1
 };
 
+/* Determine the final constant to use for the specified encoding. */
+uint32_t EncodingConstant(Encoding encoding) {
+    assert(encoding == Encoding::BECH32 || encoding == Encoding::BECH32M);
+    return encoding == Encoding::BECH32 ? 1 : 0x2bc830a3;
+}
+
 /** This function will compute what 6 5-bit values to XOR into the last 6 input values, in order to
  *  make the checksum 0. These 6 values are packed together in a single 30-bit integer. The higher
  *  bits correspond to earlier values. */
@@ -111,21 +120,24 @@ data ExpandHRP(const std::string& hrp)
 }
 
 /** Verify a checksum. */
-bool VerifyChecksum(const std::string& hrp, const data& values)
+Encoding VerifyChecksum(const std::string& hrp, const data& values)
 {
     // PolyMod computes what value to xor into the final values to make the checksum 0. However,
     // if we required that the checksum was 0, it would be the case that appending a 0 to a valid
     // list of values would result in a new valid list. For that reason, Bech32 requires the
-    // resulting checksum to be 1 instead.
-    return PolyMod(Cat(ExpandHRP(hrp), values)) == 1;
+    // resulting checksum to be 1 instead. In Bech32m, this constant was amended.
+    const uint32_t check = PolyMod(Cat(ExpandHRP(hrp), values));
+    if (check == EncodingConstant(Encoding::BECH32)) return Encoding::BECH32;
+    if (check == EncodingConstant(Encoding::BECH32M)) return Encoding::BECH32M;
+    return Encoding::INVALID;
 }
 
 /** Create a checksum. */
-data CreateChecksum(const std::string& hrp, const data& values)
+data CreateChecksum(Encoding encoding, const std::string& hrp, const data& values)
 {
     data enc = Cat(ExpandHRP(hrp), values);
     enc.resize(enc.size() + 6); // Append 6 zeroes
-    uint32_t mod = PolyMod(enc) ^ 1; // Determine what to XOR into those 6 zeroes.
+    uint32_t mod = PolyMod(enc) ^ EncodingConstant(encoding); // Determine what to XOR into those 6 zeroes.
     data ret(6);
     for (size_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
         // Convert the 5-bit groups in mod to checksum values.
@@ -136,16 +148,13 @@ data CreateChecksum(const std::string& hrp, const data& values)
 
 } // namespace
 
-namespace bech32
-{
-
-/** Encode a Bech32 string. */
-std::string Encode(const std::string& hrp, const data& values) {
-    // First ensure that the HRP is all lowercase. BIP-173 requires an encoder
-    // to return a lowercase Bech32 string, but if given an uppercase HRP, the
+/** Encode a Bech32 or Bech32m string. */
+std::string Encode(Encoding encoding, const std::string& hrp, const data& values) {
+    // First ensure that the HRP is all lowercase. BIP-173 and BIP350 require an encoder
+    // to return a lowercase Bech32/Bech32m string, but if given an uppercase HRP, the
     // result will always be invalid.
     for (const char& c : hrp) assert(c < 'A' || c > 'Z');
-    data checksum = CreateChecksum(hrp, values);
+    data checksum = CreateChecksum(encoding, hrp, values);
     data combined = Cat(values, checksum);
     std::string ret = hrp + '1';
     ret.reserve(ret.size() + combined.size());
@@ -155,8 +164,8 @@ std::string Encode(const std::string& hrp, const data& values) {
     return ret;
 }
 
-/** Decode a Bech32 string. */
-std::pair<std::string, data> Decode(const std::string& str) {
+/** Decode a Bech32 or Bech32m string. */
+DecodeResult Decode(const std::string& str) {
     bool lower = false, upper = false;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < str.size(); ++i) {
         unsigned char c = str[i];
@@ -183,10 +192,9 @@ std::pair<std::string, data> Decode(const std::string& str) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < pos; ++i) {
         hrp += LowerCase(str[i]);
     }
-    if (!VerifyChecksum(hrp, values)) {
-        return {};
-    }
-    return {hrp, data(values.begin(), values.end() - 6)};
+    Encoding result = VerifyChecksum(hrp, values);
+    if (result == Encoding::INVALID) return {};
+    return {result, std::move(hrp), data(values.begin(), values.end() - 6)};
 }
 
 } // namespace bech32
diff --git a/src/bech32.h b/src/bech32.h
index fb39cd352b..e9450ccc2b 100644
--- a/src/bech32.h
+++ b/src/bech32.h
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2017 Pieter Wuille
+// Copyright (c) 2017, 2021 Pieter Wuille
 // Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
 // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
 
-// Bech32 is a string encoding format used in newer address types.
-// The output consists of a human-readable part (alphanumeric), a
-// separator character (1), and a base32 data section, the last
-// 6 characters of which are a checksum.
+// Bech32 and Bech32m are string encoding formats used in newer
+// address types. The outputs consist of a human-readable part
+// (alphanumeric), a separator character (1), and a base32 data
+// section, the last 6 characters of which are a checksum. The
+// module is namespaced under bech32 for historical reasons.
 //
-// For more information, see BIP 173.
+// For more information, see BIP 173 and BIP 350.
 
 #ifndef BITCOIN_BECH32_H
 #define BITCOIN_BECH32_H
@@ -19,11 +20,29 @@
 namespace bech32
 {
 
-/** Encode a Bech32 string. If hrp contains uppercase characters, this will cause an assertion error. */
-std::string Encode(const std::string& hrp, const std::vector<uint8_t>& values);
+enum class Encoding {
+    INVALID, //!< Failed decoding
 
-/** Decode a Bech32 string. Returns (hrp, data). Empty hrp means failure. */
-std::pair<std::string, std::vector<uint8_t>> Decode(const std::string& str);
+    BECH32,  //!< Bech32 encoding as defined in BIP173
+    BECH32M, //!< Bech32m encoding as defined in BIP350
+};
+
+/** Encode a Bech32 or Bech32m string. If hrp contains uppercase characters, this will cause an
+ *  assertion error. Encoding must be one of BECH32 or BECH32M. */
+std::string Encode(Encoding encoding, const std::string& hrp, const std::vector<uint8_t>& values);
+
+struct DecodeResult
+{
+    Encoding encoding;         //!< What encoding was detected in the result; Encoding::INVALID if failed.
+    std::string hrp;           //!< The human readable part
+    std::vector<uint8_t> data; //!< The payload (excluding checksum)
+
+    DecodeResult() : encoding(Encoding::INVALID) {}
+    DecodeResult(Encoding enc, std::string&& h, std::vector<uint8_t>&& d) : encoding(enc), hrp(std::move(h)), data(std::move(d)) {}
+};
+
+/** Decode a Bech32 or Bech32m string. */
+DecodeResult Decode(const std::string& str);
 
 } // namespace bech32
 
diff --git a/src/bench/bech32.cpp b/src/bench/bech32.cpp
index f2fc3999fe..88a5fd9055 100644
--- a/src/bench/bech32.cpp
+++ b/src/bench/bech32.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ static void Bech32Encode(benchmark::State& state)
     tmp.reserve(1 + 32 * 8 / 5);
     ConvertBits<8, 5, true>([&](unsigned char c) { tmp.push_back(c); }, v.begin(), v.end());
     while (state.KeepRunning()) {
-        bech32::Encode("bc", tmp);
+        bech32::Encode(bech32::Encoding::BECH32, "bc", tmp);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/key_io.cpp b/src/key_io.cpp
index d2f5be93f5..0cb4d0bf7c 100644
--- a/src/key_io.cpp
+++ b/src/key_io.cpp
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ public:
         std::vector<unsigned char> data = {0};
         data.reserve(33);
         ConvertBits<8, 5, true>([&](unsigned char c) { data.push_back(c); }, id.begin(), id.end());
-        return bech32::Encode(m_params.Bech32HRP(), data);
+        return bech32::Encode(bech32::Encoding::BECH32, m_params.Bech32HRP(), data);
     }
 
     std::string operator()(const WitnessV0ScriptHash& id) const
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ public:
         std::vector<unsigned char> data = {0};
         data.reserve(53);
         ConvertBits<8, 5, true>([&](unsigned char c) { data.push_back(c); }, id.begin(), id.end());
-        return bech32::Encode(m_params.Bech32HRP(), data);
+        return bech32::Encode(bech32::Encoding::BECH32, m_params.Bech32HRP(), data);
     }
 
     std::string operator()(const WitnessUnknown& id) const
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public:
         std::vector<unsigned char> data = {(unsigned char)id.version};
         data.reserve(1 + (id.length * 8 + 4) / 5);
         ConvertBits<8, 5, true>([&](unsigned char c) { data.push_back(c); }, id.program, id.program + id.length);
-        return bech32::Encode(m_params.Bech32HRP(), data);
+        return bech32::Encode(bech32::Encoding::BECH32M, m_params.Bech32HRP(), data);
     }
 
     std::string operator()(const CNoDestination& no) const { return {}; }
@@ -91,13 +91,19 @@ CTxDestination DecodeDestination(const std::string& str, const CChainParams& par
         }
     }
     data.clear();
-    auto bech = bech32::Decode(str);
-    if (bech.second.size() > 0 && bech.first == params.Bech32HRP()) {
+    const auto dec = bech32::Decode(str);
+    if ((dec.encoding == bech32::Encoding::BECH32 || dec.encoding == bech32::Encoding::BECH32M) && dec.data.size() > 0 && dec.hrp == params.Bech32HRP()) {
         // Bech32 decoding
-        int version = bech.second[0]; // The first 5 bit symbol is the witness version (0-16)
+        int version = dec.data[0]; // The first 5 bit symbol is the witness version (0-16)
+        if (version == 0 && dec.encoding != bech32::Encoding::BECH32) {
+            return CNoDestination();
+        }
+        if (version != 0 && dec.encoding != bech32::Encoding::BECH32M) {
+            return CNoDestination();
+        }
         // The rest of the symbols are converted witness program bytes.
-        data.reserve(((bech.second.size() - 1) * 5) / 8);
-        if (ConvertBits<5, 8, false>([&](unsigned char c) { data.push_back(c); }, bech.second.begin() + 1, bech.second.end())) {
+        data.reserve(((dec.data.size() - 1) * 5) / 8);
+        if (ConvertBits<5, 8, false>([&](unsigned char c) { data.push_back(c); }, dec.data.begin() + 1, dec.data.end())) {
             if (version == 0) {
                 {
                     WitnessV0KeyHash keyid;
diff --git a/src/test/bech32_tests.cpp b/src/test/bech32_tests.cpp
index a2098f4f56..2651e46430 100644
--- a/src/test/bech32_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/bech32_tests.cpp
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_SUITE(bech32_tests, BasicTestingSetup)
 
-BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bip173_testvectors_valid)
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bech32_testvectors_valid)
 {
     static const std::string CASES[] = {
         "A12UEL5L",
@@ -22,15 +22,35 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bip173_testvectors_valid)
         "?1ezyfcl",
     };
     for (const std::string& str : CASES) {
-        auto ret = bech32::Decode(str);
-        BOOST_CHECK(!ret.first.empty());
-        std::string recode = bech32::Encode(ret.first, ret.second);
+        const auto dec = bech32::Decode(str);
+        BOOST_CHECK(dec.encoding == bech32::Encoding::BECH32);
+        std::string recode = bech32::Encode(bech32::Encoding::BECH32, dec.hrp, dec.data);
         BOOST_CHECK(!recode.empty());
         BOOST_CHECK(CaseInsensitiveEqual(str, recode));
     }
 }
 
-BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bip173_testvectors_invalid)
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bech32m_testvectors_valid)
+{
+    static const std::string CASES[] = {
+        "A1LQFN3A",
+        "a1lqfn3a",
+        "an83characterlonghumanreadablepartthatcontainsthetheexcludedcharactersbioandnumber11sg7hg6",
+        "abcdef1l7aum6echk45nj3s0wdvt2fg8x9yrzpqzd3ryx",
+        "11llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllludsr8",
+        "split1checkupstagehandshakeupstreamerranterredcaperredlc445v",
+        "?1v759aa"
+    };
+    for (const std::string& str : CASES) {
+        const auto dec = bech32::Decode(str);
+        BOOST_CHECK(dec.encoding == bech32::Encoding::BECH32M);
+        std::string recode = bech32::Encode(bech32::Encoding::BECH32M, dec.hrp, dec.data);
+        BOOST_CHECK(!recode.empty());
+        BOOST_CHECK(CaseInsensitiveEqual(str, recode));
+    }
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bech32_testvectors_invalid)
 {
     static const std::string CASES[] = {
         " 1nwldj5",
@@ -49,8 +69,32 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bip173_testvectors_invalid)
         "A12uEL5L",
     };
     for (const std::string& str : CASES) {
-        auto ret = bech32::Decode(str);
-        BOOST_CHECK(ret.first.empty());
+        const auto dec = bech32::Decode(str);
+        BOOST_CHECK(dec.encoding == bech32::Encoding::INVALID);
+    }
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bech32m_testvectors_invalid)
+{
+    static const std::string CASES[] = {
+        " 1xj0phk",
+        "\x7f""1g6xzxy",
+        "\x80""1vctc34",
+        "an84characterslonghumanreadablepartthatcontainsthetheexcludedcharactersbioandnumber11d6pts4",
+        "qyrz8wqd2c9m",
+        "1qyrz8wqd2c9m",
+        "y1b0jsk6g",
+        "lt1igcx5c0",
+        "in1muywd",
+        "mm1crxm3i",
+        "au1s5cgom",
+        "M1VUXWEZ",
+        "16plkw9",
+        "1p2gdwpf"
+    };
+    for (const std::string& str : CASES) {
+        const auto dec = bech32::Decode(str);
+        BOOST_CHECK(dec.encoding == bech32::Encoding::INVALID);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/test/data/key_io_invalid.json b/src/test/data/key_io_invalid.json
index 9b52943ac6..376fa1ccdc 100644
--- a/src/test/data/key_io_invalid.json
+++ b/src/test/data/key_io_invalid.json
@@ -6,177 +6,147 @@
         "x"
     ],
     [
-        "37qgekLpCCHrQuSjvX3fs496FWTGsHFHizjJAs6NPcR47aefnnCWECAhHV6E3g4YN7u7Yuwod5Y"
+        "1KyjgD9vFKmFSysJPUqQdXT8Yy5r82D6y74dfsg1ANTteuHJuP2q1aP1WgGX3oetFRtatKVXxPU"
     ],
     [
-        "dzb7VV1Ui55BARxv7ATxAtCUeJsANKovDGWFVgpTbhq9gvPqP3yv"
+        "2CwgfUPJ6BCa16PuFjKeMzLJJUpqnXm9mCtoXVGiGN7s9dNCKfCN5SdT7cu4nMY5omWHPrQLAqYL"
     ],
     [
-        "MuNu7ZAEDFiHthiunm7dPjwKqrVNCM3mAz6rP9zFveQu14YA8CxExSJTHcVP9DErn6u84E6Ej7S"
+        "grEx1jdq4kpgsvorxP5PRyjgbXpvAVpaL5HEcqpDmF6ZpwuqRbzHX64GZ9eUwoSTvmbQb9fnqnh"
     ],
     [
-        "rPpQpYknyNQ5AEHuY6H8ijJJrYc2nDKKk9jjmKEXsWzyAQcFGpDLU2Zvsmoi8JLR7hAwoy3RQWf"
+        "7RSWWNt7pyiZkNnLTuocsLMM6e3c7Mvvq8phtaBVyhuceG37y9r"
     ],
     [
-        "4Uc3FmN6NQ6zLBK5QQBXRBUREaaHwCZYsGCueHauuDmJpZKn6jkEskMB2Zi2CNgtb5r6epWEFfUJq"
+        "7VXvPTB9ZdTRUS2W1KpcykSA1XHaVrfUGhKvWQXQLMVUNefmaLkF9DFC4fZJ5aMCxmj4HRQcLFGix"
     ],
     [
-        "7aQgR5DFQ25vyXmqZAWmnVCjL3PkBcdVkBUpjrjMTcghHx3E8wb"
+        "91bBALqY4D1Mmz4vqnCwdGSB4U1sqnZPrKZ8aHENoT5irq6bB9Nc"
     ],
     [
-        "17QpPprjeg69fW1DV8DcYYCKvWjYhXvWkov6MJ1iTTvMFj6weAqW7wybZeH57WTNxXVCRH4veVs"
+        "tc19jm4rn"
     ],
     [
-        "KxuACDviz8Xvpn1xAh9MfopySZNuyajYMZWz16Dv2mHHryznWUp3"
+        "bt1py306q853jeddsuaasstjxjz6l9uehmx8kgpe94lvvwj85rah56asxg35e3"
     ],
     [
-        "7nK3GSmqdXJQtdohvGfJ7KsSmn3TmGqExug49583bDAL91pVSGq5xS9SHoAYL3Wv3ijKTit65th"
+        "tb13u87aul665v37upwmu9a4nh82rj9cv94x5tps52e39e6k56t2ryzqv9mkxa"
     ],
     [
-        "cTivdBmq7bay3RFGEBBuNfMh2P1pDCgRYN2Wbxmgwr4ki3jNUL2va"
+        "bcrt1rkqk977nr"
     ],
     [
-        "gjMV4vjNjyMrna4fsAr8bWxAbwtmMUBXJS3zL4NJt5qjozpbQLmAfK1uA3CquSqsZQMpoD1g2nk"
+        "bc10v6wh2rtujsn9hnsyfzzsd9y3rx9n8xhue0agk7c8q9tv3lga7css5jku9rstle93e5fhc8dl"
     ],
     [
-        "emXm1naBMoVzPjbk7xpeTVMFy4oDEe25UmoyGgKEB1gGWsK8kRGs"
+        "tb1q9quwy0k48ne8ppmr7p0jhj6hks7smd7l"
     ],
     [
-        "7VThQnNRj1o3Zyvc7XHPRrjDf8j2oivPTeDXnRPYWeYGE4pXeRJDZgf28ppti5hsHWXS2GSobdqyo"
+        "bcrt1q5l6rmlw2et02krnfgl9uuxp8q30dktcjvuzsw7gyk2ykkkm2td0prkw9de"
     ],
     [
-        "1G9u6oCVCPh2o8m3t55ACiYvG1y5BHewUkDSdiQarDcYXXhFHYdzMdYfUAhfxn5vNZBwpgUNpso"
+        "bc1q5ezcdrt4qqmkcqz8n50hgww88gqzfx4m6"
     ],
     [
-        "31QQ7ZMLkScDiB4VyZjuptr7AEc9j1SjstF7pRoLhHTGkW4Q2y9XELobQmhhWxeRvqcukGd1XCq"
+        "tb1q5gcna4un84qevljj3wk6rvm97f8f00gwtcu7v258cvn880wkf7gqesasqn"
     ],
     [
-        "DHqKSnpxa8ZdQyH8keAhvLTrfkyBMQxqngcQA5N8LQ9KVt25kmGN"
+        "bcrt1qtevjqsc85md7pa0CQEnpvdx977juj30usufphy"
     ],
     [
-        "2LUHcJPbwLCy9GLH1qXmfmAwvadWw4bp4PCpDfduLqV17s6iDcy1imUwhQJhAoNoN1XNmweiJP4i"
+        "bc1qret0yy8cmhsh6vw87lxtzt7w0sk4026l5qrvy7"
     ],
     [
-        "7USRzBXAnmck8fX9HmW7RAb4qt92VFX6soCnts9s74wxm4gguVhtG5of8fZGbNPJA83irHVY6bCos"
+        "tb1qnw0xfgkucr4ysapsj8gd0u40fpj05n8cn24unkql8mc4ckkcp0mqc7acjd"
     ],
     [
-        "1DGezo7BfVebZxAbNT3XGujdeHyNNBF3vnficYoTSp4PfK2QaML9bHzAMxke3wdKdHYWmsMTJVu"
+        "bcrt1qu26l525vmxfv59gxm2r0c8alnkpzmat2mga2qw"
     ],
     [
-        "2D12DqDZKwCxxkzs1ZATJWvgJGhQ4cFi3WrizQ5zLAyhN5HxuAJ1yMYaJp8GuYsTLLxTAz6otCfb"
+        "bc1prjkeqgknynar5tj6v76yn3u27rep8jf366kmhglq898yn3aczk9ss73nrl"
     ],
     [
-        "8AFJzuTujXjw1Z6M3fWhQ1ujDW7zsV4ePeVjVo7D1egERqSW9nZ"
+        "tb1zq0vsl9pta9uwh2txtrmxyedjtqcfkqt5"
     ],
     [
-        "163Q17qLbTCue8YY3AvjpUhotuaodLm2uqMhpYirsKjVqnxJRWTEoywMVY3NbBAHuhAJ2cF9GAZ"
+        "bcrt1suvw5wa9elxy3a43ctljjn8avcmqpzwz5m4tycs"
     ],
     [
-        "2MnmgiRH4eGLyLc9eAqStzk7dFgBjFtUCtu"
+        "gf7t7z22jkuKcEjc8gELEYau3NzgGFLtLNEdMpJKcVt6z7mmvEJHH37y36MNGSmriFaPAbGghdh"
     ],
     [
-        "461QQ2sYWxU7H2PV4oBwJGNch8XVTYYbZxU"
+        "mn9CPaeodb6L1CtJu1KaLtJhDbYL55Hxwe"
     ],
     [
-        "2UCtv53VttmQYkVU4VMtXB31REvQg4ABzs41AEKZ8UcB7DAfVzdkV9JDErwGwyj5AUHLkmgZeobs"
+        "cTSecEa3nqxF4mgYkGrxRKeWLpXWng6nUgL4sVeAhrNbtdf1z8hz1VFesD492QWZ4JprpRW1Drr"
     ],
     [
-        "cSNjAsnhgtiFMi6MtfvgscMB2Cbhn2v1FUYfviJ1CdjfidvmeW6mn"
+        "4UjQEEvAT4Y9a3mtLFjzhcVBBKz8NiqAMfGhMwaSKgMqatpGT3qWzKY2f9HedshfSaAa439Vn3yNc"
     ],
     [
-        "gmsow2Y6EWAFDFE1CE4Hd3Tpu2BvfmBfG1SXsuRARbnt1WjkZnFh1qGTiptWWbjsq2Q6qvpgJVj"
+        "5ip19k2UhwhpHMK8ym6ZGnLA8J9JvHzv418AwohCMf3WrCfwLhG"
     ],
     [
-        "nksUKSkzS76v8EsSgozXGMoQFiCoCHzCVajFKAXqzK5on9ZJYVHMD5CKwgmX3S3c7M1U3xabUny"
+        "tc1qe7avhvpmn9le76kxlcvwl69ldm0n66gefjetyn"
     ],
     [
-        "L3favK1UzFGgdzYBF2oBT5tbayCo4vtVBLJhg2iYuMeePxWG8SQc"
+        "bt1pz4l3ja200jyyhtaxvz4ffm3t33ares72745gwjspttzdllvmte5qs0kd5q"
     ],
     [
-        "7VxLxGGtYT6N99GdEfi6xz56xdQ8nP2dG1CavuXx7Rf2PrvNMTBNevjkfgs9JmkcGm6EXpj8ipyPZ"
+        "tb13wthrv4wkvpxl57d0plyfqjxvzu9qmdzg7eldaeut2hmcpp02mw2q3ep6tw"
     ],
     [
-        "2mbZwFXF6cxShaCo2czTRB62WTx9LxhTtpP"
+        "bcrt1rqg9chz23"
     ],
     [
-        "dB7cwYdcPSgiyAwKWL3JwCVwSk6epU2txw"
+        "BC102A2J0QF2MX8926EQ3WZGDC45PXL4QN267673J7P7JMJ6VD0RDTAWVQ2ZFNP4JJAW85JXP080"
     ],
     [
-        "HPhFUhUAh8ZQQisH8QQWafAxtQYju3SFTX"
+        "tb1qx0shsrwmrl57djkm0yyqdyp02cmpjmlw"
     ],
     [
-        "4ctAH6AkHzq5ioiM1m9T3E2hiYEev5mTsB"
+        "bcrt17capp7"
     ],
     [
-        "Hn1uFi4dNexWrqARpjMqgT6cX1UsNPuV3cHdGg9ExyXw8HTKadbktRDtdeVmY3M1BxJStiL4vjJ"
+        "bc1qvgrlqspye3z2ufaekn7qygm7guqjx982l"
     ],
     [
-        "Sq3fDbvutABmnAHHExJDgPLQn44KnNC7UsXuT7KZecpaYDMU9Txs"
+        "tb1qk8lfs3l8df9gkw69240g0ckg4ywmw9qvmcm0pltxt8udk9szrhxqkhd5n2"
     ],
     [
-        "6TqWyrqdgUEYDQU1aChMuFMMEimHX44qHFzCUgGfqxGgZNMUVWJ"
+        "bcrt1qKW6Cxkky8a7gyvmkw9p3v5l2gx8zgyjtjv7dl7"
     ],
     [
-        "giqJo7oWqFxNKWyrgcBxAVHXnjJ1t6cGoEffce5Y1y7u649Noj5wJ4mmiUAKEVVrYAGg2KPB3Y4"
+        "bc1a8xfp7"
     ],
     [
-        "cNzHY5e8vcmM3QVJUcjCyiKMYfeYvyueq5qCMV3kqcySoLyGLYUK"
+        "tb1dclvmr"
     ],
     [
-        "37uTe568EYc9WLoHEd9jXEvUiWbq5LFLscNyqvAzLU5vBArUJA6eydkLmnMwJDjkL5kXc2VK7ig"
+        "bcrt1q26vevm7x046n9h3jg6zsgyd3228ra25ck7jah2"
     ],
     [
-        "EsYbG4tWWWY45G31nox838qNdzksbPySWc"
+        "BC1PCCNQDKKS5ZQ0AC69MQYQXU8ADGSGE53UY3AXXHJYFDG77Y0WX9AQHEHRL7"
     ],
     [
-        "nbuzhfwMoNzA3PaFnyLcRxE9bTJPDkjZ6Rf6Y6o2ckXZfzZzXBT"
+        "tb1zys2pfhe9fslxat85y7uc5e78uq7449ct"
     ],
     [
-        "cQN9PoxZeCWK1x56xnz6QYAsvR11XAce3Ehp3gMUdfSQ53Y2mPzx"
+        "bcrt1slnwcpwf88ffa708xpfkm6a5wsaq9me7y0fmvg3"
     ],
     [
-        "1Gm3N3rkef6iMbx4voBzaxtXcmmiMTqZPhcuAepRzYUJQW4qRpEnHvMojzof42hjFRf8PE2jPde"
+        "dhBi3wYUjrVsW1pA4XhLjdavSQYSnsECskAoZ1dqLnV8hCSxuo9EZ9tf4cCoxn7fnKgCoJK3mcE"
     ],
     [
-        "2TAq2tuN6x6m233bpT7yqdYQPELdTDJn1eU"
+        "2UFHPygbpDdbzmQx688QnMqSunZi97Yn5T7DVBdKyTD7sCfGi5fi8r2ct92FNUZPMm1xswo8Ve8c"
     ],
     [
-        "ntEtnnGhqPii4joABvBtSEJG6BxjT2tUZqE8PcVYgk3RHpgxgHDCQxNbLJf7ardf1dDk2oCQ7Cf"
+        "2yAaXFzjninFv5dn3JnWQ5y9nYkK5ZCMAkDWr4Y9WUiCGa3UiYfs"
     ],
     [
-        "Ky1YjoZNgQ196HJV3HpdkecfhRBmRZdMJk89Hi5KGfpfPwS2bUbfd"
+        "tc1qmfcz6l7gfwwt0tucqgtmhwlkgtd47a3urnjpt4"
     ],
     [
-        "2A1q1YsMZowabbvta7kTy2Fd6qN4r5ZCeG3qLpvZBMzCixMUdkN2Y4dHB1wPsZAeVXUGD83MfRED"
-    ],
-    [
-        "tc1qw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kg3g4ty"
-    ],
-    [
-        "bc1qw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kv8f3t5"
-    ],
-    [
-        "BC13W508D6QEJXTDG4Y5R3ZARVARY0C5XW7KN40WF2"
-    ],
-    [
-        "bc1rw5uspcuh"
-    ],
-    [
-        "bc10w508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kw5rljs90"
-    ],
-    [
-        "BC1QR508D6QEJXTDG4Y5R3ZARVARYV98GJ9P"
-    ],
-    [
-        "tb1qrp33g0q5c5txsp9arysrx4k6zdkfs4nce4xj0gdcccefvpysxf3q0sL5k7"
-    ],
-    [
-        "bc1zw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvaryvqyzf3du"
-    ],
-    [
-        "tb1qrp33g0q5c5txsp9arysrx4k6zdkfs4nce4xj0gdcccefvpysxf3pjxtptv"
-    ],
-    [
-        "bc1gmk9yu"
+        "bt1flep4g"
     ]
 ]
diff --git a/src/test/data/key_io_valid.json b/src/test/data/key_io_valid.json
index 8418a6002d..eea78aab20 100644
--- a/src/test/data/key_io_valid.json
+++ b/src/test/data/key_io_valid.json
@@ -1,533 +1,438 @@
 [
     [
-        "1AGNa15ZQXAZUgFiqJ2i7Z2DPU2J6hW62i",
-        "76a91465a16059864a2fdbc7c99a4723a8395bc6f188eb88ac",
+        "1LsN3xZdsNiSMiVc45AGBdhtkQZG53tKpx",
+        "76a914d9f0c2ae3652e96389b4481a510f0b2b96da1d0888ac",
         {
-            "isPrivkey": false,
-            "chain": "main"
-        }
-    ],
-    [
-        "3CMNFxN1oHBc4R1EpboAL5yzHGgE611Xou",
-        "a91474f209f6ea907e2ea48f74fae05782ae8a66525787",
-        {
-            "isPrivkey": false,
-            "chain": "main"
-        }
-    ],
-    [
-        "mo9ncXisMeAoXwqcV5EWuyncbmCcQN4rVs",
-        "76a91453c0307d6851aa0ce7825ba883c6bd9ad242b48688ac",
-        {
-            "isPrivkey": false,
-            "chain": "test"
+            "chain": "main",
+            "isPrivkey": false
         }
     ],
     [
-        "mo9ncXisMeAoXwqcV5EWuyncbmCcQN4rVs",
-        "76a91453c0307d6851aa0ce7825ba883c6bd9ad242b48688ac",
+        "3MJLKTjYK8U2LSE5G8qH66P6cTkd2fbYKo",
+        "a914d7184dd5b2ac5ffa6b808271b51d39610ca2952187",
         {
-            "isPrivkey": false,
-            "chain": "regtest"
+            "chain": "main",
+            "isPrivkey": false
         }
     ],
     [
-        "2N2JD6wb56AfK4tfmM6PwdVmoYk2dCKf4Br",
-        "a9146349a418fc4578d10a372b54b45c280cc8c4382f87",
+        "mvAUuoN11iBG6xx7AiX3ifUV9WpDfmPa8u",
+        "76a914a0aab571f298b042bc9bce37d8a45f9d37e9c5ef88ac",
         {
-            "isPrivkey": false,
-            "chain": "test"
+            "chain": "test",
+            "isPrivkey": false
         }
     ],
     [
-        "5Kd3NBUAdUnhyzenEwVLy9pBKxSwXvE9FMPyR4UKZvpe6E3AgLr",
-        "eddbdc1168f1daeadbd3e44c1e3f8f5a284c2029f78ad26af98583a499de5b19",
+        "2MsFPtk8t5LQw7nBpFmsCjf8r9e5vfMMdPX",
+        "a914000844921919a97eca8adb5b63c02ecf7dc212eb87",
         {
-            "isCompressed": false,
-            "isPrivkey": true,
-            "chain": "main"
+            "chain": "test",
+            "isPrivkey": false
         }
     ],
     [
-        "Kz6UJmQACJmLtaQj5A3JAge4kVTNQ8gbvXuwbmCj7bsaabudb3RD",
-        "55c9bccb9ed68446d1b75273bbce89d7fe013a8acd1625514420fb2aca1a21c4",
+        "mjC3aAxQcm6QeeJJ81pnpX61xMMgUXuJUG",
+        "76a914284d017134105d53e712d7801def91cfe6b3b26088ac",
         {
-            "isCompressed": true,
-            "isPrivkey": true,
-            "chain": "main"
+            "chain": "regtest",
+            "isPrivkey": false
         }
     ],
     [
-        "9213qJab2HNEpMpYNBa7wHGFKKbkDn24jpANDs2huN3yi4J11ko",
-        "36cb93b9ab1bdabf7fb9f2c04f1b9cc879933530ae7842398eef5a63a56800c2",
+        "2N7sKNwAst83ARAqh1z5Ahrt1UieLQZARvc",
+        "a914a0653c424a38b1c7d43ccafb83c90e96da58149c87",
         {
-            "isCompressed": false,
-            "isPrivkey": true,
-            "chain": "test"
+            "chain": "regtest",
+            "isPrivkey": false
         }
     ],
     [
-        "9213qJab2HNEpMpYNBa7wHGFKKbkDn24jpANDs2huN3yi4J11ko",
-        "36cb93b9ab1bdabf7fb9f2c04f1b9cc879933530ae7842398eef5a63a56800c2",
+        "5J8KazNMuftbk6azCPQb5YhuiQJddSUmJcyYMbSwo8wiUFNcNQJ",
+        "28f3200da1464c7a9d7456f03980471142a63bcf2bd65f87096694a10c20c6ee",
         {
+            "chain": "main",
             "isCompressed": false,
-            "isPrivkey": true,
-            "chain": "regtest"
-        }
-    ],
-    [
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-    [
-        "KwV9KAfwbwt51veZWNscRTeZs9CKpojyu1MsPnaKTF5kz69H1UN2",
-        "07f0803fc5399e773555ab1e8939907e9badacc17ca129e67a2f5f2ff84351dd",
-        {
-            "isCompressed": true,
-            "isPrivkey": true,
-            "chain": "main"
-        }
-    ],
-    [
-        "93N87D6uxSBzwXvpokpzg8FFmfQPmvX4xHoWQe3pLdYpbiwT5YV",
-        "ea577acfb5d1d14d3b7b195c321566f12f87d2b77ea3a53f68df7ebf8604a801",
-        {
-            "isCompressed": false,
-            "isPrivkey": true,
-            "chain": "test"
-        }
-    ],
-    [
-        "cMxXusSihaX58wpJ3tNuuUcZEQGt6DKJ1wEpxys88FFaQCYjku9h",
-        "0b3b34f0958d8a268193a9814da92c3e8b58b4a4378a542863e34ac289cd830c",
-        {
-            "isCompressed": true,
-            "isPrivkey": true,
-            "chain": "test"
+            "tryCaseFlip": true
         }
     ],
     [
-        "13p1ijLwsnrcuyqcTvJXkq2ASdXqcnEBLE",
-        "76a9141ed467017f043e91ed4c44b4e8dd674db211c4e688ac",
+        "tb1q0xeygzklzdcke5fpae8dj4gp7favyg285gy3ez",
+        "001479b2440adf13716cd121ee4ed95501f27ac22147",
         {
+            "chain": "test",
             "isPrivkey": false,
-            "chain": "main"
+            "tryCaseFlip": true
         }
     ],
     [
-        "3ALJH9Y951VCGcVZYAdpA3KchoP9McEj1G",
-        "a9145ece0cadddc415b1980f001785947120acdb36fc87",
+        "tb1qmrryvv8jl4cdkce3s856whutzrkfcd2lytv3rqwxkj23ktf9fzzqcylgum",
+        "0020d8c64630f2fd70db633181e9a75f8b10ec9c355f22d91181c6b4951b2d254884",
         {
+            "chain": "test",
             "isPrivkey": false,
-            "chain": "main"
+            "tryCaseFlip": true
         }
     ],
     [
-        "bc1qw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kv8f3t4",
-        "0014751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6",
+        "tb1pv5235wgguf7fu8ajjs0vfpzhgwvwdvxsu88mjrr82cp9esy6467sgt7uws",
+        "512065151a3908e27c9e1fb2941ec484574398e6b0d0e1cfb90c6756025cc09aaebd",
         {
+            "chain": "test",
             "isPrivkey": false,
-            "chain": "main",
             "tryCaseFlip": true
         }
     ],
     [
-        "bcrt1qw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kygt080",
-        "0014751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6",
+        "tb1rzhkfz2she865pjqz2dqa3kv0lvfftkeu",
+        "531015ec912a17c9f540c8025341d8d98ffb",
         {
+            "chain": "test",
             "isPrivkey": false,
-            "chain": "regtest",
             "tryCaseFlip": true
         }
     ],
     [
-        "tb1qrp33g0q5c5txsp9arysrx4k6zdkfs4nce4xj0gdcccefvpysxf3q0sl5k7",
-        "00201863143c14c5166804bd19203356da136c985678cd4d27a1b8c6329604903262",
+        "bcrt1qp09acyw3823sggs8uyq6yv2vpxe4lq8scuxmef",
+        "00140bcbdc11d13aa3042207e101a2314c09b35f80f0",
         {
+            "chain": "regtest",
             "isPrivkey": false,
-            "chain": "test",
             "tryCaseFlip": true
         }
     ],
     [
-        "bc1pw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7k7grplx",
-        "5128751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6",
+        "bcrt1qlnpqh99rp80qn6jkgc0zs7acyc50erwp8eefr3zzkrj7ps739fzqzla273",
+        "0020fcc20b94a309de09ea56461e287bb82628fc8dc13e7291c442b0e5e0c3d12a44",
         {
+            "chain": "regtest",
             "isPrivkey": false,
-            "chain": "main",
             "tryCaseFlip": true
         }
     ],
     [
-        "bc1sw50qa3jx3s",
-        "6002751e",
+        "bcrt1p3zd30ugrjyl587qqyu48vqclt3yawauzw6pwt3cpkskvczrytywsjpyxnq",
+        "5120889b17f103913f43f800272a76031f5c49d777827682e5c701b42ccc0864591d",
         {
+            "chain": "regtest",
             "isPrivkey": false,
-            "chain": "main",
             "tryCaseFlip": true
         }
     ],
     [
-        "bc1zw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvaryvg6kdaj",
-        "5210751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323",
+        "bcrt1stgtmagdaa9dqf0rtsxszgcd232g62t43dvkqmmmpf7deqllv576373vc5k9fps08hq3hek",
+        "60285a17bea1bde95a04bc6b81a02461aa8a91a52eb16b2c0def614f9b907feca7b51f4598a58a90c1e7",
         {
+            "chain": "regtest",
             "isPrivkey": false,
-            "chain": "main",
             "tryCaseFlip": true
         }
     ],
     [
-        "tb1qqqqqp399et2xygdj5xreqhjjvcmzhxw4aywxecjdzew6hylgvsesrxh6hy",
-        "0020000000c4a5cad46221b2a187905e5266362b99d5e91c6ce24d165dab93e86433",
+        "1Au8D5w97THBxXDyjCn5o8UcUWHFgZeoWv",
+        "76a9146c94c780911ea77c43eee9dc7ce4cd5eeab1e2fa88ac",
         {
-            "isPrivkey": false,
-            "chain": "test",
-            "tryCaseFlip": true
+            "chain": "main",
+            "isPrivkey": false
         }
     ],
     [
-        "bcrt1qqqqqp399et2xygdj5xreqhjjvcmzhxw4aywxecjdzew6hylgvseswlauz7",
-        "0020000000c4a5cad46221b2a187905e5266362b99d5e91c6ce24d165dab93e86433",
+        "3R2FhhgAE4fM6npLMavoBeedrnDJCN4Ho6",
+        "a914ffee4c4faa197a760f901d25880c56f9d635fc8987",
         {
-            "isPrivkey": false,
-            "chain": "regtest",
-            "tryCaseFlip": true
+            "chain": "main",
+            "isPrivkey": false
         }
     ]
 ]
diff --git a/src/test/fuzz/bech32.cpp b/src/test/fuzz/bech32.cpp
index 8b91f9bc96..0ac1f02263 100644
--- a/src/test/fuzz/bech32.cpp
+++ b/src/test/fuzz/bech32.cpp
@@ -16,28 +16,28 @@
 void test_one_input(const std::vector<uint8_t>& buffer)
 {
     const std::string random_string(buffer.begin(), buffer.end());
-    const std::pair<std::string, std::vector<uint8_t>> r1 = bech32::Decode(random_string);
-    if (r1.first.empty()) {
-        assert(r1.second.empty());
+    const auto r1 = bech32::Decode(random_string);
+    if (r1.hrp.empty()) {
+        assert(r1.encoding == bech32::Encoding::INVALID);
+        assert(r1.data.empty());
     } else {
-        const std::string& hrp = r1.first;
-        const std::vector<uint8_t>& data = r1.second;
-        const std::string reencoded = bech32::Encode(hrp, data);
+        assert(r1.encoding != bech32::Encoding::INVALID);
+        const std::string reencoded = bech32::Encode(r1.encoding, r1.hrp, r1.data);
         assert(CaseInsensitiveEqual(random_string, reencoded));
     }
 
     std::vector<unsigned char> input;
     ConvertBits<8, 5, true>([&](unsigned char c) { input.push_back(c); }, buffer.begin(), buffer.end());
-    const std::string encoded = bech32::Encode("bc", input);
-    assert(!encoded.empty());
 
-    const std::pair<std::string, std::vector<uint8_t>> r2 = bech32::Decode(encoded);
-    if (r2.first.empty()) {
-        assert(r2.second.empty());
-    } else {
-        const std::string& hrp = r2.first;
-        const std::vector<uint8_t>& data = r2.second;
-        assert(hrp == "bc");
-        assert(data == input);
+    if (input.size() + 3 + 6 <= 90) {
+        // If it's possible to encode input in Bech32(m) without exceeding the 90-character limit:
+        for (auto encoding : {bech32::Encoding::BECH32, bech32::Encoding::BECH32M}) {
+            const std::string encoded = bech32::Encode(encoding, "bc", input);
+            assert(!encoded.empty());
+            const auto r2 = bech32::Decode(encoded);
+            assert(r2.encoding == encoding);
+            assert(r2.hrp == "bc");
+            assert(r2.data == input);
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/test/functional/rpc_invalid_address_message.py b/test/functional/rpc_invalid_address_message.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..814f50c9e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/functional/rpc_invalid_address_message.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# Copyright (c) 2020 The Bitcoin Core developers
+# Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
+# file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
+"""Test error messages for 'getaddressinfo' and 'validateaddress' RPC commands."""
+
+from test_framework.test_framework import BitcoinTestFramework
+
+from test_framework.util import assert_raises_rpc_error
+
+BECH32_VALID = 'bcrt1qtmp74ayg7p24uslctssvjm06q5phz4yrxucgnv'
+BECH32_INVALID_BECH32 = 'bcrt1p0xlxvlhemja6c4dqv22uapctqupfhlxm9h8z3k2e72q4k9hcz7vqdmchcc'
+BECH32_INVALID_BECH32M = 'bcrt1qw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7k35mrzd'
+BECH32_INVALID_VERSION = 'bcrt130xlxvlhemja6c4dqv22uapctqupfhlxm9h8z3k2e72q4k9hcz7vqynjegk'
+BECH32_INVALID_SIZE = 'bcrt1s0xlxvlhemja6c4dqv22uapctqupfhlxm9h8z3k2e72q4k9hcz7v8n0nx0muaewav25430mtr'
+BECH32_INVALID_V0_SIZE = 'bcrt1qw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kqqq5k3my'
+BECH32_INVALID_PREFIX = 'bc1pw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7k7grplx'
+
+BASE58_VALID = 'mipcBbFg9gMiCh81Kj8tqqdgoZub1ZJRfn'
+BASE58_INVALID_PREFIX = '17VZNX1SN5NtKa8UQFxwQbFeFc3iqRYhem'
+
+INVALID_ADDRESS = 'asfah14i8fajz0123f'
+
+class InvalidAddressErrorMessageTest(BitcoinTestFramework):
+    def set_test_params(self):
+        self.setup_clean_chain = True
+        self.num_nodes = 1
+
+    def skip_test_if_missing_module(self):
+        self.skip_if_no_wallet()
+
+    def test_validateaddress(self):
+        node = self.nodes[0]
+
+        # Bech32
+        info = node.validateaddress(BECH32_INVALID_SIZE)
+        assert not info['isvalid']
+
+        info = node.validateaddress(BECH32_INVALID_PREFIX)
+        assert not info['isvalid']
+
+        info = node.validateaddress(BECH32_INVALID_BECH32)
+        assert not info['isvalid']
+
+        info = node.validateaddress(BECH32_INVALID_BECH32M)
+        assert not info['isvalid']
+
+        info = node.validateaddress(BECH32_INVALID_V0_SIZE)
+        assert not info['isvalid']
+
+        info = node.validateaddress(BECH32_VALID)
+        assert info['isvalid']
+        assert 'error' not in info
+
+        # Base58
+        info = node.validateaddress(BASE58_INVALID_PREFIX)
+        assert not info['isvalid']
+
+        info = node.validateaddress(BASE58_VALID)
+        assert info['isvalid']
+        assert 'error' not in info
+
+        # Invalid address format
+        info = node.validateaddress(INVALID_ADDRESS)
+        assert not info['isvalid']
+
+    def test_getaddressinfo(self):
+        node = self.nodes[0]
+
+        assert_raises_rpc_error(-5, "Invalid address", node.getaddressinfo, BECH32_INVALID_SIZE)
+
+        assert_raises_rpc_error(-5, "Invalid address", node.getaddressinfo, BECH32_INVALID_PREFIX)
+
+        assert_raises_rpc_error(-5, "Invalid address", node.getaddressinfo, BASE58_INVALID_PREFIX)
+
+        assert_raises_rpc_error(-5, "Invalid address", node.getaddressinfo, INVALID_ADDRESS)
+
+    def run_test(self):
+        self.test_validateaddress()
+        self.test_getaddressinfo()
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    InvalidAddressErrorMessageTest().main()
diff --git a/test/functional/test_framework/segwit_addr.py b/test/functional/test_framework/segwit_addr.py
index 02368e938f..817534a77a 100644
--- a/test/functional/test_framework/segwit_addr.py
+++ b/test/functional/test_framework/segwit_addr.py
@@ -2,10 +2,17 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2017 Pieter Wuille
 # Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
 # file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
-"""Reference implementation for Bech32 and segwit addresses."""
-
+"""Reference implementation for Bech32/Bech32m and segwit addresses."""
+from enum import Enum
 
 CHARSET = "qpzry9x8gf2tvdw0s3jn54khce6mua7l"
+BECH32_CONST = 1
+BECH32M_CONST = 0x2bc830a3
+
+class Encoding(Enum):
+    """Enumeration type to list the various supported encodings."""
+    BECH32 = 1
+    BECH32M = 2
 
 
 def bech32_polymod(values):
@@ -27,38 +34,45 @@ def bech32_hrp_expand(hrp):
 
 def bech32_verify_checksum(hrp, data):
     """Verify a checksum given HRP and converted data characters."""
-    return bech32_polymod(bech32_hrp_expand(hrp) + data) == 1
-
+    check = bech32_polymod(bech32_hrp_expand(hrp) + data)
+    if check == BECH32_CONST:
+        return Encoding.BECH32
+    elif check == BECH32M_CONST:
+        return Encoding.BECH32M
+    else:
+        return None
 
-def bech32_create_checksum(hrp, data):
+def bech32_create_checksum(encoding, hrp, data):
     """Compute the checksum values given HRP and data."""
     values = bech32_hrp_expand(hrp) + data
-    polymod = bech32_polymod(values + [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]) ^ 1
+    const = BECH32M_CONST if encoding == Encoding.BECH32M else BECH32_CONST
+    polymod = bech32_polymod(values + [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]) ^ const
     return [(polymod >> 5 * (5 - i)) & 31 for i in range(6)]
 
 
-def bech32_encode(hrp, data):
-    """Compute a Bech32 string given HRP and data values."""
-    combined = data + bech32_create_checksum(hrp, data)
+def bech32_encode(encoding, hrp, data):
+    """Compute a Bech32 or Bech32m string given HRP and data values."""
+    combined = data + bech32_create_checksum(encoding, hrp, data)
     return hrp + '1' + ''.join([CHARSET[d] for d in combined])
 
 
 def bech32_decode(bech):
-    """Validate a Bech32 string, and determine HRP and data."""
+    """Validate a Bech32/Bech32m string, and determine HRP and data."""
     if ((any(ord(x) < 33 or ord(x) > 126 for x in bech)) or
             (bech.lower() != bech and bech.upper() != bech)):
-        return (None, None)
+        return (None, None, None)
     bech = bech.lower()
     pos = bech.rfind('1')
     if pos < 1 or pos + 7 > len(bech) or len(bech) > 90:
-        return (None, None)
+        return (None, None, None)
     if not all(x in CHARSET for x in bech[pos+1:]):
-        return (None, None)
+        return (None, None, None)
     hrp = bech[:pos]
     data = [CHARSET.find(x) for x in bech[pos+1:]]
-    if not bech32_verify_checksum(hrp, data):
-        return (None, None)
-    return (hrp, data[:-6])
+    encoding = bech32_verify_checksum(hrp, data)
+    if encoding is None:
+        return (None, None, None)
+    return (encoding, hrp, data[:-6])
 
 
 def convertbits(data, frombits, tobits, pad=True):
@@ -86,7 +100,7 @@ def convertbits(data, frombits, tobits, pad=True):
 
 def decode(hrp, addr):
     """Decode a segwit address."""
-    hrpgot, data = bech32_decode(addr)
+    encoding, hrpgot, data = bech32_decode(addr)
     if hrpgot != hrp:
         return (None, None)
     decoded = convertbits(data[1:], 5, 8, False)
@@ -96,12 +110,15 @@ def decode(hrp, addr):
         return (None, None)
     if data[0] == 0 and len(decoded) != 20 and len(decoded) != 32:
         return (None, None)
+    if (data[0] == 0 and encoding != Encoding.BECH32) or (data[0] != 0 and encoding != Encoding.BECH32M):
+        return (None, None)
     return (data[0], decoded)
 
 
 def encode(hrp, witver, witprog):
     """Encode a segwit address."""
-    ret = bech32_encode(hrp, [witver] + convertbits(witprog, 8, 5))
+    encoding = Encoding.BECH32 if witver == 0 else Encoding.BECH32M
+    ret = bech32_encode(encoding, hrp, [witver] + convertbits(witprog, 8, 5))
     if decode(hrp, ret) == (None, None):
         return None
     return ret
diff --git a/test/functional/test_runner.py b/test/functional/test_runner.py
index 9f885ae4b0..17395c8357 100755
--- a/test/functional/test_runner.py
+++ b/test/functional/test_runner.py
@@ -221,6 +221,7 @@ BASE_SCRIPTS = [
     'rpc_getaddressinfo_label_deprecation.py',
     'rpc_getdescriptorinfo.py',
     'rpc_help.py',
+    'rpc_invalid_address_message.py',
     'feature_help.py',
     'feature_shutdown.py',
     'framework_test_script.py',
diff --git a/test/functional/wallet_labels.py b/test/functional/wallet_labels.py
index 337d2e55d9..05ec754bcc 100755
--- a/test/functional/wallet_labels.py
+++ b/test/functional/wallet_labels.py
@@ -133,6 +133,7 @@ class WalletLabelsTest(BitcoinTestFramework):
         # in the label. This is a no-op.
         change_label(node, labels[2].addresses[0], labels[2], labels[2])
 
+
 class Label:
     def __init__(self, name):
         # Label name