diff options
241 files changed, 38287 insertions, 333 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..732da86 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +*.mediawiki linguist-detectable diff --git a/.github/workflows/github-action-checks.yml b/.github/workflows/github-action-checks.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bfc014b --- /dev/null +++ b/.github/workflows/github-action-checks.yml @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +name: GitHub Actions Check +run-name: ${{ github.actor }} Checks 🚀 +on: [push, pull_request] +jobs: + Link-Format-Checks: + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + steps: + - uses: actions/checkout@v3 + - run: scripts/link-format-chk.sh + Build-Table-Checks: + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + steps: + - uses: actions/checkout@v3 + - run: scripts/buildtable.pl >/tmp/table.mediawiki || exit 1 + Diff-Checks: + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + steps: + - uses: actions/checkout@v3 + - run: scripts/diffcheck.sh diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml deleted file mode 100644 index ed99de0..0000000 --- a/.travis.yml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7 +0,0 @@ -os: linux -language: generic -sudo: false -script: - - scripts/buildtable.pl >/tmp/table.mediawiki || exit 1 - - diff README.mediawiki /tmp/table.mediawiki | grep '^[<>] |' >/tmp/after.diff || true - - if git checkout HEAD^ && scripts/buildtable.pl >/tmp/table.mediawiki 2>/dev/null; then diff README.mediawiki /tmp/table.mediawiki | grep '^[<>] |' >/tmp/before.diff || true; newdiff=$(diff -s /tmp/before.diff /tmp/after.diff -u | grep '^+'); if [ -n "$newdiff" ]; then echo "$newdiff"; exit 1; fi; else echo 'Cannot build previous commit table for comparison'; fi diff --git a/README.mediawiki b/README.mediawiki index 1398ca3..2355dba 100644 --- a/README.mediawiki +++ b/README.mediawiki @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -People wishing to submit BIPs, first should propose their idea or document to the mailing list. After discussion they should email Luke Dashjr <luke_bipeditor@dashjr.org>. After copy-editing and acceptance, it will be published here. +People wishing to submit BIPs, first should propose their idea or document to the [https://groups.google.com/g/bitcoindev bitcoindev@googlegroups.com] mailing list (do <em>not</em> assign a number - read <a href="bip-0002.mediawiki">BIP 2</a> for the full process). After discussion, please open a PR. After copy-editing and acceptance, it will be published here. We are fairly liberal with approving BIPs, and try not to be too involved in decision making on behalf of the community. The exception is in very rare cases of dispute resolution when a decision is contentious and cannot be agreed upon. In those cases, the conservative option will always be preferred. -Having a BIP here does not make it a formally accepted standard until its status becomes Active. For a BIP to become Active requires the mutual consent of the community. +Having a BIP here does not make it a formally accepted standard until its status becomes Final or Active. Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with the consensus of the Bitcoin users (see also: [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Economic_majority economic majority]). @@ -27,6 +27,13 @@ Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with th | Luke Dashjr | Process | Active +|- +| [[bip-0008.mediawiki|8]] +| +| Version bits with lock-in by height +| Shaolin Fry, Luke Dashjr +| Informational +| Draft |- style="background-color: #cfffcf" | [[bip-0009.mediawiki|9]] | @@ -97,13 +104,13 @@ Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with th | Luke Dashjr | Standard | Proposed -|- +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0019.mediawiki|19]] | Applications | M-of-N Standard Transactions (Low SigOp) | Luke Dashjr | Standard -| Draft +| Rejected |- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0020.mediawiki|20]] | Applications @@ -153,13 +160,13 @@ Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with th | Pieter Wuille | Informational | Final -|- +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0033.mediawiki|33]] | Peer Services | Stratized Nodes | Amir Taaki | Standard -| Draft +| Rejected |- style="background-color: #cfffcf" | [[bip-0034.mediawiki|34]] | Consensus (soft fork) @@ -174,13 +181,13 @@ Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with th | Jeff Garzik | Standard | Final -|- +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0036.mediawiki|36]] | Peer Services | Custom Services | Stefan Thomas | Standard -| Draft +| Rejected |- style="background-color: #cfffcf" | [[bip-0037.mediawiki|37]] | Peer Services @@ -216,27 +223,27 @@ Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with th | Marek Palatinus | Standard | BIP number allocated -|- +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" | [[bip-0042.mediawiki|42]] | Consensus (soft fork) | A finite monetary supply for Bitcoin | Pieter Wuille | Standard -| Draft -|- +| Final +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" | [[bip-0043.mediawiki|43]] | Applications | Purpose Field for Deterministic Wallets | Marek Palatinus, Pavol Rusnak -| Informational -| Draft +| Standard +| Final |- style="background-color: #ffffcf" | [[bip-0044.mediawiki|44]] | Applications | Multi-Account Hierarchy for Deterministic Wallets | Marek Palatinus, Pavol Rusnak | Standard -| Proposed +| Final |- style="background-color: #ffffcf" | [[bip-0045.mediawiki|45]] | Applications @@ -251,13 +258,20 @@ Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with th | Justus Ranvier | Informational | Draft -|- +|- style="background-color: #ffffcf" +| [[bip-0048.mediawiki|48]] +| Applications +| Multi-Script Hierarchy for Multi-Sig Wallets +| Fontaine +| Standard +| Proposed +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" | [[bip-0049.mediawiki|49]] | Applications | Derivation scheme for P2WPKH-nested-in-P2SH based accounts | Daniel Weigl -| Informational -| Draft +| Standard +| Final |- style="background-color: #cfffcf" | [[bip-0050.mediawiki|50]] | @@ -265,6 +279,13 @@ Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with th | Gavin Andresen | Informational | Final +|- +| [[bip-0052.mediawiki|52]] +| Consensus (hard fork) +| Durable, Low Energy Bitcoin PoW +| Michael Dubrovsky, Bogdan Penkovsky +| Standard +| Draft <!-- 50 series reserved for a group of post-mortems --> |- | [[bip-0060.mediawiki|60]] @@ -294,13 +315,13 @@ Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with th | Peter Todd | Standard | BIP number allocated -|- +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0064.mediawiki|64]] | Peer Services | getutxo message | Mike Hearn | Standard -| Draft +| Obsolete |- style="background-color: #cfffcf" | [[bip-0065.mediawiki|65]] | Consensus (soft fork) @@ -364,20 +385,34 @@ Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with th | Stephen Pair | Standard | Final -|- +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0074.mediawiki|74]] | Applications | Allow zero value OP_RETURN in Payment Protocol | Toby Padilla | Standard -| Draft -|- +| Rejected +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" | [[bip-0075.mediawiki|75]] | Applications | Out of Band Address Exchange using Payment Protocol Encryption | Justin Newton, Matt David, Aaron Voisine, James MacWhyte | Standard +| Final +|- +| [[bip-0078.mediawiki|78]] +| Applications +| A Simple Payjoin Proposal +| Nicolas Dorier +| Standard | Draft +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" +| [[bip-0079.mediawiki|79]] +| Applications +| Bustapay :: a practical coinjoin protocol +| Ryan Havar +| Informational +| Replaced |- | [[bip-0080.mediawiki|80]] | @@ -392,27 +427,90 @@ Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with th | Justus Ranvier, Jimmy Song | Informational | Deferred -|- +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0083.mediawiki|83]] | Applications | Dynamic Hierarchical Deterministic Key Trees | Eric Lombrozo | Standard +| Rejected +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" +| [[bip-0084.mediawiki|84]] +| Applications +| Derivation scheme for P2WPKH based accounts +| Pavol Rusnak +| Standard +| Final +|- +| [[bip-0085.mediawiki|85]] +| Applications +| Deterministic Entropy From BIP32 Keychains +| Ethan Kosakovsky +| Informational | Draft |- +| [[bip-0086.mediawiki|86]] +| Applications +| Key Derivation for Single Key P2TR Outputs +| Ava Chow +| Standard +| Draft +|- style="background-color: #ffffcf" +| [[bip-0087.mediawiki|87]] +| Applications +| Hierarchy for Deterministic Multisig Wallets +| Robert Spigler +| Standard +| Proposed +|- style="background-color: #ffffcf" +| [[bip-0088.mediawiki|88]] +| Applications +| Hierarchical Deterministic Path Templates +| Dmitry Petukhov +| Informational +| Proposed +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" | [[bip-0090.mediawiki|90]] -| Consensus (hard fork) +| | Buried Deployments | Suhas Daftuar | Informational +| Final +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" +| [[bip-0091.mediawiki|91]] +| Consensus (soft fork) +| Reduced threshold Segwit MASF +| James Hilliard +| Standard +| Final +|- +| [[bip-0093.mediawiki|93]] +| Applications +| codex32: Checksummed SSSS-aware BIP32 seeds +| Leon Olsson Curr, Pearlwort Sneed, Andrew Poelstra +| Informational | Draft |- +| [[bip-0098.mediawiki|98]] +| Consensus (soft fork) +| Fast Merkle Trees +| Mark Friedenbach, Kalle Alm, BtcDrak +| Standard +| Draft +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0099.mediawiki|99]] | | Motivation and deployment of consensus rule changes ([soft/hard]forks) | Jorge Timón | Informational -| Draft +| Rejected +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" +| [[bip-0100.mediawiki|100]] +| Consensus (hard fork) +| Dynamic maximum block size by miner vote +| Jeff Garzik, Tom Harding, Dagur Valberg Johannsson +| Standard +| Rejected |- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0101.mediawiki|101]] | Consensus (hard fork) @@ -420,48 +518,48 @@ Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with th | Gavin Andresen | Standard | Withdrawn -|- +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0102.mediawiki|102]] | Consensus (hard fork) | Block size increase to 2MB | Jeff Garzik | Standard -| Draft -|- +| Rejected +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0103.mediawiki|103]] | Consensus (hard fork) | Block size following technological growth | Pieter Wuille | Standard -| Draft -|- +| Withdrawn +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0104.mediawiki|104]] | Consensus (hard fork) | 'Block75' - Max block size like difficulty | t.khan | Standard -| Draft -|- +| Rejected +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0105.mediawiki|105]] | Consensus (hard fork) | Consensus based block size retargeting algorithm | BtcDrak | Standard -| Draft -|- +| Rejected +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0106.mediawiki|106]] | Consensus (hard fork) | Dynamically Controlled Bitcoin Block Size Max Cap | Upal Chakraborty | Standard -| Draft -|- +| Rejected +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0107.mediawiki|107]] | Consensus (hard fork) | Dynamic limit on the block size | Washington Y. Sanchez | Standard -| Draft +| Rejected |- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0109.mediawiki|109]] | Consensus (hard fork) @@ -490,27 +588,62 @@ Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with th | Thomas Kerin, Mark Friedenbach | Standard | Final -|- +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0114.mediawiki|114]] | Consensus (soft fork) | Merkelized Abstract Syntax Tree | Johnson Lau | Standard +| Rejected +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" +| [[bip-0115.mediawiki|115]] +| Consensus (soft fork) +| Generic anti-replay protection using Script +| Luke Dashjr +| Standard +| Rejected +|- +| [[bip-0116.mediawiki|116]] +| Consensus (soft fork) +| MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY +| Mark Friedenbach, Kalle Alm, BtcDrak +| Standard | Draft |- +| [[bip-0117.mediawiki|117]] +| Consensus (soft fork) +| Tail Call Execution Semantics +| Mark Friedenbach, Kalle Alm, BtcDrak +| Standard +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0118.mediawiki|118]] +| Consensus (soft fork) +| SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT for Taproot Scripts +| Christian Decker, Anthony Towns +| Standard +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0119.mediawiki|119]] +| Consensus (soft fork) +| CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY +| Jeremy Rubin, James O'Beirne +| Standard +| Draft +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0120.mediawiki|120]] | Applications | Proof of Payment | Kalle Rosenbaum | Standard -| Draft -|- +| Withdrawn +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0121.mediawiki|121]] | Applications | Proof of Payment URI scheme | Kalle Rosenbaum | Standard -| Draft +| Withdrawn |- | [[bip-0122.mediawiki|122]] | Applications @@ -525,13 +658,13 @@ Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with th | Eric Lombrozo | Process | Active -|- +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0124.mediawiki|124]] | Applications | Hierarchical Deterministic Script Templates | Eric Lombrozo, William Swanson | Informational -| Draft +| Rejected |- style="background-color: #ffffcf" | [[bip-0125.mediawiki|125]] | Applications @@ -546,6 +679,20 @@ Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with th | Kristov Atlas | Informational | Draft +|- +| [[bip-0127.mediawiki|127]] +| Applications +| Simple Proof-of-Reserves Transactions +| Steven Roose +| Standard +| Draft +|- style="background-color: #ffffcf" +| [[bip-0129.mediawiki|129]] +| Applications +| Bitcoin Secure Multisig Setup (BSMS) +| Hugo Nguyen, Peter Gray, Marko Bencun, Aaron Chen, Rodolfo Novak +| Standard +| Proposed |- style="background-color: #ffffcf" | [[bip-0130.mediawiki|130]] | Peer Services @@ -553,13 +700,13 @@ Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with th | Suhas Daftuar | Standard | Proposed -|- +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0131.mediawiki|131]] | Consensus (hard fork) | "Coalescing Transaction" Specification (wildcard inputs) | Chris Priest | Standard -| Draft +| Rejected |- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0132.mediawiki|132]] | @@ -574,69 +721,104 @@ Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with th | Alex Morcos | Standard | Draft -|- +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0134.mediawiki|134]] | Consensus (hard fork) | Flexible Transactions | Tom Zander | Standard -| Draft +| Rejected +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" +| [[bip-0135.mediawiki|135]] +| +| Generalized version bits voting +| Sancho Panza +| Informational +| Rejected |- +| [[bip-0136.mediawiki|136]] +| Applications +| Bech32 Encoded Tx Position References +| Велеслав, Jonas Schnelli, Daniel Pape +| Informational +| Draft +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" +| [[bip-0137.mediawiki|137]] +| Applications +| Signatures of Messages using Private Keys +| Christopher Gilliard +| Standard +| Final +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0140.mediawiki|140]] | Consensus (soft fork) | Normalized TXID | Christian Decker | Standard -| Draft -|- +| Rejected +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" | [[bip-0141.mediawiki|141]] | Consensus (soft fork) | Segregated Witness (Consensus layer) | Eric Lombrozo, Johnson Lau, Pieter Wuille | Standard -| Draft -|- +| Final +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0142.mediawiki|142]] | Applications | Address Format for Segregated Witness | Johnson Lau | Standard -| Deferred -|- +| Withdrawn +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" | [[bip-0143.mediawiki|143]] | Consensus (soft fork) | Transaction Signature Verification for Version 0 Witness Program | Johnson Lau, Pieter Wuille | Standard -| Draft -|- +| Final +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" | [[bip-0144.mediawiki|144]] | Peer Services | Segregated Witness (Peer Services) | Eric Lombrozo, Pieter Wuille | Standard -| Draft -|- +| Final +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" | [[bip-0145.mediawiki|145]] | API/RPC | getblocktemplate Updates for Segregated Witness | Luke Dashjr | Standard -| Draft -|- +| Final +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0146.mediawiki|146]] | Consensus (soft fork) | Dealing with signature encoding malleability | Johnson Lau, Pieter Wuille | Standard -| Draft -|- +| Withdrawn +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" | [[bip-0147.mediawiki|147]] | Consensus (soft fork) | Dealing with dummy stack element malleability | Johnson Lau | Standard -| Draft +| Final +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" +| [[bip-0148.mediawiki|148]] +| Consensus (soft fork) +| Mandatory activation of segwit deployment +| Shaolin Fry +| Standard +| Final +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" +| [[bip-0149.mediawiki|149]] +| Consensus (soft fork) +| Segregated Witness (second deployment) +| Shaolin Fry +| Standard +| Withdrawn |- | [[bip-0150.mediawiki|150]] | Peer Services @@ -644,19 +826,348 @@ Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with th | Jonas Schnelli | Standard | Draft -|- +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" | [[bip-0151.mediawiki|151]] | Peer Services | Peer-to-Peer Communication Encryption | Jonas Schnelli | Standard -| Draft -|- +| Replaced +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" | [[bip-0152.mediawiki|152]] | Peer Services | Compact Block Relay | Matt Corallo | Standard +| Final +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" +| [[bip-0154.mediawiki|154]] +| Peer Services +| Rate Limiting via peer specified challenges +| Karl-Johan Alm +| Standard +| Withdrawn +|- +| [[bip-0155.mediawiki|155]] +| Peer Services +| addrv2 message +| Wladimir J. van der Laan +| Standard +| Draft +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" +| [[bip-0156.mediawiki|156]] +| Peer Services +| Dandelion - Privacy Enhancing Routing +| Brad Denby, Andrew Miller, Giulia Fanti, Surya Bakshi, Shaileshh Bojja Venkatakrishnan, Pramod Viswanath +| Standard +| Rejected +|- +| [[bip-0157.mediawiki|157]] +| Peer Services +| Client Side Block Filtering +| Olaoluwa Osuntokun, Alex Akselrod, Jim Posen +| Standard +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0158.mediawiki|158]] +| Peer Services +| Compact Block Filters for Light Clients +| Olaoluwa Osuntokun, Alex Akselrod +| Standard +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0159.mediawiki|159]] +| Peer Services +| NODE_NETWORK_LIMITED service bit +| Jonas Schnelli +| Standard +| Draft +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" +| [[bip-0171.mediawiki|171]] +| Applications +| Currency/exchange rate information API +| Luke Dashjr +| Standard +| Rejected +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" +| [[bip-0173.mediawiki|173]] +| Applications +| Base32 address format for native v0-16 witness outputs +| Pieter Wuille, Greg Maxwell +| Informational +| Final +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" +| [[bip-0174.mediawiki|174]] +| Applications +| Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction Format +| Ava Chow +| Standard +| Final +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" +| [[bip-0175.mediawiki|175]] +| Applications +| Pay to Contract Protocol +| Omar Shibli, Nicholas Gregory +| Informational +| Rejected +|- +| [[bip-0176.mediawiki|176]] +| +| Bits Denomination +| Jimmy Song +| Informational +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0178.mediawiki|178]] +| Applications +| Version Extended WIF +| Karl-Johan Alm +| Standard +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0179.mediawiki|179]] +| +| Name for payment recipient identifiers +| Emil Engler, Luke Dashjr +| Informational +| Draft +|- style="background-color: #ffcfcf" +| [[bip-0180.mediawiki|180]] +| Peer Services +| Block size/weight fraud proof +| Luke Dashjr +| Standard +| Rejected +|- +| [[bip-0197.mediawiki|197]] +| Applications +| Hashed Time-Locked Collateral Contract +| Matthew Black, Tony Cai +| Standard +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0199.mediawiki|199]] +| Applications +| Hashed Time-Locked Contract transactions +| Sean Bowe, Daira Hopwood +| Standard +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0300.mediawiki|300]] +| Consensus (soft fork) +| Hashrate Escrows (Consensus layer) +| Paul Sztorc, CryptAxe +| Standard +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0301.mediawiki|301]] +| Consensus (soft fork) +| Blind Merged Mining (Consensus layer) +| Paul Sztorc, CryptAxe +| Standard +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0310.mediawiki|310]] +| Applications +| Stratum protocol extensions +| Pavel Moravec, Jan Čapek +| Informational +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0320.mediawiki|320]] +| +| nVersion bits for general purpose use +| BtcDrak +| Standard +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0322.mediawiki|322]] +| Applications +| Generic Signed Message Format +| Karl-Johan Alm +| Standard +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0324.mediawiki|324]] +| Peer Services +| Version 2 P2P Encrypted Transport Protocol +| Dhruv Mehta, Tim Ruffing, Jonas Schnelli, Pieter Wuille +| Standard +| Draft +|- style="background-color: #ffffcf" +| [[bip-0325.mediawiki|325]] +| Applications +| Signet +| Karl-Johan Alm, Anthony Towns +| Standard +| Proposed +|- +| [[bip-0326.mediawiki|326]] +| Applications +| Anti-fee-sniping in taproot transactions +| Chris Belcher +| Informational +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0327.mediawiki|327]] +| +| MuSig2 for BIP340-compatible Multi-Signatures +| Jonas Nick, Tim Ruffing, Elliott Jin +| Informational +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0329.mediawiki|329]] +| Applications +| Wallet Labels Export Format +| Craig Raw +| Informational +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0330.mediawiki|330]] +| Peer Services +| Transaction announcements reconciliation +| Gleb Naumenko, Pieter Wuille +| Standard +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0338.mediawiki|338]] +| Peer Services +| Disable transaction relay message +| Suhas Daftuar +| Standard +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0339.mediawiki|339]] +| Peer Services +| WTXID-based transaction relay +| Suhas Daftuar +| Standard +| Draft +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" +| [[bip-0340.mediawiki|340]] +| +| Schnorr Signatures for secp256k1 +| Pieter Wuille, Jonas Nick, Tim Ruffing +| Standard +| Final +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" +| [[bip-0341.mediawiki|341]] +| Consensus (soft fork) +| Taproot: SegWit version 1 spending rules +| Pieter Wuille, Jonas Nick, Anthony Towns +| Standard +| Final +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" +| [[bip-0342.mediawiki|342]] +| Consensus (soft fork) +| Validation of Taproot Scripts +| Pieter Wuille, Jonas Nick, Anthony Towns +| Standard +| Final +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" +| [[bip-0343.mediawiki|343]] +| Consensus (soft fork) +| Mandatory activation of taproot deployment +| Shinobius, Michael Folkson +| Standard +| Final +|- +| [[bip-0345.mediawiki|345]] +| Consensus (soft fork) +| OP_VAULT +| James O'Beirne, Greg Sanders, Anthony Towns +| Standard +| Draft +|- style="background-color: #cfffcf" +| [[bip-0350.mediawiki|350]] +| Applications +| Bech32m format for v1+ witness addresses +| Pieter Wuille +| Standard +| Final +|- +| [[bip-0351.mediawiki|351]] +| Applications +| Private Payments +| Alfred Hodler, Clark Moody +| Informational +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0370.mediawiki|370]] +| Applications +| PSBT Version 2 +| Ava Chow +| Standard +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0371.mediawiki|371]] +| Applications +| Taproot Fields for PSBT +| Ava Chow +| Standard +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0372.mediawiki|372]] +| Applications +| Pay-to-contract tweak fields for PSBT +| Maxim Orlovsky +| Standard +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0380.mediawiki|380]] +| Applications +| Output Script Descriptors General Operation +| Pieter Wuille, Ava Chow +| Informational +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0381.mediawiki|381]] +| Applications +| Non-Segwit Output Script Descriptors +| Pieter Wuille, Ava Chow +| Informational +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0382.mediawiki|382]] +| Applications +| Segwit Output Script Descriptors +| Pieter Wuille, Ava Chow +| Informational +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0383.mediawiki|383]] +| Applications +| Multisig Output Script Descriptors +| Pieter Wuille, Ava Chow +| Informational +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0384.mediawiki|384]] +| Applications +| combo() Output Script Descriptors +| Pieter Wuille, Ava Chow +| Informational +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0385.mediawiki|385]] +| Applications +| raw() and addr() Output Script Descriptors +| Pieter Wuille, Ava Chow +| Informational +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0386.mediawiki|386]] +| Applications +| tr() Output Script Descriptors +| Pieter Wuille, Ava Chow +| Informational +| Draft +|- +| [[bip-0389.mediawiki|389]] +| Applications +| Multipath Descriptor Key Expressions +| Ava Chow +| Informational | Draft |} diff --git a/bip-0001.mediawiki b/bip-0001.mediawiki index b1947ea..7067f64 100644 --- a/bip-0001.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0001.mediawiki @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0001 Status: Replaced Type: Process - Created: 2011-08-19 + Created: 2011-09-19 Superseded-By: 2 </pre> diff --git a/bip-0002.mediawiki b/bip-0002.mediawiki index ea60d1d..0462a00 100644 --- a/bip-0002.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0002.mediawiki @@ -32,23 +32,23 @@ The BIP process begins with a new idea for Bitcoin. Each potential BIP must have Small enhancements or patches to a particular piece of software often don't require standardisation between multiple projects; these don't need a BIP and should be injected into the relevant project-specific development workflow with a patch submission to the applicable issue tracker. Additionally, many ideas have been brought forward for changing Bitcoin that have been rejected for various reasons. The first step should be to search past discussions to see if an idea has been considered before, and if so, what issues arose in its progression. -After investigating past work, the best way to proceed is by posting about the new idea to the [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev Bitcoin development mailing list]. +After investigating past work, the best way to proceed is by posting about the new idea to the [https://groups.google.com/g/bitcoindev Bitcoin development mailing list]. Vetting an idea publicly before going as far as writing a BIP is meant to save both the potential author and the wider community time. Asking the Bitcoin community first if an idea is original helps prevent too much time being spent on something that is guaranteed to be rejected based on prior discussions (searching the internet does not always do the trick). It also helps to make sure the idea is applicable to the entire community and not just the author. Just because an idea sounds good to the author does not mean it will work for most people in most areas where Bitcoin is used. -Once the champion has asked the Bitcoin community as to whether an idea has any chance of acceptance, a draft BIP should be presented to the [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev Bitcoin development mailing list]. +Once the champion has asked the Bitcoin community as to whether an idea has any chance of acceptance, a draft BIP should be presented to the [https://groups.google.com/g/bitcoindev Bitcoin development mailing list]. This gives the author a chance to flesh out the draft BIP to make it properly formatted, of high quality, and to address additional concerns about the proposal. Following a discussion, the proposal should be submitted to the [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips BIPs git repository] as a pull request. -This draft must be written in BIP style as described below, and named with an alias such as "bip-johndoe-infinitebitcoins" until the editor has assigned it a BIP number (authors MUST NOT self-assign BIP numbers). +This draft must be written in BIP style as described below, and named with an alias such as "bip-johndoe-infinitebitcoins" until an editor has assigned it a BIP number (authors MUST NOT self-assign BIP numbers). BIP authors are responsible for collecting community feedback on both the initial idea and the BIP before submitting it for review. However, wherever possible, long open-ended discussions on public mailing lists should be avoided. Strategies to keep the discussions efficient include: setting up a separate SIG mailing list for the topic, having the BIP author accept private comments in the early design phases, setting up a wiki page or git repository, etc. BIP authors should use their discretion here. It is highly recommended that a single BIP contain a single key proposal or new idea. The more focused the BIP, the more successful it tends to be. If in doubt, split your BIP into several well-focused ones. -When the BIP draft is complete, the BIP editor will assign the BIP a number, label it as Standards Track, Informational, or Process, and merge the pull request to the BIPs git repository. -The BIP editor will not unreasonably reject a BIP. +When the BIP draft is complete, a BIP editor will assign the BIP a number, label it as Standards Track, Informational, or Process, and merge the pull request to the BIPs git repository. +The BIP editors will not unreasonably reject a BIP. Reasons for rejecting BIPs include duplication of effort, disregard for formatting rules, being too unfocused or too broad, being technically unsound, not providing proper motivation or addressing backwards compatibility, or not in keeping with the Bitcoin philosophy. For a BIP to be accepted it must meet certain minimum criteria. It must be a clear and complete description of the proposed enhancement. @@ -61,16 +61,23 @@ The BIP author may update the draft as necessary in the git repository. Updates It occasionally becomes necessary to transfer ownership of BIPs to a new champion. In general, we'd like to retain the original author as a co-author of the transferred BIP, but that's really up to the original author. A good reason to transfer ownership is because the original author no longer has the time or interest in updating it or following through with the BIP process, or has fallen off the face of the 'net (i.e. is unreachable or not responding to email). A bad reason to transfer ownership is because you don't agree with the direction of the BIP. We try to build consensus around a BIP, but if that's not possible, you can always submit a competing BIP. -If you are interested in assuming ownership of a BIP, send a message asking to take over, addressed to both the original author and the BIP editor. If the original author doesn't respond to email in a timely manner, the BIP editor will make a unilateral decision (it's not like such decisions can't be reversed :). +If you are interested in assuming ownership of a BIP, send a message asking to take over, addressed to both the original author and the BIP editors. If the original author doesn't respond to email in a timely manner, the BIP editors will make a unilateral decision (it's not like such decisions can't be reversed :). ===BIP Editors=== -The current BIP editor is Luke Dashjr who can be contacted at [[mailto:luke_bipeditor@dashjr.org|luke_bipeditor@dashjr.org]]. +The current BIP editors are: + +* Bryan Bishop ([[mailto:kanzure@gmail.com|kanzure@gmail.com]]) +* Jon Atack ([[mailto:jon@atack.com|jon@atack.com]]) +* Luke Dashjr ([[mailto:luke_bipeditor@dashjr.org|luke_bipeditor@dashjr.org]]) +* Mark "Murch" Erhardt ([[mailto:murch@murch.one|murch@murch.one]]) +* Olaoluwa Osuntokun ([[mailto:laolu32@gmail.com|laolu32@gmail.com]]) +* Ruben Somsen ([[mailto:rsomsen@gmail.com|rsomsen@gmail.com]]) ===BIP Editor Responsibilities & Workflow=== -The BIP editor subscribes to the Bitcoin development mailing list. -Off-list BIP-related correspondence should be sent (or CC'd) to luke_bipeditor@dashjr.org. +The BIP editors subscribe to the Bitcoin development mailing list. +Off-list BIP-related correspondence should be sent (or CC'd) to the BIP editors. For each new BIP that comes in an editor does the following: @@ -99,7 +106,7 @@ The BIP editors are intended to fulfill administrative and editorial responsibil ===Specification=== -BIPs should be written in mediawiki format. +BIPs should be written in mediawiki or markdown format. Each BIP should have the following parts: @@ -186,13 +193,13 @@ The typical paths of the status of BIPs are as follows: <img src="bip-0002/process.png"></img> Champions of a BIP may decide on their own to change the status between Draft, Deferred, or Withdrawn. -The BIP editor may also change the status to Deferred when no progress is being made on the BIP. +A BIP editor may also change the status to Deferred when no progress is being made on the BIP. A BIP may only change status from Draft (or Rejected) to Proposed, when the author deems it is complete, has a working implementation (where applicable), and has community plans to progress it to the Final status. BIPs should be changed from Draft or Proposed status, to Rejected status, upon request by any person, if they have not made progress in three years. Such a BIP may be changed to Draft status if the champion provides revisions that meaningfully address public criticism of the proposal, or to Proposed status if it meets the criteria required as described in the previous paragraph. -An Proposed BIP may progress to Final only when specific criteria reflecting real-world adoption has occurred. This is different for each BIP depending on the nature of its proposed changes, which will be expanded on below. Evaluation of this status change should be objectively verifiable, and/or be discussed on the development mailing list. +A Proposed BIP may progress to Final only when specific criteria reflecting real-world adoption has occurred. This is different for each BIP depending on the nature of its proposed changes, which will be expanded on below. Evaluation of this status change should be objectively verifiable, and/or be discussed on the development mailing list. When a Final BIP is no longer relevant, its status may be changed to Replaced or Obsolete (which is equivalent to Replaced). This change must also be objectively verifiable and/or discussed. @@ -208,7 +215,7 @@ Peer services BIPs should be observed to be adopted by at least 1% of public lis API/RPC and application layer BIPs must be implemented by at least two independent and compatible software applications. -Software authors are encouraged to publish summaries of what BIPs their software supports to aid in verification of status changes. Good examples of this at the time of writing this BIP, can be observed in [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/bips.md Bitcoin Core's doc/bips.md file] as well as [https://github.com/schildbach/bitcoin-wallet/blob/master/wallet/README.specs Bitcoin Wallet for Android's wallet/README.specs file]. +Software authors are encouraged to publish summaries of what BIPs their software supports to aid in verification of status changes. Good examples of this at the time of writing this BIP, can be observed in [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/bips.md Bitcoin Core's doc/bips.md file] as well as [https://github.com/bitcoin-wallet/bitcoin-wallet/blob/master/wallet/README.specs.md Bitcoin Wallet for Android's wallet/README.specs.md file]. These criteria are considered objective ways to observe the de facto adoption of the BIP, and are not to be used as reasons to oppose or reject a BIP. Should a BIP become actually and unambiguously adopted despite not meeting the criteria outlined here, it should still be updated to Final status. @@ -240,7 +247,7 @@ What if a single merchant wishes to block a hard-fork? How about a small number of merchants (maybe only two) who sell products to each other? -* In this scenario, it would seem the previous Bitcoin is alive any working, and that the hard-fork has failed. How to resolve such a split is outside the scope of this BIP. +* In this scenario, it would seem the previous Bitcoin is alive and working, and that the hard-fork has failed. How to resolve such a split is outside the scope of this BIP. How can economic agreement veto a soft-fork? @@ -326,7 +333,7 @@ For example, a preamble might include the following License header: In this case, the BIP text is fully licensed under both the OSI-approved BSD 2-clause license as well as the GNU All-Permissive License, and anyone may modify and redistribute the text provided they comply with the terms of *either* license. In other words, the license list is an "OR choice", not an "AND also" requirement. -It is also possible to license source code differently from the BIP text. A optional License-Code header is placed after the License header. Again, each license must be referenced by their respective abbreviation given below. +It is also possible to license source code differently from the BIP text. An optional License-Code header is placed after the License header. Again, each license must be referenced by their respective abbreviation given below. For example, a preamble specifying the optional License-Code header might look like: @@ -406,7 +413,6 @@ Why is Public Domain no longer acceptable for new BIPs? * Non-image auxiliary files are permitted in the bip-XXXX subdirectory. * Email addresses are now required for authors. * The Post-History header may be provided as a link instead of a simple date. -* Markdown format is no longer permitted for BIPs. * The Resolution header has been dropped, as it is not applicable to a decentralised system where no authority exists to make final decisions. ==See Also== diff --git a/bip-0002/process.png b/bip-0002/process.png Binary files differindex a834947..b532799 100644 --- a/bip-0002/process.png +++ b/bip-0002/process.png diff --git a/bip-0002/process.svg b/bip-0002/process.svg index efaa02b..7bfbe7a 100644 --- a/bip-0002/process.svg +++ b/bip-0002/process.svg @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 526 206" width="526" height="206"> +<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 720 206" width="720" height="206"> <defs> <style type="text/css"><![CDATA[ rect { @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ <path d="M0,2 L0,11 L8,6 L0,2" style="fill: black;" /> </marker> </defs> - + <rect x="8" y="8" width="128" height="32"/> <text x="72" y="32" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle">Draft</text> <path d="M136,24 L200,24"/> @@ -32,18 +32,22 @@ <path d="M456,40 L456,80"/> <rect x="392" y="80" width="128" height="32"/> <text x="456" y="104" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle">Replaced</text> - + <path d="M120,40 L120,72 L200,72"/> <rect x="200" y="56" width="128" height="32"/> <text x="264" y="80" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle">Rejected</text> <path d="M328,32 L360,32 L360,72 L328,72" stroke-dasharray="4, 2"/> - + <path d="M88,40 L88,120 L200,120"/> <rect x="200" y="104" width="128" height="32"/> <text x="264" y="128" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle">Withdrawn</text> - + <path d="M24,40 L24,166"/> <rect x="8" y="166" width="128" height="32"/> <text x="72" y="190" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle">Deferred</text> <path d="M56,166 L56,40"/> + + <path d="M520,24 L584,24"/> + <rect x="584" y="8" width="128" height="32"/> + <text x="648" y="32" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle">Obsolete</text> </svg> diff --git a/bip-0008.mediawiki b/bip-0008.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d357401 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0008.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,280 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 8 + Title: Version bits with lock-in by height + Author: Shaolin Fry <shaolinfry@protonmail.ch> + Luke Dashjr <luke+bip@dashjr.org> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0008 + Status: Draft + Type: Informational + Created: 2017-02-01 + License: BSD-3-Clause + CC0-1.0 +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This document specifies an alternative to [[bip-0009.mediawiki|BIP9]] that corrects for a number of perceived mistakes. +Block heights are used for start and timeout rather than POSIX timestamps. +It additionally introduces an activation parameter that can guarantee activation of backward-compatible changes (further called "soft forks"). + +The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. + +==Motivation== + +BIP9 introduced a mechanism for doing parallel soft forking deployments based on repurposing the block nVersion field. Activation is dependent on near unanimous hashrate signalling which may be impractical and result in veto by a small minority of non-signalling hashrate. Super majority hashrate based activation triggers allow for accelerated activation where the majority hash power enforces the new rules in lieu of full nodes upgrading. Since all consensus rules are ultimately enforced by full nodes, eventually any new soft fork will be enforced by the economy. This proposal combines these two aspects to provide optional flag day activation after a reasonable time, as well as for accelerated activation by majority of hash rate before the flag date. + +Due to using timestamps rather than block heights, it was found to be a risk that a sudden loss of significant hashrate could interfere with a late activation. + +Block time is somewhat unreliable and may be intentionally or unintentionally inaccurate, so thresholds based on block time are not ideal. Secondly, BIP9 specified triggers based on the first retarget after a given time, which is non-intuitive. Since each new block must increase the height by one, thresholds based on block height are much more reliable and intuitive and can be calculated exactly for difficulty retarget. + +==Specification== + +===Parameters=== + +Each soft fork deployment is specified by the following per-chain parameters (further elaborated below): + +# The '''name''' specifies a very brief description of the soft fork, reasonable for use as an identifier. +# The '''bit''' determines which bit in the nVersion field of the block is to be used to signal the soft fork lock-in and activation. It is chosen from the set {0,1,2,...,28}. +# The '''startheight''' specifies the height of the first block at which the bit gains its meaning. +# The '''timeoutheight''' specifies a block height at which the miner signalling ends. Once this height has been reached, if the soft fork has not yet locked in (excluding this block's bit state), the deployment is considered failed on all descendants of the block. +# The '''threshold''' specifies the minimum number of block per retarget period which indicate lock-in of the soft fork during the subsequent period. +# The '''minimum_activation_height''' specifies the height of the first block at which the soft fork is allowed to become active. +# The '''lockinontimeout''' boolean if set to true, blocks are required to signal in the final period, ensuring the soft fork has locked in by timeoutheight. + +===Selection guidelines=== + +The following guidelines are suggested for selecting these parameters for a soft fork: + +# '''name''' should be selected such that no two softforks, concurrent or otherwise, ever use the same name. For deployments described in a single BIP, it is recommended to use the name "bipN" where N is the appropriate BIP number. +# '''bit''' should be selected such that no two concurrent softforks use the same bit. The bit chosen should not overlap with active usage (legitimately or otherwise) for other purposes. +# '''startheight''' should be set to some block height in the future. If '''minimum_activation_height''' is not going to be set, then '''startheight''' should be set to a height when a majority of economic activity is expected to have upgraded to software including the activation parameters. Some allowance should be made for potential release delays. If '''minimum_activation_height''' is going to be set, then '''startheight''' can be set to be soon after software with parameters is expected to be released. This shifts the time for upgrading from before signaling begins to during the LOCKED_IN state. +# '''timeoutheight''' should be set to a block height when it is considered reasonable to expect the entire economy to have upgraded by, probably at least 1 year, or 52416 blocks (26 retarget intervals) after '''startheight'''. +# '''threshold''' should be 1815 blocks (90% of 2016), or 1512 (75%) for testnet. +# '''minimum_activation_height''' should be set to several retarget periods in the future if the '''startheight''' is to be very soon after software with parameters is expected to be released. '''minimum_activation_height''' should be set to a height when a majority of economic activity is expected to have upgraded to software including the activation parameters. This allows more time to be spent in the LOCKED_IN state so that nodes can upgrade. This may be set to 0 to have the LOCKED_IN state be a single retarget period. +# '''lockinontimeout''' should be set to true for any softfork that is expected or found to have political opposition from a non-negligible percent of miners. (It can be set after the initial deployment, but cannot be cleared once set.) + +A later deployment using the same bit is possible as long as the startheight is after the previous one's +timeoutheight or activation, but it is discouraged until necessary, and even then recommended to have a pause in between to detect buggy software. + +'''startheight''', '''timeoutheight''', and '''minimum_activation_height''' must be an exact multiple of 2016 (ie, at a retarget boundary), and '''timeoutheight''' must be at least 4032 blocks (2 retarget intervals) after '''startheight'''. + +===States=== + +With each block and soft fork, we associate a deployment state. The possible states are: + +# '''DEFINED''' is the first state that each soft fork starts out as. The genesis block is by definition in this state for each deployment. +# '''STARTED''' for blocks at or beyond the startheight. +# '''MUST_SIGNAL''' for one retarget period prior to the timeout, if LOCKED_IN was not reached and '''lockinontimeout''' is true. +# '''LOCKED_IN''' for at least one retarget period after the first retarget period with STARTED (or MUST_SIGNAL) blocks of which at least threshold have the associated bit set in nVersion. A soft fork remains in LOCKED_IN until at least '''minimum_activation_height''' is reached. +# '''ACTIVE''' for all blocks after the LOCKED_IN state. +# '''FAILED''' for all blocks after the timeoutheight if LOCKED_IN is not reached. + +===Bit flags=== + +The nVersion block header field is to be interpreted as a 32-bit little-endian integer (as present), and bits are selected within this integer as values (1 << N) where N is the bit number. + +Blocks in the STARTED state get an nVersion whose bit position bit is set to 1. The top 3 bits of such blocks must be +001, so the range of actually possible nVersion values is [0x20000000...0x3FFFFFFF], inclusive. + +Due to the constraints set by BIP 34, BIP 66 and BIP 65, we only have 0x7FFFFFFB possible nVersion values available. +This restricts us to at most 30 independent deployments. By restricting the top 3 bits to 001 we get 29 out of those +for the purposes of this proposal, and support two future upgrades for different mechanisms (top bits 010 and 011). +When a block nVersion does not have top bits 001, it is treated as if all +bits are 0 for the purposes of deployments. + +Miners should continue setting the bit in LOCKED_IN phase so uptake is visible, though this has no effect on consensus rules. + +===New consensus rules=== + +The new consensus rules for each soft fork are enforced for each block that has ACTIVE state. + +During the MUST_SIGNAL phase, if '''(2016 - threshold)''' blocks in the retarget period have already failed to signal, any further blocks that fail to signal are invalid. + +===State transitions=== + +<img src="bip-0008/states.png" align="middle"></img> + +Note that when '''lockinontimeout''' is true, the LOCKED_IN state will be reached no later than at a height of '''timeoutheight'''. +Regardless of the value of '''lockinontimeout''', if LOCKED_IN is reached, ACTIVE will be reached either one retarget period later, or at '''minimum_activation_height''', whichever comes later. + +The genesis block has state DEFINED for each deployment, by definition. + + State GetStateForBlock(block) { + if (block.height == 0) { + return DEFINED; + } + +All blocks within a retarget period have the same state. This means that if +floor(block1.height / 2016) = floor(block2.height / 2016), they are guaranteed to have the same state for every +deployment. + + if ((block.height % 2016) != 0) { + return GetStateForBlock(block.parent); + } + +Otherwise, the next state depends on the previous state: + + switch (GetStateForBlock(GetAncestorAtHeight(block, block.height - 2016))) { + +We remain in the initial state until we reach the start block height. + + case DEFINED: + if (block.height >= startheight) { + return STARTED; + } + return DEFINED; + +After a period in the STARTED state, we tally the bits set, +and transition to LOCKED_IN if a sufficient number of blocks in the past period set the deployment bit in their +version numbers. +If the threshold hasn't been met, lockinontimeout is true, and we are at the last period before the timeout, then we transition to MUST_SIGNAL. +If the threshold hasn't been met and we reach the timeout, we transition directly to FAILED. + +Note that a block's state never depends on its own nVersion; only on that of its ancestors. + + case STARTED: + int count = 0; + walk = block; + for (i = 0; i < 2016; i++) { + walk = walk.parent; + if (walk.nVersion & 0xE0000000 == 0x20000000 && (walk.nVersion >> bit) & 1 == 1) { + ++count; + } + } + if (count >= threshold) { + return LOCKED_IN; + } else if (lockinontimeout && block.height + 2016 >= timeoutheight) { + return MUST_SIGNAL; + } else if (block.height >= timeoutheight) { + return FAILED; + } + return STARTED; + +If we have finished a period of MUST_SIGNAL, we transition directly to LOCKED_IN. + + case MUST_SIGNAL: + return LOCKED_IN; + +After at least one retarget period of LOCKED_IN, we automatically transition to ACTIVE if the minimum activation height is reached. Otherwise LOCKED_IN continues. + + case LOCKED_IN: + if (block.height >= minimum_activation_height) { + return ACTIVE; + } else { + return LOCKED_IN; + } + +And ACTIVE and FAILED are terminal states, which a deployment stays in once they're reached. + + case ACTIVE: + return ACTIVE; + + case FAILED: + return FAILED; + } + } + +'''Implementation''' +It should be noted that the states are maintained along block chain +branches, but may need recomputation when a reorganization happens. + +Given that the state for a specific block/deployment combination is completely determined by its ancestry before the +current retarget period (i.e. up to and including its ancestor with height block.height - 1 - (block.height % 2016)), +it is possible to implement the mechanism above efficiently and safely by caching the resulting state of every multiple-of-2016 +block, indexed by its parent. + +===Mandatory signalling=== + +Blocks received while in the MUST_SIGNAL phase must be checked to ensure that they signal as required. For example: + + if (GetStateForBlock(block) == MUST_SIGNAL) { + int nonsignal = 0; + walk = block; + while (true) { + if ((walk.nVersion & 0xE0000000) != 0x20000000 || ((walk.nVersion >> bit) & 1) != 1) { + ++nonsignal; + if (nonsignal > 2016 - threshold) { + return state.Invalid(BlockValidationResult::RECENT_CONSENSUS_CHANGE, "bad-version-bip8-must-signal"); + } + } + if (walk.nHeight % 2016 == 0) { + // checked every block in this retarget period + break; + } + walk = walk.parent; + } + } + +Implementations should be careful not to ban peers that send blocks that are invalid due to not signalling (or blocks that build on those blocks), as that would allow an incompatible chain that is only briefly longer than the compliant chain to cause a split of the p2p network. If that occurred, nodes that have not set ''lockinontimeout'' may not see new blocks in the compliant chain, and thus not reorg to it at the point when it has more work, and would thus not be following the valid chain with the most work. + +Implementations with ''lockinontimeout'' set to true may potentially follow a lower work chain than nodes with ''lockinontimeout'' set to false for an extended period. In order for this not to result in a net split nodes with ''lockinontimeout'' set to true, those nodes may need to preferentially connect to each other. Deployments proposing that implementations set ''lockinontimeout'' to true should either use parameters that do not risk there being a higher work alternative chain, or specify a mechanism for implementations that support the deployment to preferentially peer with each other. + +===Warning mechanism=== + +To support upgrade warnings, an extra "unknown upgrade" is tracked, using the "implicit bit" mask = (block.nVersion & ~expectedVersion) != 0. Mask will be non-zero whenever an unexpected bit is set in nVersion. Whenever LOCKED_IN for the unknown upgrade is detected, the software should warn loudly about the upcoming soft fork. It should warn even more loudly after the next retarget period (when the unknown upgrade is in the ACTIVE state). + +===getblocktemplate changes=== + +The template request Object is extended to include a new item: + +{| class="wikitable" +!colspan=4| template request +|- +! Key !! Required !! Type !! Description +|- +| rules || No || Array of Strings || list of supported softfork deployments, by name +|} + +The template Object is also extended: + +{| class="wikitable" +!colspan=4| template +|- +! Key !! Required !! Type !! Description +|- +| rules || Yes || Array of Strings || list of softfork deployments, by name, that are active state +|- +| vbavailable || Yes || Object || set of pending, supported softfork deployments; each uses the softfork name as the key, and the softfork bit as its value +|- +| vbrequired || No || Number || bit mask of softfork deployment version bits the server requires enabled in submissions +|} + +The "version" key of the template is retained, and used to indicate the server's preference of deployments. +If versionbits is being used, "version" MUST be within the versionbits range of [0x20000000...0x3FFFFFFF]. +Miners MAY clear or set bits in the block version WITHOUT any special "mutable" key, provided they are listed among the template's "vbavailable" and (when clearing is desired) NOT included as a bit in "vbrequired". +Servers MUST set bits in "vbrequired" for deployments in MUST_SIGNAL state, to ensure blocks produced are valid. + +Softfork deployment names listed in "rules" or as keys in "vbavailable" may be prefixed by a '!' character. +Without this prefix, GBT clients may assume the rule will not impact usage of the template as-is; typical examples of this would be when previously valid transactions cease to be valid, such as BIPs 16, 65, 66, 68, 112, and 113. +If a client does not understand a rule without the prefix, it may use it unmodified for mining. +On the other hand, when this prefix is used, it indicates a more subtle change to the block structure or generation transaction; examples of this would be BIP 34 (because it modifies coinbase construction) and 141 (since it modifies the txid hashing and adds a commitment to the generation transaction). +A client that does not understand a rule prefixed by '!' must not attempt to process the template, and must not attempt to use it for mining even unmodified. + +=== Reference implementation === + +https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/compare/master...luke-jr:bip8 + +==Contrasted with BIP 9== + +* The '''lockinontimeout''' flag is added, providing a way to guarantee transition to LOCKED_IN. +* Block heights are used for the deployment monotonic clock, rather than median-time-past. + +==Backwards compatibility== + +BIP8 and BIP9 deployments should not share concurrent active deployment bits. Nodes that only implement BIP9 will not activate a BIP8 soft fork if hashpower threshold is not reached by '''timeoutheight''', however, those nodes will still accept the blocks generated by activated nodes. + +==Deployments== + +A living list of deployment proposals can be found [[bip-0008/assignments.mediawiki|here]]. + +==References== + +[[bip-0009.mediawiki|BIP9]] + +[https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2017-February/013643.html Mailing list discussion] + +==Copyright== + +This document is dual licensed as BSD 3-clause, and Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal. + diff --git a/bip-0008/assignments.mediawiki b/bip-0008/assignments.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c18751b --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0008/assignments.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +==Deployments== + +List of deployments. + +State can be defined, active, failed. Dates are in UTC. + diff --git a/bip-0008/states.dot b/bip-0008/states.dot new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8615978 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0008/states.dot @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +digraph { + rankdir=TD; + + node [style="rounded,filled,bold", shape=box, fixedsize=true, width=1.5, fontname="Arial"]; + + edge [weight = 100]; + "DEFINED" -> "STARTED" [label="height >= start_height"]; + "STARTED" -> "MUST_SIGNAL" [label="height + 2016 >= timeoutheight AND lockinontimeout"]; + "STARTED" -> "FAILED" [label="height >= timeoutheight\nAND\nNOT lockinontimeout"]; + "LOCKED_IN" -> "ACTIVE" [label="height >= minimum_activation_height"]; + "LOCKED_IN":se -> "LOCKED_IN":ne [label="height < minimum_activation_height"]; + "MUST_SIGNAL" -> "LOCKED_IN" [label="always"]; + + edge [weight = 1]; + "STARTED" -> "LOCKED_IN" [label="height < timeoutheight\nAND\nthreshold reached"]; + + "FAILED" -> "LOCKED_IN" [style=invis]; + + "DEFINED":sw -> "DEFINED":nw; + "STARTED":sw -> "STARTED":nw; + "ACTIVE":sw -> "ACTIVE":nw; + "FAILED":sw -> "FAILED":nw; + + "STARTED" [fillcolor="#a0a0ff"]; + "MUST_SIGNAL" [fillcolor="#a0a0ff"]; + "LOCKED_IN" [fillcolor="#ffffa0"]; + "ACTIVE" [fillcolor="#a0ffa0"]; + "FAILED" [fillcolor="#ffa0a0"]; + + { rank=same; "STARTED" "MUST_SIGNAL" } + { rank=same; "FAILED" "LOCKED_IN" } + { rank=sink; "ACTIVE" } +} + + diff --git a/bip-0008/states.png b/bip-0008/states.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f15efdb --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0008/states.png diff --git a/bip-0008/states.svg b/bip-0008/states.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..63fe634 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0008/states.svg @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> +<!-- Generated by graphviz version 2.46.1 (0) + --> +<!-- Pages: 1 --> +<svg width="937pt" height="348pt" + viewBox="0.00 0.00 937.00 348.37" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" 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As it relies on comparing version numbers as integers however, it only supports one single change being rolled out at once, requiring coordination between proposals, and does not allow for permanent rejection: as long as one soft fork is not fully rolled out, no future one can be scheduled. +[[bip-0034.mediawiki|BIP 34]] introduced a mechanism for doing soft-forking changes without a predefined flag timestamp (or flag block height), instead relying on measuring miner support indicated by a higher version number in block headers. As it relies on comparing version numbers as integers however, it only supports one single change being rolled out at once, requiring coordination between proposals, and does not allow for permanent rejection: as long as one soft fork is not fully rolled out, no future one can be scheduled. -In addition, BIP 34 made the integer comparison (nVersion >= 2) a consensus rule after its 95% threshold was reached, removing 2<sup>31</sup>+2 values from the set of valid version numbers (all negative numbers, as nVersion is interpreted as a signed integer, as well as 0 and 1). This indicates another downside this approach: every upgrade permanently restricts the set of allowed nVersion field values. This approach was later reused in BIP 66 and BIP 65, which further removed nVersions 2 and 3 as valid options. As will be shown further, this is unnecessary. +In addition, BIP 34 made the integer comparison (nVersion >= 2) a consensus rule after its 95% threshold was reached, removing 2<sup>31</sup>+2 values from the set of valid version numbers (all negative numbers, as nVersion is interpreted as a signed integer, as well as 0 and 1). This indicates another downside this approach: every upgrade permanently restricts the set of allowed nVersion field values. This approach was later reused in [[bip-0066.mediawiki|BIP 66]] and [[bip-0065.mediawiki|BIP 65]], which further removed nVersions 2 and 3 as valid options. As will be shown further, this is unnecessary. ==Specification== @@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ referred to as MTP in the diagram above, and is treated as a monotonic clock def After a period in the STARTED state, if we're past the timeout, we switch to FAILED. If not, we tally the bits set, and transition to LOCKED_IN if a sufficient number of blocks in the past period set the deployment bit in their version numbers. The threshold is ≥1916 blocks (95% of 2016), or ≥1512 for testnet (75% of 2016). -The transition to FAILED takes precendence, as otherwise an ambiguity can arise. +The transition to FAILED takes precedence, as otherwise an ambiguity can arise. There could be two non-overlapping deployments on the same bit, where the first one transitions to LOCKED_IN while the other one simultaneously transitions to STARTED, which would mean both would demand setting the bit. @@ -195,9 +195,9 @@ If versionbits is being used, "version" MUST be within the versionbits range of Miners MAY clear or set bits in the block version WITHOUT any special "mutable" key, provided they are listed among the template's "vbavailable" and (when clearing is desired) NOT included as a bit in "vbrequired". Softfork deployment names listed in "rules" or as keys in "vbavailable" may be prefixed by a '!' character. -Without this prefix, GBT clients may assume the rule will not impact usage of the template as-is; typical examples of this would be when previously valid transactions cease to be valid, such as BIPs 16, 65, 66, 68, 112, and 113. +Without this prefix, GBT clients may assume the rule will not impact usage of the template as-is; typical examples of this would be when previously valid transactions cease to be valid, such as BIPs [[bip-0016.mediawiki|16]], [[bip-0065.mediawiki|65]], [[bip-0066.mediawiki|66]], [[bip-0068.mediawiki|68]], [[bip-0112.mediawiki|112]], and [[bip-0113.mediawiki|113]]. If a client does not understand a rule without the prefix, it may use it unmodified for mining. -On the other hand, when this prefix is used, it indicates a more subtle change to the block structure or generation transaction; examples of this would be BIP 34 (because it modifies coinbase construction) and 141 (since it modifies the txid hashing and adds a commitment to the generation transaction). +On the other hand, when this prefix is used, it indicates a more subtle change to the block structure or generation transaction; examples of this would be [[bip-0034.mediawiki|BIP 34]] (because it modifies coinbase construction) and [[bip-0141.mediawiki|141]] (since it modifies the txid hashing and adds a commitment to the generation transaction). A client that does not understand a rule prefixed by '!' must not attempt to process the template, and must not attempt to use it for mining even unmodified. ==Support for future changes== @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ A client that does not understand a rule prefixed by '!' must not attempt to pro The mechanism described above is very generic, and variations are possible for future soft forks. Here are some ideas that can be taken into account. '''Modified thresholds''' -The 1916 threshold (based on in BIP 34's 95%) does not have to be maintained for eternity, but changes should take the effect on the warning system into account. In particular, having a lock-in threshold that is incompatible with the one used for the warning system may have long-term effects, as the warning system cannot rely on a permanently detectable condition anymore. +The 1916 threshold (based on BIP 34's 95%) does not have to be maintained for eternity, but changes should take the effect on the warning system into account. In particular, having a lock-in threshold that is incompatible with the one used for the warning system may have long-term effects, as the warning system cannot rely on a permanently detectable condition anymore. '''Conflicting soft forks''' At some point, two mutually exclusive soft forks may be proposed. The naive way to deal with this is to never create software that implements both, but that is making a bet that at least one side is guaranteed to lose. Better would be to encode "soft fork X cannot be locked-in" as consensus rule for the conflicting soft fork - allowing software that supports both, but can never trigger conflicting changes. @@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ Soft forks right now are typically treated as booleans: they go from an inactive The failure timeout allows eventual reuse of bits even if a soft fork was never activated, so it's clear that the new use of the bit refers to a -new BIP. It's deliberately very course grained, to take into account +new BIP. It's deliberately very coarse-grained, to take into account reasonable development and deployment delays. There are unlikely to be enough failed proposals to cause a bit shortage. diff --git a/bip-0009/assignments.mediawiki b/bip-0009/assignments.mediawiki index 6a12e79..c6a8f00 100644 --- a/bip-0009/assignments.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0009/assignments.mediawiki @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ State can be defined, active, failed. Dates are in UTC. | 1 | 2016-11-15 00:00:00 | 2017-11-15 00:00:00 -| - +| active since #481824 | 2016-05-01 00:00:00 | 2017-05-01 00:00:00 | active since #834624 diff --git a/bip-0010.mediawiki b/bip-0010.mediawiki index 42071f3..289e3b0 100644 --- a/bip-0010.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0010.mediawiki @@ -93,10 +93,10 @@ The following is an example TxDP from Armory, produced while running on the test In this transaction, there are two inputs, one of 150 BTC and the other of 12 BTC. This transaction combines 162 BTC to create two outputs, one of 160 BTC, one 1.9995 BTC, and a tx fee of 0.0005. In this TxDP, both inputs have been signed, and thus could broadcast immediately. -The style of communication is taken directly from PGP/GPG, which uses blocks of ASCII like this to communicate encrypted messages and signatures. This serialization is compact, and will be interpretted the same in all character encodings. It can be copied inline into an email, or saved in a text file. The advantage over the analogous PGP encoding is that there are some human readable elements to it, for users that wish to examine the TxDP packet manually, instead of requiring a program to parse the core elements of the TxDP. +The style of communication is taken directly from PGP/GPG, which uses blocks of ASCII like this to communicate encrypted messages and signatures. This serialization is compact, and will be interpreted the same in all character encodings. It can be copied inline into an email, or saved in a text file. The advantage over the analogous PGP encoding is that there are some human readable elements to it, for users that wish to examine the TxDP packet manually, instead of requiring a program to parse the core elements of the TxDP. A party receiving this TxDP can simply add their signature to the appropriate _TXINPUT_ line. If that is the last signature required, they can broadcast it themselves. Any software that implements this standard should be able to combine multiple TxDPs into a single TxDP. However, even without the programmatic support, a user could manually combine them by copying the appropriate _TXSIGS_ lines between serializations, though it is not the recommended method for combining TxDPs. == Reference Implementation == -This proposal was implemented and tested in the older versions of ''Armory'' Bitcoin software for use in offline-wallet transaction signing (as a 1-of-1 transaction). Implementation can be found in https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/blob/v0.91-beta/armoryengine/Transaction.py under the class PyTxDistProposal. However, as of verion 0.92 released in July 2014, Armory no longer uses this proposal for offline wallet transaction signing and has moved on to a new format. +This proposal was implemented and tested in the older versions of ''Armory'' Bitcoin software for use in offline-wallet transaction signing (as a 1-of-1 transaction). Implementation can be found in https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/blob/v0.91-beta/armoryengine/Transaction.py under the class PyTxDistProposal. However, as of version 0.92 released in July 2014, Armory no longer uses this proposal for offline wallet transaction signing and has moved on to a new format. diff --git a/bip-0011.mediawiki b/bip-0011.mediawiki index bb0a308..7e9e1f6 100644 --- a/bip-0011.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0011.mediawiki @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ A couple of motivating use cases: * A wallet secured by a "wallet protection service" (WPS). 2-of-2 signatures required transactions will be used, with one signature coming from the (possibly compromised) computer with the wallet and the second signature coming from the WPS. When sending protected bitcoins, the user's bitcoin client will contact the WPS with the proposed transaction and it can then contact the user for confirmation that they initiated the transaction and that the transaction details are correct. Details for how clients and WPS's communicate are outside the scope of this BIP. Side note: customers should insist that their wallet protection service provide them with copies of the private key(s) used to secure their wallets that they can safely store off-line, so that their coins can be spent even if the WPS goes out of business. -* Three-party escrow (buyer, seller and trusted dispute agent). 2-of-3 signatures required transactions will be used. The buyer and seller and agent will each provide a public key, and the buyer will then send coins into a 2-of-3 CHECKMULTISIG transaction and send the seller and the agent the transaction id. The seller will fulfill their obligation and then ask the buyer to co-sign a transaction ( already signed by seller ) that sends the tied-up coins to him (seller).<br />If the buyer and seller cannot agree, then the agent can, with the cooperation of either buyer or seller, decide what happens to the tied-up coins. Details of how buyer, seller, and agent communicate to gather signatures or public keys are outside the scope of this BIP. +* Three-party escrow (buyer, seller, and trusted dispute agent). 2-of-3 signatures required transactions will be used. The buyer and seller and agent will each provide a public key, and the buyer will then send coins into a 2-of-3 CHECKMULTISIG transaction and send the seller and the agent the transaction id. The seller will fulfill their obligation and then ask the buyer to co-sign a transaction ( already signed by seller ) that sends the tied-up coins to him (seller).<br />If the buyer and seller cannot agree, then the agent can, with the cooperation of either buyer or seller, decide what happens to the tied-up coins. Details of how buyer, seller, and agent communicate to gather signatures or public keys are outside the scope of this BIP. ==Specification== @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ OP_CHECKMULTISIG transactions are redeemed using a standard scriptSig: (OP_0 is required because of a bug in OP_CHECKMULTISIG; it pops one too many items off the execution stack, so a dummy value must be placed on the stack). -The current Satoshi bitcoin client does not relay or mine transactions with scriptSigs larger than 200 bytes; to accomodate 3-signature transactions, this will be increased to 500 bytes. +The current Satoshi bitcoin client does not relay or mine transactions with scriptSigs larger than 200 bytes; to accommodate 3-signature transactions, this will be increased to 500 bytes. ==Rationale== @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ A weaker argument is OP_CHECKMULTISIG should not be used because it pops one too OP_CHECKMULTISIG is already supported by old clients and miners as a non-standard transaction type. -https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcoin-git/tree/op_eval +https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcoin-git/tree/77f21f1583deb89bf3fffe80fe9b181fedb1dd60 == Post History == diff --git a/bip-0012.mediawiki b/bip-0012.mediawiki index 9cb3795..bd3d88c 100644 --- a/bip-0012.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0012.mediawiki @@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ OP_EVAL allows the receiver of bitcoins to specify how they can be spent when th If ''serialized script'' is a large or complicated multi-signature script, then the burden of paying for it (in increased transaction fees due to more signature operations or transaction size) is shifted from the sender to the receiver. -The main objection to OP_EVAL is that it adds complexity, and complexity is the enemy of security. Also, evaluating data as code has a long record of being a source of security vulnerabilties. +The main objection to OP_EVAL is that it adds complexity, and complexity is the enemy of security. Also, evaluating data as code has a long record of being a source of security vulnerabilities. That same argument can be applied to the existing Bitcoin 'scripting' system; scriptPubKeys are transmit as data across the network and are then interpreted by every bitcoin implementation. OP_EVAL just moves the data that will be interpreted. It is debatable whether or not the entire idea of putting a little interpreted expression evaluation language at the core of Bitcoin was brilliant or stupid, but the existence of OP_EVAL does not make the expression language less secure. -There is a 1-confirmation attack on old clients that interepret OP_EVAL as a no-op, but it is expensive and difficult in practice. The attack is: +There is a 1-confirmation attack on old clients that interpret OP_EVAL as a no-op, but it is expensive and difficult in practice. The attack is: # Attacker creates an OP_EVAL transaction that is valid as seen by old clients, but invalid for new clients. # Attacker also creates a standard transaction that spends the OP_EVAL transaction, and pays the victim. @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ Example of a transaction that must fail for both old and new miners/clients: ==Reference Implementation== -https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcoin-git/tree/op_eval +https://github.com/gavinandresen/bitcoin-git/tree/77f21f1583deb89bf3fffe80fe9b181fedb1dd60 ==See Also== diff --git a/bip-0013.mediawiki b/bip-0013.mediawiki index 9805ed0..70be90d 100644 --- a/bip-0013.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0013.mediawiki @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ This BIP describes a new type of Bitcoin address to support arbitrarily complex transactions. Complexity in this context is defined as what information is needed by the recipient to respend the received coins, in contrast to needing a single ECDSA private key as in current implementations of Bitcoin. -In essence, an address encoded under this proposal represents the encoded hash of a [[script]], rather than the encoded hash of an ECDSA public key. +In essence, an address encoded under this proposal represents the encoded hash of a [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script script], rather than the encoded hash of an ECDSA public key. ==Motivation== @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Enable "end-to-end" secure wallets and payments to fund escrow transactions or o ==Specification== -The new bitcoin address type is constructed in the same manner as existing bitcoin addresses (see [[Base58Check encoding]]): +The new bitcoin address type is constructed in the same manner as existing bitcoin addresses (see [https://en.bitcoin.it/Base58Check_encoding Base58Check encoding]): base58-encode: [one-byte version][20-byte hash][4-byte checksum] @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ This proposal is not backwards compatible, but it fails gracefully-- if an older ==Reference Implementation== -See base58.cpp1/base58.h at https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/src +See base58.cpp/base58.h at https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/tree/master/src ==See Also== diff --git a/bip-0016.mediawiki b/bip-0016.mediawiki index d5d39ef..abc27d6 100644 --- a/bip-0016.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0016.mediawiki @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ The rules for validating these outpoints when relaying transactions or consideri # Normal validation is done: an initial stack is created from the signatures and {serialized script}, and the hash of the script is computed and validation fails immediately if it does not match the hash in the outpoint. # {serialized script} is popped off the initial stack, and the transaction is validated again using the popped stack and the deserialized script as the scriptPubKey. -These new rules should only be applied when validating transactions in blocks with timestamps >= 1333238400 (Apr 1 2012) <ref>[https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/8f188ece3c82c4cf5d52a3363e7643c23169c0ff Remove -bip16 and -paytoscripthashtime command-line arguments]</ref>. There are transaction earlier than 1333238400 in the block chain that fail these new validation rules. <ref>[http://blockexplorer.com/tx/6a26d2ecb67f27d1fa5524763b49029d7106e91e3cc05743073461a719776192 Transaction 6a26d2ecb67f27d1fa5524763b49029d7106e91e3cc05743073461a719776192]</ref>. Older transactions must be validated under the old rules. (see the Backwards Compatibility section for details). +These new rules should only be applied when validating transactions in blocks with timestamps >= 1333238400 (Apr 1 2012) <ref>[https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/8f188ece3c82c4cf5d52a3363e7643c23169c0ff Remove -bip16 and -paytoscripthashtime command-line arguments]</ref>. There are transactions earlier than 1333238400 in the block chain that fail these new validation rules. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141122040355/http://blockexplorer.com/tx/6a26d2ecb67f27d1fa5524763b49029d7106e91e3cc05743073461a719776192 Transaction 6a26d2ecb67f27d1fa5524763b49029d7106e91e3cc05743073461a719776192]</ref>. Older transactions must be validated under the old rules. (see the Backwards Compatibility section for details). For example, the scriptPubKey and corresponding scriptSig for a one-signature-required transaction is: @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ If a majority of hashing power does not support the new validation rules, then r ===520-byte limitation on serialized script size=== -As a consequence of the requirement for backwards compatiblity the serialized script is itself subject to the same rules as any other PUSHDATA operation, including the rule that no data greater than 520 bytes may be pushed to the stack. Thus it is not possible to spend a P2SH output if the redemption script it refers to is >520 bytes in length. For instance while the OP_CHECKMULTISIG opcode can itself accept up to 20 pubkeys, with 33-byte compressed pubkeys it is only possible to spend a P2SH output requiring a maximum of 15 pubkeys to redeem: 3 bytes + 15 pubkeys * 34 bytes/pubkey = 513 bytes. +As a consequence of the requirement for backwards compatibility the serialized script is itself subject to the same rules as any other PUSHDATA operation, including the rule that no data greater than 520 bytes may be pushed to the stack. Thus it is not possible to spend a P2SH output if the redemption script it refers to is >520 bytes in length. For instance while the OP_CHECKMULTISIG opcode can itself accept up to 20 pubkeys, with 33-byte compressed pubkeys it is only possible to spend a P2SH output requiring a maximum of 15 pubkeys to redeem: 3 bytes + 15 pubkeys * 34 bytes/pubkey = 513 bytes. ==Reference Implementation== diff --git a/bip-0016/qa.mediawiki b/bip-0016/qa.mediawiki index 6a8a08d..1edf28e 100644 --- a/bip-0016/qa.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0016/qa.mediawiki @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -This page is a Quality Assurance test plan for [[BIP 16]]. If you see a test missing, please add it. +This page is a Quality Assurance test plan for [[../bip-0016.mediawiki|BIP 16]]. If you see a test missing, please add it. If you can help test, please edit this page to sign-off on it. {| class="wikitable" diff --git a/bip-0019.mediawiki b/bip-0019.mediawiki index 99462b7..32179ea 100644 --- a/bip-0019.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0019.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Luke Dashjr <luke+bip17@dashjr.org> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0019 - Status: Draft + Status: Rejected Type: Standards Track Created: 2012-01-30 License: BSD-2-Clause @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ But only for n less than or equal to 3. These transactions are redeemed using a standard scriptSig: ...signatures... -The current Satoshi bitcoin client does not relay or mine transactions with scriptSigs larger than 200 bytes; to accomodate 3-signature transactions, this will be increased to 500 bytes. +The current Satoshi bitcoin client does not relay or mine transactions with scriptSigs larger than 200 bytes; to accommodate 3-signature transactions, this will be increased to 500 bytes. ===Templates=== scriptPubKey: diff --git a/bip-0021.mediawiki b/bip-0021.mediawiki index cfab856..cdc37ba 100644 --- a/bip-0021.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0021.mediawiki @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Elements of the query component may contain characters outside the valid range. === ABNF grammar === -(See also [[#Simpler syntax|a simpler representation of syntax]]) +(See also [[#simpler-syntax|a simpler representation of syntax]]) bitcoinurn = "bitcoin:" bitcoinaddress [ "?" bitcoinparams ] bitcoinaddress = *base58 @@ -58,10 +58,9 @@ The scheme component ("bitcoin:") is case-insensitive, and implementations must *label: Label for that address (e.g. name of receiver) *address: bitcoin address *message: message that describes the transaction to the user ([[#Examples|see examples below]]) -*size: amount of base bitcoin units ([[#Transfer amount/size|see below]]) *(others): optional, for future extensions -==== Transfer amount/size ==== +==== Transfer amount ==== If an amount is provided, it MUST be specified in decimal BTC. All amounts MUST contain no commas and use a period (.) as the separating character to separate whole numbers and decimal fractions. diff --git a/bip-0030.mediawiki b/bip-0030.mediawiki index a63b737..b653ba6 100644 --- a/bip-0030.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0030.mediawiki @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ </pre> ==Abstract== -This document gives a specification for dealing with duplicate transactions in the block chain, in an attempt to solve certain problems the reference implementations has with them. +This document gives a specification for dealing with duplicate transactions in the block chain, in an attempt to solve certain problems the reference implementation has with them. ==Copyright== diff --git a/bip-0032.mediawiki b/bip-0032.mediawiki index a4c1b96..b441658 100644 --- a/bip-0032.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0032.mediawiki @@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ RECENT CHANGES: * (30 Apr 2013) Switched from multiplication by I<sub>L</sub> to addition of I<sub>L</sub> (faster, easier implementation) * (25 May 2013) Added test vectors * (15 Jan 2014) Rename keys with index ≥ 0x80000000 to hardened keys, and add explicit conversion functions. +* (24 Feb 2017) Added test vectors for hardened derivation with leading zeros +* (4 Nov 2020) Added new test vectors for hardened derivation with leading zeros <pre> BIP: 32 @@ -117,11 +119,11 @@ To shorten notation, we will write CKDpriv(CKDpriv(CKDpriv(m,3<sub>H</sub>),2),5 * N(m/a<sub>H</sub>/b/c) = N(m/a<sub>H</sub>/b)/c = N(m/a<sub>H</sub>)/b/c. However, N(m/a<sub>H</sub>) cannot be rewritten as N(m)/a<sub>H</sub>, as the latter is not possible. -Each leaf node in the tree corresponds to an actual key, while the internal nodes correspond to the collections of keys that descend from them. The chain codes of the leaf nodes are ignored, and only their embedded private or public key is relevant. Because of this construction, knowing an extended private key allows reconstruction of all descendant private keys and public keys, and knowing an extended public keys allows reconstruction of all descendant non-hardened public keys. +Each leaf node in the tree corresponds to an actual key, while the internal nodes correspond to the collections of keys that descend from them. The chain codes of the leaf nodes are ignored, and only their embedded private or public key is relevant. Because of this construction, knowing an extended private key allows reconstruction of all descendant private keys and public keys, and knowing an extended public key allows reconstruction of all descendant non-hardened public keys. ===Key identifiers=== -Extended keys can be identified by the Hash160 (RIPEMD160 after SHA256) of the serialized ECSDA public key K, ignoring the chain code. This corresponds exactly to the data used in traditional Bitcoin addresses. It is not advised to represent this data in base58 format though, as it may be interpreted as an address that way (and wallet software is not required to accept payment to the chain key itself). +Extended keys can be identified by the Hash160 (RIPEMD160 after SHA256) of the serialized ECDSA public key K, ignoring the chain code. This corresponds exactly to the data used in traditional Bitcoin addresses. It is not advised to represent this data in base58 format though, as it may be interpreted as an address that way (and wallet software is not required to accept payment to the chain key itself). The first 32 bits of the identifier are called the key fingerprint. @@ -149,13 +151,13 @@ The total number of possible extended keypairs is almost 2<sup>512</sup>, but th * Calculate I = HMAC-SHA512(Key = "Bitcoin seed", Data = S) * Split I into two 32-byte sequences, I<sub>L</sub> and I<sub>R</sub>. * Use parse<sub>256</sub>(I<sub>L</sub>) as master secret key, and I<sub>R</sub> as master chain code. -In case I<sub>L</sub> is 0 or ≥n, the master key is invalid. +In case parse<sub>256</sub>(I<sub>L</sub>) is 0 or parse<sub>256</sub>(I<sub>L</sub>) ≥ n, the master key is invalid. <img src=bip-0032/derivation.png></img> ==Specification: Wallet structure== -The previous sections specified key trees and their nodes. The next step is imposing a wallet structure on this tree. The layout defined in this section is a default only, though clients are encouraged to mimick it for compatibility, even if not all features are supported. +The previous sections specified key trees and their nodes. The next step is imposing a wallet structure on this tree. The layout defined in this section is a default only, though clients are encouraged to mimic it for compatibility, even if not all features are supported. ===The default wallet layout=== @@ -199,7 +201,7 @@ In addition to the expectations from the EC public-key cryptography itself: the intended security properties of this standard are: * Given a child extended private key (k<sub>i</sub>,c<sub>i</sub>) and the integer i, an attacker cannot find the parent private key k<sub>par</sub> more efficiently than a 2<sup>256</sup> brute force of HMAC-SHA512. * Given any number (2 ≤ N ≤ 2<sup>32</sup>-1) of (index, extended private key) tuples (i<sub>j</sub>,(k<sub>i<sub>j</sub></sub>,c<sub>i<sub>j</sub></sub>)), with distinct i<sub>j</sub>'s, determining whether they are derived from a common parent extended private key (i.e., whether there exists a (k<sub>par</sub>,c<sub>par</sub>) such that for each j in (0..N-1) CKDpriv((k<sub>par</sub>,c<sub>par</sub>),i<sub>j</sub>)=(k<sub>i<sub>j</sub></sub>,c<sub>i<sub>j</sub></sub>)), cannot be done more efficiently than a 2<sup>256</sup> brute force of HMAC-SHA512. -Note however that the following properties does not exist: +Note however that the following properties do not exist: * Given a parent extended public key (K<sub>par</sub>,c<sub>par</sub>) and a child public key (K<sub>i</sub>), it is hard to find i. * Given a parent extended public key (K<sub>par</sub>,c<sub>par</sub>) and a non-hardened child private key (k<sub>i</sub>), it is hard to find k<sub>par</sub>. @@ -259,31 +261,53 @@ Seed (hex): fffcf9f6f3f0edeae7e4e1dedbd8d5d2cfccc9c6c3c0bdbab7b4b1aeaba8a5a29f9c ** ext pub: xpub6FnCn6nSzZAw5Tw7cgR9bi15UV96gLZhjDstkXXxvCLsUXBGXPdSnLFbdpq8p9HmGsApME5hQTZ3emM2rnY5agb9rXpVGyy3bdW6EEgAtqt ** ext prv: xprvA2nrNbFZABcdryreWet9Ea4LvTJcGsqrMzxHx98MMrotbir7yrKCEXw7nadnHM8Dq38EGfSh6dqA9QWTyefMLEcBYJUuekgW4BYPJcr9E7j -==Implementations== +===Test vector 3=== -Two Python implementations exist: +These vectors test for the retention of leading zeros. See [https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore-lib/issues/47 bitpay/bitcore-lib#47] and [https://github.com/iancoleman/bip39/issues/58 iancoleman/bip39#58] for more information. -PyCoin (https://github.com/richardkiss/pycoin) is a suite of utilities for dealing with Bitcoin that includes BIP0032 wallet features. BIP32Utils (https://github.com/jmcorgan/bip32utils) is a library and command line interface specifically focused on BIP0032 wallets and scripting. - -2 Java implementations exist: https://github.com/bitsofproof/supernode/blob/1.1/api/src/main/java/com/bitsofproof/supernode/api/ExtendedKey.java and https://github.com/bushidowallet/bushido-java-core/tree/master/src/main/java/com/bushidowallet/core/bitcoin/bip32 - -A C++ implementation is available at https://github.com/ciphrex/mSIGNA/blob/master/deps/CoinCore/src/hdkeys.h - -An Objective-C implementation is available at https://github.com/oleganza/CoreBitcoin/blob/master/CoreBitcoin/BTCKeychain.h - -A Ruby implementation is available at https://github.com/GemHQ/money-tree - -Two Go implementations exist: - -hdkeychain (https://github.com/conformal/btcutil/tree/master/hdkeychain) provides an API for bitcoin hierarchical deterministic extended keys (BIP0032). Go HD Wallet (https://github.com/WeMeetAgain/go-hdwallet). - -Two JavaScript implementations exist: available at https://github.com/sarchar/brainwallet.github.com/tree/bip32 and https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore +Seed (hex): 4b381541583be4423346c643850da4b320e46a87ae3d2a4e6da11eba819cd4acba45d239319ac14f863b8d5ab5a0d0c64d2e8a1e7d1457df2e5a3c51c73235be +* Chain m +** ext pub: xpub661MyMwAqRbcEZVB4dScxMAdx6d4nFc9nvyvH3v4gJL378CSRZiYmhRoP7mBy6gSPSCYk6SzXPTf3ND1cZAceL7SfJ1Z3GC8vBgp2epUt13 +** ext prv: xprv9s21ZrQH143K25QhxbucbDDuQ4naNntJRi4KUfWT7xo4EKsHt2QJDu7KXp1A3u7Bi1j8ph3EGsZ9Xvz9dGuVrtHHs7pXeTzjuxBrCmmhgC6 +* Chain m/0<sub>H</sub> +** ext pub: xpub68NZiKmJWnxxS6aaHmn81bvJeTESw724CRDs6HbuccFQN9Ku14VQrADWgqbhhTHBaohPX4CjNLf9fq9MYo6oDaPPLPxSb7gwQN3ih19Zm4Y +** ext prv: xprv9uPDJpEQgRQfDcW7BkF7eTya6RPxXeJCqCJGHuCJ4GiRVLzkTXBAJMu2qaMWPrS7AANYqdq6vcBcBUdJCVVFceUvJFjaPdGZ2y9WACViL4L -A PHP implemetation is available at https://github.com/Bit-Wasp/bitcoin-lib-php +===Test vector 4=== -A C# implementation is available at https://github.com/NicolasDorier/NBitcoin (ExtKey, ExtPubKey) +These vectors test for the retention of leading zeros. See [https://github.com/btcsuite/btcutil/issues/172 btcsuite/btcutil#172] for more information. -A Haskell implementation is available at https://github.com/haskoin/haskoin together with a CLI interface at https://github.com/np/hx +Seed (hex): 3ddd5602285899a946114506157c7997e5444528f3003f6134712147db19b678 +* Chain m +** ext pub: xpub661MyMwAqRbcGczjuMoRm6dXaLDEhW1u34gKenbeYqAix21mdUKJyuyu5F1rzYGVxyL6tmgBUAEPrEz92mBXjByMRiJdba9wpnN37RLLAXa +** ext prv: xprv9s21ZrQH143K48vGoLGRPxgo2JNkJ3J3fqkirQC2zVdk5Dgd5w14S7fRDyHH4dWNHUgkvsvNDCkvAwcSHNAQwhwgNMgZhLtQC63zxwhQmRv +* Chain m/0<sub>H</sub> +** ext pub: xpub69AUMk3qDBi3uW1sXgjCmVjJ2G6WQoYSnNHyzkmdCHEhSZ4tBok37xfFEqHd2AddP56Tqp4o56AePAgCjYdvpW2PU2jbUPFKsav5ut6Ch1m +** ext prv: xprv9vB7xEWwNp9kh1wQRfCCQMnZUEG21LpbR9NPCNN1dwhiZkjjeGRnaALmPXCX7SgjFTiCTT6bXes17boXtjq3xLpcDjzEuGLQBM5ohqkao9G +* Chain m/0<sub>H</sub>/1<sub>H</sub> +** ext pub: xpub6BJA1jSqiukeaesWfxe6sNK9CCGaujFFSJLomWHprUL9DePQ4JDkM5d88n49sMGJxrhpjazuXYWdMf17C9T5XnxkopaeS7jGk1GyyVziaMt +** ext prv: xprv9xJocDuwtYCMNAo3Zw76WENQeAS6WGXQ55RCy7tDJ8oALr4FWkuVoHJeHVAcAqiZLE7Je3vZJHxspZdFHfnBEjHqU5hG1Jaj32dVoS6XLT1 + +===Test vector 5=== + +These vectors test that invalid extended keys are recognized as invalid. + +* xpub661MyMwAqRbcEYS8w7XLSVeEsBXy79zSzH1J8vCdxAZningWLdN3zgtU6LBpB85b3D2yc8sfvZU521AAwdZafEz7mnzBBsz4wKY5fTtTQBm (pubkey version / prvkey mismatch) +* xprv9s21ZrQH143K24Mfq5zL5MhWK9hUhhGbd45hLXo2Pq2oqzMMo63oStZzFGTQQD3dC4H2D5GBj7vWvSQaaBv5cxi9gafk7NF3pnBju6dwKvH (prvkey version / pubkey mismatch) +* xpub661MyMwAqRbcEYS8w7XLSVeEsBXy79zSzH1J8vCdxAZningWLdN3zgtU6Txnt3siSujt9RCVYsx4qHZGc62TG4McvMGcAUjeuwZdduYEvFn (invalid pubkey prefix 04) +* xprv9s21ZrQH143K24Mfq5zL5MhWK9hUhhGbd45hLXo2Pq2oqzMMo63oStZzFGpWnsj83BHtEy5Zt8CcDr1UiRXuWCmTQLxEK9vbz5gPstX92JQ (invalid prvkey prefix 04) +* xpub661MyMwAqRbcEYS8w7XLSVeEsBXy79zSzH1J8vCdxAZningWLdN3zgtU6N8ZMMXctdiCjxTNq964yKkwrkBJJwpzZS4HS2fxvyYUA4q2Xe4 (invalid pubkey prefix 01) +* xprv9s21ZrQH143K24Mfq5zL5MhWK9hUhhGbd45hLXo2Pq2oqzMMo63oStZzFAzHGBP2UuGCqWLTAPLcMtD9y5gkZ6Eq3Rjuahrv17fEQ3Qen6J (invalid prvkey prefix 01) +* xprv9s2SPatNQ9Vc6GTbVMFPFo7jsaZySyzk7L8n2uqKXJen3KUmvQNTuLh3fhZMBoG3G4ZW1N2kZuHEPY53qmbZzCHshoQnNf4GvELZfqTUrcv (zero depth with non-zero parent fingerprint) +* xpub661no6RGEX3uJkY4bNnPcw4URcQTrSibUZ4NqJEw5eBkv7ovTwgiT91XX27VbEXGENhYRCf7hyEbWrR3FewATdCEebj6znwMfQkhRYHRLpJ (zero depth with non-zero parent fingerprint) +* xprv9s21ZrQH4r4TsiLvyLXqM9P7k1K3EYhA1kkD6xuquB5i39AU8KF42acDyL3qsDbU9NmZn6MsGSUYZEsuoePmjzsB3eFKSUEh3Gu1N3cqVUN (zero depth with non-zero index) +* xpub661MyMwAuDcm6CRQ5N4qiHKrJ39Xe1R1NyfouMKTTWcguwVcfrZJaNvhpebzGerh7gucBvzEQWRugZDuDXjNDRmXzSZe4c7mnTK97pTvGS8 (zero depth with non-zero index) +* DMwo58pR1QLEFihHiXPVykYB6fJmsTeHvyTp7hRThAtCX8CvYzgPcn8XnmdfHGMQzT7ayAmfo4z3gY5KfbrZWZ6St24UVf2Qgo6oujFktLHdHY4 (unknown extended key version) +* DMwo58pR1QLEFihHiXPVykYB6fJmsTeHvyTp7hRThAtCX8CvYzgPcn8XnmdfHPmHJiEDXkTiJTVV9rHEBUem2mwVbbNfvT2MTcAqj3nesx8uBf9 (unknown extended key version) +* xprv9s21ZrQH143K24Mfq5zL5MhWK9hUhhGbd45hLXo2Pq2oqzMMo63oStZzF93Y5wvzdUayhgkkFoicQZcP3y52uPPxFnfoLZB21Teqt1VvEHx (private key 0 not in 1..n-1) +* xprv9s21ZrQH143K24Mfq5zL5MhWK9hUhhGbd45hLXo2Pq2oqzMMo63oStZzFAzHGBP2UuGCqWLTAPLcMtD5SDKr24z3aiUvKr9bJpdrcLg1y3G (private key n not in 1..n-1) +* xpub661MyMwAqRbcEYS8w7XLSVeEsBXy79zSzH1J8vCdxAZningWLdN3zgtU6Q5JXayek4PRsn35jii4veMimro1xefsM58PgBMrvdYre8QyULY (invalid pubkey 020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007) +* xprv9s21ZrQH143K3QTDL4LXw2F7HEK3wJUD2nW2nRk4stbPy6cq3jPPqjiChkVvvNKmPGJxWUtg6LnF5kejMRNNU3TGtRBeJgk33yuGBxrMPHL (invalid checksum) ==Acknowledgements== diff --git a/bip-0033.mediawiki b/bip-0033.mediawiki index d95357d..2c1a86f 100644 --- a/bip-0033.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0033.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Amir Taaki <genjix@riseup.net> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0033 - Status: Draft + Status: Rejected Type: Standards Track Created: 2012-05-15 </pre> diff --git a/bip-0034.mediawiki b/bip-0034.mediawiki index a993b7e..88073c5 100644 --- a/bip-0034.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0034.mediawiki @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Bitcoin blocks and transactions are versioned binary structures. Both currently ==Specification== # Treat transactions with a version greater than 1 as non-standard (official Satoshi client will not mine or relay them). -# Add height as the first item in the coinbase transaction's scriptSig, and increase block version to 2. The format of the height is "serialized CScript" -- first byte is number of bytes in the number (will be 0x03 on main net for the next 150 or so years with 2<sup>23</sup>-1 blocks), following bytes are little-endian representation of the number (including a sign bit). Height is the height of the mined block in the block chain, where the genesis block is height zero (0). +# Add height as the first item in the coinbase transaction's scriptSig, and increase block version to 2. The format of the height is "minimally encoded serialized CScript" -- first byte is number of bytes in the number (will be 0x03 on main net for the next 150 or so years with 2<sup>23</sup>-1 blocks), following bytes are little-endian representation of the number (including a sign bit). Height is the height of the mined block in the block chain, where the genesis block is height zero (0). # 75% rule: If 750 of the last 1,000 blocks are version 2 or greater, reject invalid version 2 blocks. (testnet3: 51 of last 100) # 95% rule ("Point of no return"): If 950 of the last 1,000 blocks are version 2 or greater, reject all version 1 blocks. (testnet3: 75 of last 100) diff --git a/bip-0036.mediawiki b/bip-0036.mediawiki index d3e36f4..b3393b0 100644 --- a/bip-0036.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0036.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Stefan Thomas <justmoon@members.fsf.org> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0036 - Status: Draft + Status: Rejected Type: Standards Track Created: 2012-08-03 License: PD diff --git a/bip-0038.mediawiki b/bip-0038.mediawiki index e1e3558..7f99b1a 100644 --- a/bip-0038.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0038.mediawiki @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Title: Passphrase-protected private key Author: Mike Caldwell <mcaldwell@swipeclock.com> Aaron Voisine <voisine@gmail.com> - Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-Summary: Unanimously Discourage for implementation Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0038 Status: Draft (Some confusion applies: The announcements for this never made it to the list, so it hasn't had public discussion) Type: Standards Track @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ To keep the size of the encrypted key down, no initialization vectors (IVs) are * Count of payload bytes (beyond prefix): 37 ** 1 byte (''flagbyte''): *** the most significant two bits are set as follows to preserve the visibility of the compression flag in the prefix, as well as to keep the payload within the range of allowable values that keep the "6P" prefix intact. For non-EC-multiplied keys, the bits are 11. For EC-multiplied keys, the bits are 00. -*** the bit with value 0x20 when set indicates the key should be converted to a bitcoin address using the compressed public key format. +*** the bit with value 0x20 when set indicates the key should be converted to a base58check encoded P2PKH bitcoin address using the DER compressed public key format. When not set, it should be a base58check encoded P2PKH bitcoin address using the DER uncompressed public key format. *** the bits with values 0x10 and 0x08 are reserved for a future specification that contemplates using multisig as a way to combine the factors such that parties in possession of the separate factors can independently sign a proposed transaction without requiring that any party possess both factors. These bits must be 0 to comply with this version of the specification. *** the bit with value 0x04 indicates whether a lot and sequence number are encoded into the first factor, and activates special behavior for including them in the decryption process. This applies to EC-multiplied keys only. Must be 0 for non-EC-multiplied keys. *** remaining bits are reserved for future use and must all be 0 to comply with this version of the specification. @@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ To recalculate the address: # Derive ''passfactor'' using scrypt with ''ownerentropy'' and the user's passphrase and use it to recompute ''passpoint'' # Derive decryption key for ''pointb'' using scrypt with ''passpoint'', ''addresshash'', and ''ownerentropy'' # Decrypt ''encryptedpointb'' to yield ''pointb'' -# ECMultiply ''pointb'' by ''passfactor''. Use the resulting EC point as a public key and hash it into ''address'' using either compressed or uncompressed public key methodology as specifid in ''flagbyte''. +# ECMultiply ''pointb'' by ''passfactor''. Use the resulting EC point as a public key and hash it into ''address'' using either compressed or uncompressed public key methodology as specified in ''flagbyte''. =====Decryption===== # Collect encrypted private key and passphrase from user. diff --git a/bip-0039.mediawiki b/bip-0039.mediawiki index 4a6b41e..1c4845e 100644 --- a/bip-0039.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0039.mediawiki @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Pavol Rusnak <stick@satoshilabs.com> Aaron Voisine <voisine@gmail.com> Sean Bowe <ewillbefull@gmail.com> - Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-Summary: Unanimously Discourage for implementation Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0039 Status: Proposed Type: Standards Track @@ -18,18 +18,18 @@ This BIP describes the implementation of a mnemonic code or mnemonic sentence -- a group of easy to remember words -- for the generation of deterministic wallets. -It consists of two parts: generating the mnemonic, and converting it into a +It consists of two parts: generating the mnemonic and converting it into a binary seed. This seed can be later used to generate deterministic wallets using BIP-0032 or similar methods. ==Motivation== A mnemonic code or sentence is superior for human interaction compared to the -handling of raw binary or hexidecimal representations of a wallet seed. The +handling of raw binary or hexadecimal representations of a wallet seed. The sentence could be written on paper or spoken over the telephone. This guide is meant to be a way to transport computer-generated randomness with -a human readable transcription. It's not a way to process user-created +a human-readable transcription. It's not a way to process user-created sentences (also known as brainwallets) into a wallet seed. ==Generating the mnemonic== @@ -39,14 +39,14 @@ security is improved but the sentence length increases. We refer to the initial entropy length as ENT. The allowed size of ENT is 128-256 bits. First, an initial entropy of ENT bits is generated. A checksum is generated by -taking the first <pre>ENT / 32</pre> bits of its SHA256 hash. This checksum is +taking the first <code>ENT / 32</code> bits of its SHA256 hash. This checksum is appended to the end of the initial entropy. Next, these concatenated bits are split into groups of 11 bits, each encoding a number from 0-2047, serving as an index into a wordlist. Finally, we convert these numbers into words and use the joined words as a mnemonic sentence. The following table describes the relation between the initial entropy -length (ENT), the checksum length (CS) and the length of the generated mnemonic +length (ENT), the checksum length (CS), and the length of the generated mnemonic sentence (MS) in words. <pre> @@ -67,12 +67,12 @@ MS = (ENT + CS) / 11 An ideal wordlist has the following characteristics: a) smart selection of words - - the wordlist is created in such way that it's enough to type the first four + - the wordlist is created in such a way that it's enough to type the first four letters to unambiguously identify the word b) similar words avoided - word pairs like "build" and "built", "woman" and "women", or "quick" and "quickly" - not only make remembering the sentence difficult, but are also more error + not only make remembering the sentence difficult but are also more error prone and more difficult to guess c) sorted wordlists @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ This seed can be later used to generate deterministic wallets using BIP-0032 or similar methods. The conversion of the mnemonic sentence to a binary seed is completely independent -from generating the sentence. This results in rather simple code; there are no +from generating the sentence. This results in a rather simple code; there are no constraints on sentence structure and clients are free to implement their own wordlists or even whole sentence generators, allowing for flexibility in wordlists for typo detection or other purposes. @@ -113,7 +113,14 @@ will make the desired wallet available. ==Wordlists== -* [[bip-0039/bip-0039-wordlists.md|Moved to separate document]] +Since the vast majority of BIP39 wallets supports only the English wordlist, +it is '''strongly discouraged''' to use non-English wordlists for generating +the mnemonic sentences. + +If you still feel your application really needs to use a localized wordlist, +use one of the following instead of inventing your own. + +* [[bip-0039/bip-0039-wordlists.md|Wordlists]] ==Test vectors== @@ -134,12 +141,24 @@ http://github.com/trezor/python-mnemonic ==Other Implementations== +Go: +* https://github.com/tyler-smith/go-bip39 + +Python: +* https://github.com/meherett/python-hdwallet + +Elixir: +* https://github.com/aerosol/mnemo + Objective-C: * https://github.com/nybex/NYMnemonic Haskell: * https://github.com/haskoin/haskoin +.NET (Standard): +* https://www.nuget.org/packages/dotnetstandard-bip39/ + .NET C# (PCL): * https://github.com/Thashiznets/BIP39.NET @@ -147,8 +166,44 @@ Haskell: * https://github.com/NicolasDorier/NBitcoin JavaScript: -* https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore-mnemonic +* https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore/tree/master/packages/bitcore-mnemonic * https://github.com/bitcoinjs/bip39 (used by [[https://github.com/blockchain/My-Wallet-V3/blob/v3.8.0/src/hd-wallet.js#L121-L146|blockchain.info]]) +* https://github.com/dashhive/DashPhrase.js +* https://github.com/hujiulong/web-bip39 + +TypeScript: +* https://github.com/bitauth/libauth + +Java: +* https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj/blob/master/core/src/main/java/org/bitcoinj/crypto/MnemonicCode.java Ruby: * https://github.com/sreekanthgs/bip_mnemonic + +Rust: +* https://github.com/maciejhirsz/tiny-bip39/ +* https://github.com/koushiro/bip0039-rs + +Smalltalk: +* https://github.com/eMaringolo/pharo-bip39mnemonic + +Swift: +* https://github.com/CikeQiu/CKMnemonic +* https://github.com/yuzushioh/WalletKit +* https://github.com/pengpengliu/BIP39 +* https://github.com/matter-labs/web3swift/blob/develop/Sources/web3swift/KeystoreManager/BIP39.swift +* https://github.com/zcash-hackworks/MnemonicSwift +* https://github.com/ShenghaiWang/BIP39 +* https://github.com/anquii/BIP39 + +C++: +* https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin-system/blob/master/include/bitcoin/system/wallet/mnemonic.hpp + +C (with Python/Java/Javascript bindings): +* https://github.com/ElementsProject/libwally-core + +Python: +* https://github.com/scgbckbone/btc-hd-wallet + +Dart: +* https://github.com/dart-bitcoin/bip39 diff --git a/bip-0039/bip-0039-wordlists.md b/bip-0039/bip-0039-wordlists.md index aef1a23..f2c173c 100644 --- a/bip-0039/bip-0039-wordlists.md +++ b/bip-0039/bip-0039-wordlists.md @@ -1,29 +1,32 @@ -#Wordlists +# Wordlists * [English](english.txt) * [Japanese](japanese.txt) +* [Korean](korean.txt) * [Spanish](spanish.txt) * [Chinese (Simplified)](chinese_simplified.txt) * [Chinese (Traditional)](chinese_traditional.txt) * [French](french.txt) * [Italian](italian.txt) +* [Czech](czech.txt) +* [Portuguese](portuguese.txt) -##Wordlists (Special Considerations) +## Wordlists (Special Considerations) -###Japanese +### Japanese -1. **Developers implementing phrase generation or checksum verification must separate words using ideographic spaces / accommodate users inputting ideographic spaces.** -(UTF-8 bytes: **0xE38080**; C/C+/Java: **"\u3000"**; Python: **u"\u3000"**) +1. **Developers implementing phrase generation or checksum verification must separate words using ideographic spaces / accommodate users inputting ideographic spaces.** +(UTF-8 bytes: **0xE38080**; C/C+/Java: **"\u3000"**; Python: **u"\u3000"**) However, code that only accepts Japanese phrases but does not generate or verify them should be fine as is. This is because when generating the seed, normalization as per the spec will automatically change the ideographic spaces into normal ASCII spaces, so as long as your code never shows the user an ASCII space separated phrase or tries to split the phrase input by the user, dealing with ASCII or Ideographic space is the same. -2. Word-wrapping doesn't work well, so making sure that words only word-wrap at one of the -ideographic spaces may be a necessary step. As a long word split in two could be mistaken easily +2. Word-wrapping doesn't work well, so making sure that words only word-wrap at one of the +ideographic spaces may be a necessary step. As a long word split in two could be mistaken easily for two smaller words (This would be a problem with any of the 3 character sets in Japanese) -###Spanish +### Spanish 1. Words can be uniquely determined typing the first 4 characters (sometimes less). @@ -31,19 +34,19 @@ for two smaller words (This would be a problem with any of the 3 character sets 3. There are no words in common between the Spanish wordlist and any other language wordlist, therefore it is possible to detect the language with just one word. -###Chinese +### Chinese 1. Chinese text typically does not use any spaces as word separators. For the sake of uniformity, we propose to use normal ASCII spaces (0x20) to separate words as per standard. -###French +### French Credits: @Kirvx @NicolasDorier @ecdsa @EricLarch ([The pull request](https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/issues/152)) -1. High priority on simple and common french words. +1. High priority on simple and common French words. 2. Only words with 5-8 letters. -3. A word is fully recognizable by typing the first 4 letters (special french characters "é-è" are considered equal to "e", for exemple "museau" and "musée" can not be together). +3. A word is fully recognizable by typing the first 4 letters (special French characters "é-è" are considered equal to "e", for example "museau" and "musée" can not be together). 4. Only infinitive verbs, adjectives and nouns. 5. No pronouns, no adverbs, no prepositions, no conjunctions, no interjections (unless a noun/adjective is also popular than its interjection like "mince;chouette"). 6. No numeral adjectives. @@ -65,7 +68,7 @@ Credits: @paoloaga @Polve Words chosen using the following rules: -1. Simple and common italian words. +1. Simple and common Italian words. 2. Length between 4 and 8 characters. 3. First 4 letters must be unique between all words. 4. No accents or special characters. @@ -76,8 +79,39 @@ Words chosen using the following rules: 9. No words with double vocals (like: lineetta). 10. No words already used in other language mnemonic sets. 11. If 3 of the first 4 letters are already used in the same sequence in another mnemonic word, there must be at least other 3 different letters. -12. If 3 of the first 4 letters are already used in the same sequence in another mnemonic word, there not must be the same sequence of 3 or more letters. +12. If 3 of the first 4 letters are already used in the same sequence in another mnemonic word, there must not be the same sequence of 3 or more letters. -Rules 11 and 12 prevent the selection words that are not different enough. This makes each word more recognizable among others and less error prone. For example: the wordlist contains "atono", then "atomo" is rejected, but "atomico" is good. +Rules 11 and 12 prevent the selection words that are not different enough. This makes each word more recognizable among others and less error prone. For example: the wordlist contains "atono", then "atomo" is rejected, but "atomico" is good. All the words have been manually selected and automatically checked against the rules. + +### Czech + +Credits: @zizelevak (Jan Lansky zizelevak@gmail.com) + +Words chosen using the following rules: + +1. Words are 4-8 letters long. +2. Words can be uniquely determined typing the first 4 letters. +3. Only words containing all letters without diacritical marks. (It was the hardest task, because in one third of all Czech letters has diacritical marks.) +4. Only nouns, verbs and adverbs, no other word types. All words are in basic form. +5. No personal names or geographical names. +6. No very similar words with 1 letter of difference. +7. Words are sorting according English alphabet (Czech sorting has difference in "ch"). +8. No words already used in other language mnemonic sets (english, italian, french, spanish). Letters with diacritical marks from these sets are counted as analogous letters without diacritical marks. + +### Portuguese + +Credits: @alegotardo @bitmover-studio @brenorb @kuthullu @ninjastic @sabotag3x @Trimegistus + +1. Words can be uniquely determined typing the first 4 characters. +2. No accents or special characters. +3. No complex verb forms. +4. No plural words, unless there's no singular form. +5. No words with double spelling. +6. No words with the exact sound of another word with different spelling. +7. No offensive words. +8. No words already used in other language mnemonic sets. +9. The words which have not the same spelling in Brazil and in Portugal are excluded. +10. No words that remind negative/sad/bad things. +11. No very similar words with 1 letter of difference. diff --git a/bip-0039/czech.txt b/bip-0039/czech.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fdab4a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0039/czech.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2048 @@ +abdikace +abeceda +adresa +agrese +akce +aktovka +alej +alkohol +amputace +ananas +andulka +anekdota +anketa +antika +anulovat +archa +arogance +asfalt +asistent +aspirace +astma +astronom +atlas +atletika +atol +autobus +azyl +babka +bachor +bacil +baculka +badatel +bageta +bagr +bahno +bakterie +balada +baletka +balkon +balonek +balvan +balza +bambus +bankomat +barbar +baret +barman +baroko +barva +baterka +batoh +bavlna +bazalka +bazilika +bazuka +bedna +beran +beseda +bestie +beton +bezinka +bezmoc +beztak +bicykl +bidlo +biftek +bikiny +bilance +biograf +biolog +bitva +bizon +blahobyt +blatouch +blecha +bledule +blesk +blikat +blizna +blokovat +bloudit +blud +bobek +bobr +bodlina +bodnout +bohatost +bojkot +bojovat +bokorys +bolest +borec +borovice +bota +boubel +bouchat +bouda 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\ No newline at end of file +zoologie diff --git a/bip-0039/korean.txt b/bip-0039/korean.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1acebf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0039/korean.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2048 @@ +가격 +가끔 +가난 +가능 +가득 +가르침 +가뭄 +가방 +가상 +가슴 +가운데 +가을 +가이드 +가입 +가장 +가정 +가족 +가죽 +각오 +각자 +간격 +간부 +간섭 +간장 +간접 +간판 +갈등 +갈비 +갈색 +갈증 +감각 +감기 +감소 +감수성 +감자 +감정 +갑자기 +강남 +강당 +강도 +강력히 +강변 +강북 +강사 +강수량 +강아지 +강원도 +강의 +강제 +강조 +같이 +개구리 +개나리 +개방 +개별 +개선 +개성 +개인 +객관적 +거실 +거액 +거울 +거짓 +거품 +걱정 +건강 +건물 +건설 +건조 +건축 +걸음 +검사 +검토 +게시판 +게임 +겨울 +견해 +결과 +결국 +결론 +결석 +결승 +결심 +결정 +결혼 +경계 +경고 +경기 +경력 +경복궁 +경비 +경상도 +경영 +경우 +경쟁 +경제 +경주 +경찰 +경치 +경향 +경험 +계곡 +계단 +계란 +계산 +계속 +계약 +계절 +계층 +계획 +고객 +고구려 +고궁 +고급 +고등학생 +고무신 +고민 +고양이 +고장 +고전 +고집 +고춧가루 +고통 +고향 +곡식 +골목 +골짜기 +골프 +공간 +공개 +공격 +공군 +공급 +공기 +공동 +공무원 +공부 +공사 +공식 +공업 +공연 +공원 +공장 +공짜 +공책 +공통 +공포 +공항 +공휴일 +과목 +과일 +과장 +과정 +과학 +관객 +관계 +관광 +관념 +관람 +관련 +관리 +관습 +관심 +관점 +관찰 +광경 +광고 +광장 +광주 +괴로움 +굉장히 +교과서 +교문 +교복 +교실 +교양 +교육 +교장 +교직 +교통 +교환 +교훈 +구경 +구름 +구멍 +구별 +구분 +구석 +구성 +구속 +구역 +구입 +구청 +구체적 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+uniforme +urologia +urso +urtiga +urubu +usado +usina +usufruir +vacina +vadiar +vagaroso +vaidoso +vala +valente +validade +valores +vantagem +vaqueiro +varanda +vareta +varrer +vascular +vasilha +vassoura +vazar +vazio +veado +vedar +vegetar +veicular +veleiro +velhice +veludo +vencedor +vendaval +venerar +ventre +verbal +verdade +vereador +vergonha +vermelho +verniz +versar +vertente +vespa +vestido +vetorial +viaduto +viagem +viajar +viatura +vibrador +videira +vidraria +viela +viga +vigente +vigiar +vigorar +vilarejo +vinco +vinheta +vinil +violeta +virada +virtude +visitar +visto +vitral +viveiro +vizinho +voador +voar +vogal +volante +voleibol +voltagem +volumoso +vontade +vulto +vuvuzela +xadrez +xarope +xeque +xeretar +xerife +xingar +zangado +zarpar +zebu +zelador +zombar +zoologia +zumbido diff --git a/bip-0042.mediawiki b/bip-0042.mediawiki index 1b80605..223076f 100644 --- a/bip-0042.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0042.mediawiki @@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ Layer: Consensus (soft fork) Title: A finite monetary supply for Bitcoin Author: Pieter Wuille <pieter.wuille@gmail.com> - Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-Summary: Unanimously Recommended for implementation Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0042 - Status: Draft + Status: Final Type: Standards Track Created: 2014-04-01 License: PD diff --git a/bip-0043.mediawiki b/bip-0043.mediawiki index 85578d8..f07c94a 100644 --- a/bip-0043.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0043.mediawiki @@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ Pavol Rusnak <stick@satoshilabs.com> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0043 - Status: Draft - Type: Informational + Status: Final + Type: Standards Track Created: 2014-04-24 </pre> @@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ We encourage different schemes to apply for assigning a separate BIP number and use the same number for purpose field, so addresses won't be generated from overlapping BIP32 spaces. +Purpose codes from 10001 to 19999 are reserved for [[https://github.com/satoshilabs/slips|SLIPs]]. + Example: Scheme described in BIP44 should use 44' (or 0x8000002C) as purpose. Note that m / 0' / * is already taken by BIP32 (default account), which diff --git a/bip-0044.mediawiki b/bip-0044.mediawiki index b13ba54..5db540c 100644 --- a/bip-0044.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0044.mediawiki @@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ Title: Multi-Account Hierarchy for Deterministic Wallets Author: Marek Palatinus <slush@satoshilabs.com> Pavol Rusnak <stick@satoshilabs.com> - Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-Summary: Mixed review (one person) Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0044 - Status: Proposed + Status: Final Type: Standards Track Created: 2014-04-24 </pre> @@ -263,14 +263,6 @@ is required and a pull request to the above file should be created. |m / 44' / 1' / 1' / 1 / 1 |} -==Compatible wallets== - -* [[https://mytrezor.com|myTREZOR web wallet]] ([[https://github.com/trezor/webwallet|source]]) -* [[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.bonsai.wallet32|Wallet32 @ Android]] ([[https://github.com/ksedgwic/Wallet32|source]]) -* [[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mycelium.wallet|Mycelium Bitcoin Wallet (Android)]] ([[https://github.com/mycelium-com/wallet|source]]) -* [[https://copay.io/|Copay]] ([[https://github.com/bitpay/copay|source]]) -* [[https://maza.club/encompass|Encompass]] ([[https://github.com/mazaclub/encompass|source]]) -* [[https://www.coinvault.io/|CoinVault]] ([[https://github.com/CoinVault/dotblock|source]]) ==Reference== * [[bip-0032.mediawiki|BIP32 - Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets]] diff --git a/bip-0045.mediawiki b/bip-0045.mediawiki index d364784..d721582 100644 --- a/bip-0045.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0045.mediawiki @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This BIP defines a structure for hierarchical deterministic P2SH multi-party multi-signature wallets (HDPM wallets from now on) based on the algorithm -described in BIP-0032 (BIP32 from now on) and purpose scheme described in +described in BIP-0032 (BIP32 from now on) and purpose scheme described in BIP-0043 (BIP43 from now on). This BIP is a particular application of BIP43. @@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ Hardened derivation is used at this level. The index of the party creating a P2SH multisig address. The indices can be determined independently by lexicographically sorting the purpose public -keys of each cosigner. Each cosigner creates addresses on it's own branch, -even though they have independent extended master public key, as explained +keys of each cosigner. Each cosigner creates addresses on its own branch, +even though they have independent extended master public key, as explained in the "Address generation" section. Note that the master public key is not shared amongst the cosigners. Only the @@ -79,12 +79,12 @@ purpose public keys: 03f76588e06c0d688617ef365d1e58a7f1aa84daa3801380b1e7f12acc9a69cd13 </pre> -it should use `m / 45 ' / 0 / *` for -`039863fb5f07b667d9b1ca68773c6e6cdbcac0088ffba9af46f6f6acd153d44463`, -`m / 45 ' / 1 / *` for -`03a473275a750a20b7b71ebeadfec83130c014da4b53f1c4743fcf342af6589a38`, -and `m / 45 ' / 2 / *` for -`03f76588e06c0d688617ef365d1e58a7f1aa84daa3801380b1e7f12acc9a69cd13`, +it should use <code>m / 45 ' / 0 / *</code> for +<code>039863fb5f07b667d9b1ca68773c6e6cdbcac0088ffba9af46f6f6acd153d44463</code>, +<code>m / 45 ' / 1 / *</code> for +<code>03a473275a750a20b7b71ebeadfec83130c014da4b53f1c4743fcf342af6589a38</code>, +and <code>m / 45 ' / 2 / *</code> for +<code>03f76588e06c0d688617ef365d1e58a7f1aa84daa3801380b1e7f12acc9a69cd13</code>, as dictated by their lexicographical order. @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ chain is used for addresses which are not meant to be visible outside of the wallet and is used for return transaction change. For example, if cosigner 2 wants to generate a change address, he would use -`m / 45 ' / 2 / 1 / *`, and `m / 45 ' / 2 / 0 / *` for a receive +<code>m / 45 ' / 2 / 1 / *</code>, and <code>m / 45 ' / 2 / 0 / *</code> for a receive address. Non-hardened derivation is used at this level. @@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ Non-hardened derivation is used at this level. Each party generates their own extended master keypair and shares the extended purpose' public key with the others, which is stored encrypted. Each party can generate any of the other's derived public keys, but only -his own private keys. +his own private keys. ===Address Generation Procedure=== When generating an address, each party can independently generate the N needed @@ -137,18 +137,18 @@ others using the next index, and calculate the needed script for the address. Example: Cosigner #2 wants to receive a payment to the shared wallet. His last used index on his own branch is 4. Then, the path for the next receive -address is `m/45'/2/0/5`. He uses this same path in all of the cosigners +address is <code>m/45'/2/0/5</code>. He uses this same path in all of the cosigners trees to generate a public key for each one, and from that he gets the new p2sh address. ====Change address case==== Again, each cosigner generates addresses only on his own branch. One of the n cosigners wants to create an outgoing payment, for which he'll need a change address. He generates a new address using the same procedure as above, but -using a separate index to track the used change addresses. +using a separate index to track the used change addresses. Example: Cosigner #5 wants to send a payment from the shared wallet, for which he'll need a change address. His last used change index on his own branch is -11. Then, the path for the next change address is `m/45'/5/1/12`. He uses +11. Then, the path for the next change address is <code>m/45'/5/1/12</code>. He uses this same path in all of the cosigners trees to generate a public key for each one, and from that he gets the new p2sh address. @@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ that specific address (using the same path that generated the public key in that address, but deriving the private key instead), and sign it. Once the proposal reaches m signatures, any cosigner can broadcast it to the network, becoming final. The specifics of how this proposal is structured, and the -protocol to accept or reject it, belong to another BIP, in my opinion. +protocol to accept or reject it, belong to another BIP, in my opinion. ===Address discovery=== @@ -171,8 +171,8 @@ When the master seed is imported from an external source the software should start to discover the addresses in the following manner: # for each cosigner: -# derive the cosigner's node (`m / 45' / cosigner_index`) -# for both the external and internal chains on this node (`m / 45' / cosigner_index / 0` and `m / 45' / cosigner_index / 1`): +# derive the cosigner's node (<code>m / 45' / cosigner_index</code>) +# for both the external and internal chains on this node (<code>m / 45' / cosigner_index / 0</code> and <code>m / 45' / cosigner_index / 1</code>): # scan addresses of the chain; respect the gap limit described below Please note that the algorithm uses the transaction history, not address @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ even if the earlier ones don't have transactions ===Address gap limit=== -Address gap limit is currently set to 20. If the software hits 20 unused +Address gap limit is currently set to 20. If the software hits 20 unused addresses (no transactions associated with that address) in a row, it expects there are no used addresses beyond this point and stops searching the address chain. @@ -192,13 +192,13 @@ an external chain by generating a new address. ===Rationale=== -This stucture provides a general way of doing HDPM wallets between m-of-n +This structure provides a general way of doing HDPM wallets between m-of-n parties. Here are some explanations about the design decisions made. The reason for using separate branches for each cosigner is we don't want two of them generating the same address and receiving simultaneous payments to it. The ideal case is that each address receives at most one payment, -requested by the corresponding cosigner. +requested by the corresponding cosigner. ==Examples== @@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ requested by the corresponding cosigner. | m / 45' / 2 / 1 / 9 |} -==Compatible walets== +==Compatible wallets== * [[https://copay.io|Copay wallet]] ([[https://github.com/bitpay/copay|source]]) diff --git a/bip-0047.mediawiki b/bip-0047.mediawiki index e16dd7f..af801f9 100644 --- a/bip-0047.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0047.mediawiki @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ RECENT CHANGES: Layer: Applications Title: Reusable Payment Codes for Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets Author: Justus Ranvier <justus@openbitcoinprivacyproject.org> - Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-Summary: Unanimously Discourage for implementation Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0047 Status: Draft Type: Informational @@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ Note: this procedure is used if Bob uses a version 1 payment code (regardless of ## Bob selects the designated pubkey: <pre>A, where A = aG</pre> ## Bob selects the private key associated with his notification address: <pre>b</pre> ## Bob calculates a secret point: <pre>S = bA</pre> -## Bob calculates the binding factor: <pre>s = HMAC-SHA512(x, o)</pre> +## Bob calculates the blinding factor: <pre>s = HMAC-SHA512(x, o)</pre> ### "x" is the x value of the secret point ### "o" is the outpoint being spent by the designated input. ## Bob interprets the 80 byte payload as a payment code, except: @@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ The following actions are recommended to reduce this risk: ====Sending==== -# Each time Alice wants to initiate a transaction to Bob, Alice derives a unique P2PKH address for the transaction using ECDH follows: +# Each time Alice wants to initiate a transaction to Bob, Alice derives a unique P2PKH address for the transaction using ECDH as follows: ## Alice selects the 0th private key derived from her payment code: <pre>a</pre> ## Alice selects the next unused public key derived from Bob's payment code, starting from zero: <pre>B, where B = bG</pre> ### The "next unused" public key is based on an index specific to the Alice-Bob context, not global to either Alice or Bob @@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ A recipient specifies their preference for alternate notification by setting the ===Bitmessage Notification=== -A recipient prefers to receive notifications via Bitmessage indiates this preference by: +A recipient which prefers to receive notifications via Bitmessage indicates this preference by: * Setting bit 0 of the features byte to 1 * Setting byte 67 of the serialized payment code to the desired Bitmessage address version diff --git a/bip-0048.mediawiki b/bip-0048.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dbfac3f --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0048.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,251 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 48 + Layer: Applications + Title: Multi-Script Hierarchy for Multi-Sig Wallets + Author: Fontaine <dentondevelopment@protonmail.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0048 + Status: Proposed + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2020-12-16 + License: MIT +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This BIP defines a logical hierarchy for deterministic multi-sig wallets based on an algorithm +described in BIP-0067 (BIP67 from now on), BIP-0032 (BIP32 from now on), purpose scheme described in +BIP-0043 (BIP43 from now on), and multi-account hierarchy described in +BIP-0044 (BIP44 from now on). + +This BIP is a particular application of BIP43. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP falls under the MIT License. + +==Motivation== + +The motivation of this BIP is to define the existing industry wide practice of utilizing m/48' +derivation paths in hierarchical deterministic multi-sig wallets so that other developers may +benefit from a standard. This BIP allows for future script types to easily be appended to the +specification so that a new BIP is not required for every future script type. + +The hierarchy proposed in this paper is quite comprehensive. It allows the handling of +multiple accounts, external and internal chains per account, multiple script types and +millions of addresses per chain. + +This paper was inspired from BIP44. + +==Backwards compatibility== + +Currently a number of wallets utilize the <code>m/48'</code> derivation scheme for HD multi-sig accounts. +This BIP is intended to maintain the *existing* real world use of the <code>m/48'</code> derivation. +No breaking changes are made so as to avoid "loss of funds" to existing users. +Wallets which currently support the <code>m/48'</code> derivation will not need to make any changes +to comply with this BIP. + +==Specification== + +===Key sorting=== + +Any wallet that supports BIP48 inherently supports deterministic key sorting as per BIP67 so that all possible +multi-signature addresses/scripts are derived from deterministically sorted public keys. + +===Path levels=== + +We define the following 6 levels in BIP32 path: + +<pre> +m / purpose' / coin_type' / account' / script_type' / change / address_index +</pre> + +<code>h</code> or <code>'</code> in the path indicates that BIP32 hardened derivation is used. + +Each level has a special meaning, described in the chapters below. + +===Purpose=== + +Purpose is a constant set to 48' following the BIP43 recommendation. +It indicates that the subtree of this node is used according to this specification. + +Hardened derivation is used at this level. + +===Coin type=== + +One master node (seed) can be used for multiple Bitcoin networks. +Sharing the same space for various networks has some disadvantages. + +Avoiding reusing addresses across networks and improving privacy issues. + +Coin type <code>0</code> for mainnet and <code>1</code> for testnet. + +Hardened derivation is used at this level. + +===Account=== + +This level splits the key space into independent user identities, following the BIP44 pattern, +so the wallet never mixes the coins across different accounts. + +Users can use these accounts to organize the funds in the same +fashion as bank accounts; for donation purposes (where all +addresses are considered public), for saving purposes, +for common expenses etc. + +Accounts are numbered from index 0 in sequentially increasing manner. +This number is used as child index in BIP32 derivation. + +Hardened derivation is used at this level. + +===Script=== + +This level splits the key space into two separate <code>script_type</code>(s). To provide +forward compatibility for future script types this specification can be easily extended. + +Currently the only script types covered by this BIP are Native Segwit (p2wsh) and +Nested Segwit (p2sh-p2wsh). + +The following path represents Nested Segwit (p2sh-p2wsh) mainnet, account 0: +<code>1'</code>: Nested Segwit (p2sh-p2wsh) <code>m/48'/0'/0'/1'</code></br> + +The following path represents Native Segwit (p2wsh) mainnet, account 0: +<code>2'</code>: Native Segwit (p2wsh) <code>m/48'/0'/0'/2'</code></br> + +The recommended default for wallets is pay to witness script hash <code>m/48'/0'/0'/2'</code>. + +To add new script types submit a PR to this specification and include it in the list above: +<code>X'</code>: Future script type <code>m/48'/0'/0'/X'</code></br> + +===Change=== + +Constant 0 is used for external chain and constant 1 for internal chain (also +known as change addresses). External chain is used for addresses that are meant +to be visible outside of the wallet (e.g. for receiving payments). Internal +chain is used for addresses which are not meant to be visible outside of the +wallet and is used for return transaction change. + +Public derivation is used at this level. + +===Index=== + +Addresses are numbered from index 0 in sequentially increasing manner. +This number is used as child index in BIP32 derivation. + +Public derivation is used at this level. + +==Examples== + +{| +|network +|account +|script +|chain +|address +|path +|- +|mainnet +|first +|p2wsh +|external +|first +|m / 48' / 0' / 0' / 2' / 0 / 0 +|- +|mainnet +|first +|p2wsh +|external +|second +|m / 48' / 0' / 0' / 2' / 0 / 1 +|- +|mainnet +|first +|p2wsh +|change +|first +|m / 48' / 0' / 0' / 2' / 1 / 0 +|- +|mainnet +|first +|p2wsh +|change +|second +|m / 48' / 0' / 0' / 2' / 1 / 1 +|- +|mainnet +|second +|p2wsh +|external +|first +|m / 48' / 0' / 1' / 2' / 0 / 0 +|- +|mainnet +|second +|p2wsh +|external +|second +|m / 48' / 0' / 1' / 2' / 0 / 1 +|- +|testnet +|first +|p2sh-p2wsh +|external +|first +|m / 48' / 1' / 0' / 1' / 0 / 0 +|- +|testnet +|first +|p2wsh +|external +|second +|m / 48' / 1' / 0' / 2' / 0 / 1 +|- +|testnet +|first +|p2wsh +|change +|first +|m / 48' / 1' / 0' / 2' / 1 / 0 +|- +|testnet +|first +|p2wsh +|change +|second +|m / 48' / 1' / 0' / 2' / 1 / 1 +|- +|testnet +|second +|p2wsh +|external +|first +|m / 48' / 1' / 1' / 2' / 0 / 0 +|- +|testnet +|second +|p2wsh +|external +|second +|m / 48' / 1' / 1' / 2' / 0 / 1 +|- +|testnet +|second +|p2wsh +|change +|first +|m / 48' / 1' / 1' / 2' / 1 / 0 +|- +|testnet +|second +|p2wsh +|change +|second +|m / 48' / 1' / 1' / 2' / 1 / 1 +|} + + +==Reference== + +* [[bip-0067.mediawiki|BIP67 - Deterministic Pay-to-script-hash multi-signature addresses through public key sorting]] +* [[bip-0032.mediawiki|BIP32 - Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets]] +* [[bip-0043.mediawiki|BIP43 - Purpose Field for Deterministic Wallets]] +* [[bip-0044.mediawiki|BIP44 - Multi-Account Hierarchy for Deterministic Wallets]] diff --git a/bip-0049.mediawiki b/bip-0049.mediawiki index 109fde8..a13b437 100644 --- a/bip-0049.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0049.mediawiki @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ BIP: 49 Layer: Applications Title: Derivation scheme for P2WPKH-nested-in-P2SH based accounts - Author: Daniel Weigl <Daniel.Weigl@mycelium.com> + Author: Daniel Weigl <DanielWeigl@gmx.at> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0049 - Status: Draft - Type: Informational + Status: Final + Type: Standards Track Created: 2016-05-19 License: PD </pre> @@ -20,19 +20,19 @@ This BIP defines the derivation scheme for HD wallets using the P2WPKH-nested-in With the usage of P2WPKH-nested-in-P2SH ([[bip-0141.mediawiki#p2wpkh-nested-in-bip16-p2sh|BIP 141]]) transactions it is necessary to have a common derivation scheme. It allows the user to use different HD wallets with the same masterseed and/or a single account seamlessly. -Thus the user needs to create a dedicated segregate witness accounts, which ensures that only wallets compatible with this BIP -will detect the account and handle them appropriately. +Thus the user needs to create dedicated segregated witness accounts, which ensures that only wallets compatible with this BIP +will detect the accounts and handle them appropriately. ===Considerations=== Two generally different approaches are possible for current BIP44 capable wallets: -1) Allow the user to use the same account(s) that they already uses, but add segregated witness encoded addresses to it +1) Allow the user to use the same account(s) that they already use, but add segregated witness encoded addresses to it. 1.1) Use the same public keys as defined in BIP44, but in addition to the normal P2PKH address also derive the P2SH address from it. 1.2) Use the same account root, but branch off and derive different external and internal chain roots to derive dedicated public keys for the segregated witness addresses. -2) Create dedicated accounts only used for segregated witness addresses. +2) Create dedicated accounts used only for segregated witness addresses. The solutions from point 1 have a common disadvantage: if a user imports/recovers a BIP49-compatible wallet masterseed into/in a non-BIP49-compatible wallet, the account might show up but also it might miss some UTXOs. @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ serialization method. m / purpose' / coin_type' / account' / change / address_index </pre> -For the `purpose`-path level it uses `49'`. The rest of the levels are used as defined in BIP44 +For the `purpose`-path level it uses `49'`. The rest of the levels are used as defined in BIP44. ===Address derivation=== @@ -66,19 +66,28 @@ To derive the P2SH address from the above calculated public key, we use the enca scriptPubKey: HASH160 <20-byte-script-hash> EQUAL (0xA914{20-byte-script-hash}87) + +===Extended Key Version=== + +When serializing extended keys, this scheme uses alternate version bytes. Extended public keys use <code>0x049d7cb2</code> to produce a "ypub" prefix, and private keys use <code>0x049d7878</code> to produce a "yprv" prefix. Testnet uses <code>0x044a5262</code> "upub" and <code>0x044a4e28</code> "uprv." + +Additional registered version bytes are listed in [[https://github.com/satoshilabs/slips/blob/master/slip-0132.md|SLIP-0132]]. + + ==Backwards Compatibility== -This BIP is not backwards compatible by design as described under [#considerations]. A not compatible wallet will not discover accounts at all and the user will notice that something is wrong. +This BIP is not backwards compatible by design as described under [[#considerations|considerations]]. An incompatible wallet will not discover accounts at all and the user will notice that something is wrong. ==Test vectors== <pre> masterseedWords = abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon about - masterseed = tprv8ZgxMBicQKsPe5YMU9gHen4Ez3ApihUfykaqUorj9t6FDqy3nP6eoXiAo2ssvpAjoLroQxHqr3R5nE3a5dU3DHTjTgJDd7zrbniJr6nrCzd (testnet) + masterseed = uprv8tXDerPXZ1QsVNjUJWTurs9kA1KGfKUAts74GCkcXtU8GwnH33GDRbNJpEqTvipfCyycARtQJhmdfWf8oKt41X9LL1zeD2pLsWmxEk3VAwd (testnet) // Account 0, root = m/49'/1'/0' - account0Xpriv = tprv8gRrNu65W2Msef2BdBSUgFdRTGzC8EwVXnV7UGS3faeXtuMVtGfEdidVeGbThs4ELEoayCAzZQ4uUji9DUiAs7erdVskqju7hrBcDvDsdbY (testnet) + account0Xpriv = uprv91G7gZkzehuMVxDJTYE6tLivdF8e4rvzSu1LFfKw3b2Qx1Aj8vpoFnHdfUZ3hmi9jsvPifmZ24RTN2KhwB8BfMLTVqaBReibyaFFcTP1s9n (testnet) + account0Xpub = upub5EFU65HtV5TeiSHmZZm7FUffBGy8UKeqp7vw43jYbvZPpoVsgU93oac7Wk3u6moKegAEWtGNF8DehrnHtv21XXEMYRUocHqguyjknFHYfgY (testnet) // Account 0, first receiving private key = m/49'/1'/0'/0/0 account0recvPrivateKey = cULrpoZGXiuC19Uhvykx7NugygA3k86b3hmdCeyvHYQZSxojGyXJ diff --git a/bip-0052.mediawiki b/bip-0052.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea60f13 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0052.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,302 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 52 + Layer: Consensus (hard fork) + Title: Durable, Low Energy Bitcoin PoW + Author: Michael Dubrovsky <mike+bip@powx.org> + Bogdan Penkovsky <bogdan+bip@powx.org> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0052 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2021-05-13 + License: BSD-2-Clause + OPL +</pre> + + +== Simple Summary == + +Bitcoin's energy consumption is growing with its value (see Figure below). +Although scaling PoW is necessary to maintain the security of the network, +reliance on massive energy consumption has scaling drawbacks and leads to mining +centralization. A major consequence of the central role of local electricity +cost in mining is that today, most existing and potential participants in the +Bitcoin network cannot profitably mine Bitcoin even if they have the capital to +invest in mining hardware. From a practical perspective, Bitcoin adoption by +companies like Tesla (which recently rescinded its acceptance of Bitcoin as +payment) has been hampered by its massive energy consumption and perceived +environmental impact. + +<img src="bip-0052/btc_energy-small.png"></img> + +Figure. Bitcoin price and estimated Bitcoin energy consumption. +Data sources: [https://cbeci.org Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index], [https://www.coindesk.com CoinDesk]. + +We propose a novel proof-of-work paradigm for Bitcoin--Optical proof-of-work. It +is designed to decouple Bitcoin mining from energy and make it feasible outside +of regions with low electricity costs. ''Optical proof-of-work'' (oPoW) is a +modification of Hashcash that is most efficiently computed using a new class of +photonic processors. Without compromising the cryptographic or game-theoretical +security of Hashcash, oPoW shifts the operating expenses of mining (OPEX), to +capital expenses (CAPEX)--i.e. electricity to hardware. oPoW makes it possible +for billions of new miners to enter the market simply by investing in a +low-energy photonic miner. Shifting to a high-CAPEX PoW has the added benefit of +making the hashrate resilient to Bitcoin's price fluctuations - once low-OPEX +hardware is operating there is no reason to shut it down even if the value of +mining rewards diminishes. oPoW is hardware-compatible with GPUs, FPGAs, and +ASICs meaning that a transitional period of optical and traditional hardware +mining in parallel on the network is feasible + +More information is available here: [https://www.powx.org/opow]. + +== Abstract == + +As Bitcoin gained utility and value over the preceding decade, the network incentivized the purchase of billions of dollars in mining equipment and electricity. With the growth of competition, home mining became unprofitable. Even the most sophisticated special-purpose hardware (ASIC miners) doesn’t cover its energy costs unless the miner also has direct access to very cheap electricity. This heavy reliance on energy makes it difficult for new miners to enter the market and leads to hashrate instability as miners shut off their machines when the price of Bitcoin falls. Additionally as the network stores ever more value, the percentage of world energy consumption that is associated with Bitcoin continues to grow, creating the potential for scaling failure and a general backlash. To ensure that Bitcoin can continue scaling and reach its full potential as a world currency and store of value, we propose a low-energy proof-of-work paradigm for Bitcoin. ''Optical proof of work (oPoW)'' is designed to decouple Bitcoin’s security from massive energy use and make bitcoin mining feasible outside of regions with low electricity costs. ''Optical proof-of-work'' is a modification of Hashcash that is most efficiently computed using a new class of photonic processors that has emerged as a leading solution for ultra-low energy computing over the last 5 years. oPoW shifts the operating expenses of mining (OPEX), to capital expenses (CAPEX)–i.e. electricity to hardware, without compromising the cryptographic or game-theoretical security of Hashcash. We provide an example implementation of oPoW, briefly discuss its cryptographic construction as well as the working principle of photonic processors. Additionally, we outline the potential benefits of oPoW to the bitcoin network, including geographic decentralization and democratization of mining as well as hashrate resilience to price fluctuations. + +== Copyright == + +This BIP is dual-licensed under the Open Publication License and BSD 2-clause license. + +== Motivation == + +As Bitcoin has grown over the past decade from a small network run by hobbyists to a global currency, the underlying Proof of Work protocol has not been updated. Initially pitched as a global decentralized network (“one CPU-one vote”), Bitcoin transactions today are secured by a small group of corporate entities. In practice, it is only feasible for [http://archive.is/YeDwh entities that can secure access to abundant, inexpensive energy]. The economics of mining limit profitability to places like Iceland, Texas, or Western China. Besides the negative environmental externalities, which may be significant, mining today is performed primarily with the consent (and in many cases, partnership) of large public utilities and the governments that control them. Although this may not be a problem in the short term, in the long term it stands to erode the censorship resistance and security of Bitcoin and other public blockchains through potential regulation or [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1605.07524.pdf partitioning attacks]. + +Recent events, such as the [https://twitter.com/MustafaYilham/status/1384278267067203590 ~25% hashrate crash due to coal-powered grid failure in china] and Tesla’s rescinding of its acceptance of Bitcoin as a form of payment, show that there are practical real-world downsides to Proof of Works’s massive reliance on energy. + +<img src="bip-0052/emusk_tweet.png"></img> + +Whether or not the Bitcoin community accepts this common criticism as entirely valid, it has real-world effects which will only get worse over time. Eliminating the exponentially growing energy use currently built into Bitcoin without eliminating the security of PoW would be ideal and should not be a partisan issue. + +New consensus mechanisms have been proposed as a means of securing cryptocurrencies whilst reducing energy cost, such as various forms of Proof of Stake and Proof of Space-Time. While many of these alternative mechanisms offer compelling guarantees, they generally require new security assumptions, which have not been stress-tested by live deployments at any adequate scale. Consequently, we still have relatively little empirical understanding of their safety. Completely changing the Bitcoin paradigm is likely to introduce new unforeseen problems. We believe that the major issues discussed above can be resolved by improving rather than eliminating Bitcoin’s fundamental security layer—Proof of Work. Instead of devising a new consensus architecture to fix these issues, it is sufficient to shift the economics of PoW. The financial cost imposed on miners need not be primarily composed of electricity. The situation can be significantly improved by reducing the operating expense (OPEX)—energy—as a major mining component. Then, by shifting the cost towards capital expense (CAPEX)—mining hardware—the dynamics of the mining ecosystem becomes much less dependent on electricity prices, and much less electricity is consumed as a whole. + +Moreover, a reduction in energy consumption automatically leads to +geographically distributed mining, as mining becomes profitable even in regions +with expensive electricity. Additionally, lower energy consumption will +eliminate heating issues experienced by today’s mining operations, which will +further decrease operating cost as well as noise associated with fans and +cooling systems. All of this means that individuals and smaller entities would +be able to enter the mining ecosystem simply for the cost of a miner, without +first gaining access to cheap energy or a dedicated, temperature-controlled data +center. To a degree, memory-hard PoW schemes like +[https://github.com/tromp/cuckoo Cuckoo Cycle], which increase the use of SRAM +in lieu of pure computation, push the CAPEX/OPEX ratio in the right direction by +occupying ASIC chip area with memory. To maximize the CAPEX to OPEX ratio of the +Optical Proof of Work algorithm, we developed +[https://assets.pubpub.org/xi9h9rps/01581688887859.pdf ''HeavyHash''] [1]. +HeavyHash is a cryptographic construction that takes the place of SHA256 in +Hashcash. Our algorithm is hardware-compatible with ultra-energy-efficient photonic co-processors that have been developed for machine learning hardware accelerators. + +HeavyHash uses a proven digital hash (SHA3) packaged with a large amount of MAC (Multiply-and-Accumulate) computation into a Proof of Work puzzle. Although HeavyHash can be computed on any standard digital hardware, it becomes hardware efficient only when a small digital core is combined with a low-power photonic co-processor for performing MAC operations. oPoW mining machines will have a small digital core flip-chipped onto a large, low-power photonic chip. This core will be bottlenecked by the throughput of the digital to analog and analog to digital converters. A prototype of such analogue optical matrix multiplier can be seen in the figure below. + +<img src="bip-0052/optical_chip.png"></img> + +Figure. TOP: Photonic Circuit Diagram, A. Laser input (1550nm, common telecom wavelength) B. Metal pads for controlling modulators to transduce electrical data to optical C. Metal pads for tuning mesh of directional couplers D. Optical signal exits here containing the results of the computation and is output to fibers via a grating coupler the terminus of each waveguide. E. Alignment circuit for aligning fiber coupling stage. Bottom: a photograph of a bare oPoW miner prototype chip before wire and fiber bonding. On the right side of the die are test structures (F). + +The ''HeavyHash'' derives its name from the fact that it is bloated or weighted with additional computation. This means that a cost comparable oPoW miner will have a much lower nominal hashrate compared to a Bitcoin ASIC (HeavyHashes/second vs. SHA256 Hashes/second in equivalent ASIC). We provide the cryptographic security argument of the HeavyHash function in Section 3 in [https://assets.pubpub.org/xi9h9rps/01581688887859.pdf Towards Optical Proof of Work] [1]. In the article, we also provide a game-theoretic security argument for CAPEX-heavy PoW. For additional information, we recommend reading [https://uncommoncore.co/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/A-model-for-Bitcoins-security-and-the-declining-block-subsidy-v1.02.pdf this article]. + +While traditional digital hardware relies on electrical currents, optical +computing uses light as the basis for some of or all of its operations. Building +on the development and commercialization of silicon photonic chips for telecom +and datacom applications, modern photonic co-processors are silicon chips made +using well-established and highly scalable silicon CMOS processes. However, +unlike cutting edge electronics which require ever-smaller features (e.g. 5 nm), +fabricated by exponentially more complex and expensive machinery, silicon +photonics uses old fabrication nodes (90 nm). Due to the large de Broglie +wavelength of photons, as compared to electrons, there is no benefit to using +the small feature sizes. The result is that access to silicon photonic wafer +fabrication is readily available, in contrast to the notoriously difficult +process of accessing advanced nodes. Moreover, the overall cost of entry is +lower as lithography masks for silicon photonics processes are an order of +magnitude cheaper ($500k vs. $5M). Examples of companies developing optical +processors for AI, which will be hardware-compatible with oPoW include [https://lightmatter.co/ Lightmatter], [https://www.lightelligence.ai/ Lightelligence], [https://luminous.co/ Luminous], [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/silicon-photonics/silicon-photonics-overview.html Intel], and other more recent entrants. + +== Specification == + +=== HeavyHash === + +The HeavyHash is performed in three stages: + +# Keccak hash +# Matrix-vector multiplication +# Keccak of the result xorred with the hashed input + +Note that the most efficient matrix-vector multiplication is performed on a +photonic miner. However, this linear algebra operation can be performed on any +conventional computing hardware (CPU, GPU, etc.), therefore making the HeavyHash +hardware-compatible with any digital device. + +The algorithm’s pseudo-code: + +<pre>// M is a Matrix 64 x 64 of Unsigned 4 values + +// 256-bitVector +x1 <- keccak(input) + +// Reshape the obtained bitvector +// into a 64-vector of unsigned 4-bit values +x2 <- reshape(x1, 64) + +// Perform a matrix-vector multiplication. +// The result is 64-vector of 14-bit unsigned. +x3 <- vector_matrix_mult(x2, M) + +// Truncate all values to 4 most significant bits. +// This is due to the specifics of analog +// computing by the photonic accelerator. +// Obtain a 64-vector of 4-bit unsigned. +x4 <- truncate_to_msb(x3, 4) + +// Interpret as a 256-bitvector +x5 <- flatten(x4) + +// 256-bitVector +result <- keccak(xor(x5, x1))</pre> + +Which in C can be implemented as: + +<pre> +static void heavyhash(const uint16_t matrix[64][64], void* pdata, size_t pdata_len, void* output) +{ + uint8_t hash_first[32] __attribute__((aligned(32))); + uint8_t hash_second[32] __attribute__((aligned(32))); + uint8_t hash_xored[32] __attribute__((aligned(32))); + + uint16_t vector[64] __attribute__((aligned(64))); + uint16_t product[64] __attribute__((aligned(64))); + + sha3_256((uint8_t*) hash_first, 32, (const uint8_t*)pdata, pdata_len); + + for (int i = 0; i < 32; ++i) { + vector[2*i] = (hash_first[i] >> 4); + vector[2*i+1] = hash_first[i] & 0xF; + } + + for (int i = 0; i < 64; ++i) { + uint16_t sum = 0; + for (int j = 0; j < 64; ++j) { + sum += matrix[i][j] * vector[j]; + } + product[i] = (sum >> 10); + } + + for (int i = 0; i < 32; ++i) { + hash_second[i] = (product[2*i] << 4) | (product[2*i+1]); + } + + for (int i = 0; i < 32; ++i) { + hash_xored[i] = hash_first[i] ^ hash_second[i]; + } + sha3_256((uint8_t*)output, 32, (const uint8_t*)hash_xored, 32); +} +</pre> +=== Random matrix generation === + +The random matrix M (which is a HeavyHash parameter) is obtained in a deterministic way and is changed every block. Matrix M coefficients are generated using a pseudo-random number generation algorithm (xoshiro) from the previous block header. If the matrix is not full rank, it is repeatedly generated again. + +An example code to obtain the matrix M: + +<pre> +void generate_matrix(uint16_t matrix[64][64], struct xoshiro_state *state) { + do { + for (int i = 0; i < 64; ++i) { + for (int j = 0; j < 64; j += 16) { + uint64_t value = xoshiro_gen(state); + for (int shift = 0; shift < 16; ++shift) { + matrix[i][j + shift] = (value >> (4*shift)) & 0xF; + } + } + } + } while (!is_full_rank(matrix)); +} + +static inline uint64_t xoshiro_gen(struct xoshiro_state *state) { + const uint64_t result = rotl64(state->s[0] + state->s[3], 23) + state->s[0]; + + const uint64_t t = state->s[1] << 17; + + state->s[2] ^= state->s[0]; + state->s[3] ^= state->s[1]; + state->s[1] ^= state->s[2]; + state->s[0] ^= state->s[3]; + + state->s[2] ^= t; + + state->s[3] = rotl64(state->s[3], 45); + + return result; +} +</pre> + +== Discussion == + +=== Geographic Distribution of Mining Relative to CAPEX-OPEX Ratio of Mining Costs === + +Below is a simple model showing several scenarios for the geographic distribution of mining activity relative to the CAPEX/OPEX ratio of the cost of operating a single piece of mining hardware. As the ratio of energy consumption to hardware cost decreases, geographic variations in energy cost cease to be a determining factor in miner distribution. + +Underlying assumptions: 1. Electricity price y is fixed in time but varies geographically. 2. Every miner has access to the same hardware. 3. Each miner’s budget is limited by both the cost of mining equipment as well as the local cost of the electricity they consume + +budget = a(p+ey), + +where a is the number of mining machines, p is the machine price, e is the total energy consumption over machine lifetime, and y is electricity price. + +Note that in locations where mining is not profitable, hashrate is zero. + +<img src="bip-0052/sim1.png"></img> + +<img src="bip-0052/sim2.png"></img> + +<img src="bip-0052/sim3.png"></img> + +An interactive version of this diagram can be found [https://www.powx.org/opow here]. + +=== Why does CAPEX to OPEX shift lead to lower energy consumption? === + +A common misconception about oPoW is that it makes mining “cheaper” by enabling energy-efficient hardware. There is no impact on the dollar cost of mining a block, rather the mix of energy vs. hardware investment changes from about 50/50 to 10/90 or better. We discuss this at length and rigorously in our paper[1]. + +=== Working Principles of Photonic Processors === + +Photonics accelerators are made by fabricating waveguides in silicon using standard lithography processes. Silicon is transparent to infrared light and can act as a tiny on-chip fiber optical cable. Silicon photonics found its first use during the 2000s in transceivers for sending and receiving optical signals via fiber and has advanced tremendously over the last decade. + +By encoding a vector into optical intensities passing through a series of parallel waveguides, interfering these signals in a mesh of tunable interferometers (acting as matrix coefficients), and then detecting the output using on-chip Germanium photodetectors, a matrix-vector multiplication is achieved. A generalized discussion of matrix multiplication setups using photonics/interference can be found in [https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.58 Reck et al.] and [https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.06220 Russell et al.] A detailed discussion of several integrated photonic architectures for matrix multiplication and corresponding tuning algorithms can be found in [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.06179.pdf Pai et al.] + +Below is a conceptual representation of a 3D-packaged oPoW mining chip. Note that the majority of the real estate and cost comes from the photonic die and the laser, with only a small digital SHA3 die needed (as opposed to a conventional miner of the same cost, which would have many copies of this die running in parallel). + +<img src="bip-0052/optminer.png"></img> + +=== Block Reward Considerations === + +Although it is out of the scope of this proposal, the authors strongly recommend the consideration of a change in the block reward schedule currently implemented in Bitcoin. There is no clear way to incentivize miners with transaction fees only, as has been successfully shown in [https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~smattw/CKWN-CCS16.pdf On the Instability of Bitcoin Without the Block Reward] and other publications, therefore looking a decade or two ahead it will be important to implement a fixed block reward or to slow the decay of the block reward to maintain the security of the network. Given that oPoW miners have low operating costs, once a large number of machines are running the reward level sufficient to keep them in operation and providing robust security can potentially be significantly smaller than in the case of the current SHA256 ASICs securing Bitcoin. + +=== Implementation on the Bitcoin Network === + +A hard fork is not necessarily required for the Bitcoin network to test and eventually implement oPoW. It’s possible to add oPoW as a dual PoW to Bitcoin as a soft fork. Tuning the parameters to ensure that, for example, 99.9% of the security budget would be earned by miners via the SHA256 Hashcash PoW and 0.1% via oPoW would create sufficient incentive for oPoW to be stress-tested and to incentivize the manufacture of dedicated oPoW miners. If this test is successful, the parameters can be tuned continuously over time, e.g. oPoW share doubling at every halving, such that oPoW accounts for some target percentage (up to 100% in a complete SHA256 phase-out). + + +==== Reverse compatibility ==== + +Our understanding is that oPoW will not be reverse compatible. + + +=== ASICBOOST === + +Any new PoW algorithm carries the risk of hardware developers discovering and patenting an architecture with a significant speedup, as happened in the case of ASICBOOST for SHA256. HeavyHash is comprised of an SHA hash and 4-bit linear matrix-vector operations. The intent is for the matrix-vector multiplications to account for the majority of the work involved in computing a single HeavyHash operation. As we show in the Minimum Effective Hardness section of Towards Optical Proof of Work[1], there is no workaround to performing the matrix operations when computing HeavyHash, and since the SHA hashes are negligible, a true ASICBOOST-type speed up would require a speed up in linear matrix processing. Since matrix-vector multiplication is at the heart of neural networks and many other common computational workloads, it has been optimized very heavily and is generally very well understood. The acceleration of matrix-vector multiplication hardware (e.g. photonic coprocessors, memristors, etc.) is a very general problem and there are dozens of companies working on it, making it very unlikely for a single party to corner the market. + +== Endnotes == + +With significant progress in optical and analog matrix-vector-multiplication chipsets over the last year, we hope to demonstrate commercial low-energy mining on our network in the next 6 months. The current generation of optical matrix processors under development is expected to have 10x better energy consumption per MAC operation than digital implementations, and we expect this to improve by another order of magnitude in future generations. + +PoWx will also be publishing the designs of the current optical miner prototypes in the near term under an open-source hardware license. + +== Acknowledgments == + +We thank all the members of the Bitcoin community who have already given us feedback over the last several years as well as others in the optical computing community and beyond that have given their input. + + + + +[1] M. Dubrovsky et al. Towards Optical Proof of Work, CES conference (2020) https://assets.pubpub.org/xi9h9rps/01581688887859.pdf + +[2] https://sciencex.com/news/2020-05-powering-bitcoin-silicon-photonics-power.html + +[3] KISS random number generator http://www.cse.yorku.ca/~oz/marsaglia-rng.html + diff --git a/bip-0052/btc_energy-small.png b/bip-0052/btc_energy-small.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..32ffde3 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0052/btc_energy-small.png diff --git a/bip-0052/btc_energy.png b/bip-0052/btc_energy.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc37d3a --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0052/btc_energy.png diff --git a/bip-0052/emusk_tweet.png b/bip-0052/emusk_tweet.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6e7f065 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0052/emusk_tweet.png diff --git a/bip-0052/optical_chip.png b/bip-0052/optical_chip.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3ec05c --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0052/optical_chip.png diff --git a/bip-0052/optminer.png b/bip-0052/optminer.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4fd639b --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0052/optminer.png diff --git a/bip-0052/sim1.png b/bip-0052/sim1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b6b863 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0052/sim1.png diff --git a/bip-0052/sim2.png b/bip-0052/sim2.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..043cfc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0052/sim2.png diff --git a/bip-0052/sim3.png b/bip-0052/sim3.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee5f71e --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0052/sim3.png diff --git a/bip-0060.mediawiki b/bip-0060.mediawiki index 4627dfb..8e9f289 100644 --- a/bip-0060.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0060.mediawiki @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Layer: Peer Services Title: Fixed Length "version" Message (Relay-Transactions Field) Author: Amir Taaki <genjix@riseup.net> - Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-Summary: Discouraged for implementation (one person) Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0060 Status: Draft Type: Standards Track diff --git a/bip-0061.mediawiki b/bip-0061.mediawiki index 2060658..b08739d 100644 --- a/bip-0061.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0061.mediawiki @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Layer: Peer Services Title: Reject P2P message Author: Gavin Andresen <gavinandresen@gmail.com> - Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-Summary: Controversial; some recommendation, and some discouragement Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0061 Status: Final Type: Standards Track @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ the reject message, "client" is the peer that will receive the message. ==== reject version codes ==== -Codes generated during the intial connection process in response to a "version" message: +Codes generated during the initial connection process in response to a "version" message: {| | Code || Description diff --git a/bip-0064.mediawiki b/bip-0064.mediawiki index 22e56ba..82a6cfd 100644 --- a/bip-0064.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0064.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Mike Hearn <hearn@vinumeris.com> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0064 - Status: Draft + Status: Obsolete Type: Standards Track Created: 2014-06-10 </pre> diff --git a/bip-0065.mediawiki b/bip-0065.mediawiki index 904dc16..1365884 100644 --- a/bip-0065.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0065.mediawiki @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ There exist a number of protocols where a transaction output is created that requires the co-operation of both parties to spend the output. To ensure the failure of one party does not result in the funds becoming lost, refund transactions are setup in advance using nLockTime. These refund transactions -need to be created interactively, and additionaly, are currently vulnerable to +need to be created interactively, and additionally, are currently vulnerable to transaction malleability. CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY can be used in these protocols, replacing the interactive setup with a non-interactive setup, and additionally, making transaction malleability a non-issue. @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ transaction is created, tx3, to ensure that should the payee vanish the payor can get their deposit back. The process by which the refund transaction is created is currently vulnerable to transaction malleability attacks, and additionally, requires the payor to store the refund. Using the same -scriptPubKey from as in the Two-factor wallets example solves both these issues. +scriptPubKey form as in the Two-factor wallets example solves both these issues. ===Trustless Payments for Publishing Data=== @@ -312,20 +312,24 @@ time. ==References== -PayPub - https://github.com/unsystem/paypub +PayPub -Jeremy Spilman Payment Channels - https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2013-April/002433.html +* https://github.com/unsystem/paypub + +Jeremy Spilman Payment Channels + +* https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2013-April/002433.html ==Implementations== Python / python-bitcoinlib -- https://github.com/petertodd/checklocktimeverify-demos +* https://github.com/petertodd/checklocktimeverify-demos JavaScript / Node.js / bitcore -- https://github.com/mruddy/bip65-demos +* https://github.com/mruddy/bip65-demos ==Copyright== diff --git a/bip-0066.mediawiki b/bip-0066.mediawiki index a47c82d..936d507 100644 --- a/bip-0066.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0066.mediawiki @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ These operators all perform ECDSA verifications on pubkey/signature pairs, itera The following code specifies the behaviour of strict DER checking. Note that this function tests a signature byte vector which includes the 1-byte sighash flag that Bitcoin adds, even though that flag falls outside of the DER specification, and is unaffected by this proposal. The function is also not called for cases where the length of sig is 0, in order to provide a simple, short and efficiently-verifiable encoding for deliberately invalid signatures. -DER is specified in http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.690-200811-I/en . +DER is specified in https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.690/en . <pre> bool static IsValidSignatureEncoding(const std::vector<unsigned char> &sig) { @@ -142,3 +142,6 @@ An implementation for the reference client is available at https://github.com/bi This document is extracted from the previous BIP62 proposal, which had input from various people, in particular Greg Maxwell and Peter Todd, who gave feedback about this document as well. +==Disclosures== + +* Subsequent to the network-wide adoption and enforcement of this BIP, the author [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2015-July/009697.html disclosed] that strict DER signatures provided an indirect solution to a consensus bug he had previously discovered. diff --git a/bip-0067.mediawiki b/bip-0067.mediawiki index 9baf6c0..793039d 100644 --- a/bip-0067.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0067.mediawiki @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Sort them lexicographically according to their binary representation: ..before using the resulting list of keys in a standard multisig redeem script: - OP_2 021f2f6e1e50cb6a953935c3601284925decd3fd21bc445712576873fb8c6ebc18 022df8750480ad5b26950b25c7ba79d3e37d75f640f8e5d9bcd5b150a0f85014da 03e3818b65bcc73a7d64064106a859cc1a5a728c4345ff0b641209fba0d90de6e9 OP_3 OP_CHECKSIG + OP_2 021f2f6e1e50cb6a953935c3601284925decd3fd21bc445712576873fb8c6ebc18 022df8750480ad5b26950b25c7ba79d3e37d75f640f8e5d9bcd5b150a0f85014da 03e3818b65bcc73a7d64064106a859cc1a5a728c4345ff0b641209fba0d90de6e9 OP_3 OP_CHECKMULTISIG Hash the redeem script according to BIP-0016 to get the P2SH address. @@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ The authors wish to thank BtcDrak and Luke-Jr for their involvement & contributi ==Usage & Implementations== * [[https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0045.mediawiki#address-generation-procedure|BIP-0045]] - Structure for Deterministic P2SH Multisignature Wallets * [[https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore/blob/50a868cb8cdf2be04bb1c5bf4bcc064cc06f5888/lib/script/script.js#L541|Bitcore]] -* [[https://github.com/haskoin/haskoin/blob/master/Network/Haskoin/Script/Parser.hs#L112-122|Haskoin]] Bitcoin implementation in haskell +* [[https://github.com/haskoin/haskoin-core/blob/b41b1deb0989334a7ead6fc993fb8b02f0c00810/haskoin-core/Network/Haskoin/Script/Parser.hs#L112-L122|Haskoin]] - Bitcoin implementation in Haskell * [[https://github.com/etotheipi/BitcoinArmory/blob/268db0f3fa20c989057bd43343a43b2edbe89aeb/armoryengine/ArmoryUtils.py#L1441|Armory]] * [[https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj/blob/master/core/src/main/java/org/bitcoinj/script/ScriptBuilder.java#L331|BitcoinJ]] diff --git a/bip-0069.mediawiki b/bip-0069.mediawiki index e9f9245..7b5034e 100644 --- a/bip-0069.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0069.mediawiki @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ N.B. All comparisons do not need to operate in constant time since they are not ===Transaction Inputs=== -Transaction inputs are defined by the hash of a previous transaction, the output index of of a UTXO from that previous transaction, the size of an unlocking script, the unlocking script, and a sequence number. [3] +Transaction inputs are defined by the hash of a previous transaction, the output index of a UTXO from that previous transaction, the size of an unlocking script, the unlocking script, and a sequence number. [3] For sorting inputs, the hash of the previous transaction and the output index within that transaction are sufficient for sorting purposes; each transaction hash has an extremely high probability of being unique in the blockchain — this is enforced for coinbase transactions by BIP30 — and output indices within a transaction are unique. For the sake of efficiency, transaction hashes should be compared first before output indices, since output indices from different transactions are often equivalent, while all bytes of the transaction hash are effectively random variables. @@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ In the event of two matching transaction hashes, the respective previous output If the previous output indices match, the inputs are considered equal. Transaction malleability will not negatively impact the correctness of this process. -Even if a wallet client follows this process using unconfirmed UTXOs as inputs and an attacker changes modifies the blockchain’s record of the hash of the previous transaction, the wallet client will include the invalidated previous transaction hash in its input data, and will still correctly sort with respect to that invalidated hash. +Even if a wallet client follows this process using unconfirmed UTXOs as inputs and an attacker modifies the blockchain’s record of the hash of the previous transaction, the wallet client will include the invalidated previous transaction hash in its input data, and will still correctly sort with respect to that invalidated hash. ===Transaction Outputs=== @@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ Outputs: ==References== * [[https://bitcoinmagazine.com/20273/bitstamp-exchange-activity-trackable-due-multisig-wallet-implementation/|1: Bitstamp Info Leak]] -* [[https://github.com/OpenBitcoinPrivacyProject/wallet-ratings/blob/master/2015-1/criteria.md|2: OBPP Random Indexing as Countermeasure]] +* [[https://github.com/OpenBitcoinPrivacyProject/wallet-ratings/blob/5a7e2e1555e91bb48edeca3aa710272777d98c2a/2015-1/criteria.md|2: OBPP Random Indexing as Countermeasure]] * [[https://github.com/aantonop/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/ch05.asciidoc|3: Mastering Bitcoin]] * [[https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script|4: Bitcoin Wiki on Script]] * [[http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/algorithm/lexicographical_compare|5: std::lexicographical_compare]] diff --git a/bip-0070.mediawiki b/bip-0070.mediawiki index 28349ee..fce6023 100644 --- a/bip-0070.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0070.mediawiki @@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/jose/ Wikipedia's page on Invoices: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invoice especially the list of Electronic Invoice standards -sipa's payment protocol proposal: https://gist.github.com/1237788 +sipa's payment protocol proposal: https://gist.github.com/sipa/1237788 ThomasV's "Signed Aliases" proposal : http://ecdsa.org/bitcoin_URIs.html diff --git a/bip-0074.mediawiki b/bip-0074.mediawiki index d1f1a23..b6e9b39 100644 --- a/bip-0074.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0074.mediawiki @@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ Layer: Applications Title: Allow zero value OP_RETURN in Payment Protocol Author: Toby Padilla <tobypadilla@gmail.com> - Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-Summary: Unanimously Discourage for implementation Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0074 - Status: Draft + Status: Rejected Type: Standards Track Created: 2016-01-29 License: PD diff --git a/bip-0075.mediawiki b/bip-0075.mediawiki index 2a6fdd5..8c49645 100644 --- a/bip-0075.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0075.mediawiki @@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ Matt David <mgd@mgddev.com> Aaron Voisine <voisine@gmail.com> James MacWhyte <macwhyte@gmail.com> - Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-Summary: Recommended for implementation (one person) Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0075 - Status: Draft + Status: Final Type: Standards Track Created: 2015-11-20 License: CC-BY-4.0 @@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ message ProtocolMessage { ===Versioning=== This BIP introduces version 1 of this protocol. All messages sent using these base requirements MUST use a value of 1 for the version number. Any future BIPs that modify this protocol (encryption schemes, etc) MUST each increment the version number by 1. -When initiating communication, the version field of the first message SHOULD be set to the highest verison number the sender understands. All clients MUST be able to understand all version numbers less than the highest number they support. If a client receives a message with a version number higher than they understand, they MUST send the message back to the sender with a status code of 101 ("version too high") and the version field set to the highest version number the recipient understands. The sender must then resend the original message using the same version number returned by the recipient or abort. +When initiating communication, the version field of the first message SHOULD be set to the highest version number the sender understands. All clients MUST be able to understand all version numbers less than the highest number they support. If a client receives a message with a version number higher than they understand, they MUST send the message back to the sender with a status code of 101 ("version too high") and the version field set to the highest version number the recipient understands. The sender must then resend the original message using the same version number returned by the recipient or abort. ===EncryptedProtocolMessage=== The '''EncryptedProtocolMessage''' message is an encapsualting wrapper for any Payment Protocol message. It allows two-way, authenticated and encrypted communication of Payment Protocol messages in order to keep their contents secret. The message also includes a status code and status message that is used for error communication such that the protocol does not rely on transport-layer error handling. diff --git a/bip-0078.mediawiki b/bip-0078.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1893f0e --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0078.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,684 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 78 + Layer: Applications + Title: A Simple Payjoin Proposal + Author: Nicolas Dorier <nicolas.dorier@gmail.com> + Replaces: 79 + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0078 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2019-05-01 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Introduction== + +===Abstract=== + +This document proposes a protocol for two parties +to negotiate a coinjoin transaction during a payment between them. + +===Copyright=== + +This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. + +===Motivation=== + +When two parties (later referred to as sender and receiver) want to transact, +most of the time, the sender creates a transaction spending their own Unspent Transaction Outputs (UTXOs), signs +it and broadcasts it on the network. + +This simple model gave birth to several heuristics impacting the privacy of the parties and of the network as a whole. + +* Common input ownership heuristic: In most transactions, all the inputs belong to the same party. +* Change identification from scriptPubKey type: If all inputs are spending UTXOs of a certain scriptPubKey type, then the change output is likely to have the same scriptPubKey type, too. +* Change identification from round amount: If an output in the transaction has a round amount, it is likely an output belonging to the receiver. + +We will designate these three heuristics as <code>common-input</code>, <code>change-scriptpubkey</code>, <code>change-round-amount</code>. + +The problems we aim to solve are: +* For the receiver, there is a missed opportunity to consolidate their own UTXOs or making payment in the sender's transaction. +* For the sender, there are privacy leaks regarding their wallet that happen when someone applies the heuristics detailed above to their transaction. + +Our proposal gives an opportunity for the receiver to consolidate their UTXOs while also batching their own payments, without creating a new transaction. (Saving fees in the process) +For the sender, it allows them to invalidate the three heuristics above. With the receiver's involvement, the heuristics can even be poisoned. (ie, using the heuristics to intentionally mislead blockchain analysis) + +Note that the existence of this proposal is also improving the privacy of parties who are not using it by making the three heuristics unreliable to the network as a whole. + +=== Relation to BIP79 (Bustapay) === + +Another implementation proposal has been written: [[https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0079.mediawiki|BIP79 Bustapay]]. + +We decided to deviate from it for several reasons: +* It was not using PSBT, so if the receiver wanted to bump the fee, they would need the full UTXO set. +* Inability to change the payment output to match scriptPubKey type. +* Lack of basic versioning negotiation if the protocol evolves. +* No standardization of error condition for proper feedback to the sender. + +Other than that, our proposal is very similar. + +==Specification== + +===Protocol=== + +In a payjoin payment, the following steps happen: + +* The receiver of the payment, presents a [[bip-0021.mediawiki|BIP 21 URI]] to the sender with a parameter <code>pj=</code> describing a payjoin endpoint. +* The sender creates a signed, finalized PSBT with witness UTXO or previous transactions of the inputs. We call this PSBT the <code>original</code>. +* The receiver replies back with a signed PSBT containing his own signed inputs/outputs and those of the sender. We call this PSBT <code>Payjoin proposal</code>. +* The sender verifies the proposal, re-signs his inputs and broadcasts the transaction to the Bitcoin network. We call this transaction <code>Payjoin transaction</code>. +<pre> ++----------+ +--------+ +-----------------+ +| Receiver | | Sender | | Bitcoin Network | ++----+-----+ +---+----+ +-------+---------+ + | +-----------------+ | | + +-------+ BIP21 with ?pj= +------->+ | + | +-----------------+ | | + | | | + | +---------------+ | | + +<-------+ Original PSBT +---------+ | + | +---------------+ | | + | | | + | +------------------+ | | + | | Payjoin Proposal | | | + +-------+ PSBT +------>+ | + | +------------------+ | | + | | +--------------+ | + | |---+ Payjoin | | + | | | transaction +-->+ + | | +--------------+ | + + + + +</pre> +The original PSBT is sent in the HTTP POST request body, base64 serialized, with <code>text/plain</code> in the <code>Content-Type</code> HTTP header and <code>Content-Length</code> set correctly. +The payjoin proposal PSBT is sent in the HTTP response body, base64 serialized with HTTP code 200. + +To ensure compatibility with web-wallets and browser-based-tools, all responses (including errors) must contain the HTTP header <code>Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *</code>. + +The sender must ensure that the url refers to a scheme or protocol using authenticated encryption, for example TLS with certificate validation, or a .onion link to a hidden service whose public key identifier has already been communicated via a TLS connection. Senders SHOULD NOT accept a url representing an unencrypted or unauthenticated connection. + +The original PSBT MUST: +* Have all the <code>witnessUTXO</code> or <code>nonWitnessUTXO</code> information filled in. +* Be finalized. +* Not include fields unneeded for the receiver such as global xpubs or keypath information. +* Be broadcastable. + +The original PSBT MAY: +* Have outputs unrelated to the payment for batching purpose. + +The payjoin proposal MUST: +* Use all the inputs from the original PSBT. +* Use all the outputs which do not belongs to the receiver from the original PSBT. +* Only finalize the inputs added by the receiver. (Referred later as <code>additional inputs</code>) +* Only fill the <code>witnessUTXO</code> or <code>nonWitnessUTXO</code> for the additional inputs. + +The payjoin proposal MAY: +* Add, remove or modify the outputs belonging to the receiver. + +The payjoin proposal MUST NOT: +* Shuffle the order of inputs or outputs, the additional outputs or additional inputs must be inserted at a random index. +* Decrease the absolute fee of the original transaction. + +===BIP21 payjoin parameters=== + +This proposal is defining the following new [[bip-0021.mediawiki|BIP 21 URI]] parameters: +* <code>pj=</code>: Represents an http(s) endpoint which the sender can POST the original PSBT. +* <code>pjos=0</code>: Signal to the sender that they MUST disallow [[#output-substitution|payment output substitution]]. (See [[#unsecured-payjoin|Unsecured payjoin server]]) + +===<span id="optional-params"></span>Optional parameters=== + +When the payjoin sender posts the original PSBT to the receiver, he can optionally specify the following HTTP query string parameters: + +* <code>v=</code>, the version number of the payjoin protocol that the sender is using. The current version is <code>1</code>. + +This can be used in the future so the receiver can reject a payjoin if the sender is using a version which is not supported via an error HTTP 400, <code>version-unsupported</code>. +If not specified, the receiver will assume the sender is <code>v=1</code>. + +If the receiver does not support the version of the sender, they should send an error with the list of supported versions: +<pre> +{ + "errorCode": "version-unsupported", + "supported" : [ 2, 3, 4 ], + "message": "The version is not supported anymore" +} +</pre> + +* <code>additionalfeeoutputindex=</code>, if the sender is willing to pay for increased fee, this indicate output can have its value substracted to pay for it. + +If the <code>additionalfeeoutputindex</code> is out of bounds or pointing to the payment output meant for the receiver, the receiver should ignore the parameter. See [[#fee-output|fee output]] for more information. + +* <code>maxadditionalfeecontribution=</code>, if the sender is willing to pay for increased fee, an integer defining the maximum amount in satoshis that the sender is willing to contribute towards fees for the additional inputs. <code>maxadditionalfeecontribution</code> must be ignored if set to less than zero. See [[#fee-output|fee output]] for more information. + +Note that both <code>maxadditionalfeecontribution=</code> and <code>additionalfeeoutputindex=</code> must be specified and valid for the receiver to be allowed to decrease an output belonging to the sender. +This fee contribution can't be used to pay for anything else than additional input's weight. + +* <code>minfeerate=</code>, a decimal in satoshi per vbyte that the sender can use to constraint the receiver to not drop the minimum fee rate too much. + +* <code>disableoutputsubstitution=</code>, a boolean indicating if the sender forbids the receiver to substitute the receiver's output, see [[#output-substitution|payment output substitution]]. (default to <code>false</code>) + +===Receiver's well known errors=== + +If for some reason the receiver is unable to create a payjoin proposal, it will reply with a HTTP code different than 200. +The receiver is not constrained to specific set of errors, some are specified in this proposal. + +The errors have the following format: +<pre> +{ + "errorCode": "leaking-data", + "message": "Key path information or GlobalXPubs should not be included in the original PSBT." +} +</pre> + +The well-known error codes are: +{| class="wikitable" +!Error code +!Meaning +|- +|unavailable +|The payjoin endpoint is not available for now. +|- +|not-enough-money +|The receiver added some inputs but could not bump the fee of the payjoin proposal. +|- +|version-unsupported +|This version of payjoin is not supported. +|- +|original-psbt-rejected +|The receiver rejected the original PSBT. +|} + +The receiver is allowed to return implementation specific errors which may assist the sender to diagnose any issue. + +However, it is important that error codes that are not well-known and that the message do not appear on the sender's software user interface. +Such error codes or messages could be used maliciously to phish a non technical user. +Instead those errors or messages can only appear in debug logs. + +It is advised to hard code the description of the well known error codes into the sender's software. + +===<span id="fee-output"></span>Fee output=== + +In some situation, the sender might want to pay some additional fee in the payjoin proposal. +If such is the case, the sender must use both [[#optional-params|optional parameters]] <code>additionalfeeoutputindex=</code> and <code>maxadditionalfeecontribution=</code> to indicate which output and how much the receiver can substract fee. + +There is several cases where a fee output is useful: + +* The sender's original transaction's fee rate is at the minimum accepted by the network, aka <code>minimum relay transaction fee rate</code>, which is typically 1 satoshi per vbyte. + +In such case, the receiver will need to increase the fee of the transaction after adding his own inputs to not drop below the minimum relay transaction fee rate. + +* The sender's wallet software is using round fee rate. + +If the sender's fee rate is always round, then a blockchain analyst can easily spot the transactions of the sender involving payjoin by checking if, when removing a single input to the suspected payjoin transaction, the resulting fee rate is round. +To prevent this, the sender can agree to pay more fee so the receiver make sure that the payjoin transaction fee is also round. + +* The sender's transaction is time sensitive. + +When a sender pick a specific fee rate, the sender expects the transaction to be confirmed after a specific amount of time. But if the receiver adds an input without bumping the fee of the transaction, the payjoin transaction fee rate will be lower, and thus, longer to confirm. + +Our recommendation for <code>maxadditionalfeecontribution=</code> is <code>originalPSBTFeeRate * vsize(sender_input_type)</code>. + +{| class="wikitable" +!sender_input_type +!vsize(sender_input_type) +|- +|P2WPKH +|68 +|- +|P2PKH +|148 +|- +|P2SH-P2WPKH +|91 +|- +|P2TR +|58 +|} + + + +===Receiver's original PSBT checklist=== + +The receiver needs to do some check on the original PSBT before proceeding: + +* Non-interactive receivers (like a payment processor) need to check that the original PSBT is broadcastable. <code>*</code> +* If the sender included inputs in the original PSBT owned by the receiver, the receiver must either return error <code>original-psbt-rejected</code> or make sure they do not sign those inputs in the payjoin proposal. +* If the sender's inputs are all from the same scriptPubKey type, the receiver must match the same type. If the receiver can't match the type, they must return error <code>unavailable</code>. +* Make sure that the inputs included in the original transaction have never been seen before. +** This prevent [[#probing-attack|probing attacks]]. +** This prevent reentrant payjoin, where a sender attempts to use payjoin transaction as a new original transaction for a new payjoin. + +<code>*</code>: Interactive receivers are not required to validate the original PSBT because they are not exposed to [[#probing-attack|probing attacks]]. + +===Sender's payjoin proposal checklist=== + +The sender should check the payjoin proposal before signing it to prevent a malicious receiver from stealing money. + +* Verify that the absolute fee of the payjoin proposal is equals or higher than the original PSBT. +* If the receiver's BIP21 signalled <code>pjos=0</code>, disable payment output substitution. +* Verify that the transaction version, and the nLockTime are unchanged. +* Check that the sender's inputs' sequence numbers are unchanged. +* For each inputs in the proposal: +** Verify that no keypaths is in the PSBT input +** Verify that no partial signature has been filled +** If it is one of the sender's input +*** Verify that input's sequence is unchanged. +*** Verify the PSBT input is not finalized +*** Verify that <code>non_witness_utxo</code> and <code>witness_utxo</code> are not specified. +** If it is one of the receiver's input +*** Verify the PSBT input is finalized +*** Verify that <code>non_witness_utxo</code> or <code>witness_utxo</code> are filled in. +** Verify that the payjoin proposal did not introduced mixed input's sequence. +** Verify that the payjoin proposal did not introduced mixed input's type. +** Verify that all of sender's inputs from the original PSBT are in the proposal. +* For each outputs in the proposal: +** Verify that no keypaths is in the PSBT output +** If the output is the [[#fee-output|fee output]]: +*** The amount that was substracted from the output's value is less than or equal to <code>maxadditionalfeecontribution</code>. Let's call this amount <code>actual contribution</code>. +*** Make sure the actual contribution is only paying fee: The <code>actual contribution</code> is less than or equals to the difference of absolute fee between the payjoin proposal and the original PSBT. +*** Make sure the actual contribution is only paying for fee incurred by additional inputs: <code>actual contribution</code> is less than or equals to <code>originalPSBTFeeRate * vsize(sender_input_type) * (count(payjoin_proposal_inputs) - count(original_psbt_inputs))</code>. (see [[#fee-output|Fee output]] section) +** If the output is the payment output and payment output substitution is allowed. +*** Do not make any check +** Else +*** Make sure the output's value did not decrease. +** Verify that all sender's outputs (ie, all outputs except the output actually paid to the receiver) from the original PSBT are in the proposal. +* Once the proposal is signed, if <code>minfeerate</code> was specified, check that the fee rate of the payjoin transaction is not less than this value. + +The sender must be careful to only sign the inputs that were present in the original PSBT and nothing else. + +Note: +* The sender must allow the receiver to add/remove or modify the receiver's own outputs. (if payment output substitution is disabled, the receiver's outputs must not be removed or decreased in value) +* The sender should allow the receiver to not add any inputs. This is useful for the receiver to change the paymout output scriptPubKey type. +* If no input have been added, the sender's wallet implementation should accept the payjoin proposal, but not mark the transaction as an actual payjoin in the user interface. + +Our method of checking the fee allows the receiver and the sender to batch payments in the payjoin transaction. +It also allows the receiver to pay the fee for batching adding his own outputs. + +==Rationale== + +There is several consequences of our proposal: + +* The receiver can bump the fee of the original transaction. +* The receiver can modify the outputs of the original PSBT. +* The sender must provide the UTXO information (Witness or previous transaction) in the PSBT. + +===Respecting the minimum relay fee policy=== + +To be properly relayed, a Bitcoin transaction needs to pay at least 1 satoshi per virtual byte. +When blocks are not full, the original transaction might already at the minimum relay fee rate (currently 1 satoshi per virtual byte), so if the receiver adds their own input, they need to make sure the fee is increased such that the rate does not drop below the minimum relay fee rate. +In such case, the sender must set both <code>maxadditionalfeecontribution=</code> and <code>additionalfeeoutputindex=</code>. + +See the [[#fee-output|Fee output]] section for more information. + +We also recommend the sender to set <code>minfeerate=</code>, as the sender's node policy might be different from the receiver's policy. + +===Defeating heuristics based on the fee calculation=== + +Most wallets are creating a round fee rate (like 2 sat/b). +If the payjoin transaction's fee was not increased by the added size, then those payjoin transactions could easily be identifiable on the blockchain. + +Not only would those transactions stand out by not having a round fee (like 1.87 sat/b), but any suspicion of payjoin could be confirmed by checking if removing one input would create a round fee rate. +In such case, the sender must set both <code>maxadditionalfeecontribution=</code> and <code>additionalfeeoutputindex=</code>. + +The recommended value <code>maxadditionalfeecontribution=</code> is explained in the [[#fee-output|Fee output]] section. +We also recommend the sender to set <code>minfeerate=</code>, as the sender's node policy might be different from the receiver's policy. + +===Receiver does not need to be a full node=== + +Because the receiver needs to bump the fee to keep the same fee rate as the original PSBT, it needs the input's UTXO information to know what is the original fee rate. Without PSBT, light wallets like Wasabi Wallet would not be able to receive a payjoin transaction. + +The validation (policy and consensus) of the original transaction is optional: a receiver without a full node can decide to create the payjoin transaction and automatically broadcast the original transaction after a timeout of 1 minute, and only verify that it has been propagated in the network. + +However, non-interactive receivers (like a payment processor) need to verify the transaction to prevent UTXO probing attacks. + +This is not a concern for interactive receivers like Wasabi Wallet, because those receivers can just limit the number of original PSBT proposals of a specific address to one. With such wallets, the attacker has no way to generate new deposit addresses to probe the UTXOs. + +===<span id="spare-change"></span>Spare change donation=== + +Small change inside wallets are detrimental to privacy. Mixers like Wasabi wallet, because of its protocol, eventually generate such [[https://docs.wasabiwallet.io/using-wasabi/ChangeCoins.html#first-round-coinjoin-change|small change]]. + +A common way to protect your privacy is to donate those spare changes, to deposit them in an exchange or on your favorite merchant's store account. Those kind of transactions can easily be spotted on the blockchain: There is only one output. + +However, if you donate via payjoin, it will look like a normal transaction. + +On top of this the receiver can poison analysis by randomly faking a round amount of satoshi for the additional output. + +===<span id="output-substitution"></span>Payment output substitution=== + +Unless disallowed by sender explicitely via `disableoutputsubstitution=true` or by the BIP21 url via query parameter the `pjos=0`, the receiver is free to decrease the amount, remove, or change the scriptPubKey output paying to himself. +Note that if payment output substitution is disallowed, the reveiver can still increase the amount of the output. (See [[#reference-impl|the reference implementation]]) + +For example, if the sender's scriptPubKey type is P2WPKH while the receiver's payment output in the original PSBT is P2SH, then the receiver can substitute the payment output to be P2WPKH to match the sender's scriptPubKey type. + +===<span id="unsecured-payjoin"></span>Unsecured payjoin server=== + +A receiver might run the payment server (generating the BIP21 invoice) on a different server than the payjoin server, which could be less trusted than the payment server. + +In such case, the payment server can signal to the sender, via the BIP21 parameter <code>pjos=0</code>, that they MUST disallow [[#output-substitution|payment output substitution]]. +A compromised payjoin server could steal the hot wallet outputs of the receiver, but would not be able to re-route payment to himself. + +===Impacted heuristics=== + +Our proposal of payjoin is breaking the following blockchain heuristics: + +* Common inputs heuristics. + +Because payjoin is mixing the inputs of the sender and receiver, this heuristic becomes unreliable. + +* Change identification from scriptPubKey type heuristics + +When Alice pays Bob, if Alice is using P2SH but Bob's deposit address is P2WPKH, the heuristic would assume that the P2SH output is the change address of Alice. +This is now however a broken assumption, as the payjoin receiver has the freedom to mislead analytics by purposefully changing the invoice's address in the payjoin transaction. + +See [[#output-substitution|payment output substitution]]. + +* Change identification from round change amount + +If Alice pays Bob, she might be tempted to pay him a round amount, like <code>1.23000000 BTC</code>. When this happens, blockchain analysis often identifies the output without the round amount as the change of the transaction. + +For this reason, during a [[#spare-change|spare change]] case, the receiver may add an output with a rounded amount randomly. + +==Attack vectors== + +===<span id="probing-attack"></span>On the receiver side: UTXO probing attack=== + +When the receiver creates a payjoin proposal, they expose one or more inputs belonging to them. + +An attacker could create multiple original transactions in order to learn the UTXOs of the receiver, while not broadcasting the payjoin proposal. + +While we cannot prevent this type of attack entirely, we implemented the following mitigations: + +* When the receiver detects an original transaction being broadcast, or if the receiver detects that the original transaction has been double spent, then they will reuse the UTXO that was exposed for the next payjoin. +* While the exposed UTXO will be reused in priority to not leak other UTXOs, there is no strong guarantee about it. This prevents the attacker from detecting with certainty the next payjoin of the merchant to another peer. + +Note that probing attacks are only a problem for automated payment systems such as BTCPay Server. End-user wallets with payjoin capabilities are not affected, as the attacker can't create multiple invoices to force the receiver to expose their UTXOs. + +===On the sender side: Double payment risk for hardware wallets=== + +For a successful payjoin to happen, the sender needs to sign two transactions double spending each other: The original transaction and the payjoin proposal. + +The sender's software wallet can verify that the payjoin proposal is legitimate by the sender's checklist. + +However, a hardware wallet can't verify that this is indeed the case. This means that the security guarantee of the hardware wallet is decreased. If the sender's software is compromised, the hardware wallet would sign two valid transactions, thus sending two payments. + +Without payjoin, the maximum amount of money that could be lost by a compromised software is equal to one payment (via [[#output-substitution|payment output substitution]]). +Note that the sender can disallow [[#output-substitution|payment output substitution]] by using the optional parameter <code>disableoutputsubstitution=true</code>. + +With payjoin, the maximum amount of money that can be lost is equal to two payments. + +==<span id="reference-impl"></span>Reference sender's implementation== + +Here is pseudo code of a sender implementation. +<code>RequestPayjoin</code> takes the bip21 URI of the payment, the wallet and the <code>signedPSBT</code>. + +The <code>signedPSBT</code> represents a PSBT which has been fully signed, but not yet finalized. +We then prepare <code>originalPSBT</code> from the <code>signedPSBT</code> via the <code>CreateOriginalPSBT</code> function and get back the <code>proposal</code>. + +While we verify the <code>proposal</code>, we also import into it informations about our own inputs and outputs from the <code>signedPSBT</code>. +At the end of this <code>RequestPayjoin</code>, the proposal is verified and ready to be signed. + +We logged the different PSBT involved, and show the result in our [[#test-vectors|test vectors]]. +<pre> +public async Task<PSBT> RequestPayjoin( + BIP21Uri bip21, + Wallet wallet, + PSBT signedPSBT, + PayjoinClientParameters optionalParameters) +{ + Log("Unfinalized signed PSBT" + signedPSBT); + // Extracting the pj link. + var endpoint = bip21.ExtractPayjointEndpoint(); + if (signedPSBT.IsAllFinalized()) + throw new InvalidOperationException("The original PSBT should not be finalized."); + ScriptPubKeyType inputScriptType = wallet.ScriptPubKeyType(); + PSBTOutput feePSBTOutput = null; + + bool allowOutputSubstitution = !optionalParameters.DisableOutputSubstitution; + if (bip21.Parameters.Contains("pjos") && bip21.Parameters["pjos"] == "0") + allowOutputSubstitution = false; + + if (optionalParameters.AdditionalFeeOutputIndex != null && optionalParameters.MaxAdditionalFeeContribution != null) + feePSBTOutput = signedPSBT.Outputs[optionalParameters.AdditionalFeeOutputIndex]; + Script paymentScriptPubKey = bip21.Address == null ? null : bip21.Address.ScriptPubKey; + decimal originalFee = signedPSBT.GetFee(); + PSBT originalPSBT = CreateOriginalPSBT(signedPSBT); + Transaction originalGlobalTx = signedPSBT.GetGlobalTransaction(); + TxOut feeOutput = feePSBTOutput == null ? null : originalGlobalTx.Outputs[feePSBTOutput.Index]; + var originalInputs = new Queue<(TxIn OriginalTxIn, PSBTInput SignedPSBTInput)>(); + for (int i = 0; i < originalGlobalTx.Inputs.Count; i++) + { + originalInputs.Enqueue((originalGlobalTx.Inputs[i], signedPSBT.Inputs[i])); + } + var originalOutputs = new Queue<(TxOut OriginalTxOut, PSBTOutput SignedPSBTOutput)>(); + for (int i = 0; i < originalGlobalTx.Outputs.Count; i++) + { + originalOutputs.Enqueue((originalGlobalTx.Outputs[i], signedPSBT.Outputs[i])); + } + // Add the client side query string parameters + endpoint = ApplyOptionalParameters(endpoint, optionalParameters); + Log("original PSBT" + originalPSBT); + PSBT proposal = await SendOriginalTransaction(endpoint, originalPSBT, cancellationToken); + Log("payjoin proposal" + proposal); + // Checking that the PSBT of the receiver is clean + if (proposal.GlobalXPubs.Any()) + { + throw new PayjoinSenderException("GlobalXPubs should not be included in the receiver's PSBT"); + } + //////////// + + if (proposal.CheckSanity() is List<PSBTError> errors && errors.Count > 0) + throw new PayjoinSenderException($"The proposal PSBT is not sane ({errors[0]})"); + + var proposalGlobalTx = proposal.GetGlobalTransaction(); + // Verify that the transaction version, and nLockTime are unchanged. + if (proposalGlobalTx.Version != originalGlobalTx.Version) + throw new PayjoinSenderException($"The proposal PSBT changed the transaction version"); + if (proposalGlobalTx.LockTime != originalGlobalTx.LockTime) + throw new PayjoinSenderException($"The proposal PSBT changed the nLocktime"); + + HashSet<Sequence> sequences = new HashSet<Sequence>(); + // For each inputs in the proposal: + foreach (PSBTInput proposedPSBTInput in proposal.Inputs) + { + if (proposedPSBTInput.HDKeyPaths.Count != 0) + throw new PayjoinSenderException("The receiver added keypaths to an input"); + if (proposedPSBTInput.PartialSigs.Count != 0) + throw new PayjoinSenderException("The receiver added partial signatures to an input"); + PSBTInput proposedTxIn = proposalGlobalTx.Inputs.FindIndexedInput(proposedPSBTInput.PrevOut).TxIn; + bool isOurInput = originalInputs.Count > 0 && originalInputs.Peek().OriginalTxIn.PrevOut == proposedPSBTInput.PrevOut; + // If it is one of our input + if (isOurInput) + { + OutPoint inputPrevout = ourPrevouts.Dequeue(); + TxIn originalTxin = originalGlobalTx.Inputs.FromOutpoint(inputPrevout); + PSBTInput originalPSBTInput = originalPSBT.Inputs.FromOutpoint(inputPrevout); + // Verify that sequence is unchanged. + if (input.OriginalTxIn.Sequence != proposedTxIn.Sequence) + throw new PayjoinSenderException("The proposedTxIn modified the sequence of one of our inputs") + // Verify the PSBT input is not finalized + if (proposedPSBTInput.IsFinalized()) + throw new PayjoinSenderException("The receiver finalized one of our inputs"); + // Verify that <code>non_witness_utxo</code> and <code>witness_utxo</code> are not specified. + if (proposedPSBTInput.NonWitnessUtxo != null || proposedPSBTInput.WitnessUtxo != null) + throw new PayjoinSenderException("The receiver added non_witness_utxo or witness_utxo to one of our inputs"); + sequences.Add(proposedTxIn.Sequence); + + // Fill up the info from the original PSBT input so we can sign and get fees. + proposedPSBTInput.NonWitnessUtxo = input.SignedPSBTInput.NonWitnessUtxo; + proposedPSBTInput.WitnessUtxo = input.SignedPSBTInput.WitnessUtxo; + // We fill up information we had on the signed PSBT, so we can sign it. + foreach (var hdKey in input.SignedPSBTInput.HDKeyPaths) + proposedPSBTInput.HDKeyPaths.Add(hdKey.Key, hdKey.Value); + proposedPSBTInput.RedeemScript = signedPSBTInput.RedeemScript; + proposedPSBTInput.RedeemScript = input.SignedPSBTInput.RedeemScript; + } + else + { + // Verify the PSBT input is finalized + if (!proposedPSBTInput.IsFinalized()) + throw new PayjoinSenderException("The receiver did not finalized one of their input"); + // Verify that non_witness_utxo or witness_utxo are filled in. + if (proposedPSBTInput.NonWitnessUtxo == null && proposedPSBTInput.WitnessUtxo == null) + throw new PayjoinSenderException("The receiver did not specify non_witness_utxo or witness_utxo for one of their inputs"); + sequences.Add(proposedTxIn.Sequence); + // Verify that the payjoin proposal did not introduced mixed inputs' type. + if (inputScriptType != proposedPSBTInput.GetInputScriptPubKeyType()) + throw new PayjoinSenderException("Mixed input type detected in the proposal"); + } + } + + // Verify that all of sender's inputs from the original PSBT are in the proposal. + if (originalInputs.Count != 0) + throw new PayjoinSenderException("Some of our inputs are not included in the proposal"); + + // Verify that the payjoin proposal did not introduced mixed inputs' sequence. + if (sequences.Count != 1) + throw new PayjoinSenderException("Mixed sequence detected in the proposal"); + + decimal newFee = proposal.GetFee(); + decimal additionalFee = newFee - originalFee; + if (additionalFee < 0) + throw new PayjoinSenderException("The receiver decreased absolute fee"); + // For each outputs in the proposal: + foreach (PSBTOutput proposedPSBTOutput in proposal.Outputs) + { + // Verify that no keypaths is in the PSBT output + if (proposedPSBTOutput.HDKeyPaths.Count != 0) + throw new PayjoinSenderException("The receiver added keypaths to an output"); + if (originalOutputs.Count == 0) + continue; + var originalOutput = originalOutputs.Peek(); + bool isOriginalOutput = originalOutput.OriginalTxOut.ScriptPubKey == proposedPSBTOutput.ScriptPubKey; + bool substitutedOutput = !isOriginalOutput && + allowOutputSubstitution && + originalOutput.OriginalTxOut.ScriptPubKey == paymentScriptPubKey; + if (isOriginalOutput || substitutedOutput) + { + originalOutputs.Dequeue(); + if (output.OriginalTxOut == feeOutput) + { + var actualContribution = feeOutput.Value - proposedPSBTOutput.Value; + // The amount that was substracted from the output's value is less than or equal to maxadditionalfeecontribution + if (actualContribution > optionalParameters.MaxAdditionalFeeContribution) + throw new PayjoinSenderException("The actual contribution is more than maxadditionalfeecontribution"); + // Make sure the actual contribution is only paying fee + if (actualContribution > additionalFee) + throw new PayjoinSenderException("The actual contribution is not only paying fee"); + // Make sure the actual contribution is only paying for fee incurred by additional inputs + int additionalInputsCount = proposalGlobalTx.Inputs.Count - originalGlobalTx.Inputs.Count; + if (actualContribution > originalFeeRate * GetVirtualSize(inputScriptType) * additionalInputsCount) + throw new PayjoinSenderException("The actual contribution is not only paying for additional inputs"); + } + else if (allowOutputSubstitution && output.OriginalTxOut.ScriptPubKey == paymentScriptPubKey) + { + // That's the payment output, the receiver may have changed it. + } + else + { + if (originalOutput.OriginalTxOut.Value > proposedPSBTOutput.Value) + throw new PayjoinSenderException("The receiver decreased the value of one of the outputs"); + } + // We fill up information we had on the signed PSBT, so we can sign it. + foreach (var hdKey in output.SignedPSBTOutput.HDKeyPaths) + proposedPSBTOutput.HDKeyPaths.Add(hdKey.Key, hdKey.Value); + proposedPSBTOutput.RedeemScript = output.SignedPSBTOutput.RedeemScript; + } + } + // Verify that all of sender's outputs from the original PSBT are in the proposal. + if (originalOutputs.Count != 0) + { + // The payment output may have been substituted + if (!allowOutputSubstitution || + originalOutputs.Count != 1 || + originalOutputs.Dequeue().OriginalTxOut.ScriptPubKey != paymentScriptPubKey) + { + throw new PayjoinSenderException("Some of our outputs are not included in the proposal"); + } + } + + // After signing this proposal, we should check if minfeerate is respected. + Log("payjoin proposal filled with sender's information" + proposal); + return proposal; +} + +int GetVirtualSize(ScriptPubKeyType? scriptPubKeyType) +{ + switch (scriptPubKeyType) + { + case ScriptPubKeyType.Legacy: + return 148; + case ScriptPubKeyType.Segwit: + return 68; + case ScriptPubKeyType.SegwitP2SH: + return 91; + default: + return 110; + } +} + +// Finalize the signedPSBT and remove confidential information +PSBT CreateOriginalPSBT(PSBT signedPSBT) +{ + var original = signedPSBT.Clone(); + original = original.Finalize(); + foreach (var input in original.Inputs) + { + input.HDKeyPaths.Clear(); + input.PartialSigs.Clear(); + input.Unknown.Clear(); + } + foreach (var output in original.Outputs) + { + output.Unknown.Clear(); + output.HDKeyPaths.Clear(); + } + original.GlobalXPubs.Clear(); + return original; +} +</pre> + +==<span id="test-vectors"></span>Test vectors== + +A successful exchange with: + +{| class="wikitable" +!InputScriptType +!Orginal PSBT Fee rate +!maxadditionalfeecontribution +!additionalfeeoutputindex +|- +|P2SH-P2WPKH +|2 sat/vbyte +|0.00000182 +|0 +|} + +<code>Unfinalized signed PSBT</code> +<pre>cHNidP8BAHMCAAAAAY8nutGgJdyYGXWiBEb45Hoe9lWGbkxh/6bNiOJdCDuDAAAAAAD+////AtyVuAUAAAAAF6kUHehJ8GnSdBUOOv6ujXLrWmsJRDCHgIQeAAAAAAAXqRR3QJbbz0hnQ8IvQ0fptGn+votneofTAAAAAAEBIKgb1wUAAAAAF6kU3k4ekGHKWRNbA1rV5tR5kEVDVNCHAQQWABTHikVyU1WCjVZYB03VJg1fy2mFMCICAxWawBqg1YdUxLTYt9NJ7R7fzws2K09rVRBnI6KFj4UWRzBEAiB8Q+A6dep+Rz92vhy26lT0AjZn4PRLi8Bf9qoB/CMk0wIgP/Rj2PWZ3gEjUkTlhDRNAQ0gXwTO7t9n+V14pZ6oljUBIgYDFZrAGqDVh1TEtNi300ntHt/PCzYrT2tVEGcjooWPhRYYSFzWUDEAAIABAACAAAAAgAEAAAAAAAAAAAEAFgAURvYaK7pzgo7lhbSl/DeUan2MxRQiAgLKC8FYHmmul/HrXLUcMDCjfuRg/dhEkG8CO26cEC6vfBhIXNZQMQAAgAEAAIAAAACAAQAAAAEAAAAAAA==</pre> + +<code>Original PSBT</code> +<pre>cHNidP8BAHMCAAAAAY8nutGgJdyYGXWiBEb45Hoe9lWGbkxh/6bNiOJdCDuDAAAAAAD+////AtyVuAUAAAAAF6kUHehJ8GnSdBUOOv6ujXLrWmsJRDCHgIQeAAAAAAAXqRR3QJbbz0hnQ8IvQ0fptGn+votneofTAAAAAAEBIKgb1wUAAAAAF6kU3k4ekGHKWRNbA1rV5tR5kEVDVNCHAQcXFgAUx4pFclNVgo1WWAdN1SYNX8tphTABCGsCRzBEAiB8Q+A6dep+Rz92vhy26lT0AjZn4PRLi8Bf9qoB/CMk0wIgP/Rj2PWZ3gEjUkTlhDRNAQ0gXwTO7t9n+V14pZ6oljUBIQMVmsAaoNWHVMS02LfTSe0e388LNitPa1UQZyOihY+FFgABABYAFEb2Giu6c4KO5YW0pfw3lGp9jMUUAAA=</pre> + +<code>payjoin proposal</code> +<pre>cHNidP8BAJwCAAAAAo8nutGgJdyYGXWiBEb45Hoe9lWGbkxh/6bNiOJdCDuDAAAAAAD+////jye60aAl3JgZdaIERvjkeh72VYZuTGH/ps2I4l0IO4MBAAAAAP7///8CJpW4BQAAAAAXqRQd6EnwadJ0FQ46/q6NcutaawlEMIcACT0AAAAAABepFHdAltvPSGdDwi9DR+m0af6+i2d6h9MAAAAAAAEBIICEHgAAAAAAF6kUyPLL+cphRyyI5GTUazV0hF2R2NWHAQcXFgAUX4BmVeWSTJIEwtUb5TlPS/ntohABCGsCRzBEAiBnu3tA3yWlT0WBClsXXS9j69Bt+waCs9JcjWtNjtv7VgIge2VYAaBeLPDB6HGFlpqOENXMldsJezF9Gs5amvDQRDQBIQJl1jz1tBt8hNx2owTm+4Du4isx0pmdKNMNIjjaMHFfrQAAAA==</pre> + +<code>payjoin proposal filled with sender's information</code> +<pre>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</pre> + +==Implementations== + +* [[https://github.com/BlueWallet/BlueWallet|BlueWallet]] is in the process of implementing the protocol. +* [[https://github.com/btcpayserver/btcpayserver|BTCPay Server]] has implemented sender and receiver side of this protocol. +* [[https://github.com/zkSNACKs/WalletWasabi/|Wasabi Wallet]] has merged sender's support. +* [[https://github.com/JoinMarket-Org/joinmarket-clientserver|Join Market]] has implemented sender and receiver side of this protocol. +* [[https://github.com/bitcoinjs/payjoin-client|JavaScript sender implementation]]. + +==Backward compatibility== + +The receivers are advertising payjoin capabilities through [[bip-0021.mediawiki|BIP21's URI Scheme]]. + +Senders not supporting payjoin will just ignore the <code>pj</code> variable and thus, will proceed to normal payment. + +==Special thanks== + +Special thanks to Kukks for developing the initial support to BTCPay Server, to junderw, AdamISZ, lukechilds, ncoelho, nopara73, lontivero, yahiheb, SomberNight, andrewkozlik, instagibbs, RHavar for all the feedback we received since our first implementation. +Thanks again to RHavar who wrote the [[bip-0079.mediawiki|BIP79 Bustapay]] proposal, this gave a good starting point for our proposal. diff --git a/bip-0079.mediawiki b/bip-0079.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..797c8f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0079.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 79 + Layer: Applications + Title: Bustapay :: a practical coinjoin protocol + Author: Ryan Havar <rhavar@protonmail.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0079 + Status: Replaced + Type: Informational + Created: 2018-10-05 + License: CC0-1.0 + Superseded-By: 78 +</pre> + + +==Abstract== + +The way bitcoin transactions are normally created leaks more information than desirable, and as a result has been exploited by unreasonably effective blockchain analysis techniques to jeopardize important properties that are expected of a useful currency. + +Bustapay is a simple and practical protocol for the sender and receiver of a payment to collaboratively sign a bitcoin transaction in such a way that busts some analysis assumptions to the immediate benefit of the sender and receiver. Furthermore it does so in such a way that gives a significant amount of control to the receiver to help manage their utxo set size, a constant problem for bitcoin merchants. + +==Copyright== + +This document is licensed under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal license. + +==Motivation== + +One of the most powerful blockchain analysis heuristics has been to assume all inputs of a transaction are controlled by a single party unless otherwise known (such as by the distinctive structure of a traditional coinjoin, or multisig spends that are validated onchain). Combined with other techniques (notably change-output guessing) this has lead to unexpectedly accurate tracking that has exposed bitcoin participants to unacceptable personal, business and financial risks -- undermining bitcoin's utility and fungibility -- and ultimately jeopardizing its ability to function as useful money. + +We however can bust these assumptions with a sender-receiver coinjoin. To prevent costless spy/DoS attacks, we require the sending party to provide a fully-valid ready-to-propagate transaction to initiate the process, that the receiver can broadcast if the sender never completes the coinjoin thus tying the cost to that of spending a utxo. Most promisingly, bustapay transactions do not have an identifiable structure so any network analysis will be not able to tell if a given transaction is a bustapay transaction or not which erodes the confidence of their entire models, providing positive externalities for the entire bitcoin ecosystem. + +Bustapay transactions also do not grow the receiver's count of unspent transaction outputs, and in fact gives the receiver an opportunity to better manage their utxo set, something normally only done when sending payments. Large utxo sets are often problematic and expensive, and frequently requiring privacy-destroying consolidation. Besides busting clustering assumptions, bustapay also provides a layer of obfuscation of send amounts. + +It is worth noting that this specification has eschewed complexity and potentially useful extensions on the assumption that simplicity is of the most important to encourage adoption. + + +==Overview== + +A bustapay payment is made from a sender to a receiver. + +====Step 1. Sender creates a bitcoin transaction paying the receiver==== + +This transaction must use segwit for all inputs, and be fully valid and signed. The transaction must be eligible for propagation on the network (but not done so at this stage) + +====Step 2. Sender gives the "template transaction" to the receiver==== + +This is done via an HTTP POST request, sent to a "bustapay url" + +====Step 3. Receiver processes the transaction and returns a partially signed coinjoin==== + +The receiver validates the transaction, and pays himself. The receiver then adds one or more of his own inputs (known as the ''contributed inputs'') and (optionally) increases the output that pays himself (generally by the sum of the ''contributed inputs''). Doing so creates a ''partial transaction'', which the receiver returns to the sender. It is called such as it requires the sender to re-sign his own inputs. + +====Step 4. Sender validates, re-signs, and propagates on the bitcoin network==== + +The sender MUST validate the ''partial transaction'' was changed correctly and non-maliciously (to allow using potentially untrusted communication channels), re-sign its original inputs and propagate the final transaction over the bitcoin network. + +====Step 5. Receiver observes the finalized transaction on the bitcoin network==== + +Once the receiver has seen the finalized transactions on the network (and has enough confirmations) it can process it like a normal payment for the sent amount (as opposed to the amount that it looks like on the network). If the receiver does not see the finalized transaction after a timeout, they will propagate the original "template transaction", which ensures the payment happens and functions a strong anti-DoS mechanism. + +== Specification == + +The standard way of letting a sender know where to send a bustapay transaction is done via a bip21 encoded address. The key value "bpu" (short for "BustaPayUrl") should be used. An example of such address would be bitcoin:2NABbUr9yeRCp1oUCtVmgJF8HGRCo3ifpTT?bpu=https://bp.bustabit.com/submit It is highly encouraged that urls are kept short. + +When the sender is creating a "template transaction" it is done almost identically to creating a normal send, with the exception that *only* segwit inputs may be used. The sender is also encouraged to use a slightly more aggressive feerate than usual as well as BIP125 (Opt-in Full Replace-by-Fee Signaling), but neither is strictly required. + +The template transaction should be sent to the receiver via an HTTP POST to the bustapay url, with a binary encoded body. + +The receiver is then responsible for validating the template transaction. If there is a problem with the transaction, or the receiver is generally unhappy with the transaction (e.g. fees are too small) the HTTP response code of 422 should be used and a human-readable string containing information on why which can be directly given to the user. + +Should the receiver reject a transaction, it should not attempt to propagate it on the network. However it is important for the sender to be aware that the receiver *could* at any time (regardless of which error was given) send this transaction. The client should therefore assume the receiver will, and act accordingly (either retry with adjustments or just propagate the transaction). It is imperative that the sender never finds themselves in a situation where two payments to the sender could be valid. + +=== Contributed Input Choice === + +The receiver must add at least one input to the transaction (the "contributed inputs"). If the receiver has no inputs, it should use a 500 internal server error, so the client can send the transaction as per normal (or try again later). Its generally advised to only add a single contributed input, however they are circumstances where adding more than a single input can be useful. + +To prevent an attack where a receiver is continually sent variations of the same transaction to enumerate the receivers utxo set, it is essential that the receiver always returns the same contributed inputs when it's seen the same inputs. + +It is strongly preferable that the receiver makes an effort to pick a contributed input of the same type as the other transaction inputs if possible. + +=== Output Adjustment === + +After adding inputs to the transaction, the receiver generally will want to adjust the output that pays himself by increasing it by the sum of the contributed input amounts (minus any fees he wants to contribute). However the only strict requirement is that the receiver *must never* remove inputs, and *must not* ever decrease any output amount. + +=== Returning the partial transaction === + +The receiver must sign all contributed inputs in the partial transaction. The partial transaction should also remove all witnesses from the the original template transaction as they are no longer valid, and need to be recalculated by the sender. The receiver returns the partial transaction as a binary-encoded HTTP response with a status code of 200. To ensure compatibility with web-wallets and browser-based-tools, all responses (including errors) must contain the HTTP header "Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *" + + +=== Sender Validation === + +The sender *must* do important validation on the partial transaction. They *must* verify: + +* All template transaction inputs are in the partial transaction (but perhaps different order) and have the same sequence numbers. +* The partial transaction contains at least one new (and signed) segwit input (owned by the receiver) +* All outputs from the template transaction exist in the partial transaction, except they are allowed to be reordered and have their amounts increased (but *never* decreased) + +=== Creating Final Transaction === + +After validating the partial transaction, the sender signs all its inputs to create what is now the final transaction. It is important that the sender is careful to not be tricked by the receiver into signing other inputs it owns. The sender must only sign inputs that existed in the template transaction. If the sender is not careful the receiver may "contribute" inputs that are actually owned with by the sender, with the hope the sender blindly signs everything. + + +=== Transaction Publishing === + +Once the final transaction is created, the sender should publish it directly onto the bitcoin network. If the sender does not do this after a reasonable time (e.g. 1 minute), the receiver should publish the template transaction as an important anti-spy/anti-DoS tactic . The sender may also choose to publish the template transaction instead of the final transaction if they believe the receiver to have unreasonably lowered the feerate of the transaction (i.e. increased the size of the transaction, but not the feerate enough). And both parties can consider publishing the template transaction even after the finalized transaction is on the network (taking advantage of replace-by-fee) if the final transaction is not confirming and the template transaction has more fees. + + +=== Implementation Notes === +For anyone wanting to implement bustapay payments, here are some notes for receivers: + +* A transaction can easily be checked if it's suitable for the mempool with testmempoolaccept in bitcoin core 0.17+ +* Tracking transactions by txid is precarious. To keep your sanity make sure all inputs are segwit. But remember segwit does not prevent txid malleability unless you validate the transaction. So really make sure you're using testmempoolaccept at the very least +* Bustapay could be abused by a malicious party to query if you own a deposit address or not. So never accept a bustapay transaction that pays an already used deposit address +* You will need to keep a mapping of which utxos people have showed you and which you revealed. So if you see them again, you can reveal the same one of your own +* Check if the transaction was already sorted according to BIP69, if so ensure the result stays that way. Otherwise probably just shuffle the inputs/outputs +* A reference implementation is maintained at https://github.com/rhavar/bustapay which functions as a wrapper around some RPC calls to bitcoin core's wallet. +* The sender must be careful of an attack where the receiver tries to add additional inputs that are controlled by the sender, with the hope that the sender blindly signs it. + +== Backwards Compatibility == + +Bustapay is an optional payment protocol and therefore has no backwards compatibility concerns. It in fact can only be supported in addition to normal transaction processing, as falling back to a normal bitcoin transaction is a required behavior. + + +== Credits == +The idea is obviously based upon Dr. Maxwell's seminal CoinJoin proposal, and reduced scope inspired by a simplification of the "pay 2 endpoint" blog post by blockstream. diff --git a/bip-0080.mediawiki b/bip-0080.mediawiki index 2c4d8a7..0cade19 100644 --- a/bip-0080.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0080.mediawiki @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ Hardened derivation is used at this level. Public/private keypairs are numbered from index 0 in sequentially increasing manner. This number is used as child index in BIP32 derivation. -Public keys obtained at this level of the heirarchy are used to construct multisig deposit scripts, using a schema that is shared between the members as an out-of-band contract. +Public keys obtained at this level of the hierarchy are used to construct multisig deposit scripts, using a schema that is shared between the members as an out-of-band contract. Public derivation is used at this level. diff --git a/bip-0081.mediawiki b/bip-0081.mediawiki index e88ee14..96ac8d1 100644 --- a/bip-0081.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0081.mediawiki @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Public derivation is used at these levels, even when the index exceeds 2^31. Public/private keypairs are numbered from index 0 in sequentially increasing manner. This number is used as child index in BIP32 derivation. -Public keys obtained at this level of the heirarchy are used to construct multisig deposit scripts, using a schema that is shared between the members as an out-of-band contract. +Public keys obtained at this level of the hierarchy are used to construct multisig deposit scripts, using a schema that is shared between the members as an out-of-band contract. Public derivation is used at this level. diff --git a/bip-0083.mediawiki b/bip-0083.mediawiki index a0b1e5e..d7bbe8e 100644 --- a/bip-0083.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0083.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Eric Lombrozo <eric@ciphrex.com> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0083 - Status: Draft + Status: Rejected Type: Standards Track Created: 2015-11-16 License: PD diff --git a/bip-0084.mediawiki b/bip-0084.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e1e458c --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0084.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 84 + Layer: Applications + Title: Derivation scheme for P2WPKH based accounts + Author: Pavol Rusnak <stick@satoshilabs.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0084 + Status: Final + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2017-12-28 + License: CC0-1.0 +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This BIP defines the derivation scheme for HD wallets using the P2WPKH ([[bip-0173.mediawiki|BIP 173]]) serialization format for segregated witness transactions. + +==Motivation== + +With the usage of P2WPKH transactions it is necessary to have a common derivation scheme. +It allows the user to use different HD wallets with the same masterseed and/or a single account seamlessly. + +Thus the user needs to create dedicated segregated witness accounts, which ensures that only wallets compatible with this BIP will detect the accounts and handle them appropriately. + +===Considerations=== + +We use the same rationale as described in Considerations section of [[bip-0049.mediawiki|BIP 49]]. + +==Specifications== + +This BIP defines the two needed steps to derive multiple deterministic addresses based on a [[bip-0032.mediawiki|BIP 32]] root account. + +===Public key derivation=== + +To derive a public key from the root account, this BIP uses the same account-structure as defined in [[bip-0044.mediawiki|BIP 44]] and [[bip-0049.mediawiki|BIP 49]], but only uses a different purpose value to indicate the different transaction serialization method. + +<pre> +m / purpose' / coin_type' / account' / change / address_index +</pre> + +For the <code>purpose</code>-path level it uses <code>84'</code>. The rest of the levels are used as defined in BIP44 or BIP49. + + +===Address derivation=== + +To derive the P2WPKH address from the above calculated public key, we use the encapsulation defined in [[bip-0141.mediawiki#p2wpkh|BIP 141]]: + + + witness: <signature> <pubkey> + scriptSig: (empty) + scriptPubKey: 0 <20-byte-key-hash> + (0x0014{20-byte-key-hash}) + + +===Extended Key Version=== + +When serializing extended keys, this scheme uses alternate version bytes. Extended public keys use <code>0x04b24746</code> to produce a "zpub" prefix, and private keys use <code>0x04b2430c</code> to produce a "zprv" prefix. Testnet uses <code>0x045f1cf6</code> "vpub" and <code>0x045f18bc</code> "vprv." + +Additional registered version bytes are listed in [[https://github.com/satoshilabs/slips/blob/master/slip-0132.md|SLIP-0132]]. + + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +This BIP is not backwards compatible by design as described under [#considerations]. An incompatible wallet will not discover accounts at all and the user will notice that something is wrong. + +==Test vectors== + +<pre> + mnemonic = abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon about + rootpriv = zprvAWgYBBk7JR8Gjrh4UJQ2uJdG1r3WNRRfURiABBE3RvMXYSrRJL62XuezvGdPvG6GFBZduosCc1YP5wixPox7zhZLfiUm8aunE96BBa4Kei5 + rootpub = zpub6jftahH18ngZxLmXaKw3GSZzZsszmt9WqedkyZdezFtWRFBZqsQH5hyUmb4pCEeZGmVfQuP5bedXTB8is6fTv19U1GQRyQUKQGUTzyHACMF + + // Account 0, root = m/84'/0'/0' + xpriv = zprvAdG4iTXWBoARxkkzNpNh8r6Qag3irQB8PzEMkAFeTRXxHpbF9z4QgEvBRmfvqWvGp42t42nvgGpNgYSJA9iefm1yYNZKEm7z6qUWCroSQnE + xpub = zpub6rFR7y4Q2AijBEqTUquhVz398htDFrtymD9xYYfG1m4wAcvPhXNfE3EfH1r1ADqtfSdVCToUG868RvUUkgDKf31mGDtKsAYz2oz2AGutZYs + + // Account 0, first receiving address = m/84'/0'/0'/0/0 + privkey = KyZpNDKnfs94vbrwhJneDi77V6jF64PWPF8x5cdJb8ifgg2DUc9d + pubkey = 0330d54fd0dd420a6e5f8d3624f5f3482cae350f79d5f0753bf5beef9c2d91af3c + address = bc1qcr8te4kr609gcawutmrza0j4xv80jy8z306fyu + + // Account 0, second receiving address = m/84'/0'/0'/0/1 + privkey = Kxpf5b8p3qX56DKEe5NqWbNUP9MnqoRFzZwHRtsFqhzuvUJsYZCy + pubkey = 03e775fd51f0dfb8cd865d9ff1cca2a158cf651fe997fdc9fee9c1d3b5e995ea77 + address = bc1qnjg0jd8228aq7egyzacy8cys3knf9xvrerkf9g + + // Account 0, first change address = m/84'/0'/0'/1/0 + privkey = KxuoxufJL5csa1Wieb2kp29VNdn92Us8CoaUG3aGtPtcF3AzeXvF + pubkey = 03025324888e429ab8e3dbaf1f7802648b9cd01e9b418485c5fa4c1b9b5700e1a6 + address = bc1q8c6fshw2dlwun7ekn9qwf37cu2rn755upcp6el +</pre> + +==Reference== + +* [[bip-0032.mediawiki|BIP32 - Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets]] +* [[bip-0043.mediawiki|BIP43 - Purpose Field for Deterministic Wallets]] +* [[bip-0044.mediawiki|BIP44 - Multi-Account Hierarchy for Deterministic Wallets]] +* [[bip-0049.mediawiki|BIP49 - Derivation scheme for P2WPKH-nested-in-P2SH based accounts]] +* [[bip-0141.mediawiki|BIP141 - Segregated Witness (Consensus layer)]] +* [[bip-0173.mediawiki|BIP173 - Base32 address format for native v0-16 witness outputs]] diff --git a/bip-0085.mediawiki b/bip-0085.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d5557fb --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0085.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,398 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 85 + Layer: Applications + Title: Deterministic Entropy From BIP32 Keychains + Author: Ethan Kosakovsky <ethankosakovsky@protonmail.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0085 + Status: Draft + Type: Informational + Created: 2020-03-20 + License: BSD-2-Clause + OPL +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +''"One Seed to rule them all,'' +''One Key to find them,'' +''One Path to bring them all,'' +''And in cryptography bind them."'' + +It is not possible to maintain one single (mnemonic) seed backup for all keychains used across various wallets because there are a variety of incompatible standards. Sharing of seeds across multiple wallets is not desirable for security reasons. Physical storage of multiple seeds is difficult depending on the security and redundancy required. + +As HD keychains are essentially derived from initial entropy, this proposal provides a way to derive entropy from the keychain which can be fed into whatever method a wallet uses to derive the initial mnemonic seed or root key. + +==Definitions== + +The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. + +The terminology related to keychains used in the wild varies widely, for example `seed` has various different meanings. In this document we define the terms + +# '''BIP32 root key''' is the root extended private key that is represented as the top root of the keychain in BIP32. +# '''BIP39 mnemonic''' is the mnemonic phrase that is calculated from the entropy used before hashing of the mnemonic in BIP39. +# '''BIP39 seed''' is the result of hashing the BIP39 mnemonic seed. + +==Motivation== + +Most wallets implement BIP32 which defines how a BIP32 root key can be used to derive keychains. As a consequence, a backup of just the BIP32 root key is sufficient to include all keys derived from it. BIP32 does not have a human friendly serialization of the BIP32 root key (or BIP32 extended keys in general) which makes paper backups or manually restoring the key more error-prone. BIP39 was designed to solve this problem but rather than serialize the BIP32 root key, it takes some entropy, encoded to a "seed mnemonic", which is then hashed to derive the BIP39 seed which can be turned into the BIP32 root key. Saving the BIP39 mnemonic is enough to reconstruct the entire BIP32 keychain, but a BIP32 root key cannot be reversed back to the BIP39 mnemonic. + +Most wallets implement BIP39, so on initialization or restoration, the user must interact with a BIP39 mnemonic. Most wallets do not support BIP32 extended private keys, so each wallet must either share the same BIP39 mnemonic, or have a separate BIP39 mnemonic entirely. Neither scenarios are particularly satisfactory for security reasons. For example, some wallets may be inherently less secure like hot wallets on smartphones, Join Market servers, or Lightning Network nodes. Having multiple seeds is far from desirable, especially for those who rely on split key or redundancy backups in different geological locations. Adding is necessarily difficult and may result in users being more lazy with subsequent keys, resulting in compromised security or loss of keys. + +There is added complication with wallets that implement other standards, or no standards at all. Bitcoin Core wallet uses a WIF as the ''hdseed'', and yet other wallets like Electrum use different mnemonic schemes to derive the BIP32 root key. Other cryptocurrencies like Monero also use an entirely different mnemonic scheme. + +Ultimately, all of the mnemonic/seed schemes start with some "initial entropy" to derive a mnemonic/seed, and then process the mnemonic into a BIP32 key, or private key. We can use BIP32 itself to derive the "initial entropy" to then recreate the same mnemonic or seed according to the specific application standard of the target wallet. We can use a BIP44-like categorization to ensure uniform derivation according to the target application type. + +==Specification== + +We assume a single BIP32 master root key. This specification is not concerned with how this was derived (e.g. directly or via a mnemonic scheme such as BIP39). + +For each application that requires its own wallet, a unique private key is derived from the BIP32 master root key using a fully hardened derivation path. The resulting private key (k) is then processed with HMAC-SHA512, where the key is "bip-entropy-from-k", and the message payload is the private key k: <code>HMAC-SHA512(key="bip-entropy-from-k", msg=k)</code>. The result produces 512 bits of entropy. Each application SHOULD use up to the required number of bits necessary for their operation truncating the rest. + +The HMAC-SHA512 function is specified in [http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4231 RFC 4231]. + +===Test vectors=== + +====Test case 1==== +INPUT: +* MASTER BIP32 ROOT KEY: xprv9s21ZrQH143K2LBWUUQRFXhucrQqBpKdRRxNVq2zBqsx8HVqFk2uYo8kmbaLLHRdqtQpUm98uKfu3vca1LqdGhUtyoFnCNkfmXRyPXLjbKb +* PATH: m/83696968'/0'/0' + +OUTPUT: +* DERIVED KEY=cca20ccb0e9a90feb0912870c3323b24874b0ca3d8018c4b96d0b97c0e82ded0 +* DERIVED ENTROPY=efecfbccffea313214232d29e71563d941229afb4338c21f9517c41aaa0d16f00b83d2a09ef747e7a64e8e2bd5a14869e693da66ce94ac2da570ab7ee48618f7 + +====Test case 2==== +INPUT: +* MASTER BIP32 ROOT KEY: xprv9s21ZrQH143K2LBWUUQRFXhucrQqBpKdRRxNVq2zBqsx8HVqFk2uYo8kmbaLLHRdqtQpUm98uKfu3vca1LqdGhUtyoFnCNkfmXRyPXLjbKb +*PATH: m/83696968'/0'/1' + +OUTPUT +* DERIVED KEY=503776919131758bb7de7beb6c0ae24894f4ec042c26032890c29359216e21ba +* DERIVED ENTROPY=70c6e3e8ebee8dc4c0dbba66076819bb8c09672527c4277ca8729532ad711872218f826919f6b67218adde99018a6df9095ab2b58d803b5b93ec9802085a690e + +==BIP85-DRNG== + +BIP85-DRNG-SHAKE256 is a deterministic random number generator for cryptographic functions that require deterministic outputs, but where the input to that function requires more than the 64 bytes provided by BIP85's HMAC output. BIP85-DRNG-SHAKE256 uses BIP85 to seed a SHAKE256 stream (from the SHA-3 standard). The input must be exactly 64 bytes long (from the BIP85 HMAC output). + +RSA key generation is an example of a function that requires orders of magnitude more than 64 bytes of random input. Further, it is not possible to precalculate the amount of random input required until the function has completed. + + drng_reader = BIP85DRNG.new(bip85_entropy) + rsa_key = RSA.generate_key(4096, drng_reader.read()) + +===Test Vectors=== +INPUT: +xprv9s21ZrQH143K2LBWUUQRFXhucrQqBpKdRRxNVq2zBqsx8HVqFk2uYo8kmbaLLHRdqtQpUm98uKfu3vca1LqdGhUtyoFnCNkfmXRyPXLjbKb +* MASTER BIP32 ROOT KEY: m/83696968'/0'/0' + +OUTPUT +* DERIVED KEY=cca20ccb0e9a90feb0912870c3323b24874b0ca3d8018c4b96d0b97c0e82ded0 +* DERIVED ENTROPY=efecfbccffea313214232d29e71563d941229afb4338c21f9517c41aaa0d16f00b83d2a09ef747e7a64e8e2bd5a14869e693da66ce94ac2da570ab7ee48618f7 + +* DRNG(80 bytes)=b78b1ee6b345eae6836c2d53d33c64cdaf9a696487be81b03e822dc84b3f1cd883d7559e53d175f243e4c349e822a957bbff9224bc5dde9492ef54e8a439f6bc8c7355b87a925a37ee405a7502991111 + +==Reference Implementation== + +* Python library implementation: [https://github.com/ethankosakovsky/bip85] +* JavaScript library implementation: [https://github.com/hoganri/bip85-js] + +===Other Implementations=== + +* JavaScript library implementation: [https://github.com/hoganri/bip85-js] + +* Coldcard Firmware: [https://github.com/Coldcard/firmware/pull/39] + +* Ian Coleman's Mnemonic Code Converter: [https://github.com/iancoleman/bip39] and [https://iancoleman.io/bip39/] + +* AirGap Vault: [https://github.com/airgap-it/airgap-vault/commit/d64332fc2f332be622a1229acb27f621e23774d6] + +* btc_hd_wallet: [https://github.com/scgbckbone/btc-hd-wallet] + +==Applications== + +The Application number defines how entropy will be used post processing. Some basic examples follow: + +Derivation path uses the format <code>m/83696968'/{app_no}'/{index}'</code> where ''{app_no}'' is the path for the application, and ''{index}'' is the index. + +===BIP39=== +Application number: 39' + +Truncate trailing (least significant) bytes of the entropy to the number of bits required to map to the relevant word length: 128 bits for 12 words, 256 bits for 24 words. + +The derivation path format is: <code>m/83696968'/39'/{language}'/{words}'/{index}'</code> + +Example: a BIP39 mnemonic with 12 English words (first index) would have the path <code>m/83696968'/39'/0'/12'/0'</code>, the next key would be <code>m/83696968'/39'/0'/12'/1'</code> etc. + +Language Table + +{| +!Wordlist +!Code +|- +| English +| 0' +|- +| Japanese +| 1' +|- +| Korean +| 2' +|- +| Spanish +| 3' +|- +| Chinese (Simplified) +| 4' +|- +| Chinese (Traditional) +| 5' +|- +| French +| 6' +|- +| Italian +| 7' +|- +| Czech +| 8' +|} + +Words Table + +{| +!Words +!Entropy +!Code +|- +| 12 words +| 128 bits +| 12' +|- +| 18 words +| 192 bits +| 18' +|- +| 24 words +| 256 bits +| 24' +|} + +====12 English words==== +BIP39 English 12 word mnemonic seed + +128 bits of entropy as input to BIP39 to derive 12 word mnemonic + +INPUT: +* MASTER BIP32 ROOT KEY: xprv9s21ZrQH143K2LBWUUQRFXhucrQqBpKdRRxNVq2zBqsx8HVqFk2uYo8kmbaLLHRdqtQpUm98uKfu3vca1LqdGhUtyoFnCNkfmXRyPXLjbKb +* PATH: m/83696968'/39'/0'/12'/0' + +OUTPUT: +* DERIVED ENTROPY=6250b68daf746d12a24d58b4787a714b +* DERIVED BIP39 MNEMONIC=girl mad pet galaxy egg matter matrix prison refuse sense ordinary nose + +====18 English words==== +BIP39 English 18 word mnemonic seed + +196 bits of entropy as input to BIP39 to derive 18 word mnemonic + +INPUT: +* MASTER BIP32 ROOT KEY: xprv9s21ZrQH143K2LBWUUQRFXhucrQqBpKdRRxNVq2zBqsx8HVqFk2uYo8kmbaLLHRdqtQpUm98uKfu3vca1LqdGhUtyoFnCNkfmXRyPXLjbKb +* PATH: m/83696968'/39'/0'/18'/0' + +OUTPUT: +* DERIVED ENTROPY=938033ed8b12698449d4bbca3c853c66b293ea1b1ce9d9dc +* DERIVED BIP39 MNEMONIC=near account window bike charge season chef number sketch tomorrow excuse sniff circle vital hockey outdoor supply token + +====24 English words==== +Derives 24 word BIP39 mnemonic seed + +256 bits of entropy as input to BIP39 to derive 24 word mnemonic + +INPUT: +* MASTER BIP32 ROOT KEY: xprv9s21ZrQH143K2LBWUUQRFXhucrQqBpKdRRxNVq2zBqsx8HVqFk2uYo8kmbaLLHRdqtQpUm98uKfu3vca1LqdGhUtyoFnCNkfmXRyPXLjbKb +* PATH: m/83696968'/39'/0'/24'/0' + +OUTPUT: +* DERIVED ENTROPY=ae131e2312cdc61331542efe0d1077bac5ea803adf24b313a4f0e48e9c51f37f +* DERIVED BIP39 MNEMONIC=puppy ocean match cereal symbol another shed magic wrap hammer bulb intact gadget divorce twin tonight reason outdoor destroy simple truth cigar social volcano + +===HD-Seed WIF=== +Application number: 2' + +Uses 256 bits[1] of entropy as the secret exponent to derive a private key and encode as a compressed WIF which will be used as the hdseed for Bitcoin Core wallets. + +Path format is <code>m/83696968'/2'/{index}'</code> + +INPUT: +* MASTER BIP32 ROOT KEY: xprv9s21ZrQH143K2LBWUUQRFXhucrQqBpKdRRxNVq2zBqsx8HVqFk2uYo8kmbaLLHRdqtQpUm98uKfu3vca1LqdGhUtyoFnCNkfmXRyPXLjbKb +* PATH: m/83696968'/2'/0' + +OUTPUT +* DERIVED ENTROPY=7040bb53104f27367f317558e78a994ada7296c6fde36a364e5baf206e502bb1 +* DERIVED WIF=Kzyv4uF39d4Jrw2W7UryTHwZr1zQVNk4dAFyqE6BuMrMh1Za7uhp + +===XPRV=== +Application number: 32' + +Taking 64 bytes of the HMAC digest, the first 32 bytes are the chain code, and second 32 bytes[1] are the private key for BIP32 XPRV value. Child number, depth, and parent fingerprint are forced to zero. + +Path format is <code>m/83696968'/32'/{index}'</code> + +INPUT: +* MASTER BIP32 ROOT KEY: xprv9s21ZrQH143K2LBWUUQRFXhucrQqBpKdRRxNVq2zBqsx8HVqFk2uYo8kmbaLLHRdqtQpUm98uKfu3vca1LqdGhUtyoFnCNkfmXRyPXLjbKb +* PATH: m/83696968'/32'/0' + +OUTPUT +* DERIVED ENTROPY=ead0b33988a616cf6a497f1c169d9e92562604e38305ccd3fc96f2252c177682 +* DERIVED XPRV=xprv9s21ZrQH143K2srSbCSg4m4kLvPMzcWydgmKEnMmoZUurYuBuYG46c6P71UGXMzmriLzCCBvKQWBUv3vPB3m1SATMhp3uEjXHJ42jFg7myX + +===HEX=== +Application number: 128169' + +The derivation path format is: <code>m/83696968'/128169'/{num_bytes}'/{index}'</code> + +`16 <= num_bytes <= 64` + +Truncate trailing (least significant) bytes of the entropy after `num_bytes`. + +INPUT: +* MASTER BIP32 ROOT KEY: xprv9s21ZrQH143K2LBWUUQRFXhucrQqBpKdRRxNVq2zBqsx8HVqFk2uYo8kmbaLLHRdqtQpUm98uKfu3vca1LqdGhUtyoFnCNkfmXRyPXLjbKb +* PATH: m/83696968'/128169'/64'/0' + +OUTPUT +* DERIVED ENTROPY=492db4698cf3b73a5a24998aa3e9d7fa96275d85724a91e71aa2d645442f878555d078fd1f1f67e368976f04137b1f7a0d19232136ca50c44614af72b5582a5c + +===PWD BASE64=== +Application number: 707764' + +The derivation path format is: <code>m/83696968'/707764'/{pwd_len}'/{index}'</code> + +`20 <= pwd_len <= 86` + +[https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648 Base64] encode the all 64 bytes of entropy. +Remove any spaces or new lines inserted by Base64 encoding process. Slice base64 result string +on index 0 to `pwd_len`. This slice is the password. As `pwd_len` is limited to 86, passwords will not contain padding. + +Entropy calculation:<br> +R = 64 (base64 - do not count padding)<br> +L = pwd_len<br> +Entropy = log2(R ** L)<br> + +{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto" +! pwd_length !! (cca) entropy +|- +| 20 || 120.0 +|- +| 24 || 144.0 +|- +| 32 || 192.0 +|- +| 64 || 384.0 +|- +| 86 || 516.0 +|} + +INPUT: +* MASTER BIP32 ROOT KEY: xprv9s21ZrQH143K2LBWUUQRFXhucrQqBpKdRRxNVq2zBqsx8HVqFk2uYo8kmbaLLHRdqtQpUm98uKfu3vca1LqdGhUtyoFnCNkfmXRyPXLjbKb +* PATH: m/83696968'/707764'/21'/0' + +OUTPUT +* DERIVED ENTROPY=d7ad61d4a76575c5bad773feeb40299490b224e8e5df6c8ad8fe3d0a6eed7b85ead9fef7bcca8160f0ee48dc6e92b311fc71f2146623cc6952c03ce82c7b63fe +* DERIVED PWD=dKLoepugzdVJvdL56ogNV + +===PWD BASE85=== +Application number: 707785' + +The derivation path format is: <code>m/83696968'/707785'/{pwd_len}'/{index}'</code> + +`10 <= pwd_len <= 80` + +Base85 encode the all 64 bytes of entropy. +Remove any spaces or new lines inserted by Base64 encoding process. Slice base85 result string +on index 0 to `pwd_len`. This slice is the password. `pwd_len` is limited to 80 characters. + +Entropy calculation:<br> +R = 85<br> +L = pwd_len<br> +Entropy = log2(R ** L)<br> + +{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto" +! pwd_length !! (cca) entropy +|- +| 10 || 64.0 +|- +| 15 || 96.0 +|- +| 20 || 128.0 +|- +| 30 || 192.0 +|- +| 20 || 512.0 +|} + +INPUT: +* MASTER BIP32 ROOT KEY: xprv9s21ZrQH143K2LBWUUQRFXhucrQqBpKdRRxNVq2zBqsx8HVqFk2uYo8kmbaLLHRdqtQpUm98uKfu3vca1LqdGhUtyoFnCNkfmXRyPXLjbKb +* PATH: m/83696968'/707785'/12'/0' + +OUTPUT +* DERIVED ENTROPY=f7cfe56f63dca2490f65fcbf9ee63dcd85d18f751b6b5e1c1b8733af6459c904a75e82b4a22efff9b9e69de2144b293aa8714319a054b6cb55826a8e51425209 +* DERIVED PWD=_s`{TW89)i4` + +===RSA=== + +Application number: 828365' + +The derivation path format is: <code>m/83696968'/828365'/{key_bits}'/{key_index}'</code> + +The RSA key generator should use BIP85-DRNG as the input RNG function. + +===RSA GPG=== + +Keys allocated for RSA-GPG purposes use the following scheme: + + - Main key <code>m/83696968'/828365'/{key_bits}'/{key_index}'</code> + - Sub keys: <code>m/83696968'/828365'/{key_bits}'/{key_index}'/{sub_key}'</code> + + - key_index is the parent key for CERTIFY capability + - sub_key <code>0'</code> is used as the ENCRYPTION key + - sub_key <code>1'</code> is used as the AUTHENTICATION key + - sub_key <code>2'</code> is usually used as SIGNATURE key + +Note on timestamps: + +The resulting RSA key can be used to create a GPG key where the creation date MUST be fixed to unix Epoch timestamp 1231006505 (the Bitcoin genesis block time <code>'2009-01-03 18:05:05'</code> UTC) because the key fingerprint is affected by the creation date (Epoch timestamp 0 was not chosen because of legacy behavior in GNUPG implementations for older keys). Additionally, when importing sub-keys under a key in GNUPG, the system time must be frozen to the same timestamp before importing (e.g. by use of <code>faketime</code>). + +Note on GPG key capabilities on smartcard/hardware devices: + +GPG capable smart-cards SHOULD be loaded as follows: The encryption slot SHOULD be loaded with the ENCRYPTION capable key; the authentication slot SHOULD be loaded with the AUTHENTICATION capable key. The signature capable slot SHOULD be loaded with the SIGNATURE capable key. + +However, depending on available slots on the smart-card, and preferred policy, the CERTIFY capable key MAY be flagged with CERTIFY and SIGNATURE capabilities and loaded into the SIGNATURE capable slot (for example where the smart-card has only three slots and the CERTIFY capability is required on the same card). In this case, the SIGNATURE capable sub-key would be disregarded because the CERTIFY capable key serves a dual purpose. + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +This specification is not backwards compatible with any other existing specification. + +This specification relies on BIP32 but is agnostic to how the BIP32 root key is derived. As such, this standard is able to derive wallets with initialization schemes like BIP39 or Electrum wallet style mnemonics. + +==Discussion== + +The reason for running the derived key through HMAC-SHA512 and truncating the result as necessary is to prevent leakage of the parent tree should the derived key (''k'') be compromized. While the specification requires the use of hardended key derivation which would prevent this, we cannot enforce hardened derivation, so this method ensures the derived entropy is hardened. Also, from a semantic point of view, since the purpose is to derive entropy and not a private key, we are required to transform the child key. This is done out of an abundance of caution, in order to ward off unwanted side effects should ''k'' be used for a dual purpose, including as a nonce ''hash(k)'', where undesirable and unforeseen interactions could occur. + +==Acknowledgements== + +Many thanks to Peter Gray and Christopher Allen for their input, and to Peter for suggesting extra application use cases. + +==References== + +BIP32, BIP39 + +==Footnotes== + +[1] There is a very small chance that you'll make an invalid key that is zero or bigger than the order of the curve. If this occurs, software should hard fail (forcing users to iterate to the next index). + +From BIP32: +In case parse<sub>256</sub>(I<sub>L</sub>) is 0 or ≥ n, the resulting key is invalid, and one should proceed with the next value for i. (Note: this has probability lower than 1 in 2<sup>127</sup>.) + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is dual-licensed under the Open Publication License and BSD 2-clause license. diff --git a/bip-0086.mediawiki b/bip-0086.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..529f094 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0086.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 86 + Layer: Applications + Title: Key Derivation for Single Key P2TR Outputs + Author: Ava Chow <me@achow101.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0086 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2021-06-22 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This document suggests a derivation scheme for HD wallets whose keys are involved in single key +P2TR ([[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP 341]]) outputs as the Taproot internal key. + +===Copyright=== + +This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. + +==Motivation== + +With the usage of single key P2TR transactions, it is useful to have a common derivation scheme so +that HD wallets that only have a backup of the HD seed can be likely to recover single key Taproot +outputs. Although there are now solutions which obviate the need for fixed derivation paths for +specific script types, many software wallets and hardware signers still use seed backups which +lack derivation path and script information. Thus we largely use the same approach used in BIPs +[[bip-0049.mediawiki|49]] and [[bip-0084.mediawiki|84]] for ease of implementation. + +==Specifications== + +This BIP defines the two needed steps to derive multiple deterministic addresses based on a +[[bip-0032.mediawiki|BIP 32]] master private key. + +===Public key derivation=== + +To derive a public key from the root account, this BIP uses the same account-structure as +defined in BIPs [[bip-0044.mediawiki|44]], [[bip-0049.mediawiki|49]], and [[bip-0084.mediawiki|84]], +but with a different purpose value for the script type. + +<pre> +m / purpose' / coin_type' / account' / change / address_index +</pre> + +For the <tt>purpose</tt>-path level it uses <tt>86'</tt>. +The rest of the levels are used as defined in BIPs 44, 49, and 84. + +A key derived with this derivation path pattern will be referred to as <tt>derived_key</tt> further +in this document. + +===Address derivation=== + + +[[bip-0341.mediawiki#cite_ref-22-0|BIP 341]] states: "If the spending conditions do not require a +script path, the output key should commit to an unspendable script path instead of having no +script path. This can be achieved by computing the output key point as +''Q = P + int(hash<sub>TapTweak</sub>(bytes(P)))G''." Thus: + +<pre> +internal_key: lift_x(derived_key) +32_byte_output_key: internal_key + int(HashTapTweak(bytes(internal_key)))G +</pre> + +In a transaction, the scripts and witnesses are as defined in +[[bip-0341.mediawiki#specification|BIP 341]]: + +<pre> +witness: <signature> +scriptSig: (empty) +scriptPubKey: 1 <32_byte_output_key> + (0x5120{32_byte_output_key}) +</pre> + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +This BIP is not backwards compatible by design. +An incompatible wallet will not discover these accounts at all and the user will notice that +something is wrong. + +However this BIP uses the same method used in BIPs 44, 49, and 84, so it should not be difficult +to implement. + +==Test vectors== + +<pre> +mnemonic = abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon abandon about +rootpriv = xprv9s21ZrQH143K3GJpoapnV8SFfukcVBSfeCficPSGfubmSFDxo1kuHnLisriDvSnRRuL2Qrg5ggqHKNVpxR86QEC8w35uxmGoggxtQTPvfUu +rootpub = xpub661MyMwAqRbcFkPHucMnrGNzDwb6teAX1RbKQmqtEF8kK3Z7LZ59qafCjB9eCRLiTVG3uxBxgKvRgbubRhqSKXnGGb1aoaqLrpMBDrVxga8 + +// Account 0, root = m/86'/0'/0' +xprv = xprv9xgqHN7yz9MwCkxsBPN5qetuNdQSUttZNKw1dcYTV4mkaAFiBVGQziHs3NRSWMkCzvgjEe3n9xV8oYywvM8at9yRqyaZVz6TYYhX98VjsUk +xpub = xpub6BgBgsespWvERF3LHQu6CnqdvfEvtMcQjYrcRzx53QJjSxarj2afYWcLteoGVky7D3UKDP9QyrLprQ3VCECoY49yfdDEHGCtMMj92pReUsQ + +// Account 0, first receiving address = m/86'/0'/0'/0/0 +xprv = xprvA449goEeU9okwCzzZaxiy475EQGQzBkc65su82nXEvcwzfSskb2hAt2WymrjyRL6kpbVTGL3cKtp9herYXSjjQ1j4stsXXiRF7kXkCacK3T +xpub = xpub6H3W6JmYJXN49h5TfcVjLC3onS6uPeUTTJoVvRC8oG9vsTn2J8LwigLzq5tHbrwAzH9DGo6ThGUdWsqce8dGfwHVBxSbixjDADGGdzF7t2B +internal_key = cc8a4bc64d897bddc5fbc2f670f7a8ba0b386779106cf1223c6fc5d7cd6fc115 +output_key = a60869f0dbcf1dc659c9cecbaf8050135ea9e8cdc487053f1dc6880949dc684c +scriptPubKey = 5120a60869f0dbcf1dc659c9cecbaf8050135ea9e8cdc487053f1dc6880949dc684c +address = bc1p5cyxnuxmeuwuvkwfem96lqzszd02n6xdcjrs20cac6yqjjwudpxqkedrcr + +// Account 0, second receiving address = m/86'/0'/0'/0/1 +xprv = xprvA449goEeU9okyiF1LmKiDaTgeXvmh87DVyRd35VPbsSop8n8uALpbtrUhUXByPFKK7C2yuqrB1FrhiDkEMC4RGmA5KTwsE1aB5jRu9zHsuQ +xpub = xpub6H3W6JmYJXN4CCKUSnriaiQRCZmG6aq4sCMDqTu1ACyngw7HShf59hAxYjXgKDuuHThVEUzdHrc3aXCr9kfvQvZPit5dnD3K9xVRBzjK3rX +internal_key = 83dfe85a3151d2517290da461fe2815591ef69f2b18a2ce63f01697a8b313145 +output_key = a82f29944d65b86ae6b5e5cc75e294ead6c59391a1edc5e016e3498c67fc7bbb +scriptPubKey = 5120a82f29944d65b86ae6b5e5cc75e294ead6c59391a1edc5e016e3498c67fc7bbb +address = bc1p4qhjn9zdvkux4e44uhx8tc55attvtyu358kutcqkudyccelu0was9fqzwh + +// Account 0, first change address = m/86'/0'/0'/1/0 +xprv = xprvA3Ln3Gt3aphvUgzgEDT8vE2cYqb4PjFfpmbiFKphxLg1FjXQpkAk5M1ZKDY15bmCAHA35jTiawbFuwGtbDZogKF1WfjwxML4gK7WfYW5JRP +xpub = xpub6GL8SnQwRCGDhB59LEz9HMyM6sRYoByXBzXK3iEKWgCz8XrZNHUzd9L3AUBELW5NzA7dEFvMas1F84TuPH3xqdUA5tumaGWFgihJzWytXe3 +internal_key = 399f1b2f4393f29a18c937859c5dd8a77350103157eb880f02e8c08214277cef +output_key = 882d74e5d0572d5a816cef0041a96b6c1de832f6f9676d9605c44d5e9a97d3dc +scriptPubKey = 5120882d74e5d0572d5a816cef0041a96b6c1de832f6f9676d9605c44d5e9a97d3dc +address = bc1p3qkhfews2uk44qtvauqyr2ttdsw7svhkl9nkm9s9c3x4ax5h60wqwruhk7 +</pre> + +==Reference== + +* [[bip-0032.mediawiki|BIP32 - Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets]] +* [[bip-0043.mediawiki|BIP43 - Purpose Field for Deterministic Wallets]] +* [[bip-0044.mediawiki|BIP44 - Multi-Account Hierarchy for Deterministic Wallets]] +* [[bip-0049.mediawiki|BIP49 - Derivation scheme for P2WPKH-nested-in-P2SH based accounts]] +* [[bip-0084.mediawiki|BIP84 - Derivation scheme for P2WPKH based accounts]] +* [[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP341 - Taproot: SegWit version 1 spending rules]] diff --git a/bip-0087.mediawiki b/bip-0087.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d270027 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0087.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,274 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 87 + Layer: Applications + Title: Hierarchy for Deterministic Multisig Wallets + Author: Robert Spigler <RobertSpigler@ProtonMail.ch> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0087 + Status: Proposed + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2020-03-11 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This BIP defines a sane hierarchy for deterministic multisig wallets based on an algorithm described in BIP-0032 (BIP32 from now on), purpose scheme described in BIP-0043 (BIP43 from now on), and multi-account hierarchy described in BIP-0044 (BIP44 from now on). + +This BIP is a particular application of BIP43. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. + +==Motivation== + +With the increase of more user friendly (offline) multisignature wallets, and adoption of new technologies such as [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/descriptors.md the descriptor language] and [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0174.mediawiki BIP-0174 (Partially Signed Bitcoin Transactions)], it is necessary to create a common derivation scheme that makes use of all new technologies. + +As background, BIP 44/49/84 specifies: + +<pre> +m / purpose' / coin_type' / account' / change / address_index +</pre> + +where the BIP43 <code>purpose'</code> path is separate for each script (P2PKH, P2WPKH-in-P2SH, and P2WPKH respectively). Having a script-per-derivation for single sig wallets allows for easy backup and restore, with just the private key information. + +Multisignature wallets need more information to backup and restore (such as all cosigner public keys), and these per-script derivations are made redundant with descriptors, which provide that information (while also specifying a collection of output scripts). +A modern standardization is needed for multisig derivation paths. There are some in existence, but all have issues. For example, BIP45 specifies: + +<pre> +m / purpose' / cosigner_index / change / address_index +</pre> + +BIP45 unecessarily demands a single script type (here, P2SH). In addition, BIP45 sets <code>cosigner_index</code> in order to sort the <code>purpose'</code> public keys of each cosigner. This too is redundant, as descriptors can set the order of the public keys with <code>multi</code> or have them sorted lexicographically (as described in [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0067.mediawiki BIP67]) with <code>sortedmulti</code>. Sorting public keys between cosigners in order to create the full derivation path, prior to sending the key record to the coordinator to create the descriptor, merely adds additional unnecessary communication rounds. + +The second multisignature "standard" in use is m/48', which specifies: + +<pre> +m / purpose' / coin_type' / account' / script_type' / change / address_index +</pre> + +Rather than following in BIP 44/49/84's path and having a separate BIP per script after P2SH (BIP45), vendors decided to insert <code>script_type'</code> into the derivation path (where P2SH-P2WSH=1, P2WSH=2, Future_Script=3, etc). As described previously, this is unnecessary, as the descriptor sets the script. While it attempts to reduce maintainence work by getting rid of new BIPs-per-script, it still requires maintaining an updated, redundant, <code>script_type</code> list. + +The structure proposed later in this paper solves these issues and is quite comprehensive. It allows for the handling of multiple accounts, external and internal chains per account, and millions of addresses per chain, in a multi-party, multisignature, hierarchical deterministic wallet regardless of the script type <ref>'''Why propose this structure only for multisignature wallets?''' Currently, single-sig wallets are able to restore funds using just the master private key data (in the format of BIP39 usually). Even if the user doesn't recall the derivation used, the wallet implementation can iterate through common schemes (BIP44/49/84). With this proposed hierarchy, the user would either have to now backup additional data (the descriptor), or the wallet would have to attempt all script types for every account level when restoring. Because of this, even though the descriptor language handles the signature type just like it does the script type, it is best to restrict this script-agnostic hierarchy to multisignature wallets only.</ref>. + +This paper was inspired from BIP44. + +==Specification== + +===Key sorting=== + +Any wallet that supports descriptors inherently supports deterministic key sorting as per BIP67 (through the <code>sortedmulti</code> function) so that all possible multisignature addresses/scripts are derived from deterministically sorted public keys. + +===Path levels=== + +We should not be mixing keys and scripts in the same layer. The wallet should create extended private/public keys independent of the script type, whereas the descriptor language tells wallets to watch the multisig outputs with the specified public keys. + +We define the following 5 levels in the BIP32 path: + +<pre> +m / purpose' / coin_type' / account' / change / address_index +</pre> + +<code>h</code> or <code>'</code> in the path indicates that BIP32 hardened derivation is used. + +Each level has a special meaning, described in the chapters below. + +===Purpose=== + +Purpose is a constant set to <code>87'</code> following the BIP43 recommendation. +It indicates that the subtree of this node is used according to this specification. + +Hardened derivation is used at this level. + +===Coin type=== + +One master node (seed) can be used for multiple Bitcoin networks. +Sharing the same space for various networks has some disadvantages. + +This level creates a separate subtree for every network, avoiding reusing addresses across networks and improving privacy issues. + +Coin type <code>0</code> for mainnet and <code>1</code> for testnets (testnet, regtest, and signet). + +Hardened derivation is used at this level. + +===Account=== + +This level splits the key space into independent user identities, following the BIP44 pattern, so the wallet never mixes the coins across different accounts. + +Users can use these accounts to organize the funds in the same fashion as bank accounts; for donation purposes (where all addresses are considered public), for saving purposes, for common expenses, etc. + +Accounts are numbered from index <code>0</code> in sequentially increasing manner. +This number is used as child index in BIP32 derivation. + +Hardened derivation is used at this level. + +It is crucial that this level is increased for each new wallet joined or private/public keys created; for both privacy and cryptographic purposes. +For example, before sending a new key record to a coordinator, the wallet must increment the <code>account'</code> level. +This prevents key reuse - across ECDSA and Schnorr signatures, across different script types, and inbetween the same wallet types. + +===Change=== + +Constant <code>0</code> is used for external chain and constant <code>1</code> for internal chain (also known as change addresses). External chain is used for addresses that are meant to be visible outside of the wallet (e.g. for receiving payments). Internal chain is used for addresses which are not meant to be visible outside of the wallet and is used for return transaction change. + +Public derivation is used at this level. + +===Index=== + +Addresses are numbered from index <code>0</code> in sequentially increasing manner. +This number is used as child index in BIP32 derivation. + +Public derivation is used at this level. + +==Address Discovery== + +The multisig descriptors or descriptor template that is generated from the cosigners' combined key records should be used to generate and discover addresses. + +Please see [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0129.mediawiki BIP-0129 (Bitcoin Secure Multisig Setup)] for an introduction on descriptor templates. +The descriptor or descriptor template should contain the key origin information for maximum compatibility with BIP-0174. + +For example: + +The following descriptor template and derivation path restrictions: + +<code>wsh(sortedmulti(2,[xfpForA/87'/0'/0']XpubA/**,[xfpForB/87'/0'/0']XpubB/**))</code> + +<code>/0/*,/1/*</code> + +Expands to the two concrete descriptors: + +<code>wsh(sortedmulti(2,[xfpForA/87'/0'/0']XpubA/0/*,[xfpForB/87'/0'/0']XpubB/0/*))</code> + +<code>wsh(sortedmulti(2,[xfpForA/87'/0'/0']XpubA/1/*,[xfpForB/87'/0'/0']XpubB/1/*))</code> + +To discover addresses, import both the receiving and change descriptors; respect the gap limit described below. + +===Address Gap Limit=== + +Address gap limit is currently set to 20. If the software hits 20 unused addresses in a row, it expects there are no used addresses beyond this point and stops searching the address chain. + +Wallet software should warn when the user is trying to exceed the gap limit on an external descriptor by generating multiple unused addresses. + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +Any script that is supported by descriptors (and the specific wallet implementation) is compatible with this BIP. + +As wallets complying with this BIP are descriptor wallets, this therefore necessitates that the cosigners backup their private key information and the descriptor, in order to properly restore at a later time. This shouldn't be a user burden, since (to much user surprise), all cosigner public keys need to be supplied in addition to <code>M</code> seeds in any <code>M</code> of <code>N</code> multisig restore operation. The descriptor provides this information in a standardized format, with key origin information and error detection. + +==Rationale== + +<references/> + +==Examples== + +{| +|network +|account +|chain +|address +|path +|- +|mainnet +|first +|external +|first +|m / 87' / 0' / 0' / 0 / 0 +|- +|mainnet +|first +|external +|second +|m / 87' / 0' / 0' / 0 / 1 +|- +|mainnet +|first +|change +|first +|m / 87' / 0' / 0' / 1 / 0 +|- +|mainnet +|first +|change +|second +|m / 87' / 0' / 0' / 1 / 1 +|- +|mainnet +|second +|external +|first +|m / 87' / 0' / 1' / 0 / 0 +|- +|mainnet +|second +|external +|second +|m / 87' / 0' / 1' / 0 / 1 +|- +|testnet +|first +|external +|first +|m / 87' / 1' / 0' / 0 / 0 +|- +|testnet +|first +|external +|second +|m / 87' / 1' / 0' / 0 / 1 +|- +|testnet +|first +|change +|first +|m / 87' / 1' / 0' / 1 / 0 +|- +|testnet +|first +|change +|second +|m / 87' / 1' / 0' / 1 / 1 +|- +|testnet +|second +|external +|first +|m / 87' / 1' / 1' / 0 / 0 +|- +|testnet +|second +|external +|second +|m / 87' / 1' / 1' / 0 / 1 +|- +|testnet +|second +|change +|first +|m / 87' / 1' / 1' / 1 / 0 +|- +|testnet +|second +|change +|second +|m / 87' / 1' / 1' / 1 / 1 +|} + +==Reference Implementation== + +None at the moment. + +==Acknowledgement== + +Special thanks to SomberNight, Craig Raw, David Harding, Jochen Hoenicke, Sjors Provoost, and others for their feedback on the specification. + +==References== + +Original mailing list thread: https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2021-March/018630.html + +* [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki BIP-0032 (Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets)] +* [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0043.mediawiki BIP-0043 (Purpose Field for Deterministic Wallets)] +* [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0044.mediawiki BIP-0044 (Multi-Account Hierarchy for Deterministic Wallets)] +* [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/descriptors.md Output Descriptors] +* [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0174.mediawiki BIP-0174 (Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction Format)] +* [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0067.mediawiki BIP-0067 (Deterministic Pay-to-script-hash multi-signature addresses through public key sorting)] +* [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0129.mediawiki BIP-0129 (Bitcoin Secure Multisig Setup)] diff --git a/bip-0088.mediawiki b/bip-0088.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..936f2ca --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0088.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,233 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 88 + Layer: Applications + Title: Hierarchical Deterministic Path Templates + Author: Dmitry Petukhov <dp@simplexum.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0088 + Status: Proposed + Type: Informational + Created: 2020-06-23 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This document describes a format for the representation of the templates that specify +the constraints that can be imposed on BIP32 derivation paths. + +The constraints specified by the templates allow to easily discern 'valid' paths, +that match the constraints, and 'invalid' paths, that exceed the constraints. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. + +==Motivation== + +BIP32 derivation path format is universal, and a number of schemes for derivation were proposed +in BIP43 and other documents, such as BIPs 44,45,49,84. The flexibility of the format also allowed +industry participants to implement custom derivation shemes that fit particular purposes, +but not necessarily useful in general. + +Even when existing BIPs for derivation schemes are used, their usage is not uniform across +the different wallets, in part because software vendors might have different considerations +and priorities when making decisions about derivation paths. This creates friction for users, +which might face problems when they try to access their coins using the wallet that derives +addresses differently than the one they used before. + +===Known solutions=== + +The problem is common enough to warrant the creation of a dedicated website +([https://walletsrecovery.org/ walletsrecovery.org]) that tracks paths used by different wallets. + +At the time of writing, this website has used their own format to succintly describe multiple +derivation paths. As far as author knows, it was the only publicitly used format to describe +path templates before introduction of this BIP. The format was not specified anywhere beside +the main page of the website. It used <code>|</code> to denote alternative derivation indexes +(example: <code>m/|44'|49'|84'/0'/0'</code>) or whole alternative paths (<code>m/44'/0'/0'|m/44'/1'/0'</code>). + +It was not declared as a template format to use for processing by software, and seems to be +an ad-hoc format only intended for illustration. In contrast to this ad-hoc format, the format +described in this BIP is intended for unambigouos parsing by software, and to be easily read by humans +at the same time. Humans can visually detect the 'templated' parts of the path more easily than the use +of <code>|</code> in the template could allow. Wider range of paths can be defined in a single template more +succintly and unambiguously. + +===Intended use and advantages=== + +Wallet software authors can use the proposed format to describe the derivation paths that +their software uses. This can improve user experience when switching to different wallet +software, restoring access to old wallets, etc. + +Unrestricted derivation path usage might be unsafe in certain contexts. In particular, when "change" +outputs of a transaction are sent to the addresses derived via paths unknown to the sender, the sender +might lose access to the whole change amount. + +A simplistic approach of hard-coding the checks for well-known paths into software and firmware leads +to reduced interoperability. Vendors cannot choose custom paths that are appropriate for +their particular, non-general-purpose applications, and are forced to shoehorn their solutions +into using well-known paths, or convince other vendors to support their custom paths. This approach +scales poorly. + +A flexible approach proposed in this document is to define a standard notation for "BIP32 path templates" +that succintly describes the constraints to impose on the derivation path. + +Wide support for these path templates will increase interoperability and flexibility of solutions, +and will allow vendors and individual developers to easily define their own custom restrictions. +This way, they will be able to deal with the risks of accidental or malicious use of unrestricted +derivation paths in a more flexible and precise manner. + +Well-known path templates can be pre-configured by default on devices and applications, +but users can have an option to turn off the templates that are not relevant to their uses. + +Having a standardized format for custom path templates will enable a common approach to be developed +in the enforcement of application-specific path restrictions in devices and applications. +One example of such an approach might be for devices to allow application-specific profiles +with path templates and possibly other custom parameters. Care must be taken to prevent the accidental +installation of malicious or incorrect profiles, though. + +==Specification== + +The format for the template was choosen to make it easy to read, convenient and visually unambigous. + +Template starts with optional prefix <code>m/</code>, and then one or more sections delimited by the slash character (<code>/</code>). + +Implementations MAY limit the maximum number of sections. + +Each section consists of ''index template'', optionally followed by the hardened marker: either an apostrophe (<code>'</code>) or letter <code>h</code>. + +Index template can be: + +* An integer value from 0 to 2147483647 ("Unit index template") +* A single <code>*</code> character, which denotes any value from 0 to 2147483647 ("Wildcard index template") +* The <code>{</code> character, followed by a number of ''index ranges'' delimited by commas (<code>,</code>), followed by <code>}</code> character ("Ranged index template") + +Implementations MAY limit the maximum number of index ranges within the Ranged index template. + +If an index template is immediately followed by hardened marker, this means that all values specified in this index template is to be increased by 2147483648 for the purposes of matching. + +Index range can be: + +* An integer value from 0 to 2147483647 ("Unit range") +* An integer value from 0 to 2147483647, followed by the <code>-</code> character, followed by another integer value from 0 to 2147483647 ("Non-unit range") + +For Non-unit range, value on the left side of the <code>-</code> character is the range_start, and the value on the right side of the <code>-</code> character is the range_end. + +For Unit range, we say that range_start is equal to range_end, even though there is no start/end in the Unit range. + +Unit index template contains a single index range, which is the Unit range + +Wildcard index template contains a single index range, and we say that its range_start is set to 0 and its range_end is set to 2147483647 + +Constraints: + +# To avoid ambiguity, whitespace MUST NOT appear within the path template. +# Commas within the Ranged index template MUST only appear in between index ranges. +# To avoid ambiguity, an index range that matches a single value MUST be specified as Unit range. +# To avoid ambiguity, an index range <code>0-2147483647</code> is not allowed, and MUST be specified as Wildcard index template instead +# For Non-unit range, range_end MUST be larger than range_start. +# If there is more than one index range within the Ranged index template, range_start of the second and any subsequent range MUST be larger than the range_end of the preceeding range. +# To avoid ambiguity, all representations of integer values larger than 0 MUST NOT start with character <code>0</code> (no leading zeroes allowed). +# If hardened marker appears within any section in the path template, all preceding sections MUST also specify hardened matching. +# To avoid ambiguity, if a hardened marker appears within any section in the path template, all preceding sections MUST also use the same hardened marker (either <code>h</code> or <code>'</code>). +# To avoid ambiguity, trailing slashes (for example, <code>1/2/</code>) and duplicate slashes (for example, <code>0//1</code>) MUST NOT appear in the template. + +It may be desireable to have fully unambiguous encoding, where for each valid path template string, there is no other valid template string that matches the exact same set of paths. This would enable someone to compare templates for equality through a simple string equality check, without any parsing. + +To achieve this, two extra rules are needed: + +* Within Ranged index template, subsequent range MUST NOT start with the value that is equal to the end of the previous range plus one. Thus, <code>{1,2,3-5}</code> is not allowed, and should be specified as <code>{1-5}</code> instead. This rule might make templates less convenient for frequent edits, though. + +* Only one type of hardened marker should be allowed (either <code>h</code> or <code>'</code>). + +Instead of requiring the second extra rule, implementations can simply replace one type of marker with another in the template strings before comparing them. + +==Full and partial templates== + +If the template starts with <code>m/</code>, that means that this is the "full" template, that matches the whole path. + +If the template does not start with <code>m/</code>, that means that this is a "partial" template, and it can be used to match a part of the path, in the contexts where this might be appropriate (for example, when constraints for the suffix of the path might be dynamic, while constraints for the prefix of the path are fixed). + +Full template can be combined with partial template, where partial template extends full template, +resulting in new, longer full template. + +Partial template can be combined with another partial template, resulting in new, longer partial template. + +Full template can not be combined with another full template. + +Implementations MUST support parsing full templates and matching paths against full templates. + +Implementations MAY support parsing partial templates and matching portions of the paths against partial templates, as well as combining the templates. + +==Parsing result== + +The result of successful parsing of a valid path template can be represented by a list of sections, where each section is a list of index ranges, where index range is a tuple of (range_start, range_end). The length of the list of sections is also referred to as the "length of the template". + +==Matching== + +The matching is to be performed against a list of integer values that represent a BIP32 path (or a portion of BIP32 path, for partial templates). The length of this list is referred to as the "length of the path". + +Non-hardened indexes in this list should be represented by values from 0 to 2147483647. + +Hardened indexes in this list should be represented by values from 2147483648 to 4294967295. + +The matching algorithm: + + 1. If the length of the path differs from the length of the template, fail + 2. For each value V at position N in the path: + If for all index ranges within the section at position N in the template, + value V is either less than range_start, or greater than range_end, fail + 3. Otherwise, succeed + +==Formal specification== + +The finite state machine (FSM) for the parser of the described template format, +and the matching formula are specified in TLA+ specification language at https://github.com/dgpv/bip32_template_parse_tplaplus_spec + +The specification can be used with TLC checker and accompanying script to generate test data for the implementations. + +==Implementations== + +While the formal specification specifies an FSM, which would be convenient for implementation without access to rich string handling facilities, when such facilities are available, the implementation might use the whole-string deconstruction approach where the templates are first split into sections, then sections are split into index templates, and then each index template are parsed individually. + +A FSM-based approach can be made close to the formal specification, though, and the test data generated with TLC checker would give much better coverage for a FSM based implementation. If the template string contains several errors, an implementation that uses deconstruction approach might detect some of these errors earlier than FSM-based implementation, and vise versa. + +At the moment, three implementations exist: + +* FSM implementation in C: https://github.com/dgpv/bip32_template_c_implementation +* FSM implementation in Python (micropython compatible): https://github.com/dgpv/bip32_template_python_implementation +* non-FSM implementation in python: BIP32PathTemplate class in bitcointx.core.key module of python-bitcointx library (https://github.com/Simplexum/python-bitcointx) + +==Compatibility== + +The full path template that only contains Unit index templates represents a fully valid BIP32 path. + +There's no other path template standards that is known to the author currently. + +There is a discussion on path templating for bitcoin script descriptors at https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/17190, which proposes the format <code>xpub...{0,1}/*</code>, of which the <code>{0,1}/*</code> part would correspond to the partial path template in the format of this BIP. + +==Examples== + +<code>m/{44,49,84}'/0'/0'/{0-1}/{0-50000}</code> specifies a full template that matches both external and internal chains of BIP44, BIP49 and BIP84 paths, with a constraint that the address index cannot be larger than 50000 + +Its representation after parsing can be (using Python syntax, ignoring full/partial distinction): + [[(2147483692, 2147483692), (2147483697, 2147483697), (2147483732, 2147483732)), + [(2147483648, 2147483648)], + [(2147483648, 2147483648)], + [(0, 1)], + [(0, 50000)]] + +<code>{0-2,33,123}/*</code> specifies a partial template that matches non-hardened values 0, 1, 2, 33, 123 as first index, and any non-hardened value at second index + +Its representation after parsing can be: + [[(0, 2), (33, 33), (123, 123)], [(0, 2147483647)]] + +<code>*h/0</code> specifies a partial template that matches any hardened index followed by non-hardened index 0 + +Its representation after parsing can be: + [[(2147483648, 4294967295)], [(0, 0)]] + +==Acknowledgements== + +Special thanks to Peter D. Gray, Dr. Maxim Orlovsky, Robert Spigler and others for their feedback on the specification, and to Janine (github:@Enegnei) for the help in preparing the draft. diff --git a/bip-0090.mediawiki b/bip-0090.mediawiki index 653e40d..4c96698 100644 --- a/bip-0090.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0090.mediawiki @@ -1,11 +1,10 @@ <pre> BIP: 90 - Layer: Consensus (hard fork) Title: Buried Deployments Author: Suhas Daftuar <sdaftuar@chaincode.com> - Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-Summary: Mostly Recommended for implementation, with some Discouragement Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0090 - Status: Draft + Status: Final Type: Informational Created: 2016-11-08 License: PD diff --git a/bip-0091.mediawiki b/bip-0091.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa3d199 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0091.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 91 + Layer: Consensus (soft fork) + Title: Reduced threshold Segwit MASF + Author: James Hilliard <james.hilliard1@gmail.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0091 + Status: Final + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2017-05-22 + License: BSD-3-Clause + CC0-1.0 +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This document specifies a method to activate the existing BIP9 segwit deployment with a majority hashpower less than 95%. + +==Definitions== + +"existing segwit deployment" refer to the BIP9 "segwit" deployment using bit 1, between November 15th 2016 and November 15th 2017 to activate BIP141, BIP143 and BIP147. + +==Motivation== + +Segwit increases the blocksize, fixes transaction malleability, and makes scripting easier to upgrade as well as bringing many other [https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/01/26/segwit-benefits/ benefits]. + +This BIP provides a way for a simple majority of miners to coordinate activation of the existing segwit deployment with less than 95% hashpower. For a number of reasons a complete redeployment of segwit is difficult to do until the existing deployment expires. This is due to 0.13.1+ having many segwit related features active already, including all the P2P components, the new network service flag, the witness-tx and block messages, compact blocks v2 and preferential peering. A redeployment of segwit will need to redefine all these things and doing so before expiry would greatly complicate testing. + +==Specification== + +While this BIP is active, all blocks must set the nVersion header top 3 bits to 001 together with bit field (1<<1) (according to the existing segwit deployment). Blocks that do not signal as required will be rejected. + +==Deployment== + +This BIP will be deployed by a "version bits" with an 80%(this can be adjusted if desired) 269 block activation threshold and 336 block confirmation window BIP9 with the name "segsignal" and using bit 4. + +This BIP will have a start time of midnight June 1st, 2017 (epoch time 1496275200) and timeout on midnight November 15th 2017 (epoch time 1510704000). This BIP will cease to be active when segwit (BIP141) is locked-in, active, or failed + +=== Reference implementation === + +<pre> +// Deployment of SEGSIGNAL +consensus.vDeployments[Consensus::DEPLOYMENT_SEGSIGNAL].bit = 4; +consensus.vDeployments[Consensus::DEPLOYMENT_SEGSIGNAL].nStartTime = 1496275200; // June 1st, 2017. +consensus.vDeployments[Consensus::DEPLOYMENT_SEGSIGNAL].nTimeout = 1510704000; // November 15th, 2017. +consensus.vDeployments[Consensus::DEPLOYMENT_SEGSIGNAL].nOverrideMinerConfirmationWindow = 336; // ~2.33 days +consensus.vDeployments[Consensus::DEPLOYMENT_SEGSIGNAL].nOverrideRuleChangeActivationThreshold = 269; // 80% + +class VersionBitsConditionChecker : public AbstractThresholdConditionChecker { +private: + const Consensus::DeploymentPos id; + +protected: + int64_t BeginTime(const Consensus::Params& params) const { return params.vDeployments[id].nStartTime; } + int64_t EndTime(const Consensus::Params& params) const { return params.vDeployments[id].nTimeout; } + int Period(const Consensus::Params& params) const { + if (params.vDeployments[id].nOverrideMinerConfirmationWindow > 0) + return params.vDeployments[id].nOverrideMinerConfirmationWindow; + return params.nMinerConfirmationWindow; + } + int Threshold(const Consensus::Params& params) const { + if (params.vDeployments[id].nOverrideRuleChangeActivationThreshold > 0) + return params.vDeployments[id].nOverrideRuleChangeActivationThreshold; + return params.nRuleChangeActivationThreshold; + } + + bool Condition(const CBlockIndex* pindex, const Consensus::Params& params) const + { + return (((pindex->nVersion & VERSIONBITS_TOP_MASK) == VERSIONBITS_TOP_BITS) && (pindex->nVersion & Mask(params)) != 0); + } + +public: + VersionBitsConditionChecker(Consensus::DeploymentPos id_) : id(id_) {} + uint32_t Mask(const Consensus::Params& params) const { return ((uint32_t)1) << params.vDeployments[id].bit; } +}; + +// SEGSIGNAL mandatory segwit signalling. +if (VersionBitsState(pindex->pprev, chainparams.GetConsensus(), Consensus::DEPLOYMENT_SEGSIGNAL, versionbitscache) == THRESHOLD_ACTIVE && + VersionBitsState(pindex->pprev, chainparams.GetConsensus(), Consensus::DEPLOYMENT_SEGWIT, versionbitscache) == THRESHOLD_STARTED) +{ + bool fVersionBits = (pindex->nVersion & VERSIONBITS_TOP_MASK) == VERSIONBITS_TOP_BITS; + bool fSegbit = (pindex->nVersion & VersionBitsMask(chainparams.GetConsensus(), Consensus::DEPLOYMENT_SEGWIT)) != 0; + if (!(fVersionBits && fSegbit)) { + return state.DoS(0, error("ConnectBlock(): relayed block must signal for segwit, please upgrade"), REJECT_INVALID, "bad-no-segwit"); + } +} +</pre> + +https://github.com/segsignal/bitcoin + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +This deployment is compatible with the existing "segwit" bit 1 deployment scheduled between midnight November 15th, 2016 and midnight November 15th, 2017. Miners will need to upgrade their nodes to support segsignal otherwise they may build on top of an invalid block. While this bip is active users should either upgrade to segsignal or wait for additional confirmations when accepting payments. + +==Rationale== + +Historically we have used IsSuperMajority() to activate soft forks such as BIP66 which has a mandatory signalling requirement for miners once activated, this ensures that miners are aware of new rules being enforced. This technique can be leveraged to lower the signalling threshold of a soft fork while it is in the process of being deployed in a backwards compatible way. + +By orphaning non-signalling blocks during the BIP9 bit 1 "segwit" deployment, this BIP can cause the existing "segwit" deployment to activate without needing to release a new deployment. + +==References== + +*[https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2017-March/013714.html Mailing list discussion] +*[https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.6.0/src/main.cpp#L1281-L1283 P2SH flag day activation] +*[[bip-0009.mediawiki|BIP9 Version bits with timeout and delay]] +*[[bip-0016.mediawiki|BIP16 Pay to Script Hash]] +*[[bip-0141.mediawiki|BIP141 Segregated Witness (Consensus layer)]] +*[[bip-0143.mediawiki|BIP143 Transaction Signature Verification for Version 0 Witness Program]] +*[[bip-0147.mediawiki|BIP147 Dealing with dummy stack element malleability]] +*[[bip-0148.mediawiki|BIP148 Mandatory activation of segwit deployment]] +*[[bip-0149.mediawiki|BIP149 Segregated Witness (second deployment)]] +*[https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/01/26/segwit-benefits/ Segwit benefits] + +==Copyright== + +This document is dual licensed as BSD 3-clause, and Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal. + diff --git a/bip-0093.mediawiki b/bip-0093.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da349fd --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0093.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,599 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 93 + Layer: Applications + Title: codex32: Checksummed SSSS-aware BIP32 seeds + Author: Leon Olsson Curr and Pearlwort Sneed <pearlwort@wpsoftware.net> + Andrew Poelstra <andrew.poelstra@gmail.com> + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0093 + Status: Draft + Type: Informational + Created: 2023-02-13 + License: BSD-3-Clause + Post-History: https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2023-February/021469.html +</pre> + +==Introduction== + +===Abstract=== + +This document describes a standard for backing up and restoring the master seed of a +[https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki BIP-0032] hierarchical deterministic wallet, using Shamir's secret sharing. +It includes an encoding format, a BCH error-correcting checksum, and algorithms for share generation and secret recovery. +Secret data can be split into up to 31 shares. +A minimum threshold of shares, which can be between 1 and 9, is needed to recover the secret, whereas without sufficient shares, no information about the secret is recoverable. + +===Copyright=== + +This document is licensed under the 3-clause BSD license. + +===Motivation=== + +BIP-0032 master seed data is the source entropy used to derive all private keys in an HD wallet. +Safely storing this secret data is the hardest and most important part of self-custody. +However, there is a tension between security, which demands limiting the number of backups, and resilience, which demands widely replicated backups. +Encrypting the seed does not change this fundamental tradeoff, since it leaves essentially the same problem of how to back up the encryption key(s). + +To allow users freedom to make this tradeoff, we use Shamir's secret sharing, which guarantees that any number of shares less than the threshold leaks no information about the secret. +This approach allows increasing safety by widely distributing the generated shares, while also providing security against the compromise of one or more shares (as long as fewer than the threshold have been compromised). + +[https://github.com/satoshilabs/slips/blob/master/slip-0039.md SLIP-0039] has essentially the same motivations as this standard. +However, unlike SLIP-0039, + +* this standard aims to be simple enough for hand computation +* we use the bech32 alphabet rather than a word list, resulting in fixed-length compact encodings +* we do not support multi-level secret sharing (splitting of shares), although it is technically possible and may be added in a future BIP +* because of the need to support hand computation, we '''do not''' support passphrases or key hardening + +Users who demand a higher level of security for particular secrets, or have a general distrust in digital electronic devices, have the option of using hand computation to backup and restore secret data in an interoperable manner. +In particular, all computations can be done with simple lookup tables. +'''It is therefore possible to compute and verify checksums, and to split and recover seeds, entirely using pen and paper.''' +For long-lived rarely-used seeds, the ability to hand-verify checksums has a significant benefit even for users who do not care to do any other part of this process by hand. +It means that they can verify the integrity (against non-malicious tampering) of their shares regularly, say, on an annual basis, without needing to continually expose secret data to new hardware. + +The ability to compute properties by hand comes from our choice of a small field and our use of linear error correcting codes. +It does not come with any reduction in security, as long as users use high-quality randomness. +Note that hand computation is optional, the particular details of hand computation are outside the scope of this standard, and implementers do not need to be concerned with this possibility. + +[https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki BIP-0039] serves the same purpose as this standard: encoding master seeds for storage by users. +However, BIP-0039 has no error-correcting ability, cannot sensibly be extended to support secret sharing, has no support for versioning or other metadata, and has many technical design decisions that make implementation and interoperability difficult (for example, the use of SHA-512 to derive seeds, or the use of 11-bit words). + +==Specification== + +===codex32=== + +A codex32 string is similar to a bech32 string defined in [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0173.mediawiki BIP-0173]. +It reuses the base-32 character set from BIP-0173, and consists of: + +* A human-readable part, which is the string "ms" (or "MS"). +* A separator, which is always "1". +* A data part which is in turn subdivided into: +** A threshold parameter, which MUST be a single digit between "2" and "9", or the digit "0". +*** If the threshold parameter is "0" then the share index, defined below, MUST have a value of "s" (or "S"). +** An identifier consisting of 4 bech32 characters. +** A share index, which is any bech32 character. Note that a share index value of "s" (or "S") is special and denotes the unshared secret (see section "Unshared Secret"). +** A payload which is a sequence of up to 74 bech32 characters. (However, see '''Long codex32 Strings''' below for an exception to this limit.) +** A checksum which consists of 13 bech32 characters as described below. + +As with bech32 strings, a codex32 string MUST be entirely uppercase or entirely lowercase. +For presentation, lowercase is usually preferable, but uppercase SHOULD be used for handwritten codex32 strings. +If a codex32 string is encoded in a QR code, it SHOULD use the uppercase form, as this is encoded more compactly. + +===Checksum=== + +The last thirteen characters of the data part form a checksum and contain no information. +Valid strings MUST pass the criteria for validity specified by the Python 3 code snippet below. +The function <code>ms32_verify_checksum</code> must return true when its argument is the data part as a list of integers representing the characters converted using the bech32 character table from BIP-0173. + +To construct a valid checksum given the data-part characters (excluding the checksum), the <code>ms32_create_checksum</code> function can be used. + +<source lang="python"> +MS32_CONST = 0x10ce0795c2fd1e62a + +def ms32_polymod(values): + GEN = [ + 0x19dc500ce73fde210, + 0x1bfae00def77fe529, + 0x1fbd920fffe7bee52, + 0x1739640bdeee3fdad, + 0x07729a039cfc75f5a, + ] + residue = 0x23181b3 + for v in values: + b = (residue >> 60) + residue = (residue & 0x0fffffffffffffff) << 5 ^ v + for i in range(5): + residue ^= GEN[i] if ((b >> i) & 1) else 0 + return residue + +def ms32_verify_checksum(data): + if len(data) >= 96: # See Long codex32 Strings + return ms32_verify_long_checksum(data) + if len(data) <= 93: + return ms32_polymod(data) == MS32_CONST + return False + +def ms32_create_checksum(data): + if len(data) > 80: # See Long codex32 Strings + return ms32_create_long_checksum(data) + values = data + polymod = ms32_polymod(values + [0] * 13) ^ MS32_CONST + return [(polymod >> 5 * (12 - i)) & 31 for i in range(13)] +</source> + +===Error Correction=== + +A codex32 string without a valid checksum MUST NOT be used. +The checksum is designed to be an error correcting code that can correct up to 4 character substitutions, up to 8 unreadable characters (called erasures), or up to 13 consecutive erasures. +Implementations SHOULD provide the user with a corrected valid codex32 string if possible. +However, implementations SHOULD NOT automatically proceed with a corrected codex32 string without user confirmation of the corrected string, either by prompting the user, or returning a corrected string in an error message and allowing the user to repeat their action. +We do not specify how an implementation should implement error correction. However, we recommend that: + +* Implementations make suggestions to substitute non-bech32 characters with bech32 characters in some situations, such as replacing "B" with "8", "O" with "0", "I" with "l", etc. +* Implementations interpret "?" as an erasure. +* Implementations optionally interpret other non-bech32 characters, or characters with incorrect case, as erasures. +* If a string with 8 or fewer erasures can have those erasures filled in to make a valid codex32 string, then the implementation suggests such a string as a correction. +* If a string consisting of valid bech32 characters in the proper case can be made valid by substituting 4 or fewer characters, then the implementation suggests such a string as a correction. + +===Unshared Secret=== + +When the share index of a valid codex32 string (converted to lowercase) is the letter "s", we call the string a codex32 secret. +The payload in a codex32 secret is a direct encoding of a BIP-0032 HD master seed. + +The master seed is decoded by converting the payload to bytes: + +* Translate the characters to 5 bits values using the bech32 character table from BIP-0173, most significant bit first. +* Re-arrange those bits into groups of 8 bits. Any incomplete group at the end MUST be 4 bits or less, and is discarded. + +Note that unlike the decoding process in BIP-0173, we do NOT require that the incomplete group be all zeros. + +For an unshared secret, the threshold parameter (the first character of the data part) is ignored (beyond the fact it must be a digit for the codex32 string to be valid). +We recommend using the digit "0" for the threshold parameter in this case. +The 4 character identifier also has no effect beyond aiding users in distinguishing between multiple different master seeds in cases where they have more than one. + +===Recovering Master Seed=== + +When the share index of a valid codex32 string (converted to lowercase) is not the letter "s", we call the string an codex32 share. +The first character of the data part indicates the threshold of the share, and it is required to be a non-"0" digit. + +In order to recover a master seed, one needs a set of valid codex32 shares such that: + +* All shares have the same threshold value, the same identifier, and the same length. +* All of the share index values are distinct. +* The number of codex32 shares is exactly equal to the (common) threshold value. + +If all the above conditions are satisfied, the <code>ms32_recover</code> function will return a codex32 secret when its argument is the list of codex32 shares with each share represented as a list of integers representing the characters converted using the bech32 character table from BIP-0173. + +<source lang="python"> +bech32_inv = [ + 0, 1, 20, 24, 10, 8, 12, 29, 5, 11, 4, 9, 6, 28, 26, 31, + 22, 18, 17, 23, 2, 25, 16, 19, 3, 21, 14, 30, 13, 7, 27, 15, +] + +def bech32_mul(a, b): + res = 0 + for i in range(5): + res ^= a if ((b >> i) & 1) else 0 + a *= 2 + a ^= 41 if (32 <= a) else 0 + return res + +def bech32_lagrange(l, x): + n = 1 + c = [] + for i in l: + n = bech32_mul(n, i ^ x) + m = 1 + for j in l: + m = bech32_mul(m, (x if i == j else i) ^ j) + c.append(m) + return [bech32_mul(n, bech32_inv[i]) for i in c] + +def ms32_interpolate(l, x): + w = bech32_lagrange([s[5] for s in l], x) + res = [] + for i in range(len(l[0])): + n = 0 + for j in range(len(l)): + n ^= bech32_mul(w[j], l[j][i]) + res.append(n) + return res + +def ms32_recover(l): + return ms32_interpolate(l, 16) +</source> + +===Generating Shares=== + +If we already have ''t'' valid codex32 strings such that: + +* All strings have the same threshold value ''t'', the same identifier, and the same length +* All of the share index values are distinct + +Then we can derive additional shares with the <code>ms32_interpolate</code> function by passing it a list of exactly ''t'' of these codex32 strings, together with a fresh share index distinct from all of the existing share indexes. +The newly derived share will have the provided share index. + +Once a user has generated ''n'' codex32 shares, they may discard the codex32 secret (if it exists). +The ''n'' shares form a ''t'' of ''n'' Shamir's secret sharing scheme of a codex32 secret. + +There are two ways to create an initial set of ''t'' valid codex32 strings, depending on whether the user already has an existing master seed to split. + +====For a fresh master seed==== + +In the case that the user wishes to generate a fresh master seed, the user generates random initial shares, as follows: + +# Choose a bitsize, between 128 and 512, which must be a multiple of 8. +# Choose a threshold value ''t'' between 2 and 9, inclusive +# Choose a 4 bech32 character identifier +#* We do not define how to choose the identifier, beyond noting that it SHOULD be distinct for every master seed the user may need to disambiguate. +# ''t'' many times, generate a random share by: +## Take the next available letter from the bech32 alphabet, in alphabetical order, as <code>a</code>, <code>c</code>, <code>d</code>, ..., to be the share index +## Set the first nine characters to be the prefix <code>ms1</code>, the threshold value ''t'', the 4-character identifier, and then the share index +## Choose the next ceil(''bitlength / 5'') characters uniformly at random +## Generate a valid checksum in accordance with the Checksum section, and append this to the resulting shares + +The result will be ''t'' distinct shares, all with the same initial 8 characters, and a distinct share index as the 9th character. + +With this set of ''t'' codex32 shares, new shares can be derived as discussed above. This process generates a fresh master seed, whose value can be retrieved by running the recovery process on any ''t'' of these shares. + +====For an existing master seed==== + +Before generating shares for an existing master seed, it first must be converted into a codex32 secret, as described above. +The conversion process consists of: + +# Choose a threshold value ''t'' between 2 and 9, inclusive +# Choose a 4 bech32 character identifier +#* We do not define how to choose the identifier, beyond noting that it SHOULD be distinct for every master seed the user may need to disambiguate. +# Set the share index to <code>s</code> +# Set the payload to a bech32 encoding of the master seed, padded with arbitrary bits +# Generating a valid checksum in accordance with the Checksum section + +Along with the codex32 secret, the user must generate ''t''-1 other codex32 shares, each with the same threshold value, the same identifier, and a distinct share index. +These shares should be generated as described in the "fresh master seed" section. + +The codex32 secret and the ''t''-1 codex32 shares form a set of ''t'' valid codex32 strings from which additional shares can be derived as described above. + +===Long codex32 Strings=== + +The 13 character checksum design only supports up to 80 data characters. +Excluding the threshold, identifier and index characters, this limits the payload to 74 characters or 46 bytes. +While this is enough to support the 32-byte advised size of BIP-0032 master seeds, BIP-0032 allows seeds to be up to 64 bytes in size. +We define a long codex32 string format to support these longer seeds by defining an alternative checksum. + +<source lang="python"> +MS32_LONG_CONST = 0x43381e570bf4798ab26 + +def ms32_long_polymod(values): + GEN = [ + 0x3d59d273535ea62d897, + 0x7a9becb6361c6c51507, + 0x543f9b7e6c38d8a2a0e, + 0x0c577eaeccf1990d13c, + 0x1887f74f8dc71b10651, + ] + residue = 0x23181b3 + for v in values: + b = (residue >> 70) + residue = (residue & 0x3fffffffffffffffff) << 5 ^ v + for i in range(5): + residue ^= GEN[i] if ((b >> i) & 1) else 0 + return residue + +def ms32_verify_long_checksum(data): + return ms32_long_polymod(data) == MS32_LONG_CONST + +def ms32_create_long_checksum(data): + values = data + polymod = ms32_long_polymod(values + [0] * 15) ^ MS32_LONG_CONST + return [(polymod >> 5 * (14 - i)) & 31 for i in range(15)] +</source> + +A long codex32 string follows the same specification as a regular codex32 string with the following changes. + +* The payload is a sequence of between 75 and 103 bech32 characters. +* The checksum consists of 15 bech32 characters as defined above. + +A codex32 string with a data part of 94 or 95 characters is never legal as a regular codex32 string is limited to 93 data characters and a long codex32 string is at least 96 characters. + +Generation of long shares and recovery of the master seed from long shares proceeds in exactly the same way as for regular shares with the <code>ms32_interpolate</code> function. + +The long checksum is designed to be an error correcting code that can correct up to 4 character substitutions, up to 8 unreadable characters (called erasures), or up to 15 consecutive erasures. +As with regular checksums we do not specify how an implementation should implement error correction, and all our recommendations for error correction of regular codex32 strings also apply to long codex32 strings. + +==Rationale== + +This scheme is based on the observation that the Lagrange interpolation of valid codewords in a BCH code will always be a valid codeword. +This means that derived shares will always have valid checksum, and a sufficient threshold of shares with valid checksums will derive a secret with a valid checksum. + +The header system is also compatible with Lagrange interpolation, meaning all derived shares will have the same identifier and will have the appropriate share index. +This fact allows the header data to be covered by the checksum. + +The checksum size and identifier size have been chosen so that the encoding of 128-bit seeds and shares fit within 48 characters. +This is a standard size for many common seed storage formats, which has been popularized by the 12 four-letter word format of the BIP-0039 mnemonic. + +The 13 character checksum is adequate to correct 4 errors in up to 93 characters (80 characters of data and 13 characters of the checksum). +We can correct up to 8 erasures (errors with known locations), and up to 13 consecutive errors (burst errors). +Beyond that, our code is guaranteed to detect up to 8 errors. +More generally, any number of random errors will be detected with overwhelming (1 - 2^65) probability. However, the checksum does not protect against maliciously constructed errors. +These parameters are slightly better than those of the checksum used in SLIP-0039. + +For 256-bit seeds and shares our strings are 74 characters, which fits into the 96 character format of the 24 four-letter word format of the BIP-0039 mnemonic, with plenty of room to spare. + +A longer checksum is needed to support up to 512-bit seeds, the longest seed length specified in BIP-0032, as the 13 character checksum isn't adequate for more than 80 data characters. +While we could use the 15 character checksum for both cases, we prefer to keep the strings as short as possible for the more common cases of 128-bit and 256-bit master seeds. +We only guarantee to correct 4 characters no matter how long the string is. +Longer strings mean more chances for transcription errors, so shorter strings are better. + +The longest data part using the regular 13 character checksum is 93 characters and corresponds to a 400-bit secret. +At this length, the prefix <code>MS1</code> is not covered by the checksum. +This is acceptable because the checksum scheme itself requires you to know that the <code>MS1</code> prefix is being used in the first place. +If the prefix is damaged and a user is guessing that the data might be using this scheme, then the user can enter the available data explicitly using the suspected <code>MS1</code> prefix. + +===Not BIP-0039 Entropy=== + +Instead of encoding a BIP-0032 master seed, an alternative would be to encode BIP-0039 entropy. +However this alternative approach is fraught with difficulties. + +On approach would be to encode the BIP-0039 entropy along with the BIP-0039 checksum data. +This data can directly be recovered from the BIP-0039 mnemonic, and the process can be reversed if one knows the target language. +However, for a 128-bit seed, there is a 4 bit checksum yielding 132 bits of data that needs to be encoded. +This exceeds the 130-bits of room that we have for storing 128 bit seeds. +We would have to compromise on the 48 character size, or the size of the headers, or the size of the checksum in order to add room for an additional character of data. + +This approach would also eliminate our short cut generation of a fresh master secret from generating random shares. +One would be required to first generate BIP-0039 entropy, and then add a BIP-0039 checksum, before adding a Codex32 checksum and then generate other shares. +In particular, this process could no longer be performed by hand since it is effectively impossible to hand compute a BIP-0039 checksum. + +An alternative approach is to discard the BIP-0039 checksum, since it is inadequate for error correction anyways, and rely on the Codex32 checksum. +However, this approach ends up eliminating the benefits of BIP-0039 compatibility. +While it is now possible to hand generate fresh shares, it is impossible to recover compatible BIP-0039 words by hand because, again, the BIP-0039 checksum is not hand computable. +The only way of generating the compatible BIP-0039 mnemonic is to use wallet software. +But if the wallet software is need to support this approach to decoding entropy, we may as well bypass all of the overhead of BIP-0039 and directly encode the entropy of a BIP-0032 master seed, which is what we do in our Codex32 proposal. + +Beyond the problems above, BIP-0039 does not define a single transformation from entropy to BIP-0032 master seed. +Instead every different language has it own word list (or word lists) and each choice of word list yields a different transformation from entropy to master seed. +We would need to encode the choice of word list in our share's meta-data, which takes up even more room, and is difficult to specify due to the ever-evolving choice of word lists. + +Alternatively we could standardize on the choice of the English word list, something that is nearly a de facto standard, and simply be incompatible with BIP-0039 wallets of other languages. +Such a choice also risks users of BIP-0039 recovering their entropy from their language, encoding it in in Codex32 and then failing to recover their wallet because the English word lists has replaced their language's word list. + +The main advantage of this alternative approach would be that wallets could give users an option switch between backing up their entropy as a BIP-0039 mnemonic and in Codex32 format, but again, only if their language choice happens to be the English word list. +In practice, we do not expect users in switch back and forth between backup formats, and instead just generate a fresh master seed using Codex32. + +Seeing little value with BIP-0039 compatibility (English-only), all the difficulties with BIP-0039 language choice, not to mention the PBKDF2 overhead of using BIP-0039, we think it is best to abandon BIP-0039 and encode BIP-0032 master seeds directly. +Our approach is semi-convertible with BIP-0039's 512-bit master seeds (in all languages, see Backwards Compatibility) and fully interconvertible with SLIP-39 encoded master seeds or any other encoding of BIP-0032 master seeds. + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +codex32 is an alternative to BIP-0039 and SLIP-0039. +It is technically possible to derive the BIP32 master seed from seed words encoded in one of these schemes, and then to encode this seed in codex32. +For BIP-0039 this process is irreversible, since it involves hashing the original words. +Furthermore, the resulting seed will be 512 bits long, which may be too large to be safely and conveniently handled. + +SLIP-0039 seed words can be reversibly converted to master seeds, so it is possible to interconvert between SLIP-0039 and codex32. +However, SLIP-0039 '''shares''' cannot be converted to codex32 shares because the two schemes use a different underlying field. + +The authors of this BIP do not recommend interconversion. +Instead, users who wish to switch to codex32 should generate a fresh seed and sweep their coins. + +==Reference Implementation== + +Our [https://github.com/BlockstreamResearch/codex32 reference implementation repository] contains implementations in Rust and PostScript. +The inline code in this BIP text can be used as a Python reference. + +==Test Vectors== + +===Test vector 1=== + +This example shows the codex32 format, when used without splitting the secret into any shares. +The payload contains 26 bech32 characters, which corresponds to 130 bits. We truncate the last two bits in order to obtain a 128-bit master seed. + +codex32 secret (bech32): <code>ms10testsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx4nzvca9cmczlw</code> + +Master secret (hex): <code>318c6318c6318c6318c6318c6318c631</code> + +* human-readable part: <code>ms</code> +* separator: <code>1</code> +* k value: <code>0</code> (no secret splitting) +* identifier: <code>test</code> +* share index: <code>s</code> (the secret) +* payload: <code>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</code> +* checksum: <code>4nzvca9cmczlw</code> +* master node xprv: <code>xprv9s21ZrQH143K3taPNekMd9oV5K6szJ8ND7vVh6fxicRUMDcChr3bFFzuxY8qP3xFFBL6DWc2uEYCfBFZ2nFWbAqKPhtCLRjgv78EZJDEfpL</code> + +===Test vector 2=== + +This example shows generating a new master seed using "random" codex32 shares, as well as deriving an additional codex32 share, using ''k''=2 and an identifier of <code>NAME</code>. +Although codex32 strings are canonically all lowercase, it's also valid to use all uppercase. + +Share with index <code>A</code>: <code>MS12NAMEA320ZYXWVUTSRQPNMLKJHGFEDCAXRPP870HKKQRM</code> + +Share with index <code>C</code>: <code>MS12NAMECACDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ023FTR2GDZMPY6PN</code> + +* Derived share with index <code>D</code>: <code>MS12NAMEDLL4F8JLH4E5VDVULDLFXU2JHDNLSM97XVENRXEG</code> +* Secret share with index <code>S</code>: <code>MS12NAMES6XQGUZTTXKEQNJSJZV4JV3NZ5K3KWGSPHUH6EVW</code> +* Master secret (hex): <code>d1808e096b35b209ca12132b264662a5</code> +* master node xprv: <code>xprv9s21ZrQH143K2NkobdHxXeyFDqE44nJYvzLFtsriatJNWMNKznGoGgW5UMTL4fyWtajnMYb5gEc2CgaKhmsKeskoi9eTimpRv2N11THhPTU</code> + +Note that per BIP-0173, the lowercase form is used when determining a character's value for checksum purposes. +In particular, given an all uppercase codex32 string, we still use lowercase <code>ms</code> as the human-readable part during checksum construction. + +===Test vector 3=== + +This example shows splitting an existing 128-bit master seed into "random" codex32 shares, using ''k''=3 and an identifier of <code>cash</code>. +We appended two zero bits in order to obtain 26 bech32 characters (130 bits of data) from the 128-bit master seed. + +Master secret (hex): <code>ffeeddccbbaa99887766554433221100</code> + +Secret share with index <code>s</code>: <code>ms13cashsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qqjzqud4m0d6nln</code> + +Share with index <code>a</code>: <code>ms13casha320zyxwvutsrqpnmlkjhgfedca2a8d0zehn8a0t</code> + +Share with index <code>c</code>: <code>ms13cashcacdefghjklmnpqrstuvwxyz023949xq35my48dr</code> + +* Derived share with index <code>d</code>: <code>ms13cashd0wsedstcdcts64cd7wvy4m90lm28w4ffupqs7rm</code> +* Derived share with index <code>e</code>: <code>ms13casheekgpemxzshcrmqhaydlp6yhms3ws7320xyxsar9</code> +* Derived share with index <code>f</code>: <code>ms13cashf8jh6sdrkpyrsp5ut94pj8ktehhw2hfvyrj48704</code> +* master node xprv: <code>xprv9s21ZrQH143K266qUcrDyYJrSG7KA3A7sE5UHndYRkFzsPQ6xwUhEGK1rNuyyA57Vkc1Ma6a8boVqcKqGNximmAe9L65WsYNcNitKRPnABd</code> + +Any three of the five shares among <code>acdef</code> can be used to recover the secret. + +Note that the choice to append two zero bits was arbitrary, and any of the following four secret shares would have been valid choices. +However, each choice would have resulted in a different set of derived shares. + +* <code>ms13cashsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qqjzqud4m0d6nln</code> +* <code>ms13cashsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qpte35dvzkjpt0r</code> +* <code>ms13cashsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qzfatvdwq5692k6</code> +* <code>ms13cashsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qrsx6ydhed97jx2</code> + +===Test vector 4=== + +This example shows converting a 256-bit secret into a codex32 secret, without splitting the secret into any shares. +We appended four zero bits in order to obtain 52 bech32 characters (260 bits of data) from the 256-bit secret. + +256-bit secret (hex): <code>ffeeddccbbaa99887766554433221100ffeeddccbbaa99887766554433221100</code> + +* codex32 secret: <code>ms10leetsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qrl7ahwvhw4fnzrhve25gvezzyqqtum9pgv99ycma</code> +* master node xprv: <code>xprv9s21ZrQH143K3s41UCWxXTsU4TRrhkpD1t21QJETan3hjo8DP5LFdFcB5eaFtV8x6Y9aZotQyP8KByUjgLTbXCUjfu2iosTbMv98g8EQoqr</code> + +Note that the choice to append four zero bits was arbitrary, and any of the following sixteen codex32 secrets would have been valid: + +* <code>ms10leetsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qrl7ahwvhw4fnzrhve25gvezzyqqtum9pgv99ycma</code> +* <code>ms10leetsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qrl7ahwvhw4fnzrhve25gvezzyqpj82dp34u6lqtd</code> +* <code>ms10leetsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qrl7ahwvhw4fnzrhve25gvezzyqzsrs4pnh7jmpj5</code> +* <code>ms10leetsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qrl7ahwvhw4fnzrhve25gvezzyqrfcpap2w8dqezy</code> +* <code>ms10leetsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qrl7ahwvhw4fnzrhve25gvezzyqy5tdvphn6znrf0</code> +* <code>ms10leetsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qrl7ahwvhw4fnzrhve25gvezzyq9dsuypw2ragmel</code> +* <code>ms10leetsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qrl7ahwvhw4fnzrhve25gvezzyqx05xupvgp4v6qx</code> +* <code>ms10leetsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qrl7ahwvhw4fnzrhve25gvezzyq8k0h5p43c2hzsk</code> +* <code>ms10leetsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qrl7ahwvhw4fnzrhve25gvezzyqgum7hplmjtr8ks</code> +* <code>ms10leetsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qrl7ahwvhw4fnzrhve25gvezzyqf9q0lpxzt5clxq</code> +* <code>ms10leetsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qrl7ahwvhw4fnzrhve25gvezzyq28y48pyqfuu7le</code> +* <code>ms10leetsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qrl7ahwvhw4fnzrhve25gvezzyqt7ly0paesr8x0f</code> +* <code>ms10leetsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qrl7ahwvhw4fnzrhve25gvezzyqvrvg7pqydv5uyz</code> +* <code>ms10leetsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qrl7ahwvhw4fnzrhve25gvezzyqd6hekpea5n0y5j</code> +* <code>ms10leetsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qrl7ahwvhw4fnzrhve25gvezzyqwcnrwpmlkmt9dt</code> +* <code>ms10leetsllhdmn9m42vcsamx24zrxgs3qrl7ahwvhw4fnzrhve25gvezzyq0pgjxpzx0ysaam</code> + +===Test vector 5=== + +This example shows generating a new 512-bit master seed using "random" codex32 characters and appending a checksum. +The payload contains 103 bech32 characters, which corresponds to 515 bits. The last three bits are discarded when converting to a 512-bit master seed. + +This is an example of a '''Long codex32 String'''. + +* Secret share with index <code>S</code>: <code>MS100C8VSM32ZXFGUHPCHTLUPZRY9X8GF2TVDW0S3JN54KHCE6MUA7LQPZYGSFJD6AN074RXVCEMLH8WU3TK925ACDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXY06FHPV80UNDVARHRAK</code> +* Master secret (hex): <code>dc5423251cb87175ff8110c8531d0952d8d73e1194e95b5f19d6f9df7c01111104c9baecdfea8cccc677fb9ddc8aec5553b86e528bcadfdcc201c17c638c47e9</code> +* master node xprv: <code>xprv9s21ZrQH143K4UYT4rP3TZVKKbmRVmfRqTx9mG2xCy2JYipZbkLV8rwvBXsUbEv9KQiUD7oED1Wyi9evZzUn2rqK9skRgPkNaAzyw3YrpJN</code> + +===Invalid test vectors=== + +These examples have incorrect checksums. + +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxve740yyge2ghq</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxve740yyge2ghp</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxlk3yepcstwr</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx6pgnv7jnpcsp</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx0cpvr7n4geq</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxm5252y7d3lr</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxrd9sukzl05ej</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxc55srw5jrm0</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxgc7rwhtudwc</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx4gy22afwghvs</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxe8yfm0</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxvm597d</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxme084q0vpht7pe0</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxme084q0vpht7pew</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxqyadsp3nywm8a</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxzvg7ar4hgaejk</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxcznau0advgxqe</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxch3jrc6j5040j</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx52gxl6ppv40mcv</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx7g4g2nhhle8fk</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx63m45uj8ss4x8</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxy4r708q7kg65x</code> + +These examples use the wrong checksum for their given data sizes. + +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxurfvwmdcmymdufv</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxcsyppjkd8lz4hx3</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxu6hwvl5p0l9xf3c</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxwqey9rfs6smenxa</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxv70wkzrjr4ntqet</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx3hmlrmpa4zl0v</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxrfggf88znkaup</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxpt7l4aycv9qzj</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxus27z9xtyxyw3</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxcwm4re8fs78vn</code> + +These examples have improper lengths. +They are either too short, too long, or would decode to byte sequence with an incomplete group greater than 4 bits. + +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxw0a4c70rfefn4</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxk4pavy5n46nea</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx9lrwar5zwng4w</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxr335l5tv88js3</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxvu7q9nz8p7dj68v</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxpq6k542scdxndq3</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxkmfw6jm270mz6ej</code> +* <code>ms12fauxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxzhddxw99w7xws</code> +* <code>ms12fauxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx42cux6um92rz</code> +* <code>ms12fauxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxarja5kqukdhy9</code> +* <code>ms12fauxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxky0ua3ha84qk8</code> +* <code>ms12fauxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx9eheesxadh2n2n9</code> +* <code>ms12fauxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx9llwmgesfulcj2z</code> +* <code>ms12fauxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx02ev7caq6n9fgkf</code> + +This example uses a "0" threshold with a non-"s" index + +* <code>ms10fauxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx0z26tfn0ulw3p</code> + +This example has a threshold that is not a digit. + +* <code>ms1fauxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxda3kr3s0s2swg</code> + +These examples do not begin with the required "ms" or "MS" prefix and/or are missing the "1" separator. + +* <code>0fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxuqxkk05lyf3x2</code> +* <code>10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxuqxkk05lyf3x2</code> +* <code>ms0fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxuqxkk05lyf3x2</code> +* <code>m10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxuqxkk05lyf3x2</code> +* <code>s10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxuqxkk05lyf3x2</code> +* <code>0fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxhkd4f70m8lgws</code> +* <code>10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxhkd4f70m8lgws</code> +* <code>m10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx8t28z74x8hs4l</code> +* <code>s10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxh9d0fhnvfyx3x</code> + +These examples all incorrectly mix upper and lower case characters. + +* <code>Ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxuqxkk05lyf3x2</code> +* <code>mS10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxuqxkk05lyf3x2</code> +* <code>MS10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxuqxkk05lyf3x2</code> +* <code>ms10FAUXsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxuqxkk05lyf3x2</code> +* <code>ms10fauxSxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxuqxkk05lyf3x2</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXuqxkk05lyf3x2</code> +* <code>ms10fauxsxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxUQXKK05LYF3X2</code> + +==Appendix== + +===Mathematical Companion=== + +Below we use the bech32 character set to denote values in GF[32]. +In bech32, the letter <code>Q</code> denotes zero and the letter <code>P</code> denotes one. +The digits <code>0</code> and <code>2</code> through <code>9</code> do ''not'' denote their numeric values. +They are simply elements of GF[32]. + +The generating polynomial for our BCH code is as follows. + +We extend GF[32] to GF[1024] by adjoining a primitive cube root of unity, <code>ζ</code>, satisfying <code>ζ^2 = ζ + P</code>. + +We select <code>β := G ζ</code> which has order 93, and construct the product <code>(x - β^i)</code> for <code>i</code> in <code>{17, 20, 46, 49, 52, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84}</code>. +The resulting polynomial is our generating polynomial for our 13 character checksum: + + x^13 + E x^12 + M x^11 + 3 x^10 + G x^9 + Q x^8 + E x^7 + E x^6 + E x^5 + L x^4 + M x^3 + C x^2 + S x + S + +For our long checksum, we select <code>γ := E + X ζ</code>, which has order 1023, and construct the product <code>(x - γ^i)</code> for <code>i</code> in <code>{32, 64, 96, 895, 927, 959, 991, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026}</code>. +The resulting polynomial is our generating polynomial for our 15 character checksum for long strings: + + x^15 + 0 x^14 + 2 x^13 + E x^12 + 6 x^11 + F x^10 + E x^9 + 4 x^8 + X x^7 + H x^6 + 4 x^5 + X x^4 + 9 x^3 + K x^2 + Y x^1 + H + +(Reminder: the character <code>0</code> does ''not'' denote the zero of the field.) diff --git a/bip-0098.mediawiki b/bip-0098.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8540d1a --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0098.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,308 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 98 + Layer: Consensus (soft fork) + Title: Fast Merkle Trees + Author: Mark Friedenbach <mark@friedenbach.org> + Kalle Alm <kalle.alm@gmail.com> + BtcDrak <btcdrak@gmail.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0098 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2017-08-24 + License: CC-BY-SA-4.0 + License-Code: MIT +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +In many applications it is useful to prove membership of a data element in a set without having to reveal the entire contents of that set. +The Merkle hash-tree, where inner/non-leaf nodes are labeled with the hash of the labels or values of its children, is a cryptographic tool that achieves this goal. +Bitcoin uses a Merkle hash-tree construct for committing the transactions of a block into the block header. +This particular design, created by Satoshi, suffers from a serious flaw related to duplicate entries documented in the National Vulnerability Database as CVE-2012-2459[1], and also suffers from less than optimal performance due to unnecessary double-hashing. + +This Bitcoin Improvement Proposal describes a more efficient Merkle hash-tree construct that is not vulnerable to CVE-2012-2459 +and achieves an approximate 55% decrease in hash-tree construction and validation times as compared with fully optimized implementations of the Satoshi Merkle hash-tree construct. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. All provided source code is licensed under the MIT license. + +==Motivation== + +A Merkle hash-tree is a directed acyclic graph data structure where all non-terminal nodes are labeled with the hash of combined labels or values of the node(s) it is connected to. +Bitcoin uses a unique Merkle hash-tree construct invented by Satoshi for calculating the block header commitment to the list of transactions in a block. +While it would be convenient for new applications to make use of this same data structure so as to share implementation and maintenance costs, there are three principle drawbacks to reuse. + +First, Satoshi's Merkle hash-tree has a serious vulnerability[1] related to duplicate tree entries that can cause bugs in protocols that use it. +While it is possible to secure protocols and implementations against exploit of this flaw, it requires foresight and it is a bit more tricky to design secure protocols that work around this vulnerability. +Designers of new protocols ought avoid using the Satoshi Merkle hash-tree construct where at all possible in order to responsibly decrease the likelihood of downstream bugs in naïve implementations. + +Second, Satoshi's Merkle hash-tree performs an unnecessary number of cryptographic hash function compression rounds, resulting in construction and validation times that are approximately three (3) times more computation than is strictly necessary in a naïve implementation, or 2.32x more computation in an implementation specialized for this purpose only[2]. +New implementations that do not require backwards compatibility ought to consider hash-tree implementations that do not carry this unnecessary performance hit. + +Third, Satoshi's algorithm presumes construction of a tree index from an ordered list, and therefore is designed to support balanced trees with a uniform path length from root to leaf for all elements in the tree. +Many applications, on the other hand, benefit from having unbalanced trees, particularly if the shorter path is more likely to be used. +While it is possible to make a few elements of a Satoshi hash-tree have shorter paths than the others, the tricks for doing so are dependent on the size of the tree and not very flexible. + +Together these three reasons provide justification for specifying a standard Merkle hash-tree structure for use in new protocols that fixes these issues. +This BIP describes such a structure, and provides an example implementation. + +==Specification== + +A Merkle hash-tree as defined by this BIP is an arbitrarily-balanced binary tree whose terminal/leaf nodes are labelled with the double-SHA256 hashes of data, whose format is outside the scope of this BIP, and inner nodes with labels constructed from the fast-SHA256 hash of its children's labels. +The following image depicts an example unbalanced hash-tree: + +:: [[File:bip-0098/unbalanced-hash-tree.png]] + +'''A''', '''B''', and '''C''' are leaf labels, 32-byte double-SHA256 hashes of the data associated with the leaf. +'''Node''' and '''Root''' are inner nodes, whose labels are fast-SHA256 (defined below) hashes of their respective children's labels. +'''Node''' is labelled with the fast-SHA256 hash of the concatenation of '''B''' and '''C'''. +'''Root''' is labelled with the fast-SHA256 hash of the concatenation of '''A''' and '''Node''', and is the ''Merkle root'' of the tree. +Nodes with single children are not allowed. + +The ''double-SHA256'' cryptographic hash function takes an arbitrary-length data as input and produces a 32-byte hash by running the data through the SHA-256 hash function as specified in FIPS 180-4[3], and then running the same hash function again on the 32-byte result, as a protection against length-extension attacks. + +The ''fast-SHA256'' cryptographic hash function takes two 32-byte hash values, concatenates these to produce a 64-byte buffer, and applies a single run of the SHA-256 hash function with a custom 'initialization vector' (IV) and without message paddding. +The result is a 32-byte 'midstate' which is the combined hash value and the label of the inner node. +The changed IV protects against path-length extension attacks (grinding to interpret a hash as both an inner node and a leaf). +fast-SHA256 is only defined for two 32-byte inputs. +The custom IV is the intermediate hash value generated after performing a standard SHA-256 of the following hex-encoded bytes and extracting the midstate: + + cbbb9d5dc1059ed8 e7730eaff25e24a3 f367f2fc266a0373 fe7a4d34486d08ae + d41670a136851f32 663914b66b4b3c23 1b9e3d7740a60887 63c11d86d446cb1c + +This data is the first 512 fractional bits of the square root of 23, the 9th prime number. +The resulting midstate is used as IV for the fast-SHA256 cryptographic hash function: + + static unsigned char _MidstateIV[32] = + { 0x89, 0xcc, 0x59, 0xc6, 0xf7, 0xce, 0x43, 0xfc, + 0xf6, 0x12, 0x67, 0x0e, 0x78, 0xe9, 0x36, 0x2e, + 0x76, 0x8f, 0xd2, 0xc9, 0x18, 0xbd, 0x42, 0xed, + 0x0e, 0x0b, 0x9f, 0x79, 0xee, 0xf6, 0x8a, 0x24 }; + +As fast-SHA256 is only defined for two (2) 32-byte hash inputs, there are necessarily two special cases: +an empty Merkle tree is not allowed, nor is any root hash defined for such a "tree"; +and a Merkle tree with a single value has a root hash label equal to that self-same value of the leaf branch, the only node in the tree (a passthrough operation with no hashing). + +===Rationale=== + +The fast-SHA256 hash function can be calculated 2.32x faster than a specialized double-SHA256 implementation[2], or three (3) times faster than an implementation applying a generic SHA-256 primitive twice, +as hashing 64 bytes of data with SHA-256 as specified by FIPS 180-4[3] takes two compression runs (because of message padding) and then a third compression run for the double-SHA256 construction. +Validating a fast-SHA256 Merkle root is therefore more than twice as fast as the double-SHA256 construction used by Satoshi in bitcoin. +Furthermore the fastest fast-SHA256 implementation ''is'' the generic SHA-256 implementation, enabling generic circuitry and code reuse without a cost to performance. + +The application of fast-SHA256 to inner node label updates is safe in this limited domain because the inputs are hash values and fixed in number and in length, +so the sorts of attacks prevented by message padding and double-hashing do not apply. + +The 'initialization vector' for fast-SHA256 is changed in order to prevent a category of attacks on higher level protocols where a partial collision can serve as both a leaf hash and as an inner node commitment to another leaf hash. +The IV is computed using standard SHA-256 plus midstate extraction so as to preserve compatibility with cryptographic library interfaces that do not support custom IVs, at the cost of a 2x performance hit if neither custom IVs nor resuming from midstate are supported. +The data hashed is a nothing-up-my-sleeve number that is unlikely to have a known hash preimage. +The prime 23 was chosen as the leading fractional bits of the first eight (8) primes, two (2) through nineteen (19), are constants used in the setup of SHA-256 itself. +Using the next prime in sequence reduces the likelihood of introducing weakness due to reuse of a constant factor. + +The Merkle root hash of a single element tree is a simple pass-through of the leaf hash without modification so as to allow for chained validation of split proofs. +This is particularly useful when the validation environment constrains proof sizes, such as push limits in Bitcoin script. +Chained validation allows a verifier to split one proof into two or more, where the leaf is shown to be under an inner node, and that inner node is shown to be under the root. +Without pass-through hashing in a single-element tree, use of chained validation would unnecessarily introduce a minimum path length requirement equal to the number of chain links. +Pass-through hashing of single elements allows instead for one or more of the chained validations to use a "NOP" proof consisting of a zero-length path, +thereby allowing, for example, a fixed series of four (4) chained validations to verify a length three (3) or shorter path. + +==Inclusion Proofs== + +An important use of Merkle hash-trees is the ability to compactly prove membership with log-sized proofs. +This section specifies a standard encoding for a multi-element inclusion proof. + +To prove that a set of hashes is contained within a Merkle tree with a given root requires four pieces of information: + +# The root hash of the Merkle tree; +# The hash values to be verified, a set usually consisting of the double-SHA256 hash of data elements, but potentially the labels of inner nodes instead, or both; +# The paths from the root to the nodes containing the values under consideration, expressed as a serialized binary tree structure; and +# The hash values of branches not taken along those paths. + +Typically the last two elements, the paths and the elided branch hashes, are lumped together and referred to as the ''proof''. + +Serialization begins with a variable-length integer (VarInt) used to encode N, the number of internal nodes in the proof. +Next the structure of the tree is traversed using depth-first, left-to-right, pre-order algorithm to visit each internal nodes, which are serialized using a packed 3-bit representation for the configuration of each node, consuming <code>(3*N + 7) / 8</code> bytes. +Then the number skipped hashes (those included in the proof, not verified by the proof) is serialized as a variable-length integer (VarInt), +followed by the hashes themselves in the order previously traversed. + +There are eight possible configurations of internal nodes, as given in the following diagram: + +:: [[File:bip-0098/node-variants.png]] + +In this diagram, DESCEND means the branch links to another internal node, as indicated by its child graph elements labeled "..."; +SKIP means the branch contains a hash of an elided subtree or element, and the fast-SHA256 root hash of this subtree or double-SHA256 hash of the element is included in the proof structure; and +VERIFY means the branch contains an externally provided hash that is needed as witness for the verification of the proof. +In tabular form, these code values are: + +{| class="wikitable" +|- +| scope="col"| Code +| scope="col"| Left +| scope="col"| Right +|- +| scope="row"| 000 +| VERIFY +| SKIP +|- +| scope="row"| 001 +| VERIFY +| VERIFY +|- +| scope="row"| 010 +| VERIFY +| DESCEND +|- +| scope="row"| 011 +| DESCEND +| SKIP +|- +| scope="row"| 100 +| DESCEND +| VERIFY +|- +| scope="row"| 101 +| DESCEND +| DESCEND +|- +| scope="row"| 110 +| SKIP +| VERIFY +|- +| scope="row"| 111 +| SKIP +| DESCEND +|} + +These 3-bit codes are packed into a byte array such that eight (8) codes would fit in every three (3) bytes. +The order of filling a byte begins with the most significant bit <code>0x80</code> and ends with the least significant bit <code>0x01</code>. +Unless the number of inner nodes is a multiple of eight (8), there will be excess low-order bits in the final byte of serialization. +These excess bits must be zero. + +Note that the tree serialization is self-segmenting. +By tracking tree structure a proof reader will know when the parser has reached the last internal node. +The number of inner nodes serialized in the proof MUST equal the number of nodes inferred from the tree structure itself. +Similarly, the number of SKIP hashes can also be inferred from the tree structure as serialized, and MUST equal the number of hashes provided within the proof. + +The single-hash proof has N=0 (the number of inner nodes), +the tree structure is not serialized (as there are no inner nodes), +and the number of SKIP hashes can be either 0 or 1. + +===Example=== + +Consider the following Merkle tree structure: + +:: [[File:bip-0098/traversal-example.png]] + +There are six (6) internal nodes. +The depth-first, left-to-right, pre-order traversal of the tree visits these nodes in the following order: A, B, D, F, C, then E. +There are three (3) skipped hashes, visited in the following order: 0x00..., 0x66..., and 0x22... +The remaining four (4) hashes are provided at runtime to be verified by the proof. + +{| +| scope="col"| +| scope="col"| Byte 1 +| scope="col"| Byte 2 +| scope="col"| Byte 3 +|- +| scope="row"| Bits +| 76543210 +| 76543210 +| 76543210 +|- +| scope="row"| Nodes +| AAABBBDD +| DFFFCCCE +| EE------ +|- +| scope="row"| Code +| 10111101 +| 10000100 +| 01000000 +|} + +The serialization begins with the VarInt encoded number of inner nodes, <code>0x06</code>, followed by the tree serialization itself, <code>0xbd8440</code>. +Next the number of SKIP hashes is VarInt encoded, <code>0x03</code>, followed by the three (3) hashes in sequence. +The resulting 101 byte proof, encoded in base64:. + + Br2EQAMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGZmZmZmZmZmZmZmZmZmZmZmZmZm + ZmZmZmZmZmZmZmZmREREREREREREREREREREREREREREREREREREREREREQ= + +===Rationale=== + +The 3-bit encoding for inner nodes allows encoding all relevant configurations of the nodes where the left and right branches can each be one of {DESCEND, SKIP, VERIFY}. +The excluded 9th possibility would have both branches as SKIP: + +:: [[File:bip-0098/skip-skip.png]] + +This possibility is not allowed as for verification purposes it is entirely equivalent to the shorter proof where the branch to that node was SKIP'ed. +Disallowing a node with two SKIP branches eliminates what would otherwise be a source of proof malleability. + +The number of hashing operations required to verify a proof is one less than the number of hashes (SKIP and VERIFY combined), +and is exactly equal to the number of inner nodes serialized as the beginning of the proof as N. +The variable-length integer encoding has the property that serialized integers, sorted lexigraphically, will also be sorted numerically. +Since the first serialized item is the number of inner nodes, sorting proofs lexigraphically has the effect of sorting the proofs by the amount of work required to verify. + +The number of hashes required as input for verification of a proof is N+1 minus the number of SKIP hashes, +and can be quickly calculated without parsing the tree structure. + +The coding and packing rules for the serialized tree structure were also chosen to make lexigraphical comparison useful (or at least not meaningless). +If we consider a fully-expanded tree (no SKIP hashes, all VERIFY) to be encoding a list of elements in the order traversed depth-first from left-to-right, +then we can extract proofs for subsets of the list by SKIP'ing the hashes of missing values and recursively pruning any resulting SKIP,SKIP nodes. +Lexigraphically comparing the resulting serialized tree structures is the same as lexigraphically comparing lists of indices from the original list verified by the derived proof. + +Because the number of inner nodes and the number of SKIP hashes is extractible from the tree structure, +both variable-length integers in the proof are redundant and could have been omitted. +However that would require either construction and storage of the explicit tree in memory at deserialization time, +or duplication of the relatively complicated tree parsing code in both the serialization and verification methods. +For that reason (as well as to handle the single-hash edge case) the redundant inner node and SKIP hash counts are made explicit in the serialization, +and the two values must match what is inferred from the tree structure for a proof to be valid. +This makes deserialization trivial and defers tree construction until verification time, +which has the additional benefit of enabling log-space verification algorithms. + +==Fast Merkle Lists== + +Many applications use a Merkle tree to provide indexing of, or compact membership proofs about the elements in a list. +This addendum specifies an algorithm that constructs a canonical balanced tree structure for lists of various lengths. +It differs in a subtle but important way from the algorithm used by Satoshi so as to structurally prevent the vulnerability described in [1]. + +# Begin with a list of arbitrary data strings. +# Pre-process the list by replacing each element with its double-SHA256 hash. +# If the list is empty, return the zero hash. +# While the list has 2 or more elements, +#* Pass through the list combining adjacent entries with the fast-SHA256 hash. If the list has an odd number of elements, leave the last element as-is (this fixes [1]). This step reduces a list of N elements to ceil(N/2) entries. +# The last remaining item in the list is the Merkle root. + +This algorithm differs from Merkle lists used in bitcoin in two ways. +First, fast-SHA256 is used instead of double-SHA256 for inner node labels. +Second, final entries on an odd-length list are not duplicated and hashed, which is the mistake that led to CVE-2012-2459[1]. + +==Implementation== + +An implementation of this BIP for extraction of Merkle branches and fast, log-space Merkle branch validation is available at the following Github repository: + +[https://github.com/maaku/bitcoin/tree/fast-merkle-tree] + +Also included in this repo is a 'merklebranch' RPC for calculating root values and extracting inclusion proofs for both arbitrary trees and trees constructed from lists of values using the algorithm in this BIP, +and a 'mergemerklebranch' RPC for unifying two or more fast Merkle tree inclusion proofs--replacing SKIP hashes in one proof with a subtree extracted from another. + +==Deployment== + +This BIP is used by BIP116 (MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY)[4] to add Merkle inclusion proof verification to script by means of a soft-fork NOP expansion opcode. +Deployment of MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY would make the contents of this BIP consensus critical. +The deployment plan for BIP116 is covered in the text of that BIP. + +==Compatibility== + +This BIP on its own does not cause any backwards incompatibility. + +==References== + +[1] [https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2012-2459 National Vulnerability Database: CVE-2012-2459] + +[2] [https://github.com/sipa/bitcoin/tree/201709_dsha256_64 github.com:sipa/bitcoin 201709_dsha256_64] Pieter Wuille, September 2017, personal communication. By making use of knowledge that the inputs at each stage are fixed length, Mr. Wuille was able to achieve a 22.7% reduction in the time it takes to compute the double-SHA256 hash of 64 bytes of data, the hash aggregation function of the Satoshi Merkle tree construction. + +[3] [http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/NIST.FIPS.180-4.pdf Secure Hash Standard] + +[4] [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0116.mediawiki BIP 116 MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY] diff --git a/bip-0098/build.sh b/bip-0098/build.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000..a8a3155 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0098/build.sh @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +#!/bin/sh + +dot -Tpng -o node-variants.png node-variants.dot +dot -Tpng -o skip-skip.png skip-skip.dot +dot -Tpng -o traversal-example.png traversal-example.dot +dot -Tpng -o unbalanced-hash-tree.png unbalanced-hash-tree.dot diff --git a/bip-0098/node-variants.dot b/bip-0098/node-variants.dot new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7171346 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0098/node-variants.dot @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +digraph G { + row1 [shape=none, label=""] + + A [label="000"] + A -> Al [label="L"] + Al [label="VERIFY"] + A -> Ar [label="R"] + Ar [label="SKIP"] + + B [label="001"] + B -> Bl [label="L"] + Bl [label="VERIFY"] + B -> Br [label="R"] + Br [label="VERIFY"] + + { rank = same; row1; A; B; } + + C [label="010"] + C -> Cl [label="L"] + Cl [label="VERIFY"] + C -> Cr [label="R"] + Cr [label="DESCEND"] + Cr -> Crl + Crl [label="..."] + Cr -> Crr + Crr [label="..."] + + D [label="011"] + D -> Dl [label="L"] + Dl [label="DESCEND"] + Dl -> Dll + Dll [label="..."] + Dl -> Dlr + Dlr [label="..."] + D -> Dr [label="R"] + Dr [label="SKIP"] + + E [label="100"] + E -> El [label="L"] + El [label="DESCEND"] + El -> Ell + Ell [label="..."] + El -> Elr + Elr [label="..."] + E -> Er [label="R"] + Er [label="VERIFY"] + + row1 -> invis [style=invis] + invis [shape=none, label=""] + invis -> C [style=invis] + { rank = same; C; D; E; } + + F [label="101"] + F -> Fl [label="L"] + Fl [label="DESCEND"] + Fl -> Fll + Fll [label="..."] + Fl -> Flr + Flr [label="..."] + F -> Fr [label="R"] + Fr [label="DESCEND"] + Fr -> Frl + Frl [label="..."] + Fr -> Frr + Frr [label="..."] + + G [label="110"] + G -> Gl [label="L"] + Gl [label="SKIP"] + G -> Gr [label="R"] + Gr [label="VERIFY"] + + H [label="111"] + H -> Hl [label="L"] + Hl [label="SKIP"] + H -> Hr [label="R"] + Hr [label="DESCEND"] + Hr -> Hrl + Hrl [label="..."] + Hr -> Hrr + Hrr [label="..."] + + Crl -> F [style=invis] + { rank = same; F; G; H; } +} diff --git a/bip-0098/node-variants.png b/bip-0098/node-variants.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..991d7bc --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0098/node-variants.png diff --git a/bip-0098/skip-skip.dot b/bip-0098/skip-skip.dot new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e633d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0098/skip-skip.dot @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +digraph G { + A [label="???"] + A -> Al [label="L"] + Al [label="SKIP"] + A -> Ar [label="R"] + Ar [label="SKIP"] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/bip-0098/skip-skip.png b/bip-0098/skip-skip.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d3e7c45 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0098/skip-skip.png diff --git a/bip-0098/traversal-example.dot b/bip-0098/traversal-example.dot new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2993642 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0098/traversal-example.dot @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +digraph G { + a [label="A\n101"] + a -> b + a -> c + + b [label="B\n111"] + b -> s0 + s0 [label="SKIP\n0x00..."] + b -> d + + d [label="D\n011"] + d -> f + d -> s1 + s1 [label="SKIP\n0x22..."] + + f [label="F\n000"] + f -> v1 + v1 [label="VERIFY\n0x55..."] + f -> s2 + s2 [label="SKIP\n0x66..."] + + c [label="C\n010"] + c -> v2 + v2 [label="VERIFY\n0x11..."] + c -> e + + e [label="E\n001"] + e -> v3 + v3 [label="VERIFY\n0x33..."] + e -> v4 + v4 [label="VERIFY\n0x44..."] +} diff --git a/bip-0098/traversal-example.png b/bip-0098/traversal-example.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a6a7954 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0098/traversal-example.png diff --git a/bip-0098/unbalanced-hash-tree.dot b/bip-0098/unbalanced-hash-tree.dot new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c637652 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0098/unbalanced-hash-tree.dot @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +digraph G { + 0 [label="Root\nH(A || H(B || C))"] + 0 -> A + A [label="A\nskip"] + 0 -> 1 + 1 [label="Node\nH(B || C)"] + 1 -> B + B [label="B\nskip"] + 1 -> C + C [label="C\nverify"] +} diff --git a/bip-0098/unbalanced-hash-tree.png b/bip-0098/unbalanced-hash-tree.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..339bb22 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0098/unbalanced-hash-tree.png diff --git a/bip-0099.mediawiki b/bip-0099.mediawiki index cbde553..8882e00 100644 --- a/bip-0099.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0099.mediawiki @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Author: Jorge Timón <jtimon@jtimon.cc> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0099 - Status: Draft + Status: Rejected Type: Informational Created: 2015-06-20 License: PD @@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ unnecessary. Fundamental disagreements and controversies are part of social systems, like the one defined as the human participants in the Bitcoin network. Without judging the motivation of the rule discrepancies or -what rules were in place first, we're definining schism[1] hardforks as +what rules were in place first, we're defining schism[1] hardforks as those in which - for whatever reason - users are consiously going to validate 2 different sets of consensus rules. Since they will validate different rulesets, they will end up following 2 different chains for at least diff --git a/bip-0100.mediawiki b/bip-0100.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aaf6beb --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0100.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 100 + Layer: Consensus (hard fork) + Title: Dynamic maximum block size by miner vote + Author: Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@gmail.com> + Tom Harding <tomh@thinlink.com> + Dagur Valberg Johannsson <dagurval@pvv.ntnu.no> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0100 + Status: Rejected + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2015-06-11 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +Replace the static 1M block size hard limit with a hard limit set by coinbase vote, conducted on the same schedule as difficulty retargeting. + +==Motivation== + +Miners directly feel the effects, both positive and negative, of any maximum block size change imposed by their peers. Larger blocks allow more growth in the on-chain ecosystem, while smaller blocks reduce resource requirements network-wide. Miners also act as an efficient proxy for the rest of the ecosystem, since they are paid in the tokens collected for the blocks they create. + +A simple deterministic system is specified, whereby a 75% mining supermajority may activate a change to the maximum block size each 2016 blocks. Each change is limited to a 5% increase from the previous block size hard limit, or a decrease of similar magnitude. Among adopting nodes, there will be no disagreement on the evolution of the maximum block size. + +The system is compatible with emergent consensus, but whereas under that system a miner may choose to accept any size block, a miner following BIP100 observes the 75% supermajority rule, and the 5% change limit rule. Excessive-block values signaled by emergent consensus blocks are considered in the calculation of the BIP100 block size hard limit, and the BIP100 calculated maximum block size is signaled as an excessive-block value for the benefit of all observers. + +==Specification== + +===Dynamic Maximum Block Size=== +# Initial value of <code>hardLimit</code> is 1000000 bytes, preserving current system. +# Changing <code>hardLimit</code> is accomplished by encoding a proposed value, a vote, within a block's coinbase scriptSig, and by processing the votes contained in the previous retargeting period.<br /><br /> +## Vote encoding +### A vote is represented as a megabyte value using the BIP100 pattern<br /><br /><code>/BIP100/B[0-9]+/</code><br /><br />Example: <code>/BIP100/B8/</code> is a vote for a 8000000-byte <code>hardLimit</code>.<br /><br /> +### If the block height is encoded at the start of the coinbase scriptSig, as per BIP34, it is ignored. +### Only the first BIP100 pattern match is processed in "Maximum block size recalculation" below. +### A megabyte value is represented by consecutive base-ten digits. +### If no BIP100 pattern is matched, the first matching emergent consensus pattern <code>/EB[0-9]+/</code>, if any, is accepted as the megabyte vote.<br /><br /> +## Maximum block size recalculation +### A <code>new hardLimit</code> is calculated after each difficulty adjustment period of 2016 blocks, and applies to the next 2016 blocks. +### Absent/zero-valued votes are counted as votes for the <code>current hardLimit</code>. +### The votes of the previous 2016 blocks are sorted by megabyte vote. +### Raising <code>hardLimit</code><br /><br /> +#### The <code>raise value</code> is defined as the vote of the 1512th highest block, converted to bytes. +#### If the resultant <code>raise value</code> is greater than (<code>current hardLimit</code> * 1.05) rounded down, it is set to that value. +#### If the resultant <code>raise value</code> is greater than <code>current hardLimit</code>, the <code>raise value</code> becomes the <code>new hardLimit</code> and the recalculation is complete.<br /><br /> +### Lowering <code>hardLimit</code><br /><br /> +#### The <code>lower value</code> is defined as the vote of the 1512th lowest block, converted to bytes. +#### If the resultant <code>lower value</code> is less than (<code>current hardLimit</code> / 1.05) rounded down, it is set to that value. +#### If the resultant <code>lower value</code> is less than <code>current hardLimit</code>, the <code>lower value</code> becomes the <code>new hardLimit</code> and the recalculation is complete.<br /><br /> +### Otherwise, <code>new hardLimit</code> remains the same as <code>current hardLimit</code>. + +===Signature Hashing Operations Limits=== +# The per-block signature hashing operations limit is scaled to (actual block size, fractional megabyte rounded to next higher megabyte) / 50. +# A maximum serialized transaction size of 1000000 bytes is imposed. + +==Recommendations== + +===Publication of <code>hardLimit</code>=== +# For the benefit of all observers, it is recommended that <code>hardLimit</code> be published. Example: a complete coinbase string might read <br /><br /><code>/BIP100/B8/EB2.123456/</code><br /><br /> which indicates a vote for 8M maximum block size, and an enforced <code>hardLimit</code> of 2.123456 megabytes for the block containing the coinbase string. + +==Deployment== + +This BIP is presumed deployed and activated as of block height 449568 by implementing nodes on the bitcoin mainnet. It has no effect until a raise value different from 1M is observed, which requires at least 1512 of 2016 blocks to vote differently from 1M. + +==Backward compatibility== + +The first block larger than 1M will create a network partition, as nodes with a fixed 1M hard limit reject that block. + +==Implementations== +https://github.com/bitcoinxt/bitcoinxt/pull/188</br> +https://github.com/bitcoinxt/bitcoin/pull/1</br> +https://github.com/BitcoinUnlimited/BitcoinUnlimited/pull/398</br> + +==Copyright== +This document is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license. + diff --git a/bip-0102.mediawiki b/bip-0102.mediawiki index ed6b4e3..5a2c91a 100644 --- a/bip-0102.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0102.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@gmail.com> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0102 - Status: Draft + Status: Rejected Type: Standards Track Created: 2015-06-23 </pre> diff --git a/bip-0103.mediawiki b/bip-0103.mediawiki index 36bb87f..3a8bab5 100644 --- a/bip-0103.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0103.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Pieter Wuille <pieter.wuille@gmail.com> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0103 - Status: Draft + Status: Withdrawn Type: Standards Track Created: 2015-07-21 License: BSD-2-Clause @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Using a time-based check is very simple to implement, needs little context, is e ==Compatibility== -This is a hard forking change, thus breaks compatbility with old fully-validating node. It should not be deployed without widespread consensus. +This is a hard forking change, thus breaks compatibility with old fully-validating node. It should not be deployed without widespread consensus. ==Acknowledgements== diff --git a/bip-0104.mediawiki b/bip-0104.mediawiki index 00db9a3..1244b3e 100644 --- a/bip-0104.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0104.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: t.khan <teekhan42@gmail.com> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0104 - Status: Draft + Status: Rejected Type: Standards Track Created: 2017-01-13 License: BSD-2-Clause diff --git a/bip-0105.mediawiki b/bip-0105.mediawiki index 125d852..3643562 100644 --- a/bip-0105.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0105.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: BtcDrak <btcdrak@gmail.com> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0105 - Status: Draft + Status: Rejected Type: Standards Track Created: 2015-08-21 License: PD diff --git a/bip-0106.mediawiki b/bip-0106.mediawiki index 399c725..193d4cd 100644 --- a/bip-0106.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0106.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Upal Chakraborty <bitcoin@upalc.com> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0106 - Status: Draft + Status: Rejected Type: Standards Track Created: 2015-08-24 </pre> @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ https://blockchain.info/charts/avg-block-size?timespan=all&showDataPoints=false& ==Rationale== -These two proposals have been derived after discussion on [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1154536.0 BitcoinTalk] and [http://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2015-August/010285.html bitcoin-dev mailing list]. The original idea and its evolution in the light of various arguements can be found [http://upalc.com/maxblocksize.php here]. +These two proposals have been derived after discussion on [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1154536.0 BitcoinTalk] and [http://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2015-August/010285.html bitcoin-dev mailing list]. The original idea and its evolution in the light of various arguments can be found [http://upalc.com/maxblocksize.php here]. ===Proposal 1 : Depending only on previous block size calculation=== diff --git a/bip-0107.mediawiki b/bip-0107.mediawiki index 84cd6a6..b82db61 100644 --- a/bip-0107.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0107.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Washington Y. Sanchez <washington.sanchez@gmail.com> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0107 - Status: Draft + Status: Rejected Type: Standards Track Created: 2015-09-11 License: PD diff --git a/bip-0112.mediawiki b/bip-0112.mediawiki index 65171a4..63a7797 100644 --- a/bip-0112.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0112.mediawiki @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ When executed, if any of the following conditions are true, the script interpret ** the transaction version is less than 2; or ** the transaction input sequence number disable flag (1 << 31) is set; or ** the relative lock-time type is not the same; or -** the top stack item is greater than the transaction sequence (when masked according to the BIP68); +** the top stack item is greater than the transaction input sequence (when masked according to the BIP68); Otherwise, script execution will continue as if a NOP had been executed. @@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ Thanks to Eric Lombrozo and Anthony Towns for contributing example use cases. [http://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2015-August/010396.html Softfork deployment considerations] -[https://gist.github.com/sipa/bf69659f43e763540550 Version bits] +[https://web.archive.org/web/20210925124425/https://gist.github.com/sipa/bf69659f43e763540550 Version bits] [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2013-April/002433.html Jeremy Spilman Micropayment Channels] diff --git a/bip-0114.mediawiki b/bip-0114.mediawiki index 21d0b6c..410e84c 100644 --- a/bip-0114.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0114.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Johnson Lau <jl2012@xbt.hk> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0114 - Status: Draft + Status: Rejected Type: Standards Track Created: 2016-04-02 License: PD diff --git a/bip-0115.mediawiki b/bip-0115.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8bc90f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0115.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 115 + Layer: Consensus (soft fork) + Title: Generic anti-replay protection using Script + Author: Luke Dashjr <luke+bip@dashjr.org> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0115 + Status: Rejected + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2016-09-23 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This BIP describes a new opcode (<code>OP_CHECKBLOCKATHEIGHT</code>) for the Bitcoin scripting system that allows construction of transactions which are valid only on specific blockchains. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license. + +==Specification== + +<code>OP_CHECKBLOCKATHEIGHT</code> redefines the existing <code>OP_NOP5</code> opcode. + +When this opcode is executed: + +* If the stack has fewer than 2 elements, the script fails. +* If the top item on the stack cannot be interpreted as a minimal-length 32-bit CScriptNum, the script fails. +* The top item on the stack is interpreted as a block height (ParamHeight). +* If the blockchain (in the context of the execution) does not have ParamHeight blocks prior to the one including this transaction, the script fails (this failure must not be cached across blocks; it is equivalent to non-final status). +* If ParamHeight specifies a block deeper than 52596 blocks in the chain (including negative values), the opcode completes successfully and script continues as normal. +* The second-to-top item on the stack is interpreted as a block hash (ParamBlockHash). +* If ParamBlockHash is longer than 28 bytes, the script fails. +* If ParamBlockHash does not match the equivalent ending bytes of the block hash specified by ParamHeight, the script fails. + +Otherwise, script execution will continue as if a NOP had been executed. + +===Deployment=== + +This BIP will be deployed by "version bits" [[bip-0009.mediawiki|BIP9]] with the '''name''' "cbah" and using '''bit''' TBD. + +For Bitcoin '''mainnet''', the BIP9 '''starttime''' will be TBD (Epoch timestamp TBD) and BIP9 '''timeout''' will be TBD (Epoch timestamp TBD). + +For Bitcoin '''mainnet''', the BIP9 '''starttime''' will be TBD (Epoch timestamp TBD) and BIP9 '''timeout''' will be TBD (Epoch timestamp TBD). + +==Motivation== + +===Securely recovering from double spends=== + +In some circumstances, users may wish to spend received bitcoins before they have confirmed on the blockchain (Tx B1). +However, if the transaction sending them those bitcoins (Tx A1) is double-spent, the wallet must re-issue their own transaction spending them (Tx B2). +So long as the double-spend of the incoming transaction (Tx A2) also pays the wallet, this can be managed by simply updating the outgoing transaction with the new outpoint and resigning. +However, if the double-spend does not pay the wallet, the situation is presently irrecoverable: +it must spend different, non-conflicting TXOs in Tx B2, which allows an attacker to then reorganise the chain (reversing the incoming transaction's double-spend) and confirm both of his transactions Tx B1 and Tx B2. + +By adding <code>OP_CHECKBLOCKATHEIGHT</code>, the wallet can issue Tx B2 with a condition that the block confirming Tx A2 is in the history, thus eliminating this risk. + +===Replay protection in the event of a persistent blockchain split=== + +In the event of a persistent blockchain split, some mechanism is desired by which the UTXOs valid in either chain may be spent without the transaction being validly replayable on the other chain. + +This can be guaranteed by choosing a block which exists only on either side of the split, and pinning (using <code>OP_CHECKBLOCKATHEIGHT</code>) common UTXOs to be spent only on chains based on that block. + +==Best practices for wallets== + +To avoid unnecessary conflicts when a chain is reorganized, wallets should always avoid specifying the last 100 blocks when practical. +Wallets that use recent blocks when unavoidable SHOULD actively monitor the network and re-create transactions that are reorganised out with updated block hashes. +Unless it conflicts with local/user security policies, wallets SHOULD retain the private key in memory to re-sign such transactions until the pinned block is at least 100 blocks deep into the chain. + +For ordinary usage, wallets SHOULD specify the ParamBlockHash as 16 bytes. + +==Rationale== + +How is this different from the transaction's lock-time? + +* The lock-time specifies a time or block height before a transaction becomes valid. <code>OP_CHECKBLOCKATHEIGHT</code>, on the other hand, specifies a specific block's hash. + +Why are block heights required to be absolute, rather than relative? + +* A relative block height would allow for creation of transactions which are valid at block N, but not N+1. This is carefully avoided by Bitcoin to ensure that if any given block is reorganised out, non-malicious transactions can be simply re-confirmed in a later block. + +Why are blocks older than 52596 deep in the chain not verified? + +* This is to avoid creating an infinite storage requirement from all full nodes which would be necessary to maintain all the block headers indefinitely. 52596 block headers requires a fixed size of approximately 4 MB. +* In any case where you might want to specify a deeper block, you can also just as well specify a more recent one that descends from it. +* It is assumed that 1 year is sufficient time to double-spend any common UTXOs on all blockchains of interest. +* If a deeper check is needed, it can be softforked in. Making the check more shallow, on the other hand, is a hardfork. + +Why is ParamBlockHash allowed to match less than the full block hash? + +* In a chain split, it is sufficient to check only a few bytes to avoid replay. +* In all scenarios, it is likely sufficient to check only a minority of the full hash to avoid any realistic chance of replay. +* Allowing less than the full hash to be specified saves space in transaction data. +* Using a single byte can be combined with other opcodes (such as <code>OP_LESSTHAN</code>) to enable on-chain gambling logic. + +What if ParamBlockHash has leading zeros? Should this be prevented? + +* If leading zeros are included, they should be compared to the actual block hash. (If they were truncated, fewer bytes would be compared.) +* It is unlikely that the leading zeros will ever be necessary for sufficient precision, so the additional space is not a concern. +* Since all block hashes are in principle shorter than than 29 bytes, ParamBlockHash may not be larger than 28 bytes. + +Why is it safe to allow checking blocks as recently as the immediate previous block? + +* This should only be used when necessary (ie, the deeper block is not sufficient), and when the wallet can actively issue updates should the blockchain reorganise. +* While this allows intentionally creating a transaction which may be invalid in a reorganization, the same can already be accomplished by creating double spends. + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +<code>OP_NOP5</code> ought to be forbidden by policy by all miners for future extensions such as this, so old miners will under no circumstances produce blocks which would now be considered invalid under the new rules. +However, miners must still upgrade to avoid accepting and building on top of such a possible invalid block as part of an attack. + +Old nodes will likely also not relay transactions using this opcode for the same extensibility reasons, but this is not important since the rule cannot be verified deterministically outside the context of a block. + +==Reference Implementation== + +https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/compare/master...luke-jr:cbah diff --git a/bip-0116.mediawiki b/bip-0116.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..86b0f9a --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0116.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 116 + Layer: Consensus (soft fork) + Title: MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY + Author: Mark Friedenbach <mark@friedenbach.org> + Kalle Alm <kalle.alm@gmail.com> + BtcDrak <btcdrak@gmail.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0116 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2017-08-25 + License: CC-BY-SA-4.0 + License-Code: MIT +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +A general approach to bitcoin contracts is to fully enumerate the possible spending conditions and then program verification of these conditions into a single script. +At redemption, the spending condition used is explicitly selected, e.g. by pushing a value on the witness stack which cascades through a series if if/else constructs. + +This approach has significant downsides, such as requiring all program pathways to be visible in the scriptPubKey or redeem script, even those which are not used at validation. +This wastes space on the block chain, restricts the size of possible scripts due to push limits, and impacts both privacy and fungibility as details of the contract can often be specific to the user. + +This BIP proposes a new soft-fork upgradeable opcode, MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY, which allows script writers to commit to a set of data elements and have one or more of these elements be provided at redemption without having to reveal the entire set. +As these data elements can be used to encode policy, such as public keys or validation subscripts, the MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY opcode can be used to overcome these limitations of existing bitcoin script. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. All provided source code is licensed under the MIT license. + +==Specification== + +MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY redefines the existing NOP4 opcode. +When executed, if any of the following conditions are true, the script interpreter will terminate with an error: + +# the stack contains less than three (3) items; +# the first item on the stack is more than 2 bytes; +# the first item on the stack, interpreted as an integer, N, is negative or not minimally encoded; +# the second item on the stack is not exactly 32 bytes; +# the third item on the stack is not a serialized Merkle tree inclusion proof as specified by BIP98[1] and requiring exactly <code>floor(N/2)</code> VERIFY hashes; or +# the remainder of the stack contains less than <code>floor(N/2)</code> additional items, together referred to as the input stack elements. + +If the low-order bit of N is clear, <code>N&1 == 0</code>, each input stack element is hashed using double-SHA256. +Otherwise, each element must be exactly 32 bytes in length and are interpreted as serialized hashes. +These are the VERIFY hashes. + +If the fast Merkle root computed from the Merkle tree inclusion proof, the third item on the stack, +with the VERIFY hashes in the order as presented on the stack, from top to bottom, +does not exactly match the second item on the stack, +the script interpreter will terminate with an error. + +Otherwise, script execution will continue as if a NOP had been executed. + +==Motivation== + +Although BIP16 (Pay to Script Hash)[2] and BIP141 (Segregated Witness)[3] both allow the redeem script to be kept out of the scriptPubKey and therefore out of the UTXO set, the entire spending conditions for a coin must nevertheless be revealed when that coin is spent. +This includes execution pathways or policy conditions which end up not being needed by the redemption. +Not only is it inefficient to require this unnecessary information to be present on the blockchain, albeit in the witness, it also impacts privacy and fungibility as some unused script policies may be identifying. +Using a Merkle hash tree to commit to the policy options, and then only forcing revelation of the policy used at redemption minimizes this information leakage. + +Using Merkle hash trees to commit to policy allows for considerably more complex contracts than would would otherwise be possible, due to various built-in script size and runtime limitations. +With Merkle commitments to policy these size and runtime limitations constrain the complexity of any one policy that can be used rather than the sum of all possible policies. + +==Rationale== + +The MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY opcode uses fast Merkle hash trees as specified by BIP98[1] rather than the construct used by Satoshi for committing transactions to the block header as the later has a known vulnerability relating to duplicate entries that introduces a source of malleability to downstream protocols[4]. +A source of malleability in Merkle proofs could potentially lead to spend vulnerabilities in protocols that use MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY. +For example, a compact 2-of-N policy could be written by using MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY to prove that two keys are extracted from the same tree, one at a time, then checking the proofs for bitwise equality to make sure the same entry wasn't used twice. +With the vulnerable Merkle tree implementation there are privledged positions in unbalanced Merkle trees that allow multiple proofs to be constructed for the same, single entry. + +BIP141 (Segregated Witness)[3] provides support for a powerful form of script upgrades called script versioning, which is able to achieve the sort of upgrades which would previously have been hard-forks. +If script versioning were used for deployment then MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY could be written to consume its inputs, which would provide a small 2-byte savings for many anticipated use cases. +However the more familiar NOP-expansion soft-fork mechanism used by BIP65 (CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY)[5] and BIP112 (CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY)[6] was chosen over script versioning for the following two reasons: + +# '''Infrastructure compatibility.''' Using soft-fork NOP extensions allows MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY to be used by any existing software able to consume custom scripts, and results in standard P2SH or P2WSH-nested-in-P2SH addresses without the need for BIP143[7] signing code. This allows MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY to be used immediately by services that need it rather than wait on support for script versioning and/or BIP-143[7] signatures in tools and libraries. +# '''Delayed decision on script upgrade protocol.''' There are unresolved issues with respect to how script versioning should be used for future script upgrades. There are only 16 available script versions reserved for future use, and so they should be treated as a scarce resource. Additionally, script feature versioning should arguably be specified in the witness and the BIP141 script versioning only be used to specify the structure of the witness, however no such protocol exists as of yet. Using the NOP-expansion space prevents MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY from being stalled due to waiting on script upgrade procedure to be worked out, while making use of expansion space that is already available. + +The MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY opcode allows for VERIFY hashes to be presented directly, or calculated from the leaf values using double-SHA256. +In most cases the latter approach is expected to be used so that the leaf value(s) can be used for both branch validation and other purposes without any explicit preprocessing. +However allowing already-calculated hash values as inputs enables using chained MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY opcodes to verify branches of trees with proofs large enough that they would not fit in the 520 byte script push limitation. +As specified, a 30-branch path can be verified by proving the path from the leaf to the 15th interior node as the 'root', then proving that node's hash to be a child of the actual Merkle tree root hash. +Validation of a 256-branch path (e.g. a binary prefix tree with a hash value as key) would require 18 chained validations, which would fit within current script limitations. + +==Applications== + +===1-of-N for large N=== + +Here is a redeem script that allows a coin to be spent by any key from a large set, without linear scaling in script size: + + redeemScript: <root> 2 MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY 2DROP DROP CHECKSIG + witness: <sig> <pubkey> <proof> + +The redeem script looks very similar to the standard pay-to-pubkey-hash, except instead of showing that the pubkey's hash is the same as the commitment given, we demonstrate that the pubkey is one of potentially many pubkeys included in the Merkle tree committed to in the redeem script. +The low-order bit of the first parameter, 2, is clear, meaning that there is one input (<code>(2>>1) == 1</code>), the serialized pubkey, and its VERIFY hash needs to be calculated by MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY using double-SHA256. + +===Honeypots=== + +As described by Pieter Wuille[8] the 1-of-N scheme is particularly useful for constructing honeypots. +The desire is to put a large bounty on a server, larger than the value of the server itself so that if the server is compromised it is highly likely that the hacker will claim the bitcoin, thereby revealing the intrusion. +However if there are many servers, e.g. 1,000, it becomes excessively expensive to lock up separate bounties for each server. +It would be desirable if the same bounty was shared across multiple servers in such a way that the spend would reveal which server was compromised. + +This is accomplished by generating 1,000 different keys, building a hash tree of these public keys, and placing each key and associated Merkle path on separate servers. +When the honeypot is claimed, the (previous) owner of the coins can tell which server was compromised from the key and path used to claim the funds. + +==Implementation== + +An implementation of this BIP, including both consensus code updates and tests is available at the following Github repository: + +[https://github.com/maaku/bitcoin/tree/merkle-branch-verify] + +==Deployment== + +This BIP will be deployed by BIP8 (Version bits with lock-in by height)[9] with the name "merklebranchverify" and using bit 2. + +For Bitcoin mainnet, the BIP8 startheight will be at height M to be determined and BIP8 timeout activation will occur on height M + 50,400 blocks. + +For Bitcoin testnet, the BIP8 startheight will be at height T to be determined and BIP8 timeout activation will occur on height T + 50,400 blocks. + +We note that DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS means that transactions which use this feature are already considered non-standard by the rules of the network, making deployment easier than was the case with, for example, with BIP68 (Relative lock-time using consensus-enforced sequence numbers)[9]. + +==Compatibility== + +Old clients will consider the OP_MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY as a NOP and ignore it. Proof will not be verified, but the transaction will be accepted. + +==References== + +[1] [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0098.mediawiki BIP98: Fast Merkle Trees (Consensus layer)] + +[2] [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki BIP16: Pay to Script Hash] + +[3] [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0141.mediawiki BIP141: Segregated Witness (Consensus layer)] + +[4] [https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2012-2459 National Vulnerability Database: CVE-2012-2459] + +[5] [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0065.mediawiki BIP65: OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY] + +[6] [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0112.mediawiki BIP112: CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY] + +[7] [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0143.mediawiki BIP143: Transaction Signature Verification for Version 0 Witness Program] + +[8] [https://blockstream.com/2015/08/24/treesignatures.html Multisig on steroids using tree signatures] + +[9] [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0068.mediawiki BIP68: Relative lock-time using consensus-enforced sequence numbers] diff --git a/bip-0117.mediawiki b/bip-0117.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b5706e --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0117.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,196 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 117 + Layer: Consensus (soft fork) + Title: Tail Call Execution Semantics + Author: Mark Friedenbach <mark@friedenbach.org> + Kalle Alm <kalle.alm@gmail.com> + BtcDrak <btcdrak@gmail.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0117 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2017-08-25 + License: CC-BY-SA-4.0 + License-Code: MIT +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +BIP16 (Pay to Script Hash)[1] and BIP141 (Segregated Witness)[2] provide mechanisms by which script policy can be revealed at spend time as part of the execution witness. +In both cases only a single script can be committed to by the construct. +While useful for achieving the goals of these proposals, they still require that all policies be specified within the confine of a single script, regardless of whether the policies are needed at the time of spend. + +This BIP, in conjunction with BIP116 (MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY)[3] allows for a script to commit to a practically unbounded number of code pathways, and then reveal the actual code pathway used at spend time. +This achieves a form of generalized MAST[4] enabling decomposition of complex branching scripts into a set of non-branching flat execution pathways, committing to the entire set of possible pathways, and then revealing only the path used at spend time. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. All provided source code is licensed under the MIT license. + +==Specification== + +If, at the end of script execution: + +* the execution state is non-clean, meaning +*# the main stack has more than one item on it, or +*# the main stack has exactly one item and the alt-stack is not empty; +* the top-most element of the main stack evaluates as true when interpreted as a bool; and +* the top-most element is not a single byte or is outside the inclusive range of <code>0x51</code> to <code>0x60</code>, + +then that top-most element of the main stack is popped and interpreted as a serialized script and executed, +while the remaining elements of both stacks remain in place as inputs. + +If the above conditions hold except for the last one, such that: + +* the top-most element ''is'' a single byte within the inclusive range of <code>0x51</code> (<code>OP_1</code>, meaning N=2) to <code>0x60</code> (<code>OP_16</code>, meaning N=17); and +* other than this top-most element there are at least N additional elements on the main stack and alt stack combined, + +then the top-most element of the main stack is dropped, +and the N=2 (<code>0x51</code>) to 17 (<code>0x60</code>) further elements are popped from the main stack, +continuing from the alt stack if the main stack is exhausted, +and concatenated together in reverse order to form a serialized script, +which is then executed with the remaining elements of both stacks remaining in place as inputs. + +The presence of CHECKSIG or CHECKMULTISIG within the subscript do not count towards the global MAX_BLOCK_SIGOPS_COST limit, +and the number of non-push opcodes executed in the subscript is not limited by MAX_OPS_PER_SCRIPT. +Execution state, other than the above exceptions, carries over into the subscript, +and termination of the subscript terminates execution of the script as a whole. +This is known as execution with tail-call semantics. + +Only one such tail-call of a subscript is allowed per script execution context, and only from within a segwit redeem script. +Alternatively stated, neither evaluation of witness stack nor execution of the scriptPubKey or scriptSig or P2SH redeem script results in tail-call semantics. + +==Motivation== + +BIP16 (Pay to Script Hash)[1] and BIP141 (Segregated Witness)[2] allow delayed revelation of a script's policy until the time of spend. +However these approaches are limited in that only a single policy can be committed to in a given transaction output. +It is not possible to commit to multiple policies and then choose, at spend time, which to reveal. + +BIP116 (MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY)[3] allows multiple data elements to be committed to while only revealing those necessary at the time of spend. +The MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY opcode is only able to provide commitments to a preselected set of data values, and does not by itself allow for executing code. + +This BIP generalizes the approach of these prior methods by allowing the redeem script to perform any type of computation necessary to place the policy script on the stack. +The policy script is then executed from the top of the data stack in a way similar to how BIP16 and BIP141 enable redeem scripts to be executed from the top of the witness stack. +In particular, using MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY[3] in the scriptPubKey or redeem script allows selection of the policy script that contains only the necessary conditions for validation of the spend. +This is a form of generalized MAST[4] where a stage of precomputation splits a syntax tree into possible execution pathways, which are then enumerated and hashed into a Merkle tree of policy scripts. +At spend time membership in this tree of the provided policy script is proven before execution recurses into the policy script. + +==Rationale== + +This proposal is a soft-fork change to bitcoin's consensus rules because leaving a script that data-wise evaluates as true from its serialized form on the stack as execution terminates would result in the script validation returning true anyway. +Giving the subscript a chance to terminate execution is only further constraining the validation rules. +The only scripts which would evaluate as false are the empty script, or a script that does nothing more than push empty/zero values to the stack. +None of these scripts have any real-world utility, so excluding them to achieve soft-fork compatibility doesn't come with any downsides. + +By restricting ourselves to tail-call evaluation instead of a more general EVAL opcode we greatly simplify the implementation. +Tail-call semantics means that execution never returns to the calling script's context, and therefore no state needs to be saved or later restored. +The implementation is truly as simple as pulling the subscript off the stack, resetting a few state variables, and performing a jump back to the beginning of the script interpreter. + +The restriction to allow only one layer of tail-call recursion is admittedly limiting, however the technical challenges to supporting multi-layer tail-call recursion are significant. +A new metric would have to be developed to track script resource usage, for which transaction data witness size are only two factors. +This new weight would have to be relayed with transactions, used as the basis for fee calculation, validated in-line with transaction execution, and policy decided upon for DoS-banning peers that propagate violating transactions. + +However should these problems be overcome, dropping the single recursion constraint is itself a soft-fork for the same reason, applied inductively. +Allowing only one layer of tail-call recursion allows us to receive the primary benefit of multi-policy commitments / generalized MAST, +while leaving the door open to future generalized tail-call recursion if and when the necessary changes are made to resource accounting and p2p transaction distribution. + +The global SIGOP limit and per-script opcode limits do not apply to the policy script +because dynamic selection of the policy script makes it not possible for static analysis tools to verify these limits in general, +and because performance improvements to libsecp256k1 and Bitcoin Core have made these limits no longer necessary as they once were. +The validation costs are still limited by the number of signature operations it is possible to encode within block size limits, +and the maximum script size per input is limited to 10,000 + 17*520 = 18,840 bytes. + +To allow for this drop of global and per-script limits, +tail-call evaluation cannot be allowed for direct execution of the scriptPubKey, +as such scripts are fetched from the UTXO and do not count towards block size limits of the block being validated. +Likewise tail-call from P2SH redeem scripts is not supported due to quadratic blow-up vulnerabilities that are fixed in segwit. + +==Generalized MAST== + +When combined with BIP116 (MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY)[3], tail-call semantics allows for generalized MAST capabilities[4]. +The script author starts with a full description of the entire contract they want to validate at the time of spend. +The possible execution pathways through the script are then enumerated, with conditional branches replaced by a validation of the condition and the branch taken. +The list of possible execution pathways is then put into a Merkle tree, with the flattened policy scripts as the leaves of this tree. +The final redeem script which funds are sent to is as follows: + + redeemScript: <nowiki><root> 2 MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY 2DROP DROP</nowiki> + witness: <nowiki><argN> ... <arg1> <policyScript> <proof></nowiki> + +Where <code>policyScript</code> is the flattened execution pathway, <code>proof</code> is the serialized Merkle branch and path that proves the policyScript is drawn from the set used to construct the Merkle tree <code>root</code>, and <code>arg1</code> through <code>argN</code> are the arguments required by <code>policyScript</code>. +The <code>2</code> indicates that a single leaf (<code>1 << 1</code>) follows, and the leaf value is not pre-hashed. +The <code>2DROP DROP</code> is necessary to remove the arguments to MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY from the stack. + +The above example was designed for clarity, but actually violates the CLEANSTACK rule of segwit v0 script execution. +Unless the CLEANSTACK rule is dropped or modified in a new segwit output version, this would script would have to be modified to use the alt-stack, as follows: + + redeemScript: <nowiki>[TOALTSTACK]*N <root> 2 MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY 2DROP DROP</nowiki> + witness: <nowiki><policyScript> <proof> <arg1> ... <argN></nowiki> + +Where <code>[TOALTSTACK]*N</code> is the TOALTSTACK opcode repeated N times. +This moves <code>arg1</code> through <code>argN</code> to the alt-stack in reverse order, such that <code>arg1</code> is on the top of the alt-stack when execution of <code>policyScript</code> begins. +The <code>policyScript</code> would also have to be modified to fetch its arguments from the alt-stack, of course. + +If the total set of policy scripts includes scripts that take a varying number of parameters, that too can be supported, within reasonable limits. +The following redeem script allows between 1 and 3 witness arguments in addition to the policy script and Merkle proof: + + witness: <nowiki><policyScript> <proof> <arg1> ... <argN></nowiki> // N is between 1 and 3 + redeemScript: DEPTH TOALTSTACK // Save number of witness elements to alt-stack + TOALTSTACK // Save 1st element (required) to alt-stack + DEPTH 2 SUB // Calculate number of optional elements, ignoring policyScript and proof + DUP IF SWAP TOALTSTACK 1SUB ENDIF // Save 2nd element (optional) to alt-stack, if it is present + IF TOALTSTACK ENDIF // Save 3rd element (optional) to alt-stack, if it is present; consume counter + <nowiki><root></nowiki> 2 MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY 2DROP DROP + alt-stack: <nowiki><N+2> <argN> ... <arg1></nowiki> + +Because the number of witness elements is pushed onto the alt-stack, this enables policy scripts to verify the number of arguments passed, even though the size of the alt-stack is not usually accessible to script. +The following policy script for use with the above redeem script will only accept 2 witness elements on the alt-stack, preventing witness malleability: + + policyScript: <nowiki>FROMALTSTACK ...check arg1... FROMALTSTACK ...check&consume arg2/arg1&2... FROMALTSTACK 4 EQUAL + +The number 4 is expected as that includes the <code>policyScript</code> and <code>proof</code>. + +The verbosity of this example can be prevented by using a uniform number of witness elements as parameters for all policy subscripts, eliminating the conditionals and stack size counts. +Future script version upgrades should also consider relaxing CLEANSTACK rules to allow direct pass-through of arguments from the witness/redeem script to the policy script on the main stack. + +===Comparison with BIP114=== + +BIP114 (Merkelized Abstract Syntax Tree)[5] specifies an explicit MAST scheme activated by BIP141 script versioning[2]. +Unlike BIP114, the scheme proposed by this BIP in conjunction with BIP116 (MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY)[3] implicitly enables MAST constructs using script itself to validate membership of the policy script in the MAST. +This has the advantage of requiring vastly fewer consensus code changes, as well as potentially enabling future script-based innovation without requiring any further consensus code changes at all, as the MAST scheme itself is programmable. + +Furthermore, by adding MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY and tail-call semantics to all script using the NOP-expansion space, BIP141 style script versioning is not required. +This removes a potentially significant hurdle to deployment by making this feature not dependent on resolving outstanding issues over address formats, how script version upgrades should be deployed, and consensus over what other features might go into a v1 upgrade. + +==Implementation== + +An implementation of this BIP, including both consensus code changes and tests are available at the following Github repository: + +[https://github.com/maaku/bitcoin/tree/tail-call-semantics] + +==Deployment== + +This BIP will be deployed by BIP8 (Version bits with lock-in by height)[9] with the name "tailcall" and using bit 3. + +For Bitcoin mainnet, the BIP8 startheight will be at height M to be determined and BIP8 timeout activation will occur on height M + 50,400 blocks. + +For Bitcoin testnet, the BIP8 startheight will be at height T to be determined and BIP8 timeout activation will occur on height T + 50,400 blocks. + +We note that CLEANSTACK means that transactions which use this feature are already considered non-standard by the rules of the network, making deployment easier than was the case with, for example, with BIP68 (Relative lock-time using consensus-enforced sequence numbers)[6]. + +==Compatibility== + +The v0 segwit rules prohibit leaving anything on the stack, so for v0 parameters have to be passed on the alt stack for compatibility reasons. + +==References== + +[1] [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki BIP16: Pay to Script Hash] + +[2] [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0141.mediawiki BIP141: Segregated Witness (Consensus Layer)] + +[3] [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0116.mediawiki BIP116: MERKLEBRANCHVERIFY] + +[4] "[https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2017-September/015028.html An explanation and justification of the tail-call and MBV approach to MAST]", Mark Friedenbach, Bitcoin Development Mailing List, 20 September 2017. + +[5] [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0114.mediawiki BIP114: Merkelized Abstract Syntax Tree] + +[6] [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0068.mediawiki BIP68: Relative lock-time using consensus-enforced sequence numbers] diff --git a/bip-0118.mediawiki b/bip-0118.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..93e0578 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0118.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,205 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 118 + Layer: Consensus (soft fork) + Title: SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT for Taproot Scripts + Author: Christian Decker <decker.christian@gmail.com> + Anthony Towns <aj@erisian.com.au> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0118 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2017-02-28 + License: BSD-3-Clause + Requires: 340, 341, 342 +</pre> + +== Introduction == + +=== Abstract === + +This BIP describes a new type of public key for tapscript ([[bip-0342.mediawiki|BIP 342]]) transactions. +It allows signatures for these public keys to not commit to the exact UTXO being spent. +This enables dynamic binding of transactions to different UTXOs, provided they have compatible scripts. + +=== Copyright === + +This document is licensed under the 3-clause BSD license. + +=== Motivation === + +Off-chain protocols make use of transactions that are not yet broadcast to the Bitcoin network in order to renegotiate the final state that should be settled on-chain. +In a number of cases it is desirable to respond to a given transaction being seen on-chain with a predetermined reaction in the form of another transaction. +Often the same reaction is desired for a variety of different transactions that may be seen on-chain, but because the input signatures in the response transaction commit to the exact transaction that is being reacted to, this means a new signature must be created for every possible transaction one wishes to be able to react to. + +This proposal introduces a new public key type<ref>'''Why a new public key type?''' +New public key types for tapscript can be introduced in a soft fork by specifying new rules for ''unknown public key types'' as specified in [[bip-0342.mediawiki|BIP 342]], as this only requires adding restrictions to the pre-existing signature opcodes. +Possible alternative approaches would be to define new script opcodes, to use a different taproot leaf version, or to use a different set of SegWit outputs than those specified by [[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP 341]]; however all of these approaches are more complicated, and are better reserved for other upgrades where the additional flexibility is actually needed. +In this case, we specify a new transaction digest, but retain the same elliptic curve and signature algorithm (ie, secp256k1 and [[bip-0340.mediawiki|BIP 340]]).</ref> +that modifies the behavior of the transaction digest algorithm used in the signature creation and verification, by excluding the commitment to the previous output (and, optionally, the witness script<ref>'''Why (and why not) commit to the witness script?''' +The [https://blockstream.com/eltoo.pdf eltoo] paper provides an example of why committing to the witness script is not always appropriate. +It uses script and the transaction <code>nLockTime</code> to make signatures asymmetric, so that a transaction with an earlier signature can be spent by a transaction with a later signature, but a transaction with a later signature cannot be spent by a transaction with an earlier signature. +As a result, a single signature for a third, even later transaction must be able to spend both the prior transactions, even though they have a different tapscript. +On the other hand, these cases also provide a good reason to have the option to commit to the script: because each transaction has a new script, committing to the script allows you to produce a signature that applies to precisely one of these transactions. +In the eltoo case, this allows you to have a signature for an update transaction that can be applied to any prior update, and a signature for a settlement transaction that applies only to the corresponding update transaction, while using the same key for both, which in turn allows for a more compact script. +</ref> and value <ref>'''Why (and why not) commit to the input value?''' +Committing to the input value may provide additional safety that a signature can't be maliciously reused to claim funds that the signer does not intend to spend, so by default it seems sensible to commit to it. However, doing so prevents being able to use a single signature to consolidate a group of UTXOs with the same spending condition into a single UTXO which may be useful for some protocols, such as the proposal for [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/lightning-dev/2020-January/002448.html layered commitments with eltoo].</ref>). +Removing this commitment allows dynamic rebinding of a signed transaction to another previous output that requires authorisation by the same key. + +The dynamic rebinding is opt-in due to using a separate public key type, and the breadth of transactions the signature can be rebound to can be further restricted by using different keys, committing to the script being spent in the signature, using different amounts between UTXOs, using different nSequence values in the spending transaction, or using the codeseparator opcode to commit to the position in the script. + +== Specification == + +This BIP modifies the behaviour of the [[bip-0342.mediawiki|BIP 342]] signature opcodes<ref>'''What about key path spends?''' +This proposal only supports ANYPREVOUT signatures via script path spends, and does not support ANYPREVOUT signatures for key path spends. +This is for two reasons: first, not supporting key path spends allows this proposal to be independent of the core changes included in [[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP 341]] and [[bip-0342.mediawiki|BIP 342]]; second, it allows addresses to opt-in or opt-out of ANYPREVOUT support while remaining indistinguishable prior to being spent. +</ref> (<code>CHECKSIG</code>, <code>CHECKSIGVERIFY</code>, and <code>CHECKSIGADD</code>) for public keys that have a length of 33 bytes and a first byte of <code>0x01</code> or the public key which is precisely the single byte vector <code>0x01</code><ref>'''Use of 0x01 public key type''' +Because <code>OP_0</code> leaves an empty vector on the stack it would not satisfy [[bip-0342.mediawiki|BIP 342]]'s rules for unknown public key types. As such, it is convenient to use one of <code>OP_1..OP_16</code> or <code>OP_1NEGATE</code> as a way to reference the taproot internal key. +To keep things as simple as possible, we use the first of these, and add the same byte as a prefix to allow ANYPREVOUT signatures for explicitly specified keys. +</ref>. +These keys are termed '''BIP 118 public keys'''. + +==== Rules for signature opcodes ==== + +The [[bip-0342.mediawiki|BIP 342]] rules for signature opcodes are modified by removing keys with the first byte <code>0x01</code> and length of either 1-byte or 33-bytes from the list of unknown public key types, and adding the following rule prior to the handling of unknown public key types: + +* If the public key is the single byte <code>0x01</code>, or if the public key is 33 bytes and the first byte of the public key is <code>0x01</code>, it is considered to be a BIP 118 public key: +** If the signature is not the empty vector, the signature is validated according to the [[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP 341]] signing validation rules with the public key, allowable <code>hash_type</code> values, and transaction digest modified as defined below. + +==== Public key ==== + +To convert the 1-byte BIP 118 public key for use with [[bip-0340.mediawiki|BIP 340]], use the 32-byte taproot internal key, <code>p</code>, as defined in [[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP 341]]. + +To convert a 33-byte BIP 118 public key for use with [[bip-0340.mediawiki|BIP 340]], remove the <code>0x01</code> prefix and use the remaining 32 bytes. + +==== Signature message ==== + +We define the functions ''Msg118(hash_type)'' and ''Ext118(hash_type)'' which compute the message being signed as a byte array. + +The parameter ''hash_type'' is an 8-bit unsigned value, reusing values defined in [[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP 341]], with the addition that the values <code>0x41</code>, <code>0x42</code>, <code>0x43</code>, <code>0xc1</code>, <code>0xc2</code>, and <code>0xc3</code> are also valid for BIP 118 public keys. + +We define the following constants using bits 6 and 7 of <code>hash_type</code>: + +* <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT = 0x40</code> +* <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUTANYSCRIPT = 0xc0</code> + +The following restrictions apply and cause validation failure if violated: +* Using any undefined ''hash_type'' (not ''0x00'', ''0x01'', ''0x02'', ''0x03'', ''0x41'', ''0x42'', ''0x43'', ''0x81'', ''0x82'', ''0x83'', ''0xc1'', ''0xc2'', or ''0xc3''). +* Using <code>SIGHASH_SINGLE</code> without a "corresponding output" (an output with the same index as the input being verified). + +If these restrictions are not violated, ''Msg118(hash_type)'' evaluates as follows. + +If ''hash_type & 0x40 == 0'', then ''Msg118(hash_type) = SigMsg(hash_type, 1)'', where ''SigMsg'' is as defined in [[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP 341]]. + +If ''hash_type & 0x40 != 0'', then ''Msg118(hash_type)'' is the concatenation of the following data, in order (with byte size of each item listed in parentheses). Numerical values in 2, 4, or 8-byte items are encoded in little-endian. + +* Control: +** ''hash_type'' (1). +* Transaction data: +** ''nVersion'' (4): the ''nVersion'' of the transaction. +** ''nLockTime'' (4): the ''nLockTime'' of the transaction. +** If ''hash_type & 3'' does not equal <code>SIGHASH_NONE</code> or <code>SIGHASH_SINGLE</code>: +*** ''sha_outputs'' (32): the SHA256 of the serialization of all outputs in <code>CTxOut</code> format. +* Data about this input: +** ''spend_type'' (1): equal to 2 if no annex is present, or 3 otherwise (the original witness stack has two or more witness elements, and the first byte of the last element is ''0x50'') +** If ''hash_type & 0xc0'' is <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT</code>: +*** ''amount'' (8): value of the previous output spent by this input. +*** ''scriptPubKey'' (35): ''scriptPubKey'' of the previous output spent by this input, serialized as script inside <code>CTxOut</code>. Its size is always 35 bytes. +** ''nSequence'' (4): ''nSequence'' of this input. +** If an annex is present (the lowest bit of ''spend_type'' is set): +*** ''sha_annex'' (32): the SHA256 of ''(compact_size(size of annex) || annex)'', where ''annex'' includes the mandatory ''0x50'' prefix. +* Data about this output: +** If ''hash_type & 3'' equals <code>SIGHASH_SINGLE</code>: +*** ''sha_single_output'' (32): the SHA256 of the corresponding output in <code>CTxOut</code> format. + +Similarly, ''Ext118(hash_type)'' evaluates to the concatenation of the following data, in order: + +* Extension: +** If ''hash_type & 0xc0'' is not <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUTANYSCRIPT</codE>: +*** ''tapleaf_hash'' (32): the tapleaf hash as defined in [[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP 341]] +** ''key_version'' (1): a constant value ''0x01'' representing that this is a signature for a BIP 118 public key. +** ''codesep_pos'' (4): the opcode position of the last executed <code>OP_CODESEPARATOR</code> before the currently executed signature opcode, with the value in little endian (or ''0xffffffff'' if none executed). The first opcode in a script has a position of 0. A multi-byte push opcode is counted as one opcode, regardless of the size of data being pushed. + +To verify a signature ''sig'' for a BIP 118 public key ''p'': + +* If the ''sig'' is 64 bytes long, return ''Verify(p, hash<sub>TapSigHash</sub>(0x00 || Msg118(0x00) || Ext118(0x00)), sig)'' +* If the ''sig'' is 65 bytes long, return ''sig[64] ≠ 0x00 and Verify(p, hash<sub>TapSighash</sub>(0x00 || Msg118(sig[64]) || Ext118(sig[64])), sig[0:64])''. +* Otherwise, fail. + +''Verify'' is as defined in [[bip-0340.mediawiki|BIP 340]]. + +The key differences from [[bip-0342.mediawiki|BIP 342]] signature verification are: + +* In all cases, <code>key_version</code> is set to the constant value <code>0x01</code> instead of <code>0x00</code>.<ref>'''Why change key_version?''' Changing <code>key_version</code> ensures that if the same private key is used to generate both a [[bip-0342.mediawiki|BIP 342]] key and a BIP 118 public key, that a signature for the [[bip-0342.mediawiki|BIP 342]] key is not also valid for the BIP 118 public key (and vice-versa).</ref> +* If <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT</code> is set, the digest is calculated as if <code>SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY</code> was set, except <code>outpoint</code> is not included in the digest. +* If <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUTANYSCRIPT</code> is set, the digest is calculated as if <code>SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY</code> was set, except <code>outpoint</code>, <code>amount</code>, <code>scriptPubKey</code> and <code>tapleaf_hash</code> are not included in the digest. + +== Security == + +==== Signature replay ==== + +By design, <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT</code> and <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUTANYSCRIPT</code> introduce additional potential for signature replay (that is they allow the same signature to be reused on a different transaction) when compared to <code>SIGHASH_ALL</code> and <code>SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY</code> signatures. + +Both <code>SIGHASH_ALL</code> and <code>SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY</code> signatures prevent signature replay by committing to one or more inputs, so replay of the signature is only possible if the same input can be spent multiple times, which is not possible on the Bitcoin blockchain (due to enforcement of [[bip-0030.mediawiki|BIP 30]]). +With <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT</code> signature replay is possible for different UTXOs with the same <code>scriptPubKey</code> and the same value, while with <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUTANYSCRIPT</code> signature replay is possible for any UTXOs that reuse the same BIP 118 public key in one of their potential scripts. + +As a consequence, implementors MUST ensure that BIP 118 public keys are only reused when signature replay cannot cause loss of funds (eg due to other features of the protocol or other constraints on the transaction), or when such a loss of funds is acceptable. + +==== Malleability ==== + +Use of <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT</code> or <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUTANYSCRIPT</code> may introduce additional malleability vectors. + +In particular, a transaction authenticated using only ANYPREVOUT signatures is malleable to anyone able to provide an alternate input satisfied by the signature -- an input changed in this way would produce a new, valid transaction paying the same recipient, but with a different txid. +Depending on the changes to the inputs, this might conflict with the original transaction (if some inputs remain shared) or might result in a double-payment to the recipient (if they do not). + +Further, for a chain of transactions using the same <code>scriptPubKey</code> and value, and only authenticated via ANYPREVOUT signatures (as envisioned in eltoo for failure cases), it may be possible for any third party to malleate the transactions (and their txids) without having access to any of the private keys, particularly by omitting intermediate transactions. + +This form of malleation can be dealt with by the child transactions also using ANYPREVOUT signatures -- when a parent transaction is malleated, its children can be adjusted to reference the new txid as the input and the ANYPREVOUT signatures remain valid. + +However child transactions that are authorised by a <code>SIGHASH_ALL</code> or <code>SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY</code> signature will need new signatures if their inputs are malleated in this way. +This risk may be mitigated somewhat by using [[bip-0068.mediawiki|BIP 68]]/[[bip-0112.mediawiki|BIP 112]] relative time locks before spending a UTXO that had been authorised via an ANYPREVOUT signature with <code>SIGHASH_ALL</code> or <code>SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY</code>: a relative timelock can ensure that the inputs have enough confirmations that they can only be replaced in the event of a large block reorg. +Note that this approach has drawbacks: relative timelocks prevent fee-bumping via child-pays-for-parent, and have the obvious drawback of making the funds temporarily unusable until the timelock expires. + +==== Privacy considerations ==== + +It is expected that ANYPREVOUT signatures will only be rarely used in practice. +Protocol and wallet designers should aim to have their transactions use Taproot key path spends whenever possible, both for efficiency reasons due to the lower transaction weight, but also for privacy reasons to avoid third parties being able to distinguish their transactions from those of other protocols. + +Transactions that do use ANYPREVOUT signatures will therefore reveal information about the transaction, potentially including that cooperation was impossible, or what protocol or software was used (due to the details of the script). + +In order to maximise privacy, it is therefore recommended that protocol designers only use BIP 118 public keys in scripts that will be spent using at least one ANYPREVOUT signature, and either use key path spends or alternate scripts in the taproot merkle tree for any spends that can be authorised without ANYPREVOUT signatures. +Following this recommendation may require additional script branches, which may mean disregarding this recommendation may result in a better tradeoff between cost and privacy in some circumstances. + +== Rationale == + +<references /> + +== Deployment == + +TODO + +This may be deployed as a soft-fork either concurrent with, or subsequent to the deployment of [[bip-0340.mediawiki|BIP 340]], [[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP 341]] and [[bip-0342.mediawiki|BIP 342]]. + +== Backwards compatibility == + +As a soft fork, older software will continue to operate without modification. +Nodes that have not upgraded to support [[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP 341]] will see all taproot witness programs as anyone-can-spend scripts, and nodes that have upgraded to support [[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP 341]] and [[bip-0342.mediawiki|BIP 342]] but not BIP 118 will simply treat any non-empty signature against a BIP 118 public key as valid. +As such, nodes are strongly encourage to upgrade in order to fully validate signatures for the new public key type. + +Non-upgraded wallets can receive and send bitcoin from non-upgraded and upgraded wallets using SegWit version 0 programs, traditional pay-to-pubkey-hash, etc. +Depending on the implementation, non-upgraded wallets may be able to send to SegWit version 1 programs if they support sending to [[bip-0350.mediawiki|BIP350]] Bech32m addresses and do not prevent the transaction from being broadcast due to considering the outputs non-standard. + +== Revisions == + +Apart from being based on Taproot rather than SegWit v0, the main differences to prior revisions of this BIP are: + +* The sighash flag has been renamed from "NOINPUT" to "ANYPREVOUT" to reflect that while any prevout may potentially be used with the signature, some aspects of the input are still committed to, namely the input nSequence value, and (optionally) the spending conditions and amount. +* Previously NOINPUT would have worked for direct public key spends (assuming deployment was fleshed out in a way similar to BIP 141 P2WPKH and P2WSH), however this proposal only applies to signatures via tapscript, and not direct key path spends. This means that addresses must opt-in to the ability to be spent by a <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT</code> or <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUTANYSCRIPT</code> signature by including an appropriate tapscript path when the address is created. +* NOINPUT signatures do not commit to the output's spending conditions either via <code>scriptPubKey</code> or the redeem/witness script. This behaviour is preserved when <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUTANYSCRIPT</code> is used, but when <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT</code> is used, the signature now commits to <code>scriptPubKey</code> and the tapscript. +* NOINPUT signatures did commit to the input's amount. This behaviour is preserved when <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT</code> is used, but not when <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUTANYSCRIPT</code> is used. +* <code>OP_CODESEPARATOR</code> in script will affect both <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT</code> and <code>SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUTANYSCRIPT</code> signatures, whereas it would not have in the previous draft. + +== Acknowledgements == + +The <code>SIGHASH_NOINPUT</code> flag was first proposed by Joseph Poon in [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2016-February/012460.html February 2016], after being mentioned in the original [http://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf Lightning paper] by Joseph Poon and Thaddeus Dryja. +This document is the result of discussions with many people and had direct input from Greg Maxwell, Jonas Nick, Pieter Wuille and others. + diff --git a/bip-0119.mediawiki b/bip-0119.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d661f4c --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0119.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,696 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 119 + Layer: Consensus (soft fork) + Title: CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY + Author: Jeremy Rubin <j@rubin.io> + James O'Beirne <vaults@au92.org> + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0119 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2020-01-06 + License: BSD-3-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This BIP proposes a new opcode, OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY, to be activated +as a change to the semantics of OP_NOP4. + +The new opcode has applications for transaction congestion control and payment +channel instantiation, among others, which are described in the Motivation +section of this BIP. + +==Summary== + +OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY uses opcode OP_NOP4 (0xb3) as a soft fork upgrade. + +OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY does the following: + +* There is at least one element on the stack, fail otherwise +* The element on the stack is 32 bytes long, NOP otherwise +* The DefaultCheckTemplateVerifyHash of the transaction at the current input index is equal to the element on the stack, fail otherwise + +The DefaultCheckTemplateVerifyHash commits to the serialized version, locktime, scriptSigs hash (if any +non-null scriptSigs), number of inputs, sequences hash, number of outputs, outputs hash, and +currently executing input index. + +The recommended standardness rules additionally: + +* Reject non-32 byte as SCRIPT_ERR_DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS. + +==Motivation== + +Covenants are restrictions on how a coin may be spent beyond key ownership. +This is a general definition based on the legal definition which even simple +scripts using CSV would satisfy. Covenants in Bitcoin transactions usually +refer to restrictions on where coins can be transferred. Covenants can be +useful to construct smart contracts. Covenants have historically been widely +considered to be unfit for Bitcoin because they are too complex to implement +and risk reducing the fungibility of coins bound by them. + +This BIP introduces a simple covenant called a *template* which enables a +limited set of highly valuable use cases without significant risk. BIP-119 +templates allow for '''non-recursive''' fully-enumerated covenants with no dynamic +state. CTV serves as a replacement for a pre-signed transaction oracle, which +eliminates the trust and interactivity requirements. Examples of uses include +vaults, non-interactive payment channel creation, congestion controlled +batching, efficient to construct discreet log contracts, and payment pools, +among many others. For more details on these applications, please see the +references. + + +==Detailed Specification== + +The below code is the main logic for verifying CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY, described +in pythonic pseudocode. The canonical specification for the semantics of +OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY as implemented in C++ in the context of Bitcoin Core can +be seen in the reference implementation. + +The execution of the opcode is as follows: +<source lang="python"> +def execute_bip_119(self): + # Before soft-fork activation / failed activation + # continue to treat as NOP4 + if not self.flags.script_verify_default_check_template_verify_hash: + # Potentially set for node-local policy to discourage premature use + if self.flags.script_verify_discourage_upgradable_nops: + return self.errors_with(errors.script_err_discourage_upgradable_nops) + return self.return_as_nop() + + # CTV always requires at least one stack argument + if len(self.stack) < 1: + return self.errors_with(errors.script_err_invalid_stack_operation) + + # CTV only verifies the hash against a 32 byte argument + if len(self.stack[-1]) == 32: + # Ensure the precomputed data required for anti-DoS is available, + # or cache it on first use + if self.context.precomputed_ctv_data == None: + self.context.precomputed_ctv_data = self.context.tx.get_default_check_template_precomputed_data() + + # If the hashes do not match, return error + if stack[-1] != self.context.tx.get_default_check_template_hash(self.context.nIn, self.context.precomputed_ctv_data): + return self.errors_with(errors.script_err_template_mismatch) + + return self.return_as_nop() + + # future upgrade can add semantics for this opcode with different length args + # so discourage use when applicable + if self.flags.script_verify_discourage_upgradable_nops: + return self.errors_with(errors.script_err_discourage_upgradable_nops) + else: + return self.return_as_nop() +</source> + +The computation of this hash can be implemented as specified below (where self +is the transaction type). Care must be taken that in any validation context, +the precomputed data must be initialized to prevent Denial-of-Service attacks. +Any implementation *must* cache these parts of the hash computation to avoid +quadratic hashing DoS. All variable length computations must be precomputed +including hashes of the scriptsigs, sequences, and outputs. See the section +"Denial of Service and Validation Costs" below. This is not a performance +optimization. + +<source lang="python"> + +def ser_compact_size(l): + r = b"" + if l < 253: + # Serialize as unsigned char + r = struct.pack("B", l) + elif l < 0x10000: + # Serialize as unsigned char 253 followed by unsigned 2 byte integer (little endian) + r = struct.pack("<BH", 253, l) + elif l < 0x100000000: + # Serialize as unsigned char 254 followed by unsigned 4 byte integer (little endian) + r = struct.pack("<BI", 254, l) + else: + # Serialize as unsigned char 255 followed by unsigned 8 byte integer (little endian) + r = struct.pack("<BQ", 255, l) + return r + +def ser_string(s): + return ser_compact_size(len(s)) + s + +class CTxOut: + def serialize(self): + r = b"" + # serialize as signed 8 byte integer (little endian) + r += struct.pack("<q", self.nValue) + r += ser_string(self.scriptPubKey) + return r + +def get_default_check_template_precomputed_data(self): + result = {} + # If there are no scriptSigs we do not need to precompute a hash + if any(inp.scriptSig for inp in self.vin): + result["scriptSigs"] = sha256(b"".join(ser_string(inp.scriptSig) for inp in self.vin)) + # The same value is also pre-computed for and defined in BIP-341 and can be shared. + # each nSequence is packed as 4 byte unsigned integer (little endian) + result["sequences"] = sha256(b"".join(struct.pack("<I", inp.nSequence) for inp in self.vin)) + # The same value is also pre-computed for and defined in BIP-341 and can be shared + # See class CTxOut above for details. + result["outputs"] = sha256(b"".join(out.serialize() for out in self.vout)) + return result + +# parameter precomputed must be passed in for DoS resistance +def get_default_check_template_hash(self, nIn, precomputed = None): + if precomputed == None: + precomputed = self.get_default_check_template_precomputed_data() + r = b"" + # Serialize as 4 byte signed integer (little endian) + r += struct.pack("<i", self.nVersion) + # Serialize as 4 byte unsigned integer (little endian) + r += struct.pack("<I", self.nLockTime) + # we do not include the hash in the case where there is no + # scriptSigs + if "scriptSigs" in precomputed: + r += precomputed["scriptSigs"] + # Serialize as 4 byte unsigned integer (little endian) + r += struct.pack("<I", len(self.vin)) + r += precomputed["sequences"] + # Serialize as 4 byte unsigned integer (little endian) + r += struct.pack("<I", len(self.vout)) + r += precomputed["outputs"] + # Serialize as 4 byte unsigned integer (little endian) + r += struct.pack("<I", nIn) + return sha256(r) +</source> + + +A PayToBareDefaultCheckTemplateVerifyHash output matches the following template: + +<source lang="python"> +# Extra-fast test for pay-to-basic-standard-template CScripts: +def is_pay_to_bare_default_check_template_verify_hash(self): + return len(self) == 34 and self[0] == 0x20 and self[-1] == OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY +</source> + + +==Deployment== + +Deployment could be done via BIP 9 VersionBits deployed through Speedy Trial. +The Bitcoin Core reference implementation includes the below parameters, +configured to match Speedy Trial, as that is the current activation mechanism +implemented in Bitcoin Core. Should another method become favored by the wider +Bitcoin comminity, that might be used instead. + +The start time and bit in the implementation are currently set to bit 5 and +NEVER_ACTIVE/NO_TIMEOUT, but this is subject to change while the BIP is a draft. + +For the avoidance of unclarity, the parameters to be determined are: + + // Deployment of CTV (BIP 119) + consensus.vDeployments[Consensus::DEPLOYMENT_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY].bit = 5; + consensus.vDeployments[Consensus::DEPLOYMENT_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY].nStartTime = Consensus::BIP9Deployment::NEVER_ACTIVE; + consensus.vDeployments[Consensus::DEPLOYMENT_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY].nTimeout = Consensus::BIP9Deployment::NO_TIMEOUT; + consensus.vDeployments[Consensus::DEPLOYMENT_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY].min_activation_height = 0; + +Until BIP-119 reaches ACTIVE state and the +SCRIPT_VERIFY_DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH flag is enforced, node implementations should (are recommended to) +execute a NOP4 as SCRIPT_ERR_DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS (to deny entry to the mempool) for policy and must evaluate as +a NOP for consensus (during block validation). + +In order to facilitate using CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY, the common case of a +PayToBareDefaultCheckTemplateVerifyHash +with no scriptSig data may (is recommended to) be made standard to permit relaying. Future template types may be +standardized later as policy changes at the preference of the implementor. + +==Reference Implementation== + +A reference implementation and tests are available here in the PR to Bitcoin Core https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/21702. + +It is not ideal to link to a PR, as it may be rebased and changed, but it is the best place to find +the current implementation and review comments of others. +A recent commit hash in that PR including tests and vectors can be found here https://github.com/jeremyrubin/bitcoin/commit/3109df5616796282786706738994a5b97b8a5a38. +Once the PR is merged, this BIP should be updated to point to the specific code released. + +Test vectors are available in [/bip-0119/vectors the bip-0119/vectors +directory] for checking compatibility with the reference implementation and BIP. + +==Rationale== + +The goal of CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY is to be minimal impact on the existing codebase -- in the +future, as we become aware of more complex but shown to be safe use cases, new template types can be added. + +Below we'll discuss the rules one-by-one: + +====The DefaultCheckTemplateVerifyHash of the transaction at the current input index matches the top of the stack==== + +The set of data committed to is a superset of data which can impact the TXID of the transaction, +other than the inputs. This ensures that for a given known input, the TXIDs can also be known ahead +of time. Otherwise, CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY would not be usable for Batched Channel Creation constructions +as the redemption TXID could be malleated and pre-signed transactions invalidated, unless the channels +are built using an Eltoo-like protocol. Note that there may be other types of pre-signed contracts that +may or may not be able to use Eltoo-like constructs, therefore making TXIDs predictable makes CTV more +composable with arbitrary sub-protocols. + +=====Committing to the version and locktime===== + +Were these values not committed, it would be possible to delay the spending of +an output arbitrarily as well as possible to change the TXID. + +Committing these values, rather than restricting them to specific values, is +more flexible as it permits users of CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY to set the version and +locktime as they please. + +=====Committing to the ScriptSigs Hash===== + +The scriptsig in a segwit transaction must be exactly empty, unless it is a P2SH +segwit transaction in which case it must be only the exact redeemscript. P2SH is incompatible +(unless the P2SH hash is broken) with CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY because the template hash must commit +to the ScriptSig, which must contain the redeemscript, which is a hash cycle. + +To prevent malleability when not using a segwit input, we also commit to the +scriptsig. This makes it possible to use a 2 input CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY with a legacy pre-signed +spend, as long as the exact scriptsig for the legacy output is committed. This is more robust than +simply disallowing any scriptSig to be set with CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY. + +If no scriptSigs are set in the transaction, there is no purpose in hashing the data or including it +in the DefaultCheckTemplateVerifyHash, so we elide it. It is expected to be common that no scriptSigs will be +set as segwit mandates that the scriptSig must be empty (to avoid malleability). + +We commit to the hash rather than the values themselves as this is already +precomputed for each transaction to optimize SIGHASH_ALL signatures. + +Committing to the hash additionally makes it simpler to construct DefaultCheckTemplateVerifyHash safely and unambiguously from +script. + +=====Committing to the number of inputs===== + +If we allow more than one input to be spent in the transaction then it would be +possible for two outputs to request payment to the same set of outputs, +resulting in half the intended payments being discarded, the "half-spend" problem. + +Furthermore, the restriction on which inputs can be co-spent is critical for +payments-channel constructs where a stable TXID is a requirement (updates would +need to be signed on all combinations of inputs). + +However, there are legitimate use cases for allowing multiple inputs. For +example: + +Script paths: + + Path A: <+24 hours> OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY <Pay Alice 1 Bitcoin (1 input) nLockTime for +24 hours> + Path B: OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY <Pay Bob 2 Bitcoin (2 inputs)> + +In this case, there are 24 hours for the output to, with the addition of a +second output, pay Bob 2 BTC. If 24 hours lapses, then Alice may redeem her 1 +BTC from the contract. Both input UTXOs may have the exact same Path B, or only one. + +The issue with these constructs is that there are N! orders that the inputs can +be ordered in and it's not generally possible to restrict the ordering. + +CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY allows for users to guarantee the exact number of inputs being +spent. In general, using CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY with more than one input is difficult +and exposes subtle issues, so multiple inputs should not be used except in +specific applications. + +In principle, committing to the Sequences Hash (below) implicitly commits to the number of inputs, +making this field strictly redundant. However, separately committing to this number makes it easier +to construct DefaultCheckTemplateVerifyHash from script. + +We treat the number of inputs as a `uint32_t` because Bitcoin's consensus decoding logic limits vectors +to `MAX_SIZE=33554432` and that is larger than `uint16_t` and smaller than `uint32_t`. 32 bits is also +friendly for manipulation using Bitcoin's current math opcodes, should `OP_CAT` be added. Note that +the max inputs in a block is further restricted by the block size to around 25,000, which would fit +into a `uint16_t`, but that is an uneccessary abstraction leak. + +=====Committing to the Sequences Hash===== + +If we don't commit to the sequences, then the TXID can be malleated. This also allows us to enforce +a relative sequence lock without an OP_CSV. It is insufficient to just pair CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY +with OP_CSV because OP_CSV enforces a minimum nSequence value, not a literal value. + +We commit to the hash rather than the values themselves as this is already +precomputed for each transaction to optimize SIGHASH_ALL signatures. + +Committing to the hash additionally makes it simpler to construct DefaultCheckTemplateVerifyHash safely and unambiguously from +script. + +=====Committing to the Number of Outputs===== + +In principle, committing to the Outputs Hash (below) implicitly commits to the number of outputs, +making this field strictly redundant. However, separately committing to this number makes it easier +to construct DefaultCheckTemplateVerifyHash from script. + +We treat the number of outputs as a `uint32_t` because a `COutpoint` index is a `uint32_t`. +Further, Bitcoin's consensus decoding logic limits vectors to `MAX_SIZE=33554432` and that is +larger than `uint16_t` and smaller than `uint32_t`. 32 bits is also friendly for manipulation using +Bitcoin's current math opcodes, should `OP_CAT` be added. + +=====Committing to the outputs hash===== + +This ensures that spending the UTXO is guaranteed to create the exact outputs +requested. + +We commit to the hash rather than the values themselves as this is already +precomputed for each transaction to optimize SIGHASH_ALL signatures. + +Committing to the hash additionally makes it simpler to construct DefaultCheckTemplateVerifyHash safely and unambiguously from +script. + +=====Committing to the current input's index===== + +Committing to the currently executing input's index is not strictly needed for anti-malleability, +however it does restrict the input orderings eliminating a source of malleability for protocol +designers. + +However, committing to the index eliminates key-reuse vulnerability to the half-spend problem. +As CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY scripts commit to being spent at particular index, reused instances of these +scripts cannot be spent at the same index, which implies that they cannot be spent in the same transaction. +This makes it safer to design wallet vault contracts without half-spend vulnerabilities. + +Committing to the current index doesn't prevent one from expressing a CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY which can +be spent at multiple indicies. In current script, the CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY operation can be wrapped +in an OP_IF for each index (or Tapscript branches in the future). If OP_CAT or OP_SHA256STREAM are +added to Bitcoin, the index may simply be passed in by the witness before hashing. + +=====Committing to Values by Hash===== + +Committing to values by hash makes it easier and more efficient to construct a +DefaultCheckTemplateVerifyHash +from script. Fields which are not intended to be set may be committed to by hash without incurring +O(n) overhead to re-hash. + +Furthermore, if OP_SHA256STREAM is added in the future, it may be possible to write a script which +allows adding a single output to a list of outputs without incurring O(n) overhead by committing to +a hash midstate in the script. + +=====Using SHA256===== + +SHA256 is a 32 byte hash which meets Bitcoin's security standards and is +available already inside of Bitcoin Script for programmatic creation of template +programs. + +RIPEMD160, a 20 byte hash, might also be a viable hash in some contexts and has some benefits. For fee efficiency, +RIPEMD160 saves 12 bytes. However, RIPEMD160 was not chosen for BIP-119 because it introduces +risks around the verification of programs created by third parties to be subject to a +[birthday-attack https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/54841/birthday-attack-on-p2sh] on +transaction preimages. + +=====Using Non-Tagged Hashes===== + +The Taproot/Schnorr BIPs use Tagged Hashes +(`SHA256(SHA256(tag)||SHA256(tag)||msg)`) to prevent taproot leafs, branches, +tweaks, and signatures from overlapping in a way that might introduce a security +[vulnerability https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2018-June/016091.html]. + +OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY is not subject to this sort of vulnerability as the +hashes are effectively tagged externally, that is, by OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY +itself and therefore cannot be confused for another hash. + +It would be a conservative design decisison to make it a tagged hash even if +there was no obvious benefit and no cost. However, in the future, if OP_CAT were +to be introduced to Bitcoin, it would make programs which dynamically build +OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY hashes less space-efficient. Therefore, bare untagged hashes +are used in BIP-119. + +=====The Ordering of Fields===== + +Strictly speaking, the ordering of fields is insignificant. However, with a +carefully selected order, the efficiency of future scripts (e.g., those using a +OP_CAT or OP_SHA256STREAM) may be improved (as described in the Future Upgrades +section). + +In particular, the order is selected in order of least likely to change to most. + +#nVersion +#nLockTime +#scriptSig hash (maybe!) +#input count +#sequences hash +#output count +#outputs hash +#input index + +Several fields are infrequently modified. nVersion should change infrequently. nLockTime should +generally be fixed to 0 (in the case of a payment tree, only the *first* lock time is needed to +prevent fee-sniping the root). scriptSig hash should generally not be set at all. + +Since there are many possible sequences hash for a given input count, the input count comes before +the sequences hash. + +Since there are many possible outputs hashes for a given out count, the output count comes before +the outputs hash. + +Since we're generally using a single input to many output design, we're more likely to modify the +outputs hash than the inputs hash. + +We usually have just a single input on a CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY script, which would suggest that it +does not make sense for input index to be the last field. However, given the desirability of being +able to express a "don't care" index easily (e.g., for decentralized kickstarter-type transactions), +this value is placed last. + +===Design Tradeoffs and Risks=== +Covenants have historically been controversial given their potential for fungibility risks -- coins +could be minted which have a permanent restriction on how they may or may not be spent or required +to propagate metadata. + +In the CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY approach, the covenants are severely restricted to simple templates. The +structure of CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY template is such that the outputs must be known exactly at the +time of construction. Based on a destructuring argument, it is only possible to create templates +which expand in a finite number of steps. Thus templated transactions are in theory as safe as +transactions which create all the inputs directly in this regard. + +Furthermore, templates are restricted to be spendable as a known number of inputs only, preventing +unintentional introduction of the 'half spend' problem. + +Templates, as restricted as they are, bear some risks. + +====Denial of Service and Validation Costs==== + +CTV is designed to be able to be validated very cheaply without introducing DoS, either by checking a +precomputed hash or computing a hash of fixed length arguments (some of which may be cached from more +expensive computations). + +In particular, CTV requires that clients cache the computation of a hash over all the scriptSigs, sequences, +and outputs. Before CTV, the hash of the scriptSigs was not required. CTV also requires that the presence of +any non-empty scriptSig be hashed, but this can be handled as a part of the scriptSigs hash. + +As such, evaluating a CTV hash during consensus is always O(1) computation when the caches are available. +These caches usually must be available due to similar issues in CHECKSIG behavior. Computing the caches +is O(T) (the size of the transaction). + +An example of a script that could experience an DoS issue without caching is: + + <H> CTV CTV CTV... CTV + +Such a script would cause the intepreter to compute hashes (supposing N CTV's) over O(N*T) data. +If the scriptSigs non-nullity is not cached, then the O(T) transaction could be scanned over O(N) +times as well (although cheaper than hashing, still a DoS). As such, CTV caches hashes and computations +over all variable length fields in a transaction. + +For CTV, the Denial-of-Service exposure and validation costs are relatively clear. Implementors must be careful +to correctly code CTV to make use of existing caches and cache the (new for CTV) computations over scriptSigs. +Other more flexible covenant proposals may have a more difficult time solving DoS issues as more complex computations may +be less cacheable and expose issues around quadratic hashing, it is a tradeoff CTV makes in favor of cheap and secure +validation at the expense of flexibility. For example, if CTV allowed the hashing only select outputs by a bitmask, +caching of all combinations of outputs would not be possible and would cause a quadratic hashing DoS vulnerability. + +====Permanently Unspendable Outputs==== + +The preimage argument passed to CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY may be unknown or otherwise unsatisfiable. +However, requiring knowledge that an address is spendable from is incompatible with sender's ability +to spend to any address (especially, OP_RETURN). If a sender needs to know the template can be spent +from before sending, they may request a signature of an provably non-transaction challenge string +from the leafs of the CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY tree. + +====Forwarding Addresses==== + +Key-reuse with CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY may be used as a form of "forwarding address contract". +A forwarding address is an address which can automatically execute in a predefined way. +For example, a exchange's hot wallet might use an address which can automatically be moved to a cold +storage address after a relative timeout. + +The issue is that reusing addresses in this way can lead to loss of funds. +Suppose one creates an template address which forwards 1 BTC to cold storage. +Creating an output to this address with less than 1 BTC will be frozen permanently. +Paying more than 1 BTC will lead to the funds in excess of 1BTC to be paid as a large miner fee. +CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY could commit to the exact amount of bitcoin provided by the inputs/amount of fee +paid, but as this is a user error and not a malleability issue this is not done. +Future soft-forks could introduce opcodes which allow conditionalizing which template or script +branches may be used based on inspecting the amount of funds available in a transaction + +As a general best practice, it is incumbent on Bitcoin users to not reuse any address unless you are +certain that the address is acceptable for the payment attempted. This limitation and risk is not +unique to CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY. For example, atomic swap scripts are single use once the hash is +revealed. Future Taproot scripts may contain many logical branches that would be unsafe for being +spent to multiple times (e.g., a Hash Time Lock branch should be instantiated with unique hashes +each time it is used). Keys which have signed a SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT transaction can similarly become +reuse-unsafe. + +Because CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY commits to the input index currently being spent, reused-keys are +guaranteed to execute in separate transactions which reduces the risk of "half-spend" type issues. + +====NOP-Default and Recommended Standardness Rules==== + +If the argument length is not exactly 32, CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY treats it as a NOP during +consensus validation. Implementations are recommended to fail in such circumstances during non-consensus +relaying and mempool validation. In particular, making an invalid-length argument a failure aids future +soft-forks upgrades to be able to rely on the tighter standard restrictions to safely loosen +the restrictions for standardness while tightening them for consensus with the upgrade's rules. + +The standardness rules may lead an unscrupulous script developer to accidentally rely on the +stricter standardness rules to be enforced during consensus. Should that developer submit a +transaction directly to the network relying on standardness rejection, an standardness-invalid but +consensus-valid transaction may be caused, leading to a potential loss of funds. + +====Feature Redundancy==== + +CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY templates are substantially less risky than other covenant systems. If +implemented, other covenant systems could make the CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY's functionality redundant. +However, given CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY's simple semantics and low on chain cost it's likely that it +would continue to be favored even if redundant with other capabilities. + +More powerful covenants like those proposed by MES16, would also bring some benefits in terms of +improving the ability to adjust for things like fees rather than relying on child-pays-for-parent or +other mechanisms. However, these features come at substantially increased complexity and room for +unintended behavior. + +Alternatively, SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUTANYSCRIPT based covenant designs can implement +something similar to templates, via a scriptPubKey like: + + <sig of desired TX with PK and fixed nonce R || SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUTANYSCRIPT <PK with public SK> OP_CHECKSIG + +SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUTANYSCRIPT bears additional technical and implementation risks +that may preclude its viability for inclusion in Bitcoin, but the capabilities +above are similar to what CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY offers. The key functional +difference between SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUTANYSCRIPT and OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY is +that OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY restricts the number of additional inputs and +precludes dynamically determined change outputs while +SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUTANYSCRIPT can be combined with SIGHASH_SINGLE or +SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY. For the additional inputs, OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY also +commits to the scriptsig and sequence, which allows for specifying specific P2SH +scripts (or segwit v0 P2SH) which have some use cases. Furthermore, +CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY has benefits in terms of script size (depending on choice of +PK, SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUTANYSCRIPT may use about 2x-3x the bytes) and verification +speed, as OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY requires only hash computation rather than +signature operations. This can be significant when constructing large payment +trees or programmatic compilations. CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY also has a feature-wise +benefit in that it provides a robust pathway for future template upgrades. + +OP_CHECKSIGFROMSTACKVERIFY along with OP_CAT may also be used to emulate +CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY. However such constructions are more complicated to use +than CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY, and encumbers additional verification overhead absent +from CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY. These types of covenants also bear similar potential +recursion issues to OP_COV which make it unlikely for inclusion in Bitcoin. + +Given the simplicity of this approach to implement and analyze, and the benefits realizable by user +applications, CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY's template based approach is proposed in lieu of more complete +covenants system. + + +====Future Upgrades==== + +This section describes updates to OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY that are possible in +the future as well as synergies with other possible upgrades. + +=====CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY Versions===== + +OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY currently only verifies properties of 32 byte arguments. +In the future, meaning could be ascribed to other length arguments. For +example, a 33-byte argument could just the last byte as a control program. In +that case, DefaultCheckTemplateVerifyHash could be computed when the flag byte +is set to CTVHASH_ALL. Other programs could be added similar to SIGHASH_TYPEs. +For example, CTVHASH_GROUP could read data from the Taproot Annex for +compatibility with SIGHASH_GROUP type proposals and allow dynamic malleability +of which indexes get hashed for bundling. + +=====Eltoo with OP_CHECKSIGFROMSTACKVERIFY===== + +Were both OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY and OP_CHECKSIGFROMSTACKVERIFY to be added to +Bitcoin, it would be possible to implement a variant of Eltoo's floating +transactions using the following script: + + witness(S+n): <sig> <H(tx with nLockTime S+n paying to program(S+n))> + program(S): OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY <musig_key(pk_update_a, pk_update_b)> OP_CHECKSIGFROMSTACKVERIFY <S+1> OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY + +Compared to SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUTANYSCRIPT, because OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY does not +allow something similar to SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY or SIGHASH_SINGLE, protocol +implementers might elect to sign multiple versions of transactions with CPFP +Anchor Outputs or Inputs for paying fees or an alternative such as transaction +sponsors might be considered. + +=====OP_AMOUNTVERIFY===== + +An opcode which verifies the exact amount that is being spent in the +transaction, the amount paid as fees, or made available in a given output could +be used to make safer OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY addressses. For instance, if the +OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY program P expects exactly S satoshis, sending S-1 +satoshis would result in a frozen UTXO and sending S+n satoshis would result in +n satoshis being paid to fee. A range check could restrict the program to only +apply for expected values and default to a keypath otherwise, e.g.: + + IF OP_AMOUNTVERIFY <N> OP_GREATER <PK> CHECKSIG ELSE <H> OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY + +=====OP_CAT/OP_SHA256STREAM===== + +OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY is (as described in the Ordering of Fields section) +efficient for building covenants dynamically should Bitcoin get enhanced string +manipulation opcodes. + +As an example, the following code checks an input index argument and +concatenates it to the template and checks the template matches the transaction. + + OP_SIZE 4 OP_EQUALVERIF + <nVersion || nLockTime || input count || sequences hash || output count || outputs hash> + OP_SWAP OP_CAT OP_SHA256 OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY + +== Backwards Compatibility == + +OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY replaces a OP_NOP4 with stricter verification semantics. Therefore, scripts +which previously were valid will cease to be valid with this change. Stricter verification semantics +for an OP_NOP are a soft fork, so existing software will be fully functional without upgrade except +for mining and block validation. Similar soft forks for OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY and OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY +(see BIP-0065 and BIP-0112) have similarly changed OP_NOP semantics without introducing compatibility issues. + +In contrast to previous forks, OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY's reference implementation does not allow transactions with spending +scripts using it to be accepted to the mempool or relayed under standard policy until the new rule is active. Other implementations +are recommended to follow this rule as well, but not required. + +Older wallet software will be able to accept spends from OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY outputs, but will +require an upgrade in order to treat PayToBareDefaultCheckTemplateVerifyHash chains with a confirmed ancestor as +being "trusted" (i.e., eligible for spending before the transaction is confirmed). + +Backports of OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY can be trivially prepared (see the reference implementation) +for older node versions that can be patched but not upgraded to a newer major release. + +== References == + +*[https://utxos.org utxos.org informational site] +*[https://learn.sapio-lang.org Sapio Bitcoin smart contract language] +*[https://rubin.io/advent21 27 Blog Posts on building smart contracts with Sapio and CTV, including examples described here.] +*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxsjdIl0034&t=2451 Scaling Bitcoin Presentation] +*[https://bitcoinops.org/en/newsletters/2019/05/29/ Optech Newsletter Covering OP_CHECKOUTPUTSHASHVERIFY] +*[https://cyber.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj9936/f/jeremyrubin.pdf Structuring Multi Transaction Contracts in Bitcoin] +*[https://github.com/jeremyrubin/lazuli Lazuli Notes (ECDSA based N-of-N Signatures for Certified Post-Dated UTXOs)] +*[https://fc16.ifca.ai/bitcoin/papers/MES16.pdf Bitcoin Covenants] +*[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=278122.0 CoinCovenants using SCIP signatures, an amusingly bad idea.] +*[https://fc17.ifca.ai/bitcoin/papers/bitcoin17-final28.pdf Enhancing Bitcoin Transactions with Covenants] +*[https://github.com/jamesob/simple-ctv-vault Simple CTV Vaults] +*[https://github.com/kanzure/python-vaults Python Vaults] +*[https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2022-January/019808.html CTV Dramatically Improves DLCs] +*[https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2022-April/020225.html Calculus of Covenants] +*[https://rubin.io/bitcoin/2021/12/10/advent-13/ Payment Pools with CTV] +*[https://rubin.io/bitcoin/2021/12/11/advent-14/ Channels with CTV] +*[https://rubin.io/bitcoin/2021/12/09/advent-12/ Congestion Control with CTV] +*[https://rubin.io/bitcoin/2021/12/07/advent-10/ Building Vaults on Bitcoin] + + +===Note on Similar Alternatives=== + +An earlier version of CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY, CHECKOUTPUTSHASHVERIFY, is withdrawn +in favor of CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY. CHECKOUTPUTSHASHVERIFY did not commit to the +version or lock time and was thus insecure. + +CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY could also be implemented as an extension to Taproot, and was +proposed this way earlier. However, given that CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY has no dependency +on Taproot, it is preferable to deploy it independently. + +CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY has also been previously referred to as OP_SECURETHEBAG, which is mentioned here +to aid in searching and referencing discussion on this BIP. + +==Copyright== + +This document is licensed under the 3-clause BSD license. diff --git a/bip-0119/fifty.png b/bip-0119/fifty.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f90c01 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0119/fifty.png diff --git a/bip-0119/five.png b/bip-0119/five.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7baa568 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0119/five.png diff --git a/bip-0119/nic.svg b/bip-0119/nic.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae6fb3c --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0119/nic.svg @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +<svg version="1.1" viewBox="0.0 0.0 960.0 540.0" fill="none" stroke="none" stroke-linecap="square" stroke-miterlimit="10" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/bip-0119/pooledcoshv.png b/bip-0119/pooledcoshv.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9ea9d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0119/pooledcoshv.png diff --git a/bip-0119/simulation.py b/bip-0119/simulation.py new file mode 100755 index 0000000..e40d61e --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0119/simulation.py @@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ +#!/usr/bin/python3 +import numpy as np +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +PHASES = 15 +PHASE_LENGTH = 144 +SAMPLES = PHASE_LENGTH * PHASES +AVG_TX = 235 +COMPRESSED_NODE_SIZE = 4 + 1 + 1 + 4 + 32 + 4 + 4 + 8 + 8 + 34 + 34 + 33 + 32 + 34 +print(COMPRESSED_NODE_SIZE) +MAX_BLOCK_SIZE = 1e6 +AVG_INTERVAL = 10*60 +TXNS_PER_SEC = 0.5*MAX_BLOCK_SIZE/AVG_TX/AVG_INTERVAL +MAX_MEMPOOL = MAX_BLOCK_SIZE * 100 +COMPRESSABLE = 0.05 + + + + + +def get_rate(phase): + if phase > PHASES/3: + return 1.25**(2*PHASES/3 - phase) *TXNS_PER_SEC + else: + return 1.25**(phase)*TXNS_PER_SEC + +def normal(): + np.random.seed(0) + print("Max Txns Per Sec %f"%TXNS_PER_SEC) + backlog = 0 + results_unconfirmed = [0]*SAMPLES + total_time = [0]*SAMPLES + for phase in range(PHASES): + for i in range(PHASE_LENGTH*phase, PHASE_LENGTH*(1+phase)): + block_time = np.random.exponential(AVG_INTERVAL) + total_time[i] = block_time + # Equivalent to the sum of one poisson per block time + # I.E., \sum_1_n Pois(a) = Pois(a*n) + txns = np.random.poisson(get_rate(phase)* block_time) + weight = txns*AVG_TX + backlog + if weight > MAX_BLOCK_SIZE: + backlog = weight - MAX_BLOCK_SIZE + else: + backlog = 0 + results_unconfirmed[i] = backlog/AVG_TX + return results_unconfirmed, np.cumsum(total_time)/(60*60*24.0) +def compressed(rate_multiplier = 1): + np.random.seed(0) + print("Max Txns Per Sec %f"%TXNS_PER_SEC) + backlog = 0 + secondary_backlog = 0 + results = [0]*SAMPLES + results_lo_priority = [0]*SAMPLES + results_confirmed = [0]*SAMPLES + results_unconfirmed = [0]*SAMPLES + results_yet_to_spend = [0]*SAMPLES + total_time = [0]*(SAMPLES) + for phase in range(PHASES): + for i in range(PHASE_LENGTH*phase, PHASE_LENGTH*(1+phase)): + block_time = np.random.exponential(AVG_INTERVAL) + total_time[i] = block_time + txns = np.random.poisson(rate_multiplier*get_rate(phase)*block_time) + postponed = txns * COMPRESSABLE + weight = (txns-postponed)*AVG_TX + backlog + secondary_backlog += postponed*133 + postponed*34 # Total extra work + if weight > MAX_BLOCK_SIZE: + results_confirmed[i] += MAX_BLOCK_SIZE - AVG_TX + backlog = weight - MAX_BLOCK_SIZE + else: + space = MAX_BLOCK_SIZE - weight + secondary_backlog = max(secondary_backlog-space, 0) + backlog = 0 + results_unconfirmed[i] = float(backlog)/AVG_TX + results_yet_to_spend[i] = secondary_backlog/2/AVG_TX + + return results_unconfirmed, results_yet_to_spend, np.cumsum(total_time)/(60*60*24.0) + +DAYS = np.array(range(SAMPLES))/144 + +def make_patch_spines_invisible(ax): + ax.set_frame_on(True) + ax.patch.set_visible(False) + for sp in ax.spines.values(): + sp.set_visible(False) + +if __name__ == "__main__": + normal_txs, blocktimes_n = normal() + compressed_txs, unspendable, blocktimes_c1 = compressed() + compressed_txs2, unspendable2, blocktimes_c2 = compressed(2) + + fig, host = plt.subplots() + host.set_title("Transaction Compression Performance with %d%% Adoption During Spike"%(100*COMPRESSABLE)) + fig.subplots_adjust(right=0.75) + par1 = host.twinx() + par2 = host.twinx() + par3 = host.twinx() + + par2.spines["right"].set_position(("axes", 1.2)) + make_patch_spines_invisible(par2) + par2.spines["right"].set_visible(True) + + par3.spines["right"].set_position(("axes", 1.4)) + make_patch_spines_invisible(par3) + par3.spines["right"].set_visible(True) + + host.set_xlabel("Block Days") + + host.set_ylabel("Transactions per Second") + p5, = host.plot(range(PHASES), [get_rate(p) for p in range(PHASES)], "k-", label="Transactions Per Second (1x Rate)") + p6, = host.plot(range(PHASES), [2*get_rate(p) for p in range(PHASES)], "k:", label="Transactions Per Second (2x Rate)") + + host.yaxis.label.set_color(p5.get_color()) + + + par2.set_ylabel("Unconfirmed Transactions") + #p1, = par2.plot(DAYS, (-np.array(compressed_txs) + np.array(normal_txs)), "b-.", label = "Mempool Delta") + p1, = par2.plot(blocktimes_n, normal_txs, "g", label="Mempool without Congestion Control") + p2, = par2.plot(blocktimes_c1, compressed_txs,"y", label="Mempool with Congestion Control (1x Rate)") + p3, = par2.plot(blocktimes_c2, compressed_txs2,"m", label="Mempool with Congestion Control (2x Rate)") + p_full_block, = par2.plot([DAYS[0], DAYS[-1]], [MAX_BLOCK_SIZE/AVG_TX]*2, "b.-", label="Maximum Average Transactions Per Block") + + par2.yaxis.label.set_color(p2.get_color()) + + + par1.set_ylabel("Confirmed but Pending Transactions") + p4, = par1.plot(blocktimes_c1, unspendable2, "c", label="Congestion Control Pending (2x Rate)") + p4, = par1.plot(blocktimes_c2, unspendable, "r", label="Congestion Control Pending (1x Rate)") + par1.yaxis.label.set_color(p4.get_color()) + + + + + lines = 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/bip-0119/vectors/ctvhash.json b/bip-0119/vectors/ctvhash.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9cbc6b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0119/vectors/ctvhash.json @@ -0,0 +1,2204 @@ +[ + "{\"hex_tx\":string (hex tx), \"spend_index\":[number], \"result\": [string (hex hash)]}", + { + "desc": { + "Inputs": 3, + "Outputs": 1, + "Witness": true, + "Version": -2079506940, + "scriptSigs": true + }, + "hex_tx": 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+ "spend_index": [ + 0, + 1, + 701516357, + 4294967295 + ], + "result": [ + "d132f573cccb094cff83da9ef8e921e025c5c1c882c0566feab1b4823cf79563", + "c9bb3447a0d33de729b44d1e6a712e68af64b6c9238d1d824999ead42baf9f67", + "16d589f35d842209bcaed71275bda304a5e486bc962c96b0ad933a169f623ac1", + "0b703dfabbc5645f1840cb2c647a7f991d768e7640fbcf87d1277c580c60ef81" + ] + }, + "Inserted without comma at end to make diffs cleaner..." +]
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/bip-0119/vectors/tx_invalid.json b/bip-0119/vectors/tx_invalid.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31ce563 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0119/vectors/tx_invalid.json @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +[ +["The following are deserialized transactions which are invalid."], +["They are in the form"], +["[[[prevout hash, prevout index, prevout scriptPubKey, amount?], [input 2], ...],"], +["serializedTransaction, verifyFlags, [{\"if_unset\": [\"flag A\", ...], \"then_unset\": [\"flag X\", ...]}]?]"], +["Use BADTX for verifyFlags if it is expected to fail CheckTransaction()"], +["Objects that are only a single string (like this one) are ignored"], + +["CheckTemplateVerify (CTV) Tests"], +["Modified Segwit OP_CTV Spend Failed if Amount Mutated"], +[[["10bf165531fbdfac386f018d92d72dce3ad73af1f183f6fac2c7a2a1050aa51b", + 0, + "0x00 0x20 0x9e650578b4f13cde08d16211f3635239e22ba3e108ba7f5fa4bd6c12f8c8219a", + 155000]], +"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", +"DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH,WITNESS,P2SH"], + +["Modified Segwit OP_CTV Spend Failed if # inputs Mutated"], +[[["7438c73c9a554540dce173b485e888683e9ae5beae3ae94142e77ae2cc024e3c", + 0, + "0x00 0x20 0xc19287614d027e87b85ace418cb0fc2d89241392370f0f7cf2ebb06b861c85f0", + 155000], + ["24040d2cd61f2ecb67e9fe5634c1d90e59b6b16028ff03003cf20f398ce27e44", + 0, + "1", + 155000]], + "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", + "DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH,WITNESS,P2SH"], +["Wrong Size CTV Argument is Discouraged"], +[[["13e313be0d1eab290bcf2b58f4ad76c3f4fd46b2ac4273c607cdc7f5a4170794", + 0, + "0x00 0x20 0xaeba7cb39e708a34dd186698a80cc34e70bb92921a01f853ac691bb572b52d62", + 155000]], + "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", +"DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH,WITNESS,P2SH,DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS", [ + { + "if_unset":["DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH"], + "then_unset":["DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS"] + } +]], + +["Empty Stack is Rejected for CTV"], +[[["e658e5b94eba5931faf2379a61a75a05b153648690527d35f7143bed462a6ebc", + 0, + "0x00 0x20 0x6c9cc4747e7d287ac1abf8c65152a78d369213583e306b7d3163e12c561abaa2", + 155000]], + "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", + "DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH,WITNESS,P2SH", + [{"if_unset": ["DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH"], + "then_unset": ["DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS"]}]], + +["Wrong Size Stack Argument is Discouraged for CTV"], +[[["e658e5b94eba5931faf2379a61a75a05b153648690527d35f7143bed462a6ebc", + 0, + "0x00 0x20 0x6c9cc4747e7d287ac1abf8c65152a78d369213583e306b7d3163e12c561abaa2", + 155000]], +"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", +"DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH,WITNESS,P2SH,DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS", +[{"if_unset": ["DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH"], + "then_unset": ["DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS"]}]], + +["Wrong TX Hash passed via the stack fails CTV"], +[[["1303ae3fc607b6eb3a4da63d3d7f4722b595db87890943618e11c3905662cae4", + 0, + "0x00 0x20 0x6c9cc4747e7d287ac1abf8c65152a78d369213583e306b7d3163e12c561abaa2", + 155000]], + "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", + "DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH,WITNESS,P2SH", + [{"if_unset": ["DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH"], + "then_unset": ["DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS"]}]], + +["Embedded CTV Impossible with Bare P2SH due to hash cycle"], +[[["6a869fd9a0395f35e412ad3eb7fffa61a59263b1ad16aeb5fcc30e032bc3a8bf", + 0, + "OP_HASH160 0x14 0x40aec8967698985eb369afd3ad3dc571110e6a10 OP_EQUAL", + 155000]], + "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", + "DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH,P2SH", + [{"if_unset": ["DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH"], + "then_unset": ["DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS"]}]], + +["CTV at pos 2 with >1 Input Fails if too few inputs"], +[[["eeda9ea077b04abec103ffbba6bcf41cd67cdfdabe5ccc6ed766b9cd4ed4808a", + 0, + "0x20 0x3e123dbe62352fa40471c195aebd3cdec43cca8728520c8a2d5737009fa05b0b OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY", + 155000]], +"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", +"DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH", +[{"if_unset": ["DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH"], + "then_unset": ["DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS"]}]], + +["CTV at pos 2 with >1 Input Fails if inputs in wrong order"], +[[["eeda9ea077b04abec103ffbba6bcf41cd67cdfdabe5ccc6ed766b9cd4ed4808a", + 0, + "0x20 0x3e123dbe62352fa40471c195aebd3cdec43cca8728520c8a2d5737009fa05b0b OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY", + 155000], + ["b6d623f1e5eaaaa83a21739f60ac173818ce6b9e13ca18ddda74e9dbe6124c0b", 0, "1", 155000]], +"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", +"DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH", +[{"if_unset": ["DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH"], + "then_unset": ["DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS"]}]], + +["CTV at pos 2 with >1 Input Fails if scriptSig of other input modified"], +[[["eeda9ea077b04abec103ffbba6bcf41cd67cdfdabe5ccc6ed766b9cd4ed4808a", + 0, + "0x20 0x3e123dbe62352fa40471c195aebd3cdec43cca8728520c8a2d5737009fa05b0b OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY", + 155000], + ["b6d623f1e5eaaaa83a21739f60ac173818ce6b9e13ca18ddda74e9dbe6124c0b", 0, "1", 155000]], +"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", +"DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH", +[{"if_unset": ["DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH"], + "then_unset": ["DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS"]}]], + +["CTV at pos 1 with specific scriptsigs fails with incorrect scriptSig"], +[[["a2522fa96033c5736f3142ff616426cd03a3d0f077f609e22c5a33a96e04e597", + 0, + "0x20 0x4870387ef3dc7b392294140a323ec7b38dc138710f0931ce27f386a57128ea63 OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY", + 155000], + ["b6d623f1e5eaaaa83a21739f60ac173818ce6b9e13ca18ddda74e9dbe6124c0b", 0, "1", 155000]], +"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", +"DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH", +[{"if_unset": ["DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH"], + "then_unset": ["DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS"]}]], + +["Make diffs cleaner by leaving a comment here without comma at the end"] +] diff --git a/bip-0119/vectors/tx_valid.json b/bip-0119/vectors/tx_valid.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae81070 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0119/vectors/tx_valid.json @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ +[ +["The following are deserialized transactions which are valid."], +["They are in the form"], +["[[[prevout hash, prevout index, prevout scriptPubKey, amount?], [input 2], ...],"], +["serializedTransaction, excluded verifyFlags, always included verifyFlags?, skip excluded one by one?]"], +["Objects that are only a single string (like this one) are ignored"], + +["Check that CTV is Processed with a Taproot Spend"], +[[["f90521604b56c392ffa17a01bcae5914b8cf7728cc6cec00d90838818cc5465f", 0, "1 0x20 0x24f5fe807bcee7774dc515f0b7ee8d6ae39eefd1b590264c52ff867e22c49419", 155000]], 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+[[["f90521604b56c392ffa17a01bcae5914b8cf7728cc6cec00d90838818cc5465f", 0, "1 0x20 0x24f5fe807bcee7774dc515f0b7ee8d6ae39eefd1b590264c52ff867e22c49419", 155000]], +"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", +"DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS", "NONE", true], + +["Segwit v0 CTV Spend"], +[[["c16621d89637274011a8fb02ac487d283367f33d36de8c1ec8e323e55cb149cb", + 0, + "0x00 0x20 0xf47ad51491d952cb1fad0d3f208dde482561d2170ebbbbc08e2e0292eeb4ec3d", + 155000]], + "02000000000101cb49b15ce523e3c81e8cde363df36733287d48ac02fba81140273796d82166c10000000000000000000ae80300000000000017a91496e75de842d245fe846f1866f535d3d549af1eee87d00700000000000017a91443078220afb62f1dd0f13b58103c2cdea3ec31eb87b80b00000000000017a914c2aabf119c1825b1de66bc34e0792e37c198b5a987a00f00000000000017a9146e9e99a0b342e90e9360e26aa1a2b12ac7d1701e87881300000000000017a9149fc2952de5c6268759a4addd6f1336585de5a6b687701700000000000017a914f0bb53b2734e0f4027b25084630f4c7cb793f0d087581b00000000000017a914151a578ea0bbe3a24bf8335c4ee162643be28b4787401f00000000000017a9148f7ffde60fa425fa919ab9de3c7731fa4268151787282300000000000017a91454c45d77bccc359d07a2b17b4abfc78e8c3237b787102700000000000017a914e43197dbd28424b86c7c8823180e2b15192a96d1870122207427029cbb0a48361ba1b83e4fff21918618477be3d217d83b2ff846815305f6b300000000", + "NONE", "DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH"], +["Check that CTV upgradability works (Segwit v0)"], +[[["c16621d89637274011a8fb02ac487d283367f33d36de8c1ec8e323e55cb149cb", + 0, + "0x00 0x20 0xf47ad51491d952cb1fad0d3f208dde482561d2170ebbbbc08e2e0292eeb4ec3d", + 155000]], + "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", +"DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS", "NONE", true], + + ["CTV reserves different sized args for future upgrades"], +[[["e8e9805801b7fb44814531de0dd498b955651b9c25a85a043d73f18970622647", + 0, + "0x00 0x20 0x65f15821061635e6807f06701bf0a12d8e89dcff88df5968bd0822c9dbb52f1c", + 155000]], + "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", + "DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS"], + + ["CheckTemplateVerify Argument from Witness Stack"], +[[["e8e9805801b7fb44814531de0dd498b955651b9c25a85a043d73f18970622647", + 0, + "0x00 0x20 0x65f15821061635e6807f06701bf0a12d8e89dcff88df5968bd0822c9dbb52f1c", + 155000]], + "020000000001014726627089f1733d045aa8259c1b6555b998d40dde31458144fbb7015880e9e80000000000000000000ae90300000000000017a91496e75de842d245fe846f1866f535d3d549af1eee87d00700000000000017a91443078220afb62f1dd0f13b58103c2cdea3ec31eb87b80b00000000000017a914c2aabf119c1825b1de66bc34e0792e37c198b5a987a00f00000000000017a9146e9e99a0b342e90e9360e26aa1a2b12ac7d1701e87881300000000000017a9149fc2952de5c6268759a4addd6f1336585de5a6b687701700000000000017a914f0bb53b2734e0f4027b25084630f4c7cb793f0d087581b00000000000017a914151a578ea0bbe3a24bf8335c4ee162643be28b4787401f00000000000017a9148f7ffde60fa425fa919ab9de3c7731fa4268151787282300000000000017a91454c45d77bccc359d07a2b17b4abfc78e8c3237b787102700000000000017a914e43197dbd28424b86c7c8823180e2b15192a96d18702204d5783a61241bdef19c3480e094cc933c91d2bde995c8c50407099184b501f4301b300000000", + "NONE", "DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH"], + ["CheckTemplateVerify Argument from Witness Stack"], +[[["e8e9805801b7fb44814531de0dd498b955651b9c25a85a043d73f18970622647", + 0, + "0x00 0x20 0x65f15821061635e6807f06701bf0a12d8e89dcff88df5968bd0822c9dbb52f1c", + 155000]], + "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", + "DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS", "NONE", true], + + ["BEGIN CTV congestion control tree level with 4 levels:"], + ["CTV congestion control tree level 0"], +[[["d0246d069143263bca9a2b176fcf64bd8e4975c7670ed33659b4b8f88d3e7446", + 0, + "0x20 0x10618b50aa1120e9e940bbea8b6d081019e38fbb9b956b0ab4f61631d05727ca OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY", + 16600]], + "020000000146743e8df8b8b45936d30e67c775498ebd64cf6f172b9aca3b264391066d24d000000000000000000002781e0000000000002220bceb923d731eddf09705690d6ee697d1b3d57279ad96910cfb66a8d43a638800b3781e00000000000022201210e50077518896fd1661bffc2c1e88ad6e204ec4e8755407b42a97347c1e1bb300000000", + "DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS", "NONE", true], +["CTV congestion control tree level 1"], +[[["b69f866d47ebb75eeecfbc3b9b641f926f11035b64ff27a5a5e88b9c065bddf5", + 0, + "0x20 0xbceb923d731eddf09705690d6ee697d1b3d57279ad96910cfb66a8d43a638800 OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY", + 7800]], + "0200000001f5dd5b069c8be8a5a527ff645b03116f921f649b3bbccfee5eb7eb476d869fb600000000000000000002480d00000000000022204c683607ca7950380df10647b223f656cd73d1f7ad67b30caf60d78337f913b2b3480d0000000000002220805bddd8b95a3cf3729b62703de37a1533b11634de76aa4a18605b640f1f3208b300000000", + "DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS", "NONE", true], +["CTV congestion control tree level 2"], +[[["7d331a33880504fa94478c9687f3f41322ec76f81edad8e72491cbb81eea4754", + 0, + "0x20 0x4c683607ca7950380df10647b223f656cd73d1f7ad67b30caf60d78337f913b2 OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY", + 3400]], + "02000000015447ea1eb8cb9124e7d8da1ef876ec2213f4f387968c4794fa040588331a337d00000000000000000002b004000000000000222084ac6e0fdbe91b09d1bf68158643ad68e0b3e64373738fb35711de0835011079b3b0040000000000002220241af26179a8e861cca473244723978127c16531f71fbcc33563c4f099651f8fb300000000", + "DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS", "NONE", true], +["CTV congestion control tree level 3"], +[[["e630b2357e02d1611a0615ce3964c408823ce3269974bd94e57ddea96900da70", + 0, + "0x20 0x84ac6e0fdbe91b09d1bf68158643ad68e0b3e64373738fb35711de0835011079 OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY", + 1200]], + "020000000170da0069a9de7de594bd749926e33c8208c46439ce15061a61d1027e35b230e60000000000000000000264000000000000001600141ca3bdf6bd2b1fc27420316a0d13f81fcdb85cb0640000000000000016001489d611c79700d6b4ae73d853ed49b86621d5802100000000", + "DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS", "NONE", true], + ["END"], + + ["BEGIN CTV congestion control tree level with 4 levels:"], + ["CTV congestion control tree level 0"], +[[["d0246d069143263bca9a2b176fcf64bd8e4975c7670ed33659b4b8f88d3e7446", + 0, + "0x20 0x10618b50aa1120e9e940bbea8b6d081019e38fbb9b956b0ab4f61631d05727ca OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY", + 16600]], + "020000000146743e8df8b8b45936d30e67c775498ebd64cf6f172b9aca3b264391066d24d000000000000000000002781e0000000000002220bceb923d731eddf09705690d6ee697d1b3d57279ad96910cfb66a8d43a638800b3781e00000000000022201210e50077518896fd1661bffc2c1e88ad6e204ec4e8755407b42a97347c1e1bb300000000", + "NONE", "DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH"], +["CTV congestion control tree level 1"], +[[["b69f866d47ebb75eeecfbc3b9b641f926f11035b64ff27a5a5e88b9c065bddf5", + 0, + "0x20 0xbceb923d731eddf09705690d6ee697d1b3d57279ad96910cfb66a8d43a638800 OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY", + 7800]], + "0200000001f5dd5b069c8be8a5a527ff645b03116f921f649b3bbccfee5eb7eb476d869fb600000000000000000002480d00000000000022204c683607ca7950380df10647b223f656cd73d1f7ad67b30caf60d78337f913b2b3480d0000000000002220805bddd8b95a3cf3729b62703de37a1533b11634de76aa4a18605b640f1f3208b300000000", + "NONE", "DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH"], +["CTV congestion control tree level 2"], +[[["7d331a33880504fa94478c9687f3f41322ec76f81edad8e72491cbb81eea4754", + 0, + "0x20 0x4c683607ca7950380df10647b223f656cd73d1f7ad67b30caf60d78337f913b2 OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY", + 3400]], + "02000000015447ea1eb8cb9124e7d8da1ef876ec2213f4f387968c4794fa040588331a337d00000000000000000002b004000000000000222084ac6e0fdbe91b09d1bf68158643ad68e0b3e64373738fb35711de0835011079b3b0040000000000002220241af26179a8e861cca473244723978127c16531f71fbcc33563c4f099651f8fb300000000", + "NONE", "DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH"], +["CTV congestion control tree level 3"], +[[["e630b2357e02d1611a0615ce3964c408823ce3269974bd94e57ddea96900da70", + 0, + "0x20 0x84ac6e0fdbe91b09d1bf68158643ad68e0b3e64373738fb35711de0835011079 OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY", + 1200]], + "020000000170da0069a9de7de594bd749926e33c8208c46439ce15061a61d1027e35b230e60000000000000000000264000000000000001600141ca3bdf6bd2b1fc27420316a0d13f81fcdb85cb0640000000000000016001489d611c79700d6b4ae73d853ed49b86621d5802100000000", + "NONE", "DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH"], + ["END"], + + ["Test CTV with a specific scriptsig"], +[[["32858fe9a6348d4ee5fcfce78f6dbca0b54dff169ff4cc41439adca4e5d30746", + 0, + "1", + 155000], + ["357722dce671e5aa52abd617002baa8d5d970cef43feca3bf2d4c8b1e5d53d11", + 0, + "0x20 0x08a5903863a0562c0b5608521a8a77ca02e669eb01f3981eede6bf6f2f38c2c2 OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY", + 155000]], + "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", + "DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS,CLEANSTACK", "NONE", true], +[[["32858fe9a6348d4ee5fcfce78f6dbca0b54dff169ff4cc41439adca4e5d30746", + 0, + "1", + 155000], + ["357722dce671e5aa52abd617002baa8d5d970cef43feca3bf2d4c8b1e5d53d11", + 0, + "0x20 0x08a5903863a0562c0b5608521a8a77ca02e669eb01f3981eede6bf6f2f38c2c2 OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY", + 155000]], + "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", + "CLEANSTACK", "DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH"], + ["Test CTV with a specific scriptsig at different index"], + [[["e2f2baee9c59389b34e39742ce05debf64aaa7a00fbdab88614f4d3c133186d5", + 0, + "1", + 155000], + ["c88e4b769a9211d2bca7516dbeacf250585dc825e41e34a65607a444b97fb782", + 0, + "0x20 0xcc06acb181a8e9893c53c92fcfcb56fc004a360964af02cfd15b9f3321385f86 OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY", + 155000]], +"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", +"DISCOURAGE_UPGRADABLE_NOPS,CLEANSTACK", "NONE", true], + [[["e2f2baee9c59389b34e39742ce05debf64aaa7a00fbdab88614f4d3c133186d5", + 0, + "1", + 155000], + ["c88e4b769a9211d2bca7516dbeacf250585dc825e41e34a65607a444b97fb782", + 0, + "0x20 0xcc06acb181a8e9893c53c92fcfcb56fc004a360964af02cfd15b9f3321385f86 OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY", + 155000]], +"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", + "CLEANSTACK", "DEFAULT_CHECK_TEMPLATE_VERIFY_HASH"], + +["Make diffs cleaner by leaving a comment here without comma at the end"] +] diff --git a/bip-0120.mediawiki b/bip-0120.mediawiki index d48cdfa..b951e93 100644 --- a/bip-0120.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0120.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Kalle Rosenbaum <kalle@rosenbaum.se> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0120 - Status: Draft + Status: Withdrawn Type: Standards Track Created: 2015-07-28 </pre> diff --git a/bip-0121.mediawiki b/bip-0121.mediawiki index 34820f5..1b01a0b 100644 --- a/bip-0121.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0121.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Kalle Rosenbaum <kalle@rosenbaum.se> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0121 - Status: Draft + Status: Withdrawn Type: Standards Track Created: 2015-07-27 </pre> diff --git a/bip-0124.mediawiki b/bip-0124.mediawiki index a5929ac..69cb134 100644 --- a/bip-0124.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0124.mediawiki @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ William Swanson <swansontec@gmail.com> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0124 - Status: Draft + Status: Rejected Type: Informational Created: 2015-11-20 License: PD diff --git a/bip-0125.mediawiki b/bip-0125.mediawiki index a4b0279..8cd7649 100644 --- a/bip-0125.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0125.mediawiki @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ transaction) that spends one or more of the same inputs if, # The original transactions signal replaceability explicitly or through inheritance as described in the above Summary section. -# The replacement transaction pays an absolute higher fee than the sum paid by the original transactions. +# The replacement transaction may only include an unconfirmed input if that input was included in one of the original transactions. (An unconfirmed input spends an output from a currently-unconfirmed transaction.) -# The replacement transaction does not contain any new unconfirmed inputs that did not previously appear in the mempool. (Unconfirmed inputs are inputs spending outputs from currently unconfirmed transactions.) +# The replacement transaction pays an absolute fee of at least the sum paid by the original transactions. -# The replacement transaction must pay for its own bandwidth in addition to the amount paid by the original transactions at or above the rate set by the node's minimum relay fee setting. For example, if the minimum relay fee is 1 satoshi/byte and the replacement transaction is 500 bytes total, then the replacement must pay a fee at least 500 satoshis higher than the sum of the originals. +# The replacement transaction must also pay for its own bandwidth at or above the rate set by the node's minimum relay fee setting. For example, if the minimum relay fee is 1 satoshi/byte and the replacement transaction is 500 bytes total, then the replacement must pay a fee at least 500 satoshis higher than the sum of the originals. # The number of original transactions to be replaced and their descendant transactions which will be evicted from the mempool must not exceed a total of 100 transactions. @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ unconfirmed. Wallets that don't want to signal replaceability should use either a max sequence number (0xffffffff) or a sequence number of (0xffffffff-1) when -then also want to use locktime; all known wallets currently do this. +they also want to use locktime; all known wallets currently do this. They should also take care not to spend any unconfirmed transaction that signals replaceability explicitly or through inherited signaling; most wallets also currently do this by not spending any unconfirmed transactions except @@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ confirmed, and so some users advocated that replacement should be disallowed. To address those concerns, a variation on RBF was created that -required that the replacement transaction pay all of same outputs as +required that the replacement transaction pay all of the same outputs as the original transaction in equal or greater amount. This was called RBF First Seen Safe (RBF-FSS), and the original RBF became known as full-RBF. Although agreeable to recipients who relied on the @@ -171,13 +171,9 @@ Actual replacement may be unreliable until two conditions have been satisfied: # Enough hash rate has upgraded to support replacement, allowing for reasonable probability that a replacement can be mined. -==Client support== +==Backwards compatibility== -No known wallet currently creates transactions by default with -nSequence set below (0xffffffff - 1), so no known existing wallet -explicitly signals replaceability by default. No known popular wallet -spends other users' unconfirmed transactions by default, so no known -existing wallets signals inherited replaceability. +At the time opt-in RBF support was added/proposed, no known wallet created transactions by default with nSequence set below (0xffffffff - 1), so no known wallet explicitly signaled replaceability by default. Also no known popular wallet spent other users' unconfirmed transactions by default, so no known wallets signaled inherited replaceability. ==See also== diff --git a/bip-0127.mediawiki b/bip-0127.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44a90d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0127.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,227 @@ + +<pre> + BIP: 127 + Layer: Applications + Title: Simple Proof-of-Reserves Transactions + Author: Steven Roose <steven@stevenroose.org> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0127 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2019-01-28 + License: CC0-1.0 +</pre> + + +==Abstract== + +This BIP describes a simple way to construct proof-of-reserves transactions. +This proposal formalizes a standard format for constructing such proofs, easing +their construction with existing wallet infrastructure and enabling general +proof-verification software. It relies on existing standards such as regular +Bitcoin transaction serialization/validation and the BIP 174 PSBT format. +The proposal also includes the description of a PSBT extension for a better +user experience. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal license. + +==Motivation== + +From the very early days in the history of Bitcoin, there have been companies +managing bitcoins for their users. These users give up control over their coins +in return for a certain service. Inevitably, there have been many cases of +companies losing their users' bitcoins without timely disclosing such events to +the public. Proofs of Reserves are a way for companies managing large amounts +of bitcoins to prove ownership over a given amount of funds. The regular proof +of control helps to ensure that no significant loss has occurred. + +While the term proof-of-reserves is not new by any means, the procedure is not +very common among high-value custodian companies. One of the reasons for this +is that every company that wants to perform a proof-of-reserves has to construct +its own way to do so. Accordingly, their users have to understand the +construction of the proof in order to be able to verify it. This raises the bar +of entry both for custodians and for users. + + +===What this BIP is not doing=== + +The proof-of-reserve construction described in this document has some known +shortcomings, mostly with regards to its privacy properties. While there exists +research about improved proof-of-reserves mechanisms that have much better +privacy properties<ref>Dagher, Gaby G., Benedikt Bünz, Joseph Bonneau, Jeremy +Clark, and Dan Boneh. "Provisions: Privacy-preserving proofs of solvency for +Bitcoin exchanges." (2015).</ref>, this BIP intentionally only formalizes +the de-facto existing method. + + +==Specification== + +Our specification consists of two parts: +# the format for the actual proofs +# a file format used to package a set of proofs and relevant metadata + +The final construction should have the following properties: +* flexible proof construction to support complex wallet infrastructures +* easy integration with existing wallet solutions (both hardware and software wallets) +* support for verification via a standard procedure, regardless of publisher of the proof +* proof prevents reuse of proofs by other parties by committing to a message +* allow validating that the issuer had the funds under his control at a certain block, regardless of what happened after that block + +===Proof Format=== + +To allow for maximal compatibility with existing systems, proofs are formatted as regular Bitcoin +transactions. However, one small adaptation to the transaction is made that has two functions: +# make the transaction unspendable to avoid putting funds at risk +# link the proof to the issuer of the proof to prevent copying proofs from other custodians + +The resulting construction is a Bitcoin transaction with the following +characteristics: + +* The first input (the "commitment input") +** MUST have the txid part of the previous outpoint set to the SHA-256 hash of the commitment message prefixed with "Proof-of-Reserves: "<ref>If the message is "Some Message", the txid part should be <tt>SHA-256("Proof-of-Reserves: Some Message")</tt> with the string encoded as UTF-8.</ref> and index 0. +* The remaining inputs +** MUST have signatures that commit to the commitment input (e.g. using <tt>SIGHASH_ALL</tt>). +* The transaction MUST have a single output that is the exact sum of all the inputs, assuming the commitment input to have 0 value; this means the transaction has no miner fee. + +The existence of the first input (which is just a commitment hash) ensures +that this transaction is invalid and can never be confirmed. + + +===Proof File Format=== + +In theory, the first part of the specification would be sufficient as a minimum +viable standard. However, there are a number of motivations to extend the +standard with an extra layer of metadata: + +# constructing and combining multiple proofs +#:Having thousands of UTXOs spread across different offline and online wallets could make it difficult to construct a single proof transaction with all UTXOs. Allowing multiple proof transactions with the same commitment message and block number gives extra flexibility to custodians with complex wallet infrastructure without making the combined proof less secure. +# metadata for verification +#:Not all systems that will be used for verification have access to a full index of all transactions. However, proofs should be easily verifiable even after some of the UTXOs used in the proof are no longer unspent. Metadata present in the proof allows for relatively efficient verification of proofs even if no transaction index is available. +# potential future improvements +#:The extensible metadata format allows for amending the standard in the future. One potential improvement would be having UTXO set commitments. These would allow the proofs-of-reserves to come with accompanying proofs-of-inclusion of all used UTXOs in the UTXO set at the block of proof construction (making validation even more efficient). + +The proposed proof-file format provides a standard way of combining multiple +proofs and associated metadata. The specification of the format is in the +Protocol Buffers<ref>https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/</ref> format. + +<pre> +syntax = "proto3"; +import "google/protobuf/any.proto"; + +message OutputMeta { + // Identify the outpoint. + bytes txid = 1; + uint32 vout = 2; + + // The block hash of the block where this output was created. + bytes block_hash = 3; +} + +message FinalProof { + // The proof transaction. Should be able to be parsed like a regular + // Bitcoin transaction. + bytes proof_tx = 1; + + // The metadata of the ouputs used in the proof transaction. + repeated OutputMeta output_metadata = 2; +} + +message ProofOfReserves { + // A version number for this format to enable extending it with + // additional fields. + uint32 version = 1; + + // The network magic for the network in which the proofs are valid. + // 0xD9B4BEF9 for mainnet, 0x0709110B for testnet + //TODO consider BIP44 coin type ids instead: + // https://github.com/satoshilabs/slips/blob/master/slip-0044.md + uint32 network_magic = 2; + + // The commitment message for this proof-of-reserves. + // This message is global for all the proofs. + string message = 3; + + // The block at which this proof is supposed to be validated. + // Verification should take into account unspentness of outputs at this + // block height. + bytes block_hash = 4; + + // The set of final proof transactions with their output metadata. + repeated FinalProof final_proofs = 5; + + // Reserved field that can potentially be used by proof-construction tools. + // It can be ignored for verification. + repeated google.protobuf.Any pending_proofs = 6; +} +</pre> + +The last field, <tt>pending_proofs</tt>, leaves open some space in the same +file that can be used by proof-construction tools. This allows them to +construct different proofs incrementally without having to switch between file +formats. + + +===PSBT (BIP 174) extension=== + +The "commitment input" detailed in the proof format section does not spend an +existing UTXO and thus shouldn't be signed (empty <tt>scriptSig</tt> and +witness). This can cause some problems when signing this type of transactions. +For example, hardware wallets often require the signer to provide information +about all inputs of transactions they are signing, such as the previous output +or previous transaction; this data obviously doesn't exist for the commitment +inputs. + +For most existing devices, it's possible to circumvent these requirements by +providing dummy data or by instructing the device to ignore this specific +input. However, there is still a UX problem. Because the hardware wallet +device doesn't recognize the transaction as a proof-of-reserves transaction it +will think it is signing a regular transaction that is spending all the money +in the UTXOs. Most devices will ask for confirmation with a message along the +lines of "Are you sure you want to send XXX BTC to address [...]?". This is +not the best user experience. + +An addition to the BIP 174 PSBT format could help signing devices to recognize proof-of-reserve transactions. +The following field is added to the BIP 174 <tt>INPUT</tt> map: + +* Type: Proof-of-reserves commitment <tt>PSBT_IN_POR_COMMITMENT = 0x09</tt> +** Key: None. The key must only contain the 1 byte type. +*** <tt>{0x09}</tt> +** Value: The UTF-8 encoded commitment message string for the proof-of-reserves. +*** <tt>{porCommitment}</tt> + +Wallets processing an input that has this field set +* MUST make sure the txid of the previous outpoint is set to the SHA-256 hash of the prefixed commitment message string, as detailed above; +* MUST assume the input value to be 0 (without requiring the previous output or transaction to be provided); +* SHOULD display the commitment message to ask the user for confirmation before signing any inputs; +* SHOULD only provide signatures with a signature hash that commits to this input; +* SHOULD accept an empty <tt>scriptSig</tt> for this input (as if the <tt>scriptPubKey</tt> was <tt>OP_TRUE</tt>). + + +==Compatibility== + +The proof transaction specification is based on the Bitcoin transaction +serialization protocol and will thus always be compatible with serializers +that can interpret Bitcoin transactions. The protobuf file format is custom +to this BIP and has a version byte to enable updates while attempting to remain +backwards compatible. + + +==Implementations== + +A proof-of-concept implementation of the PSBT extension in the +[https://github.com/rust-bitcoin/rust-bitcoin rust-bitcoin] project can be +found in the <tt>psbt-por</tt> branch here: +https://github.com/stevenroose/rust-bitcoin/tree/psbt-por + +A work-in-progress implementation of a tool that produces and verifies proofs +in the described format can be found here: +https://github.com/stevenroose/reserves + +An implementation of the custom proof PSBTs is part of the [https://bitcoindevkit.org/ BDK], and can be found here: https://crates.io/crates/bdk-reserves + +== Footnotes == + +<references /> + diff --git a/bip-0129.mediawiki b/bip-0129.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..608c724 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0129.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,462 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 129 + Layer: Applications + Title: Bitcoin Secure Multisig Setup (BSMS) + Author: Hugo Nguyen <hugo@nunchuk.io> + Peter Gray <peter@coinkite.com> + Marko Bencun <marko@shiftcrypto.ch> + Aaron Chen <aarondongchen@gmail.com> + Rodolfo Novak <rodolfo@coinkite.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0129 + Status: Proposed + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2020-11-10 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Introduction== + +===Abstract=== + +This document proposes a mechanism to set up multisig wallets securely. + +===Copyright=== + +This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. + +===Motivation=== + +The Bitcoin multisig experience has been greatly streamlined under [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0174.mediawiki BIP-0174 +(Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction)]. However, what is still missing is a standardized process for setting up multisig wallets securely across different vendors. + +There are a number of concerns when it comes to setting up a multisig wallet: + +# Whether the multisig configuration, such as Signer membership, script type, derivation paths and number of signatures required, is correct and not tampered with. +# Whether the keys or the multisig configuration are leaked during the setup. +# Whether the Signer persists the multisig configuration in their respective storage, and under what format. +# Whether the Signer's storage is tamper-proof. +# Whether the Signer subsequently uses the multisig configuration to generate and verify receive and change addresses. + +An attacker who can modify the multisig configuration can steal or hold funds for ransom by duping the user into sending funds to the wrong address. An attacker who cannot modify the configuration but can learn about the keys and/or the configuration can monitor transactions in the wallet, resulting in loss of privacy. + +This proposal seeks to address concerns #1, #2 and #3: to mitigate the risk of tampering during the initial setup phase, and to define an interoperable multisig configuration format. + +Concerns #4 and #5 should be handled by Signers and are out of scope of this proposal. + +==Specification== + +===Prerequisites=== +This proposal assumes the parties in the multisig support [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki BIP-0032], [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0322.mediawiki BIP-0322], [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/descriptors.md the descriptor language] and [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3686 AES encryption]. + +===File Extensions=== +All descriptor and key records should have a <tt>.bsms</tt> file extension. Encrypted data should have a <tt>.dat</tt> extension. + +===Roles=== +====Coordinator==== + +The Coordinator initiates the multisig setup. The Coordinator determines what type of multisig is used and the exact policy script. If encryption is enabled, the Coordinator also distributes a shared secret or shared secrets to the parties involved for secure communication. The Coordinator gathers information from the Signers to generate a descriptor record. The Coordinator distributes the descriptor record back to the Signers. + +====Signer==== + +The Signer is any software or hardware that controls the private keys and can sign using those keys. The Signer is a participating member in the multisig. Its responsibilities include providing its key record -- which contains a public key or an Extended Public Key (XPUB) -- to the Coordinator, verifying that its <tt>KEY</tt> is included in the descriptor record and persisting the descriptor record in its storage. + +===Setup Process=== + +====Round 1==== + +=====Coordinator===== + +* The Coordinator creates a new multisig wallet creation session. The Coordinator constructs the multisig script and its policy parameters, such as the required number of signatures and the total number of Signers (<tt>M</tt> and <tt>N</tt>). +* The session should expire after some time period determined by the Coordinator, e.g., 24 hours. The timeout allows the encryption key to have lower entropy. +* If encryption is enabled, the Coordinator distributes a secret <tt>TOKEN</tt> to each Signer over a secure channel. The Signer can use the <tt>TOKEN</tt> to derive an <tt>ENCRYPTION_KEY</tt>. Refer to the [[#Encryption]] section below for details on the <tt>TOKEN</tt>, the key derivation function and the encryption scheme. Depending on the use case, the Coordinator can decide whether to share one common <tt>TOKEN</tt> for all Signers, or to have one per Signer. +* If encryption is disabled, the <tt>TOKEN</tt> is set to <tt>0x00</tt>, and all the encryption/decryption steps below can be skipped. + +=====Signer===== + +* The Signer initiates the multisig wallet creation session by setting the <tt>TOKEN</tt>. The Signer derives an <tt>ENCRYPTION_KEY</tt> from the <tt>TOKEN</tt>. The Signer can keep the session open until a different value for the <tt>TOKEN</tt> is set. +* The Signer generates a key record by prompting the user for a multisig derivation path and retrieves the <tt>KEY</tt> at that derivation path. Alternatively, the Signer can choose a path on behalf of the user. If the Signer chooses the path, it should try to avoid reusing <tt>KEY</tt>s for different wallets. +* The first line in the record must be the specification version (<tt>BSMS 1.0</tt> as of this writing). The second line must be the hex-encoded <tt>TOKEN</tt>. The third line must be the <tt>KEY</tt>. The <tt>KEY</tt> is a public key or an XPUB plus the key origin information, written in the descriptor-defined format, i.e.: <tt>[{master key fingerprint}/{derivation path}]{KEY}</tt>. The fourth line is a text description of the key, 80 characters maximum. The fifth line must be a <tt>SIG</tt>, whereas <tt>SIG</tt> is the signature generated by using the private key associated with the public key or XPUB to sign the first four lines. The signature should follow [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0322.mediawiki BIP-0322], legacy format accepted. +* The Signer calculates the Message Authentication Code (<tt>MAC</tt>) for the record. The first 16 bytes of the <tt>MAC</tt> serves as the Initialization Vector (<tt>IV</tt>) for the encryption. +* The Signer encrypts the key record with the <tt>ENCRYPTION_KEY</tt> and <tt>IV</tt>. +* The Signer encodes the <tt>MAC</tt> and the ciphertext into hexadecimal format, then concatenates the results: <tt>(MAC || ciphertext)</tt>. + +====Round 2==== + +=====Coordinator===== + +* The Coordinator gathers key records from all participating Signers. The Coordinator verifies that there are exactly <tt>N</tt> unique key records before the wallet setup session expires. +* For each key record, the Coordinator extracts the <tt>MAC</tt> from the data, sets <tt>IV</tt> to the first 16 bytes of the <tt>MAC</tt>, then decrypts the ciphertext using the <tt>ENCRYPTION_KEY</tt> and <tt>IV</tt>. +* The Coordinator verifies that the included <tt>MAC</tt> is valid given the plaintext. +* The Coordinator verifies that the key records have compatible specification versions. +* The Coordinator verifies that the included <tt>SIG</tt> is valid given the <tt>KEY</tt>. +* If all key records look good, the Coordinator fills in all necessary information to generate a descriptor record. +* The first line in the descriptor record must be the specification version (<tt>BSMS 1.0</tt> as of this writing). The second line must be a descriptor or a descriptor template. The third line must be a comma-separated list of derivation path restrictions. The paths must start with <tt>/</tt> and use non-hardened derivation. If there are no template or restrictions, it must say <tt>No path restrictions</tt>. The fourth line must be the wallet's first address. If there are path restrictions, use the first address from the first path restriction. +* The Coordinator calculates the <tt>MAC</tt> for the record. The first 16 bytes of the <tt>MAC</tt> serves as the <tt>IV</tt> for the encryption.. +* The Coordinator encrypts the descriptor record with the <tt>ENCRYPTION_KEY</tt> and <tt>IV</tt>. +* The Coordinator encodes the <tt>MAC</tt> and the ciphertext into hexadecimal format, then concatenates the results: <tt>(MAC || ciphertext)</tt>. +* The Coordinator sends the encrypted descriptor record to all participating Signers. + +=====Signer===== + +* The Signer imports the descriptor record. +* The Signer extracts the <tt>MAC</tt> from the data, sets <tt>IV</tt> to the first 16 bytes of the <tt>MAC</tt>, then decrypts the ciphertext using the <tt>ENCRYPTION_KEY</tt> (derived from the open session) and <tt>IV</tt>. +* The Signer verifies that the included <tt>MAC</tt> is valid given the plaintext. +* The Signer verifies that it can support the included specification version. +* The Signer verifies that it can support the descriptor or descriptor template. +* The Signer checks that its <tt>KEY</tt> is included in the descriptor or descriptor template, using path and fingerprint information provided. The check must perform an exact match on the <tt>KEY</tt>s and not using shortcuts such as matching fingerprints, which is trivial to spoof. +* The Signer verifies that it is compatible with the derivation path restrictions. +* The Signer verifies that the wallet's first address is valid. +* For confirmation, the Signer must display to the user the wallet's first address and policy parameters, including, but not limited to: the derivation path restrictions, <tt>M</tt>, <tt>N</tt>, and the position(s) of the Signer's own <tt>KEY</tt> in the policy script. The total number of Signers, <tt>N</tt>, is important to prevent a <tt>KEY</tt> insertion attack. The position is important for scripts where <tt>KEY</tt> order matters. When applicable, all positions of the <tt>KEY</tt> must be displayed. The full descriptor or descriptor template must also be available for review upon user request. +* Parties must check with each other that all Signers have the same confirmation (except for the <tt>KEY</tt> positions). +* If all checks pass, the Signer must persist the descriptor record in its storage. + +This completes the setup. + +===Encryption=== + +====The Token==== +We define three modes of encryption. + +# <tt>NO_ENCRYPTION</tt> : the <tt>TOKEN</tt> is set to <tt>0x00</tt>. Encryption is disabled. +# <tt>STANDARD</tt> : the <tt>TOKEN</tt> is a 64-bit nonce. +# <tt>EXTENDED</tt> : the <tt>TOKEN</tt> is a 128-bit nonce. + +The <tt>TOKEN</tt> can be converted to one of these formats: +* A decimal number (recommended). The number must not exceed the maximum value of the nonce. +* A mnemonic phrase using [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki BIP-0039] word list. This would be 6 words in <tt>STANDARD</tt> mode. This encoding is not recommended in <tt>EXTENDED</tt> mode as it can result in potential confusion between seed mnemonics and <tt>TOKEN</tt> mnemonics. +* A QR code. +* Other formats. + +The flexibility in the data format allows each Signer to customize the User Experience based on its respective capabilities. + +====Key Derivation==== +The key derivation function is [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2898 PBKDF2], with PRF = SHA512. Specifically: + +<tt>DKey = PBKDF2(PRF, Password, Salt, c, dkLen)</tt> + +Whereas: + +* PRF = SHA512 +* Password = "No SPOF" +* Salt = <tt>TOKEN</tt> +* c = 2048 +* dkLen = 256 +* DKey = Derived <tt>ENCRYPTION_KEY</tt> + +====Encryption Scheme==== +The encryption scheme is [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3686 AES-256-CTR]. + +<tt>MAC = HMAC-SHA256(HMAC_Key, hex-encoded TOKEN || Data)</tt> + +<tt>IV = First 16 bytes of MAC</tt> + +<tt>Ciphertext = AES-256-CTR-Encrypt(Plaintext, DKey, IV)</tt> + +<tt>Plaintext = AES-256-CTR-Decrypt(Ciphertext, DKey, IV)</tt> + +Whereas: +* DKey = <tt>ENCRYPTION_KEY</tt> +* HMAC_Key = SHA256(<tt>ENCRYPTION_KEY</tt>) +* Data = the plaintext, e.g. the entire key record in round 1 and the entire descriptor record in round 2 + +The <tt>MAC</tt> is to be sent along with the key and descriptor record, as specified above. Because it is a <tt>MAC</tt> over the entire plaintext, this is essentially an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated_encryption#Encrypt-and-MAC_(E&M) Encrypt-and-MAC] form of authenticated encryption. + +===Descriptor Template=== +The output descriptor language only supports one-dimensional lists. This proposal introduces a descriptor template to represent multi-dimensional lists: + +<tt>XPUB/**</tt> + +Whereas <tt>/**</tt> can be replaced by any number of derivation path restrictions. + +A descriptor template must be accompanied by derivation path restrictions. Signers should expand the template into concrete descriptors by replacing <tt>/**</tt> with the restrictions. + +For example, the following template and derivation path restrictions: +* <tt>wsh(sortedmulti(2,XPUB1/**,XPUB2/**))</tt> +* <tt>/0/*,/1/*</tt> + +Should translate to two concrete descriptors: +* <tt>wsh(sortedmulti(2,XPUB1/0/*,XPUB2/0/*))</tt> +* <tt>wsh(sortedmulti(2,XPUB1/1/*,XPUB2/1/*))</tt> + +==QR Codes== +For signers that use QR codes to transmit data, key and descriptor records can be converted to QR codes, following [https://github.com/BlockchainCommons/Research/blob/master/papers/bcr-2020-005-ur.md the BCR standard]. + +Also refer to [https://github.com/BlockchainCommons/Research/blob/master/papers/bcr-2020-015-account.md UR Type Definition for BIP44 Accounts] and [https://github.com/BlockchainCommons/Research/blob/master/papers/bcr-2020-010-output-desc.md UR Type Definition for Bitcoin Output Descriptors] for more details. + +==Compatibility== +This specification is not backwards compatible with existing multisig implementations. + +BSMS is opt-in, meaning existing multisig implementations can continue working as-is, with the caveat that they are likely to have various pitfalls. Some of the problems with existing solutions have been described in the [[#Motivation]] section. + +To comply with this standard, a Signer must be able to persist the descriptor record in its storage. + +To use BSMS for a multisig wallet, the user should wait until all participating Signers in the multisig have implemented BSMS. + +==Security== + +This proposal introduces two layers of protection. The first one is a temporary, secret <tt>TOKEN</tt>. The second one is the confirmation of the wallet's first address. + +The <tt>TOKEN</tt> is used to encrypt the two rounds of communication between the Signer and the Coordinator. A <tt>MAC</tt> is also generated from the <tt>TOKEN</tt> and plaintext to authenticate the data being exchanged. The <tt>TOKEN</tt> is only needed during the setup phase, and can be safely discarded afterwards. It is not recommended to use the same <tt>TOKEN</tt> for multiple wallet creation sessions. + +The wallet's first address, on the other hand, can be used to verify the integrity of the multisig configuration. An attacker who tampers with the multisig configuration must also change the wallet's first address. Parties must check with each other that all Signers confirm to the same address and policy parameters to reduce the chance of tampering. + +==Privacy== +Encryption helps improve the privacy of the wallet by avoiding sharing keys and descriptors in plaintext. + +If the parties wish to have stronger privacy, it is recommended to use a higher number of bits for the <tt>TOKEN</tt>, and to completely erase knowledge of the <tt>TOKEN</tt> after the multisig wallet has been set up. + +==Test Vectors== + +===Mode: <tt>NO_ENCRYPTION</tt> with Public Keys=== +====ROUND 1==== +* Coordinator +** M-of-N: 1/2 +** ADDRESS_TYPE: NATIVE_SEGWIT +** TOKEN: 0x00 + +* Signer 1 +** MASTER_KEY_FINGERPRINT: 59865f44 +** PRIVATE_KEY (m/48'/0'/0'/2'): L5TXU4SdD9e6QGgBjxeegJKxt4FgATLG1TCnFM8JLyEkFuyHEqNM +** Public Key (m/48'/0'/0'/2'): 026d15412460ba0d881c21837bb999233896085a9ed4e5445bd637c10e579768ba +** Legacy signature +** <tt>signer_1_key.bsms</tt>: +<pre>BSMS 1.0 +00 +[59865f44/48'/0'/0'/2']026d15412460ba0d881c21837bb999233896085a9ed4e5445bd637c10e579768ba +Signer 1 key +H6DXgqkCb353BDPkzppMFpOcdJZlpur0WRetQhIBqSn6DFzoQWBtm+ibP5wERDRNi0bxxev9B+FIvyQWq0s6im4=</pre> + +* Signer 2 +** MASTER_KEY_FINGERPRINT: b7044ca6 +** PRIVATE_KEY (m/48'/0'/0'/2'): KwT7BZDWjos4JAdfKi8NqF46Kj3rppTwN8KGhPbzmmugiZioFW3r +** Public Key (m/48'/0'/0'/2'): 030baf0497ab406ff50cb48b4013abac8a0338758d2fd54cd934927afa57cc2062 +** Legacy signature +** <tt>signer_2_key.bsms</tt>: +<pre>BSMS 1.0 +00 +[b7044ca6/48'/0'/0'/2']030baf0497ab406ff50cb48b4013abac8a0338758d2fd54cd934927afa57cc2062 +Signer 2 key +H08mGNGN+NxX/snt+6eX2Q1HjjfDkOtotglshHi7xdsBdIrTVMCQbgQ5SdACNZ0B2AJcifK11nJj43SvaitSemI=</pre> + +====ROUND 2==== +* Coordinator +** <tt>my_multisig_wallet.bsms</tt>: +<pre>BSMS 1.0 +wsh(sortedmulti(1,[59865f44/48'/0'/0'/2']026d15412460ba0d881c21837bb999233896085a9ed4e5445bd637c10e579768ba,[b7044ca6/48'/0'/0'/2']030baf0497ab406ff50cb48b4013abac8a0338758d2fd54cd934927afa57cc2062))#rzx9dffd +No path restrictions +bc1quqy523xu3l8che3s8vja8n33qtg0uyugr9l5z092s3wa50p8t7rqy6zumf</pre> + +===Mode: <tt>NO_ENCRYPTION</tt>=== +====ROUND 1==== +* Coordinator +** M-of-N: 2/2 +** ADDRESS_TYPE: NATIVE_SEGWIT +** TOKEN: 0x00 + +* Signer 1 +** MASTER_KEY_FINGERPRINT: 1cf0bf7e +** PRIVATE_KEY (m/48'/0'/0'/2'): L3q1sg7iso1L3QfzB1riC9bQpqMynWyBeuLLSKwCDGkHkahB7MgU +** XPUB (m/48'/0'/0'/2'): xpub6FL8FhxNNUVnG64YurPd16AfGyvFLhh7S2uSsDqR3Qfcm6o9jtcMYwh6DvmcBF9qozxNQmTCVvWtxLpKTnhVLN3Pgnu2D3pAoXYFgVyd8Yz +** Legacy signature +** <tt>signer_1_key.bsms</tt>: +<pre>BSMS 1.0 +00 +[1cf0bf7e/48'/0'/0'/2']xpub6FL8FhxNNUVnG64YurPd16AfGyvFLhh7S2uSsDqR3Qfcm6o9jtcMYwh6DvmcBF9qozxNQmTCVvWtxLpKTnhVLN3Pgnu2D3pAoXYFgVyd8Yz +Signer 1 key +IB7v+qi1b+Xrwm/3bF+Rjl8QbIJ/FMQ40kUsOOQo1SqUWn5QlFWbBD8BKPRetfo1L1N7DmYjVscZNsmMrqRJGWw=</pre> + +* Signer 2 +** MASTER_KEY_FINGERPRINT: 4fc1dd4a +** PRIVATE_KEY (m/48'/0'/0'/2'): L4JNkJfLBDyWfTLbKJ1H3w56GUMsvdfjCkzRo5RHXfJ6bdHqm6cN +** XPUB (m/48'/0'/0'/2'): xpub6EebMbEps7ZcV3FYEnddRsvrFWDrt2tiPmCeM7pPXQEmphvq9ZfJ1LWFUDjf3vxCeBuPrfyGrMazWUsYsetrnHatQZVLJH7LsgCjtMqdzgj +** Legacy signature +** <tt>signer_2_key.bsms</tt>: +<pre>BSMS 1.0 +00 +[4fc1dd4a/48'/0'/0'/2']xpub6EebMbEps7ZcV3FYEnddRsvrFWDrt2tiPmCeM7pPXQEmphvq9ZfJ1LWFUDjf3vxCeBuPrfyGrMazWUsYsetrnHatQZVLJH7LsgCjtMqdzgj +Signer 2 key +HzUa4Z76PFHMl54flIIF3XKiHZ+KbWjjxCEG5G3ZqZSqTd6OgTiFFLqq9PXJXdfYm6/cnL8IVWQgjFF9DQhIqQs=</pre> + +====ROUND 2==== +* Coordinator +** <tt>my_multisig_wallet.bsms</tt>: +<pre>BSMS 1.0 +wsh(sortedmulti(2,[1cf0bf7e/48'/0'/0'/2']xpub6FL8FhxNNUVnG64YurPd16AfGyvFLhh7S2uSsDqR3Qfcm6o9jtcMYwh6DvmcBF9qozxNQmTCVvWtxLpKTnhVLN3Pgnu2D3pAoXYFgVyd8Yz/**,[4fc1dd4a/48'/0'/0'/2']xpub6EebMbEps7ZcV3FYEnddRsvrFWDrt2tiPmCeM7pPXQEmphvq9ZfJ1LWFUDjf3vxCeBuPrfyGrMazWUsYsetrnHatQZVLJH7LsgCjtMqdzgj/**)) +/0/*,/1/* +bc1qrgc6p3kylfztu06ysl752gwwuekhvtfh9vr7zg43jvu60mutamcsv948ej</pre> + +===Mode: <tt>STANDARD</tt> Encryption=== +====ROUND 1==== +* Coordinator +** M-of-N: 2/2 +** ADDRESS_TYPE: NATIVE_SEGWIT +** TOKEN (hex): a54044308ceac9b7 +*** TOKEN (decimal): 11907592390080907703 +*** TOKEN (mnemonic): pipe acquire around border prosper swift +** ENCRYPTION_KEY (hex): 7673ffd9efd70336a5442eda0b31457f7b6cdf7b42fe17f274434df55efa9839 + +* Signer 1 +** MASTER_KEY_FINGERPRINT: b7868815 +** PRIVATE_KEY (m/48'/0'/0'/2'): KyKvR9kf8r7ZVtdn3kB9ifipr6UKnTNTpWJkGZbHwARDCz5iZ39E +** XPUB (m/48'/0'/0'/2'): xpub6FA5rfxJc94K1kNtxRby1hoHwi7YDyTWwx1KUR3FwskaF6HzCbZMz3zQwGnCqdiFeMTPV3YneTGS2YQPiuNYsSvtggWWMQpEJD4jXU7ZzEh +** Legacy signature +** <tt>signer_1_key.bsms</tt>: +<pre>BSMS 1.0 +a54044308ceac9b7 +[b7868815/48'/0'/0'/2']xpub6FA5rfxJc94K1kNtxRby1hoHwi7YDyTWwx1KUR3FwskaF6HzCbZMz3zQwGnCqdiFeMTPV3YneTGS2YQPiuNYsSvtggWWMQpEJD4jXU7ZzEh +Signer 1 key +H8DYht5P6ko0bQqDV6MtUxpzBSK+aVHxbvMavA5byvLrOlCEGmO1WFR7k2wu42J6dxXD8vrmDQSnGq5MTMMbZ98=</pre> + +* Signer 1 encryption +** HMAC_KEY (hex): 3d4c422806ba8964c9ee45070cd675c024d96648a0ddb4001325818c84951de2 +** MAC (hex): fbdbdb64e6a8231c342131d9f13dcd5a954b4c5021658fa5afcb3fc74dc82706 +** IV (hex) : fbdbdb64e6a8231c342131d9f13dcd5a +** CIPHERTEXT (hex): 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 +** <tt>signer_1_key.dat</tt>: <pre>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</pre> + +* Signer 2 +** MASTER_KEY_FINGERPRINT: eedff89a +** PRIVATE_KEY (m/48'/0'/0'/2'): Kz1ijnkDXmc65NWTYdg47DDaQgSGJAPfhJG9Unm36oqZPpPXuNR6 +** XPUB (m/48'/0'/0'/2'): xpub6EhJvMneoLWAf8cuyLBLQiKiwh89RAmqXEqYeFuaCEHdHwxSRfzLrUxKXEBap7nZSHAYP7Jfq6gZmucotNzpMQ9Sb1nTqerqW8hrtmx6Y6o +** Legacy signature +** <tt>signer_2_key.bsms</tt>: +<pre>BSMS 1.0 +a54044308ceac9b7 +[eedff89a/48'/0'/0'/2']xpub6EhJvMneoLWAf8cuyLBLQiKiwh89RAmqXEqYeFuaCEHdHwxSRfzLrUxKXEBap7nZSHAYP7Jfq6gZmucotNzpMQ9Sb1nTqerqW8hrtmx6Y6o +Signer 2 key +H/IHW5dMGYsrRdYEz3ux+kKnkWBtxHzfYkREpnYbco38VnMvIxCbDuf7iu6960qDhBLR/RLjlb9UPtLmCMbczDE=</pre> + +* Signer 2 encryption +** HMAC_KEY (hex): 3d4c422806ba8964c9ee45070cd675c024d96648a0ddb4001325818c84951de2 +** MAC (hex): 383d05b7351a2cef7cca2850450f5efbbc4a3f8ea35707dda87a3692f0f2ebae +** IV (hex) : 383d05b7351a2cef7cca2850450f5efb +** CIPHERTEXT (hex): 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 +** <tt>signer_2_key.dat</tt>: <pre>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</pre> + +====ROUND 2==== +*Coordinator +** <tt>my_multisig_wallet.bsms</tt>: +<pre>BSMS 1.0 +wsh(sortedmulti(2,[b7868815/48'/0'/0'/2']xpub6FA5rfxJc94K1kNtxRby1hoHwi7YDyTWwx1KUR3FwskaF6HzCbZMz3zQwGnCqdiFeMTPV3YneTGS2YQPiuNYsSvtggWWMQpEJD4jXU7ZzEh/**,[eedff89a/48'/0'/0'/2']xpub6EhJvMneoLWAf8cuyLBLQiKiwh89RAmqXEqYeFuaCEHdHwxSRfzLrUxKXEBap7nZSHAYP7Jfq6gZmucotNzpMQ9Sb1nTqerqW8hrtmx6Y6o/**)) +/0/*,/1/* +bc1qhs4u273g4azq7kqqpe6vh5wfhasfmrq7nheyzsnq77humd7rwtkqagvakf</pre> + +*Coordinator encryption +** HMAC_KEY (hex): 3d4c422806ba8964c9ee45070cd675c024d96648a0ddb4001325818c84951de2 +** MAC (hex): 734ce791b466861945e1ef6f74c63faec590793de54831f0036b28d08714b71a +** IV (hex) : 734ce791b466861945e1ef6f74c63fae +** CIPHERTEXT (hex): 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 +** <tt>my_multisig_wallet.dat</tt>: <pre>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</pre> + +===Mode: <tt>EXTENDED</tt> Encryption=== +====ROUND 1==== +*Coordinator +** M-of-N: 2/3 +** ADDRESS_TYPE: NESTED_SEGWIT +** TOKEN for Signer 1 (hex): 108a2360adb302774eb521daebbeda5e +*** TOKEN (decimal): 21984902443033505423410071144203475550 +*** ENCRYPTION_KEY (hex): 63dc1e57dfdc21fa11109d5088be01fb8078a383d2296925ad2b7612b7179777 +** TOKEN for Signer 2 (hex): d3fabc873b98165254fe18a71b5335b0 +*** TOKEN (decimal): 281769005132501859744421970528095647152 +*** ENCRYPTION_KEY (hex): 3dc860a53471ec03af14617fef60921cf215b45a9d684462fa65b9d804ad3ee7 +** TOKEN for Signer 3 (hex): 78a7d5e7549453d719150de5459c9ce5 +*** TOKEN (decimal): 160378811550692397333855096016467696869 +*** ENCRYPTION_KEY (hex): 62b90b4c08c03a0ee872e57aae73f9acfafb6cc09d20b5c9bc0bafaef33619db + +* Signer 1 +** MASTER_KEY_FINGERPRINT: 793cc70b +** PRIVATE_KEY (m/48'/0'/0'/1'): L1ZEgZ4zNYxyNc8UyeqwyKW1UHVMp9sxwPgSi3s9SW8mc7KsiSwJ +** XPUB (m/48'/0'/0'/1'): xpub6ErVmcYYHmavsMgxEcTZyzN5sqth1ZyRpFNJC26ij1wYGC2SBKYrgt9yariSbn7HLRoZUvhUhmPfsRTPrdhhGFscpPZzmch6UTdmRP1aZUj +** Legacy signature +** <tt>signer_1_key.bsms</tt>: +<pre>BSMS 1.0 +108a2360adb302774eb521daebbeda5e +[793cc70b/48'/0'/0'/1']xpub6ErVmcYYHmavsMgxEcTZyzN5sqth1ZyRpFNJC26ij1wYGC2SBKYrgt9yariSbn7HLRoZUvhUhmPfsRTPrdhhGFscpPZzmch6UTdmRP1aZUj +Signer 1 key +ILG47LpCtjoD9UxL87jo5QFqA90t8g9fDQp/KBojdKgPPGB1pMx2bf9hPdORNZIOdCc/2+Gs6AOs3BEK9ubIuBw=</pre> + +* Signer 1 encryption +** HMAC_KEY (hex): 1162cdace4ac9fcde1f96924b93714143d057a701de83ebaed248d1c9154f9fd +** MAC (hex): ea12776c73de4bd5ea57c2d19eb8e0be856ac0d7f5651f7b74be4563d61ba5b1 +** IV (hex) : ea12776c73de4bd5ea57c2d19eb8e0be +** CIPHERTEXT (hex): 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 +** <tt>signer_1_key.dat</tt>: <pre>ea12776c73de4bd5ea57c2d19eb8e0be856ac0d7f5651f7b74be4563d61ba5b1a36f34232bff47a853092654a718fea4f5f57d6a1f3d38fede04e2414da12c90cefc24ef662f736886d9a7fd6e7db636ca47217803c86b7fbcebe4ad6b71cffc261069c135bd2b2430fb2b446ff0203df34fbbc6801243e8a930b9d0cd3a9b160b8dcdc9131ce6e97641e6314b3285ff341013f302e308c1b2eba7ced0103a8999fe2bd86f844392938e7926cd26d023b764d0b8ff92b2fbdf995884c738414b83563ef2a0050279bf46d0e8271ea5d6af8154847c5736129a7a83a35a3cc747b2be4b389886cb57456678353b60473ebc4ab85d9c9131a17a1e288717343d9008825b16c48d7e93927f37b530033192c67b70dec0411a3e5952d2525c7eb80721676e1a6299248c17f8078202f3bb0932e9f263b0ab</pre> + +* Signer 2 +** MASTER_KEY_FINGERPRINT: b3118e52 +** PRIVATE_KEY (m/48'/0'/0'/1'): L4SnPjcHszMg3Wi2YYxEYnzM2zFeFkFr5NcLZ18YQeyJwaSFbTud +** XPUB (m/48'/0'/0'/1'): xpub6Du5Jn6eYZE96ccmAc1ZTFPzdnzrvqfG4mpamDun2qZYKywoiQJMCbS3kWWMr6U3XW6s125RLsaPABWgv2yA749ieaMe67FxkTjMsbcxCch +** Legacy signature +** <tt>signer_2_key.bsms</tt>: +<pre>BSMS 1.0 +d3fabc873b98165254fe18a71b5335b0 +[b3118e52/48'/0'/0'/1']xpub6Du5Jn6eYZE96ccmAc1ZTFPzdnzrvqfG4mpamDun2qZYKywoiQJMCbS3kWWMr6U3XW6s125RLsaPABWgv2yA749ieaMe67FxkTjMsbcxCch +Signer 2 key +IDK4d/oO0pgfrwRu4Zb8vqlPEmJb9aKT1K2CCnI3RKepVAKs3fZsBrypcCdQfUy1TG/3O5vAR3gjldxcCA1Wzg8=</pre> + +* Signer 2 encryption +** HMAC_KEY (hex): 43a4e704bd1bade703023004b00290f1a7b005474a581d869a217068eedf3f57 +** MAC (hex): 4a3ff970d027010e83b4fbf2845a23907a301b3df692a9265e2ca679697ac718 +** IV (hex) : 4a3ff970d027010e83b4fbf2845a2390 +** CIPHERTEXT (hex): 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 +** <tt>signer_2_key.dat</tt>: <pre>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</pre> + +* Signer 3 +** MASTER_KEY_FINGERPRINT: 842bd2ed +** PRIVATE_KEY (m/48'/0'/0'/1'): L1ehZHpo2UFHc1yaBWDU4bKVycUwcU2TESm92wbfq6xK6qpZZJP6 +** XPUB (m/48'/0'/0'/1'): xpub6Ex81KopPkEt9hJiWHabYy8LNsSR4A7sUQoFBk9dR8XxHrr4p9HrYWN3NCf5uwfopHnQkCG7FYnZMztKbtRtbh6tzZC4xtHPbmVVxRSN7ic +** Legacy signature +** <tt>signer_3_key.bsms</tt>: +<pre>BSMS 1.0 +78a7d5e7549453d719150de5459c9ce5 +[842bd2ed/48'/0'/0'/1']xpub6Ex81KopPkEt9hJiWHabYy8LNsSR4A7sUQoFBk9dR8XxHrr4p9HrYWN3NCf5uwfopHnQkCG7FYnZMztKbtRtbh6tzZC4xtHPbmVVxRSN7ic +Signer 3 key +IL77mML0xo/O9dJn0T5EpQLuyRPPrdpgVJbtsdAugW5iX0MQ3Ci0f8jVnXu68Xm07CYjYGKX8af72jmkQKhNud0=</pre> + +* Signer 3 encryption +** HMAC_KEY (hex): ab93ce7bf0f91c62a66d00ea9bf5e5c00b854ee2cfc2fb06f6eeff738abcdc26 +** MAC (hex): e82cfcccbd4bd4d3b76e28133eecd13f7362f4a8b4c4baa3e5f6ba2dfb4d69b8 +** IV (hex) : e82cfcccbd4bd4d3b76e28133eecd13f +** CIPHERTEXT (hex): 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 +** <tt>signer_3_key.dat</tt>: <pre>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</pre> + +====ROUND 2==== +* Coordinator +** <tt>my_multisig_wallet.bsms</tt>: +<pre>BSMS 1.0 +sh(wsh(multi(2,[793cc70b/48'/0'/0'/1']xpub6ErVmcYYHmavsMgxEcTZyzN5sqth1ZyRpFNJC26ij1wYGC2SBKYrgt9yariSbn7HLRoZUvhUhmPfsRTPrdhhGFscpPZzmch6UTdmRP1aZUj/**,[b3118e52/48'/0'/0'/1']xpub6Du5Jn6eYZE96ccmAc1ZTFPzdnzrvqfG4mpamDun2qZYKywoiQJMCbS3kWWMr6U3XW6s125RLsaPABWgv2yA749ieaMe67FxkTjMsbcxCch/**,[842bd2ed/48'/0'/0'/1']xpub6Ex81KopPkEt9hJiWHabYy8LNsSR4A7sUQoFBk9dR8XxHrr4p9HrYWN3NCf5uwfopHnQkCG7FYnZMztKbtRtbh6tzZC4xtHPbmVVxRSN7ic/**))) +/0/*,/1/* +3GzMtFXahiu4TpGNGFc4bHMvAcvz5vVQrT</pre> + +* Send to Signer 1: +** HMAC_KEY (hex): 1162cdace4ac9fcde1f96924b93714143d057a701de83ebaed248d1c9154f9fd +** MAC (hex): 01bf557b6d44b3fbf07f8ec155cbdec42d85d856e174342563dd83b40ad7c025 +** IV (hex) : 01bf557b6d44b3fbf07f8ec155cbdec4 +** CIPHERTEXT (hex): 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 +** <tt>my_multisig_wallet_for_signer_1.dat</tt>: <pre>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</pre> + +* Send to Signer 2: +** HMAC_KEY (hex): 43a4e704bd1bade703023004b00290f1a7b005474a581d869a217068eedf3f57 +** MAC (hex): 974ba77900c43c463dadaa6eaf24aaeb1b25b443cf155229b719bcbf8b343092 +** IV (hex) : 974ba77900c43c463dadaa6eaf24aaeb +** CIPHERTEXT (hex): 86288c97a6341974a35015f97fbbc8db7655639c839fc438706f82fce36a82dd17e2d4d4a674516c4fc5c3a33d6097dd8fc5c6605018946741ed9f58d8fe530a808f16f0dd705cacfd273e34a158bd7566774dd31506b8280e448fabb72d0e7dfc05cee1142b61921dfaf0b0039d885cc0aa76c429025efc2ba49a8af15b58e75a5a83ba4838a9a4c9f13725f5aecefd8511513d93797f37b93150b9dca725685883188e39142dd8d3cf4b617c7936bdb3875415bbf6dfb2fe1a39ae2aed9fd2909aebd0355a5cc9a55bcb84048c851a1873948e495180f336edeb63f54bcf83feaa4d2453251260e24293e49815c2369c1c045083c412c973987fd7c9296a71cda424823ed32380ba442394500b7d2d2335818099090aaf08ca4e180869c546f58da4cb4ff0f95b796a35c40ea455e2ddd3e08bc494ffddc706aaf4d479f4f359e6a89a90df7c9b8f23cab355855a72b90795a0db83a96bce0dd4f77e3f58c0957b4ffe9663251565098e6c31fd4bbf3e1295faaff05e29912d9c37cb944da379a9b2193b466910d05a681e53a2dbe5aa18a2b4874153fe36d8a1aa4cc6e612bd6dbc9abb8e1e61b927fc5458d8e1be9536cd462e4c37672af7928c39e94bdc124a2da7b1bd3cad2cfe559adc33e62eb45bff89db8a47a72dda4f49f21c01a9432f4802a1 +** <tt>my_multisig_wallet_for_signer_2.dat</tt>: <pre>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</pre> + +* Send to Signer 3: +** HMAC_KEY (hex): ab93ce7bf0f91c62a66d00ea9bf5e5c00b854ee2cfc2fb06f6eeff738abcdc26 +** MAC (hex): bb3c93b67d758f244de7ee73e5e61261cea6dff5b3852df8faf265cdf1c73dae +** IV (hex) : bb3c93b67d758f244de7ee73e5e61261 +** CIPHERTEXT (hex): 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 +** <tt>my_multisig_wallet_for_signer_3.dat</tt>: <pre>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</pre> + +==Acknowledgement== + +Special thanks to Pavol Rusnak, Dmitry Petukhov, Christopher Allen, Craig Raw, Robert Spigler, Gregory Sanders, Ta Tat Tai, Michael Flaxman, Pieter Wuille, Salvatore Ingala, Ava Chow and others for their feedback on the specification. + +==References== + +Related mailing list threads: +* https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2021-February/018385.html +* https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2021-April/018732.html + diff --git a/bip-0131.mediawiki b/bip-0131.mediawiki index 5938138..25ba3a7 100644 --- a/bip-0131.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0131.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Chris Priest <cp368202@ohiou.edu> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0131 - Status: Draft + Status: Rejected Type: Standards Track Created: 2015-11-30 License: PD diff --git a/bip-0134.mediawiki b/bip-0134.mediawiki index 9adc8b5..b7c33cf 100644 --- a/bip-0134.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0134.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Tom Zander <tomz@freedommail.ch> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0134 - Status: Draft + Status: Rejected Type: Standards Track Created: 2016-07-27 License: CC-BY-SA-4.0 @@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ calculation of the merkle tree. This means that changes in signatures would not be detectable and open an attack vector. For this reason the merkle tree is extended to include (append) the hash of -the v4 transactions. The markle tree will continue to have all the +the v4 transactions. The merkle tree will continue to have all the transactions' tx-ids but appended to that are the v4 hashes that include the signatures as well. Specifically the hash is taken over a data-blob that is built up from: diff --git a/bip-0135.mediawiki b/bip-0135.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1324746 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0135.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,411 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 135 + Title: Generalized version bits voting + Author: Sancho Panza <sanch0panza@protonmail.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0135 + https://bitco.in/forum/threads/bip9-generalized-version-bits-voting-bip-genvbvoting.1968/ + Status: Rejected + Type: Informational + Created: 2017-03-29 + License: CC0-1.0 + GNU-All-Permissive + Post-History: https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2017-April/013969.html + Replaces: 9 +</pre> + + +==Abstract== + +BIP9 introduced a mechanism for using the version bits to signal support for +backwards-compatible changes (soft-forks) using a tally over the previous 2016 +blocks computed at re-targeting intervals. It provided for a fixed threshold and +non-configurable lock-in interval applicable to all deployments on a chain. + +This document describes a generalized signaling scheme which allows each +signaling bit to have its own configurable threshold, window size (number of +blocks over which it is tallied) and a configurable lock-in period. + +It extends the semantics of the signaling bits to cover arbitrary consensus +changes, referred to under the general term 'forks'. The same range +of version bits is used for signaling. + +The states of the BIP9 state machine and its original parameters (name, bit, +starttime, timeout) are retained. Some state transition conditions are +extended by additional parameters ('threshold', 'windowsize', 'minlockedblocks', +'minlockedtime') to provide for fine-tuning of threshold and grace period. + + +==Motivation== + +The Bitcoin protocol requires a flexible scheme for finding consensus on +protocol changes, to ensure that it can adapt to the needs of the market and +remain competitive as an electronic payment system. + +While BIP9 has served the community well for previous deployments, there are +some shortcomings in its approach: + +* it specifically applies only to backward-compatible changes + +* its fixed 95% threshold is not flexible enough to allow for a 'spectrum of contentiousness' to be represented + +* small minorities can veto proposed changes, which can lead to undesirable stagnation + +A generalized revision of the BIP9 specification can address these issues +and satisfy the needs of the market for both soft and hard fork changes +as well as more flexible activation thresholds and upgrade (grace) periods. + +The proposal should allow more freedom of choice in activation strategies +while remaining backward compatible with respect to existing BIP9-based +deployments. + + +==Terms and conventions== + +The version bits used by this proposal for signaling deployment of forks are +referred to as 'signaling bits' or shortened to 'bits' where unambiguous. + +All times in this specification are in seconds since the epoch [1]. +Durations / time offsets are in seconds. + +The term 'MTP' refers to the 'median time past' which is calculated as the +median nTime of a block and its 10 predecessors. It is treated as a monotonic +clock defined by a chain, and evaluated on the ancestor of a block, i.e. + +MTP := '''GetMedianTimePast(block.parent)''' + +The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", +"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this +document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. + + +==Specification== + + +===Backward compatibility=== + +This specification SHALL enable strict backward compatibility with existing +BIP9-based deployments through suitable parameter configuration. Any part of +the specification preventing full backward compatibility SHALL be considered +as erroneous and amended. + +As before, a set of configuration parameters SHALL exist for the version bits +for each chain supported by an implementation. This permits each bit to be +configured independently for each chain (mainnet, testnet, etc.) + + +===Signaling bits=== + + +The signaling bits SHALL comprise the 29 least significant bits of the +nVersion block header field. nVersion is a 32-bit field which is treated as +a little-endian integer. + +Signaling bits SHALL be assigned numbers from 0..28 ranging from the least +significant (bit 0) to the most significant (bit 28) in the range. + +The top 3 bits of nVersion MUST be set to 001 , yielding a range of possible +nVersion values between [0x20000000...0x3FFFFFFF], inclusive. + +If a block's nVersion does not have its top 3 bits set to 001, all its signaling +bits MUST be treated as if they are 0 (see also: 'Tallying' section below). + + +===Deployment states=== + +With each block and fork, we associate a deployment state. +The possible states are: + +# '''DEFINED''' is the first state that each fork starts out as. The genesis block for any chain SHALL by definition be in this state for each deployment. +# '''STARTED''' for blocks past the starttime. +# '''LOCKED_IN''' after STARTED, if at least threshold out of windowsize blocks have the associated bit set in nVersion, measured at next height that is evenly divisible by the windowsize. +# '''ACTIVE''' for all blocks after the grace period conditions have been met. +# '''FAILED''' if past the timeout time and LOCKED_IN was not reached. + +In accordance with BIP9, a block's state SHALL never depend on its own nVersion; +only on that of its ancestors. + + +===Fork deployment parameters=== + +Each fork deployment is specified by the following per-chain parameters: + +# The '''name''' specifies a very brief description of the fork, reasonable for use as an identifier. For deployments described in a single BIP, it is recommended to use the name "bipN" where N is the appropriate BIP number. +# The '''bit''' determines which bit in the nVersion field of the block is to be used to signal the fork deployment. It is chosen from the set {0,1,2,...,28}. +# The '''starttime''' specifies a minimum median time past (MTP) of a block at which the bit gains its meaning. +# The '''timeout''' specifies a time at which the deployment is considered failed. If the MTP of a block >= timeout and the fork has not yet locked in (including this block's bit state), the deployment is considered failed on all descendants of the block. +# The '''windowsize''' specifies the number of past blocks (including the block under consideration) to be taken into account for locking in a fork. +# The '''threshold''' specifies a number of blocks, in the range of 1..windowsize, which must signal for a fork in order to lock it in. The support is measured when the chain height is evenly divisible by the windowsize. If the windowsize is set to 2016 (as in BIP9) this coincides with the 2016-block re-targeting intervals. +# The '''minlockedblocks''' specifies a minimum number of blocks which a fork must remain in locked-in state before it can become active. Both minlockedblocks and minlockedtime (see below) must be satisfied before a fork can become active. +# The '''minlockedtime''' specifies a minimum grace time, an earliest time after lock-in at which the fork can become active. If the MTP of a block >= (minlockedtime + median time of the block that locked in the fork), then the fork becomes activated. Both minlockedtime and minlockedblocks (see above) must be satisfied before a fork can become active. + + +===Tallying=== + +If a block's nVersion does not have its top 3 bits set to 001, all its signaling +bits MUST be treated as if they are '0'. + +A signaling bit value of '1' SHALL indicate support of a fork and SHALL count +towards its tally on a chain. + +A signaling bit value of '0' SHALL indicate absence of support of a fork and +SHALL NOT count towards its tally on a chain. + +The signaling bits SHALL be tallied whenever the head of the active chain +changes (including after reorganizations). + + +===State transitions=== + +The following diagram illustrates the generalized state machine: + +<img src="bip-0135/bip-0135-states-small.png" align="middle"></img> +<br> + +'''NOTES:''' + +The genesis block of any chain SHALL have the state DEFINED for each deployment. + +A given deployment SHALL remain in the DEFINED state until it either passes the +starttime (and becomes STARTED) or the timeout time (and becomes FAILED). + +Once a deployment has STARTED, the signal for that deployment SHALL be tallied +over the the past windowsize blocks whenever a new block is received on that +chain. + +A transition from the STARTED state to the LOCKED_IN state SHALL only occur +when all of these are true: + +* the height of the received block is an integer multiple of the window size +* the MTP is below the timeout time +* at least threshold out of windowsize blocks have signaled support + +A similar height synchronization precondition SHALL exist for the transition from +LOCKED_IN to ACTIVE. +These synchronization conditions are expressed by the "mod(height, windowsize) = 0" +clauses in the diagram, and have been been added so that backward compatibility +with BIP9's use of the 2016-block re-targeting periods can be configured for +existing deployments (see above 'Optional full backward compatibility' section). + +A transition from LOCKED_IN to ACTIVE state SHALL only occur if the height +synchronization criterion is met and two configurable 'grace period' conditions +are fulfilled: + +# current height MUST be at least minlockedblocks above LOCKED_IN height +# MTP must exceed LOCKED_IN time by at least minlockedtime seconds + +NOTE: If minlockedtime and minlockedblocks are both set to 0, then the fork will +proceed directly to ACTIVE state once the chain height reaches a multiple of the +windowsize. + +The ACTIVE and FAILED states are terminal; a deployment stays in these states +once they are reached. + +Deployment states are maintained along block chain branches. +They need re-computation when a reorganization happens. + + +===New consensus rules=== + +New consensus rules deployed by a fork SHALL be enforced for each block that has +ACTIVE state. + + +===Optional operator notifications=== + +An implementation SHOULD notify the operator when a deployment transitions +to STARTED, LOCKED_IN, ACTIVE or FAILED states. + +It is RECOMMENDED that an implementation provide finer-grained notifications +to the operator which allow him/her to track the measured support level for +defined deployments. + +An implementation SHOULD warn the operator if the configured (emitted) nVersion +has been overridden to contain bits set to '1' in contravention of the above +non-signaling recommendations for DEFINED forks. + +It is RECOMMENDED that an implementation warn the operator if no signal has +been received for a given deployment during a full windowsize period after the +deployment has STARTED. This could indicate that something may be wrong with +the operator's configuration that is causing them not to receive the signal +correctly. + +For undefined signals, it is RECOMMENDED that implementation track these and +alert their operators with supportive upgrade notifications, e.g. + +* "warning: signaling started on unknown feature on version bit X" +* "warning: signaling on unknown feature reached X% (over last N blocks)" +* "info: signaling ceased on unknown feature (over last M blocks)" + +Since parameters of these deployments are unknown, it is RECOMMENDED that +implementations allow the user to configure the emission of such notifications +(e.g. suitable N and M parameters in the messages above, e.g. a best-guess +window of 100 blocks). + + +===getblocktemplate changes=== + +The getblocktemplate features introduced in BIP9 remain in effect unmodified. + + +==Rationale== + +The timeout into FAILED state allows eventual reuse of bits if a fork was not +successfully activated. + +A fallow period at the conclusion of a fork attempt allows some detection of +buggy clients, and allows time for warnings and software upgrades for +successful forks. The duration of a fallow period is not specified by this +proposal, although a conventional fallow period of 3 months is RECOMMENDED. + +Due to the constraints set by BIP 34, BIP 66 and BIP 65, there are only +0x7FFFFFFB possible nVersion values available. This limits to at most 30 +independent deployments. +By restricting the top 3 bits to 001 we we are left with 29 out of those for +the purposes of this proposal, and support two future upgrades for different +mechanisms (top bits 010 and 011). + + +==Guidelines== + + +===Parameter selection guidelines=== + +The following guidelines are suggested for selecting the parameters for a fork: + +# '''name''' SHOULD be selected such that no two forks, concurrent or otherwise, ever use the same name. +# '''bit''' SHOULD be selected such that no two concurrent forks use the same bit. Implementors should make an effort to consult resources such as [2] to establish whether the bit they wish to use can reasonably be assumed to be unclaimed by a concurrent fork, and to announce their use ('claim') of a bit for a fork purpose on various project mailing lists, to reduce chance of collisions. +# '''starttime''' SHOULD be set to some date in the future, approximately one month after a software release date which includes the fork signaling. This allows for some release delays, while preventing triggers as a result of parties running pre-release software. +# '''timeout''' is RECOMMENDED to be 1 year (31536000 seconds) after starttime. +# '''windowsize''' SHOULD be set large enough to allow reception of an adequately precise signal. A good high-resolution value would be 2016 blocks as used in BIP9. It is NOT RECOMMENDED to use a windowsize less than 100 blocks. +# '''threshold''' SHOULD be set as high as possible to ensure a smooth activation based on the estimated support and the nature of the proposed changes. It is strongly RECOMMENDED that threshold >= windowsize / 2 (rounded up) to ensure that a proposal is only activated by majority support. +# '''minlockedblocks''' is RECOMMENDED to be set >= windowsize, to ensure that a full window passes in LOCKED_IN state. Lower values will be ineffective as the transition from LOCKED_IN to ACTIVE is guarded by a synchronization based on the window size. +# '''minlockedtime''' SHOULD only be set > 0 if a minimum LOCKED_IN time period needs be strictly enforced. It is permissible to set minlockedblocks to 0 and only specify minlockedtime, however the synchronization condition means the grace period can only expire once the time has passed AND the chain height is a multiple of the windowsize. + +NOTE: If minlockedtime and minlockedblocks are both set to 0, then the fork will +proceed to ACTIVE state when the chain height reaches a multiple of the windowsize. + +A later deployment using the same bit is possible as long as the starttime is +after the previous fork's timeout or activation, but it is discouraged until +necessary, and even then recommended to have a pause in between to detect +buggy software. + + +===Signaling guidelines=== + +An implementation SHOULD signal '0' on a bit if one of the following holds true: + +* the deployment parameters are not DEFINED (not configured or explicitly undefined) +* the deployment is DEFINED and has not yet reached the STARTED state +* the deployment has succeeded (it has become ACTIVE) +* the deployment has FAILED + +An implementation SHOULD enable the operator to choose (override) whether to +signal '0' or '1' on a bit, once its deployment has at least reached the STARTED +state. + +An implementation SHOULD warn the operator if the configured (emitted) nVersion +has been overridden to contain bits set to '1' in contravention of the above +non-signaling recommendations. + +A supporting miner SHOULD signal '1' on a bit for which the deployment +is LOCKED_IN state so that uptake is visible. However, this has no effect on +consensus rules. +Once LOCKED_IN, a deployment proceeds to ACTIVE solely based on the configured +grace period parameters (see 'Fork deployment parameters' above). + +A miner SHOULD signal '0' on a bit if they wish to suspend signaling of support +for a fork that is DEFINED in their software. + +It is NOT RECOMMENDED to signal '1' for bits where the meaning is undefined +(i.e. bits which are unclaimed by proposals). + + +===Settings for BIP9 compatibility=== + +This section lists parameter values which can be used to effect compatibility +with the existing BIP9 versionbits state machine. + +The following table describes mainnet compatibility options (95%, 2016 blocks): + +{| class="wikitable" +!colspan=3 | +|- +! Parameter !! BIP9 value !! BIP135 value +|- +| name || some_name || some_name +|- +| bit || b || b +|- +| starttime || T_start || T_start +|- +| timeout || T_timeout || T_timeout +|- +| windowsize || n/a || 2016 +|- +| threshold || n/a || 1916 +|- +| minlockedblocks || n/a || 2016 +|- +| minlockedtime || n/a || 0 +|} + +The following table describes testnet compatibility options (75%, 2016 blocks): + +{| class="wikitable" +!colspan=3 | +|- +! Parameter !! BIP9 value !! BIP135 value +|- +| name || some_name || some_name +|- +| bit || b || b +|- +| starttime || T_start || T_start +|- +| timeout || T_timeout || T_timeout +|- +| windowsize || n/a || 2016 +|- +| threshold || n/a || 1512 +|- +| minlockedblocks || n/a || 2016 +|- +| minlockedtime || n/a || 0 +|} + + +==Deployment== + +As this BIP is not itself consensus-relevant (Information like BIP9), it can +be rolled out without the use of a BIP9 fork bit. + +Backward compatibility through judicious fork configuration parameters should +ensure that it does not interfere with existing known deployments. + +By way of design it does not interfere with unknown (undefined) deployments. + + +==Reference implementation== + +A working reference implementation, including tests, can be found in these Pull Requests: + +* https://github.com/BitcoinUnlimited/BitcoinUnlimited/pull/458 + +* https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/10437 + +Existing unit tests and regression tests have been left active to demonstrate +backward compatibility of the default settings with BIP9. + + +==References== + +[1] http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/xrat/V4_xbd_chap04.html#tag_21_04_16 + +[2] [[https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0009/assignments.mediawiki|List of existing BIP9 deployment proposals]] + + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is dual-licensed under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal and +GNU All-Permissive licenses. diff --git a/bip-0135/bip-0135-states-small.png b/bip-0135/bip-0135-states-small.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9191ae3 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0135/bip-0135-states-small.png diff --git a/bip-0135/bip-0135-states.png b/bip-0135/bip-0135-states.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ace0617 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0135/bip-0135-states.png diff --git a/bip-0135/bip-0135-states.svg b/bip-0135/bip-0135-states.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b06ef9 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0135/bip-0135-states.svg @@ -0,0 +1,598 @@ 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id="tspan6694-3-6" + x="80" + y="642.36218" + style="font-size:14px;font-style:italic;-inkscape-font-specification:Sans Italic">(Always)</tspan></text> + </g> +</svg> diff --git a/bip-0136.mediawiki b/bip-0136.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1caa027 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0136.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,830 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 136 + Layer: Applications + Title: Bech32 Encoded Tx Position References + Author: Велеслав <veleslav.bips@protonmail.com> + Jonas Schnelli <dev@jonasschnelli.ch> + Daniel Pape <dpape@dpape.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0136 + Status: Draft + Type: Informational + Created: 2017-07-09 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +== Introduction == + +=== Abstract === +This document proposes a convenient, human usable encoding to refer to a '''confirmed transaction position''' within the Bitcoin blockchain--known as '''"TxRef"'''. The primary purpose of this encoding is to allow users to refer to a confirmed transaction (and optionally, a particular outpoint index within the transaction) in a standard, reliable, and concise way. + +''Please note: Unlike a transaction ID, '''"TxID"''', where there is a strong cryptographic link between the ID and the actual transaction, a '''TxRef''' only provides a weak link to a particular transaction. A '''TxRef''' locates an offset within a blockchain for a transaction, that may - or may not - point to an actual transaction, which in fact may change with reorganisations. We recommend that '''TxRef'''s should be not used for positions within the blockchain having a maturity less than 100 blocks.'' + +The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119 RFC 2119]. + +=== Copyright === + +This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. + +=== Motivation === +Since the first version of Bitcoin, '''TxID'''s have been a core part of the consensus protocol and are routinely used to identify individual transactions between users. + +However, for many use-cases they have practical limitations: +* '''TxID'''s are expensive for full nodes to lookup (requiring either a linear scan of the blockchain, or an expensive '''TxID''' index). +* '''TxID'''s require third-party services for SPV wallets to lookup. +* '''TxID'''s are 64 character HEX encoded values. + +It is possible to reference transactions not only by their '''TxID''', but by their location within the blockchain itself. Rather than use the 64 character '''TxID''', an encoding of the position coordinates can be made friendly for occasional human transcription. In this document, we propose a standard for doing this. + +=== Examples === + +{| class="wikitable" +|- +! Block # !! Transaction # !! Outpoint # !! TxRef !! TxID +|- +| 0 || 0 || 0 || tx1:rqqq‑qqqq‑qwtv‑vjr || 4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b +|- +| 170 || 1 || 0 || tx1:r52q‑qqpq‑qpty‑cfg || f4184fc596403b9d638783cf57adfe4c75c605f6356fbc91338530e9831e9e16 +|- +| 456789 || 1234 || 1 || tx1:y29u‑mqjx‑ppqq‑sfp2‑tt || 6fb8960f70667dc9666329728a19917937896fc476dfc54a3e802e887ecb4e82 +|} + +== Specification == + +A '''confirmed transaction position reference''', or '''TxRef''', is a reference to a particular location within the blockchain, specified by the block height and a transaction index within the block, and optionally, an outpoint index within the transaction. + +''Please Note: All values in this specification are encoded in little-endian format.'' + +=== TxRef Considerations === +It is possible for a '''TxRef''' to reference a transaction that doesn't really exist because: + +* The specified block hasn't yet been mined. +* The transaction index is greater than the total number of transactions included within the specified block. +* The optional outpoint index is greater than the total outpoints contained within the transaction. + +Therefore, implementers must be careful not to display '''TxRef'''s to users prematurely: + +* Applications MUST NOT display '''TxRef'''s for transactions with less than 6 confirmations. +* Application MUST show a warning for '''TxRef'''s for transactions with less than 100 confirmations. +** This warning SHOULD state that in the case of a large reorganisation, the '''TxRef'''s displayed may point to a different transaction, or to no transaction at all. + +=== TxRef Format === + +'''TxRef''' MUST use the '''Bech32m'''<ref>'''Why use Bech32 Encoding for Confirmed Transaction References?''' The error detection and correction properties of this encoding format make it very attractive. We expect that it will be reasonable for software to correct a maximum of two characters; however, we haven’t specified this yet.</ref> encoding as defined in [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0173.mediawiki BIP-0173] and later refined in [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0350.mediawiki BIP-0350]. The Bech32m encoding consists of: + +==== Human-Readable Part ==== + +The '''HRP''' can be thought of as a label. We have chosen labels to distinguish between Main, Test, and Regtest networks: +* Mainnet: '''"tx"'''. +* Testnet: '''"txtest"'''. +* Regtest: '''"txrt"'''. + +==== Separator ==== + +The separator is the character '''"1"'''. + +==== Data Part ==== + +The data part for a '''TxRef''' consists of the transaction's block height, transaction index within the block, and optionally, an outpoint index. Specific encoding details for the data are given below. + +''Please note: other specifications, such as [https://w3c-ccg.github.io/did-spec/ the Decentralized Identifiers spec], have implicitly encoded the information contained within the HRP elsewhere. In this case they may choose to not include the HRP as specified here.'' + +==== Readability ==== + +To increase portability and readability, additional separator characters SHOULD be added to the '''TxRef''': + +* A Colon<ref>'''Why add a colon here?''' This allows it to conform better with W3C URN/URL standards.</ref> '''":"''' added after the separator character '1'. +* Hyphens<ref>'''Why hyphens within the TxRef?''' As '''TxRef'''s are short, we expect that they will be quoted via voice or written by hand. The inclusion of hyphens every 4 characters breaks up the string and means people don't lose their place so easily.</ref> '''"-"''' added after every 4 characters beyond the colon. + +=== Encoding === + +Encoding a '''TxRef''' requires 4 or 5 pieces of data: a magic code denoting which network is being used; a version number (currently always 0); the block height of the block containing the transaction; the index of the transaction within the block; and optionally, the index of the outpoint within the transaction. Only a certain number of bits are supported for each of these values, see the following table for details. + +{| class="wikitable" +! +!Description +!Possible Data Type +!'''# of Bits used''' +!Values +|- +| style="background: #99DDFF; color: black; text-align : center;" | Magic Code +|Chain Namespacing Code +|uint8 +| style="background: #99DDFF; color: black; text-align : center;" | 5 +|'''3''': Mainnet<br>'''4''': Mainnet with Outpoint<br>'''6''': Testnet<br>'''7''': Testnet with Outpoint<br>'''0''': Regtest<br>'''1''': Regtest with Outpoint +|- +| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black; text-align : center;" | Version +|For Future Use +|uint8 +| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black; text-align : center;" | 1 +|Must be '''0''' +|- +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | Block<br>Height +|The Block Height of the Tx +|uint32 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | 24 +|Block 0 to Block 16777215 +|- +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | Transaction<br>Index +|The index of the Tx inside the block +|uint16, uint32 +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | 15 +|Tx 0 to Tx 32767 +|- +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | Outpoint<br>Index +|The index of the Outpoint inside the Tx +|uint16, uint32 +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | 15 +|Outpoint 0 to Outpoint 32767 +|} + +==== Magic Notes ==== +The magic code provides namespacing between chains: + +* For Mainnet the magic code is: '''0x3''', leading to an '''"r"''' character when encoded. +* For Mainnet with Outpoint Encoded the magic code is: '''0x4''', leading to a '''"y"''' character when encoded. +* For Testnet the magic code is: '''0x6''', leading to an '''"x"''' character when encoded. +* For Testnet with Outpoint Encoded the magic code is: '''0x7''', leading to an '''"8"''' character when encoded. +* For Regtest the magic code is: '''0x0''', leading to a '''"q"''' character when encoded. +* For Regtest with Outpoint Encoded the magic code is: '''0x1''', leading to a '''"p"''' character when encoded. + +==== Encoding Example ==== + +We want to encode a '''TxRef''' that refers to Transaction #1234 of Block #456789 on the Mainnet chain. We use this data in preparation for the Bech32 encoding algorithm: + +{| class="wikitable" +! +!Decimal<br>Value +!Binary<br>Value +!'''# of Bits<br>used''' +!Bit Indexes and Values +|- +| style="background: #99DDFF; color: black; text-align : center;" | Magic<br>Code +| style="background: #99DDFF; color: black; text-align : center;" | 3 +|00000011 +| style="background: #99DDFF; color: black; text-align : center;" | 5 +|(mc04, mc03, mc02, mc01, mc00) = (0, 0, 0, 1, 1) +|- +| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black; text-align : center;" | Version +| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black; text-align : center;" | 0 +|00000000 +| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black; text-align : center;" | 1 +|(v0) = (0) +|- +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | Block<br>Height +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | 456789 +|00000110<br>11111000<br>01010101 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | 24 +|(bh23, bh22, bh21, bh20, bh19, bh18, bh17, bh16) = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0)<br>(bh15, bh14, bh13, bh12, bh11, bh10, bh09, bh08) = (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)<br>(bh07, bh06, bh05, bh04, bh03, bh02, bh01, bh00) = (0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1) +|- +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | Transaction<br>Index +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | 1234 +|00000100<br>11010010 +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | 15 +|(ti14, ti13, ti12, ti11, ti10, ti09, ti08) = (0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0)<br>(ti07, ti06, ti05, ti04, ti03, ti02, ti01, ti00) = (1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0) +|} + +As shown in the last column, we take the necessary bits of each binary value and copy them into nine unsigned chars illustrated in the next table. We only set the lower five bits of each unsigned char as the bech32 algorithm only uses those bits. + +{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" +! +! +!style="width:2em"|7 +!style="width:2em"|6 +!style="width:2em"|5 +!style="width:2em"|4 +!style="width:2em"|3 +!style="width:2em"|2 +!style="width:2em"|1 +!style="width:2em"|0 +! +!Decimal<br>Value +!Bech32<br>Character +|- +| || || || || || || || || || || || || +|- +| rowspan="2" | data[0] || Index +|na +|na +|na +| style="background: #99DDFF; color: black; text-align : center;" | mc04 +| style="background: #99DDFF; color: black; text-align : center;" | mc03 +| style="background: #99DDFF; color: black; text-align : center;" | mc02 +| style="background: #99DDFF; color: black; text-align : center;" | mc01 +| style="background: #99DDFF; color: black; text-align : center;" | mc00 +| +| +| +|- +|Value +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|1 +|1 +| +|3 +|r +|- +| || || || || || || || || || || || +|- +| rowspan="2" | data[1] || Index +|na +|na +|na +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh03 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh02 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh01 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh00 +| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black; text-align : center;" | v0 +| +| +| +|- +|Value +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|1 +|0 +|1 +|0 +| +|10 +|2 +|- +| || || || || || || || || || || || +|- +| rowspan="2" | data[2] || Index +|na +|na +|na +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh08 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh07 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh06 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh05 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh04 +| +| +| +|- +|Value +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|1 +|0 +|1 +| +|5 +|9 +|- +| || || || || || || || || || || || +|- +| rowspan="2" | data[3] || Index +|na +|na +|na +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh13 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh12 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh11 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh10 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh09 +| +| +| +|- +|Value +|0 +|0 +|0 +|1 +|1 +|1 +|0 +|0 +| +|28 +|u +|- +| || || || || || || || || || || || +|- +| rowspan="2" | data[4] || Index +|na +|na +|na +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh18 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh17 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh16 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh15 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh14 +| +| +| +|- +|Value +|0 +|0 +|0 +|1 +|1 +|0 +|1 +|1 +| +|27 +|m +|- +| || || || || || || || || || || || +|- +| rowspan="2" | data[5] || Index +|na +|na +|na +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh23 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh22 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh21 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh20 +| style="background: #EEDD88; color: black; text-align : center;" | bh19 +| +| +| +|- +|Value +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +| +|0 +|q +|- +| || || || || || || || || || || || +|- +| rowspan="2" | data[6] || Index +|na +|na +|na +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | ti04 +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | ti03 +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | ti02 +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | ti01 +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | ti00 +| +| +| +|- +|Value +|0 +|0 +|0 +|1 +|0 +|0 +|1 +|0 +| +|18 +|j +|- +| || || || || || || || || || || || +|- +| rowspan="2" | data[7] || Index +|na +|na +|na +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | ti09 +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | ti08 +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | ti07 +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | ti06 +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | ti05 +| +| +| +|- +|Value +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|1 +|1 +|0 +| +|6 +|x +|- +| || || || || || || || || || || || +|- +| rowspan="2" | data[8] || Index +|na +|na +|na +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | ti14 +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | ti13 +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | ti12 +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | ti11 +| style="background: #FFAABB; color: black; text-align : center;" | ti10 +| +| +| +|- +|Value +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|1 +| +|1 +|p +|} + +The Bech32 algorithm encodes the nine unsigned chars above and computes a checksum of those chars and encodes that as well--this gives a six character checksum (in this case, '''utt3p0''') which is appended to the final '''TxRef'''. The final '''TxRef''' given is: '''tx1:r29u-mqjx-putt-3p0''' and is illustrated in the following table: + +TxRef character indexes and descriptions +{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: top" +!style="width:2em"|Index +!style="width:2em"|0 +!style="width:2em"|1 +!style="width:2em"|2 +!style="width:2em"|3 +!style="width:2em"|4 +!style="width:2em"|5 +!style="width:2em"|6 +!style="width:2em"|7 +!style="width:2em"|8 +!style="width:2em"|9 +!style="width:2em"|10 +!style="width:2em"|11 +!style="width:2em"|12 +!style="width:2em"|13 +!style="width:2em"|14 +!style="width:2em"|15 +!style="width:2em"|16 +!style="width:2em"|17 +!style="width:2em"|18 +!style="width:2em"|19 +!style="width:2em"|20 +!style="width:2em"|21 +|- +|Char: +| style="background: #BBCCEE; color: black; text-align : center;" | t +| style="background: #BBCCEE; color: black; text-align : center;" | x +| style="background: #FFCCCC; color: black; text-align : center;" | 1 +| style="background: #CCDDAA; color: black; text-align : center;" | : +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | r +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | 2 +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | 9 +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | u +| style="background: #CCDDAA; color: black; text-align : center;" | - +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | m +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | q +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | j +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | x +| style="background: #CCDDAA; color: black; text-align : center;" | - +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | p +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | u +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | t +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | t +| style="background: #CCDDAA; color: black; text-align : center;" | - +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | 3 +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | p +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | 0 +|} + +==== Outpoint Index ==== + +Some uses of '''TxRef''' may want to refer to a specific outpoint of the transaction. In the previous example, since we did not specify the outpoint index, the '''TxRef''' '''tx1:r29u-mqjx-putt-3p0''' implicitly references the first (index 0) outpoint of the 1234th transaction in the 456789th block in the blockchain. + +If instead, for example, we want to reference the second (index 1) outpoint, we need to change the magic code from '''3''' to '''4''' and would include the following in the data to be encoded: + +{| class="wikitable" +! +!Decimal<br>Value +!Binary<br>Value +!'''# of Bits<br>used''' +!Bit Indexes and Values +|- +| style="background: #99DDFF; color: black; text-align : center;" | Magic<br>Code +| style="background: #99DDFF; color: black; text-align : center;" | 4 +|00000100 +| style="background: #99DDFF; color: black; text-align : center;" | 5 +|(mc04, mc03, mc02, mc01, mc00) = (0, 0, 1, 0, 0) +|- +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | Outpoint Index +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | 1 +|00000000 00000001 +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | 15 +|(op14, op13, op12, op11, op10, op09, op08) = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)<br>(op07, op06, op05, op04, op03, op02, op01, op00) = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1) +|} + +{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" +! +! +!style="width:2em"|7 +!style="width:2em"|6 +!style="width:2em"|5 +!style="width:2em"|4 +!style="width:2em"|3 +!style="width:2em"|2 +!style="width:2em"|1 +!style="width:2em"|0 +! +!Decimal<br>Value +!Bech32<br>Character +|- +| || || || || || || || || || || || || +|- +| rowspan="2" | data[0] || Index +|na +|na +|na +| style="background: #99DDFF; color: black; text-align : center;" | mc04 +| style="background: #99DDFF; color: black; text-align : center;" | mc03 +| style="background: #99DDFF; color: black; text-align : center;" | mc02 +| style="background: #99DDFF; color: black; text-align : center;" | mc01 +| style="background: #99DDFF; color: black; text-align : center;" | mc00 +| +| +| +|- +|Value +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|1 +|0 +|0 +| +|4 +|y +|- +| || || || || || || || || || || || +|- +| rowspan="2" | data[9] || Index +|na +|na +|na +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | op04 +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | op03 +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | op02 +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | op01 +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | op00 +| +| +| +|- +|Value +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|1 +| +|1 +|p +|- +| || || || || || || || || || || || +|- +| rowspan="2" | data[10] || Index +|na +|na +|na +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | op09 +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | op08 +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | op07 +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | op06 +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | op05 +| +| +| +|- +|Value +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +| +|0 +|q +|- +| || || || || || || || || || || || +|- +| rowspan="2" | data[11] || Index +|na +|na +|na +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | op14 +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | op13 +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | op12 +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | op11 +| style="background: #BBCC33; color: black; text-align : center;" | op10 +| +| +| +|- +| Value +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +|0 +| +|0 +|q +|} + +After Bech32 encoding all twelve unsigned chars above, we get the checksum: '''sfp2tt'''. The final '''TxRef''' given is: '''tx1:y29u-mqjx-ppqq-sfp2-tt''' and is illustrated in the following table: + +TxRef character indexes and descriptions +{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: top" +!style="width:2em"|Index +!style="width:2em"|0 +!style="width:2em"|1 +!style="width:2em"|2 +!style="width:2em"|3 +!style="width:2em"|4 +!style="width:2em"|5 +!style="width:2em"|6 +!style="width:2em"|7 +!style="width:2em"|8 +!style="width:2em"|9 +!style="width:2em"|10 +!style="width:2em"|11 +!style="width:2em"|12 +!style="width:2em"|13 +!style="width:2em"|14 +!style="width:2em"|15 +!style="width:2em"|16 +!style="width:2em"|17 +!style="width:2em"|18 +!style="width:2em"|19 +!style="width:2em"|20 +!style="width:2em"|21 +!style="width:2em"|22 +!style="width:2em"|23 +!style="width:2em"|24 +!style="width:2em"|25 +|- +|Char: +| style="background: #BBCCEE; color: black; text-align : center;" | t +| style="background: #BBCCEE; color: black; text-align : center;" | x +| style="background: #FFCCCC; color: black; text-align : center;" | 1 +| style="background: #CCDDAA; color: black; text-align : center;" | : +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | y +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | 2 +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | 9 +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | u +| style="background: #CCDDAA; color: black; text-align : center;" | - +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | m +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | q +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | j +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | x +| style="background: #CCDDAA; color: black; text-align : center;" | - +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | p +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | p +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | q +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | q +| style="background: #CCDDAA; color: black; text-align : center;" | - +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | s +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | f +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | p +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | 2 +| style="background: #CCDDAA; color: black; text-align : center;" | - +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | t +| style="background: #EEEEBB; color: black; text-align : center;" | t +|} + + +=== Decoding === + +The Bech32 spec defines 32 valid characters as its "alphabet". All non-Bech32-alphabet characters present in a '''TxRef''' after the Bech32 separator character MUST be ignored/removed when parsing (except for terminating characters). We do not wish to expect the users to keep their '''TxRef'''s in good form and '''TxRef'''s may contains hyphens, colons, invisible spaces, uppercase or random characters. We expect users to copy, paste, write by-hand, write in a mix of character sets, etc. Parsers SHOULD attempt to correct for these and other common errors, reporting to the user any '''TxRef'''s that violate a proper Bech32 encoding. + +As of early 2021, '''TxRef''' has been in limited use for a couple of years and it is possible that there are some '''TxRef'''s in use which were created with the original specification of Bech32 before the Bech32m refinement was codified. Due to this possibility, a '''TxRef''' parser SHOULD be able to decode both Bech32m and Bech32 encoded '''TxRef'''s. In such a case, a '''TxRef''' parser SHOULD display or somehow notify the user that they are using an obsolete '''TxRef''' and that they should upgrade it to the Bech32m version. Additionally, the parser MAY also display the Bech32m version. + +== Rationale == + +<references /> + +== Reference implementations == + +C Reference Implementation (supports magic codes 0x3 and 0x6): https://github.com/jonasschnelli/bitcoin_txref_code + +Go Reference Implementation (supports magic codes 0x3 and 0x6): https://github.com/kulpreet/txref + +C++ Reference Implementation (supports magic codes 0x3, 0x4, 0x6, 0x7, 0x0 and 0x1): https://github.com/dcdpr/libtxref/ + +Java Reference Implementation (supports magic codes 0x3, 0x4, 0x6, 0x7, 0x0 and 0x1): https://github.com/dcdpr/libtxref-java/ + +== Appendices == + +=== Test Examples === + +The following examples show values for various combinations on mainnet and testnet; encoding block height, transaction index, and an optional output index. + +==== TxRef ==== +The following list gives properly encoded mainnet '''TxRef'''s and the decoded hex values (block height, transaction index) + +* <tt>tx1:rqqq-qqqq-qwtv-vjr</tt>: <tt>(0x0, 0x0)</tt> +* <tt>tx1:rqqq-qqll-lj68-7n2</tt>: <tt>(0x0, 0x7FFF)</tt> +* <tt>tx1:r7ll-llqq-qats-vx9</tt>: <tt>(0xFFFFFF, 0x0)</tt> +* <tt>tx1:r7ll-llll-lp6m-78v</tt>: <tt>(0xFFFFFF, 0x7FFF)</tt> + +The following list gives properly encoded testnet '''TxRef'''s and the decoded hex values (block height, transaction index) + +* <tt>txtest1:xqqq-qqqq-qrrd-ksa</tt>: <tt>(0x0, 0x0)</tt> +* <tt>txtest1:xqqq-qqll-lljx-y35</tt>: <tt>(0x0, 0x7FFF)</tt> +* <tt>txtest1:x7ll-llqq-qsr3-kym</tt>: <tt>(0xFFFFFF, 0x0)</tt> +* <tt>txtest1:x7ll-llll-lvj6-y9j</tt>: <tt>(0xFFFFFF, 0x7FFF)</tt> + +The following list gives valid (sometimes strangely formatted) '''TxRef'''s and the decoded values (block height, transaction index)* +* <tt>tx1:r29u-mqjx-putt-3p0</tt>: <tt>(456789, 1234)</tt> +* <tt>TX1R29UMQJXPUTT3P0</tt>: <tt>(456789, 1234)</tt> +* <tt>tx1 r29u mqjx putt 3p0</tt>: <tt>(456789, 1234)</tt> +* <tt>tx1!r29u/mqj*x-putt^^3p0</tt>: <tt>(456789, 1234)</tt> + +The following list gives invalid '''TxRef'''s and the reason for their invalidity. +* <tt>tx1:t7ll-llll-lcq3-aj4</tt>: Magic 0xB instead of 0x3. +* <tt>tx1:rlll-llll-lu9m-00x</tt>: Version 1 instead of 0. +* <tt>tx1:r7ll-llll-lqfu-gss2</tt>: Valid Bech32, but ten 5 bit unsigned chars instead of nine. +* <tt>tx1:r7ll-llll-rt5h-wz</tt>: Valid Bech32, but eight 5 bit unsigned chars instead of nine. +* <tt>tx1:r7ll-LLLL-lp6m-78v</tt>: Invalid Bech32 due to mixed case. Would decode correctly otherwise. + +==== TxRef with Outpoints ==== +The following list gives properly encoded mainnet '''TxRef'''s with Outpoints and the decoded values (block height, transaction index, outpoint index) + +* <tt>tx1:yqqq-qqqq-qqqq-rvum-0c</tt>: <tt>(0x0, 0x0, 0x0)</tt> +* <tt>tx1:yqqq-qqll-lqqq-en8x-05</tt>: <tt>(0x0, 0x7FFF, 0x0)</tt> +* <tt>tx1:y7ll-llqq-qqqq-ggjg-w6</tt>: <tt>(0xFFFFFF, 0x0, 0x0)</tt> +* <tt>tx1:y7ll-llll-lqqq-jhf4-wk</tt>: <tt>(0xFFFFFF, 0x7FFF, 0x0)</tt> + +* <tt>tx1:yqqq-qqqq-qpqq-pw4v-kq</tt>: <tt>(0x0, 0x0, 0x1)</tt> +* <tt>tx1:yqqq-qqll-lpqq-m3w3-kv</tt>: <tt>(0x0, 0x7FFF, 0x1)</tt> +* <tt>tx1:y7ll-llqq-qpqq-22ml-hz</tt>: <tt>(0xFFFFFF, 0x0, 0x1)</tt> +* <tt>tx1:y7ll-llll-lpqq-s4qz-hw</tt>: <tt>(0xFFFFFF, 0x7FFF, 0x1)</tt> + +* <tt>tx1:y29u-mqjx-ppqq-sfp2-tt</tt>: <tt>(456789, 1234, 1)</tt> + + +The following list gives properly encoded testnet '''TxRef'''s with Outpoints and the decoded values (block height, transaction index, outpoint index) + +* <tt>txtest1:8qqq-qqqq-qqqq-d5ns-vl</tt>: <tt>(0x0, 0x0, 0x0)</tt> +* <tt>txtest1:8qqq-qqll-lqqq-htgd-vn</tt>: <tt>(0x0, 0x7FFF, 0x0)</tt> +* <tt>txtest1:87ll-llqq-qqqq-xsar-da</tt>: <tt>(0xFFFFFF, 0x0, 0x0)</tt> +* <tt>txtest1:87ll-llll-lqqq-u0x7-d3</tt>: <tt>(0xFFFFFF, 0x7FFF, 0x0)</tt> + +* <tt>txtest1:8qqq-qqqq-qpqq-0k68-48</tt>: <tt>(0x0, 0x0, 0x1)</tt> +* <tt>txtest1:8qqq-qqll-lpqq-4fp6-4t</tt>: <tt>(0x0, 0x7FFF, 0x1)</tt> +* <tt>txtest1:87ll-llqq-qpqq-yj55-59</tt>: <tt>(0xFFFFFF, 0x0, 0x1)</tt> +* <tt>txtest1:87ll-llll-lpqq-7d0f-5f</tt>: <tt>(0xFFFFFF, 0x7FFF, 0x1)</tt> + +* <tt>txtest1:829u-mqjx-ppqq-73wp-gv</tt>: <tt>(456789, 1234, 1)</tt> + + +=== TxRef Payload Value Choices: === +Some calculations showing why we chose these particular bit-length of the block height and transaction index. + +==== Block Height Value: ==== +24 bits: value can be between 0, and 0xFFFFFF (16777216 blocks). + +* In early April, 2021, there have been 677700 blocks +* There are roughly (365 days * 24 hours * 6 blocks / hour) = 52560 blocks every year, implying about (16777216 - 677700) / 52560 = 306 more years of addressable blocks. +* Some time before year 2327 this specification should be extended. + +==== Tx Position Value: ==== +15 bits: value can be between 0x0, and 0x7FFF (32768 transactions). + +*The ''realistic'' smallest Tx is 83 Bytes for maximum 12047 tx in a block. +**4B version + 1B tx_in count + 36B previous_output + 1B script length + 0B signature script + 4B sequence + 1B tx_out count + 8B amount + 1B script length + 23B pubkey script + 4B lock_time = 83B +*The ''extreme'' smallest Tx is 60 Bytes for maximum 16665 tx in a block. +**4B version + 1B tx_in count + 36B previous_output + 1B script length + 0B signature script + 4B sequence + 1B tx_out count + 8B amount + 1B script length + 0B pubkey script + 4B lock_time = 60B + +== Acknowledgements == +Special Thanks to Pieter Wuille and Greg Maxwell for Bech32, a wonderful user-facing data encoding. diff --git a/bip-0137.mediawiki b/bip-0137.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43addba --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0137.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 137 + Layer: Applications + Title: Signatures of Messages using Private Keys + Author: Christopher Gilliard <christopher.gilliard@gmail.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0137 + Status: Final + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2019-02-16 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This document describes a signature format for signing messages with Bitcoin private keys. + +The specification is intended to describe the standard for signatures of messages that can be signed and verfied between different clients that exist in the field today. Note: that a new signature format has been defined which has a number of advantages over this BIP, but to be backwards compatible with existing implementations this BIP will be useful. See BIP 322 [1] for full details on the new signature scheme. + +One of the key problems in this area is that there are several different types of Bitcoin addresses and without introducing specific standards it is unclear which type of address format is being used. See [2]. This BIP will attempt to address these issues and define a clear and concise format for Bitcoin signatures. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. + +==Motivation== + +Since Bitcoin private keys can not only be used to sign Bitcoin transactions, but also any other message, it has become customary to use them to sign various messages for differing purposes. Some applications of signing messages with a Bitcoin private key are as follows: proof of funds for collateral, credit worthiness, entrance to events, airdrops, audits as well as other applications. While there was no BIP written for how to digitally sign messages with Bitcoin private keys with P2PKH addresses it is a fairly well understood process, however with the introduction of Segwit (both in the form of P2SH and bech32) addresses, it is unclear how to distinguish a P2PKH, P2SH, or bech32 address from one another. This BIP proposes a standard signature format that will allow clients to distinguish between the different address formats. + +==Specification== + +===Background on ECDSA Signatures=== + +(For readers who already understand how ECDSA signatures work, you can skip this section as this is only intended as background information.) +Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm or ECDSA is a cryptographic algorithm used by Bitcoin to ensure that funds can only be spent by their rightful owners. + +A few concepts related to ECDSA: + +<b>private key</b>: A secret number, known only to the person that generated it. A private key is essentially a randomly generated number. In Bitcoin, someone with the private key that corresponds to funds on the block chain can spend the funds. In Bitcoin, a private key is a single unsigned 256 bit integer (32 bytes). + +<b>public key</b>: A number that corresponds to a private key, but does not need to be kept secret. A public key can be calculated from a private key, but not vice versa. A public key can be used to determine if a signature is genuine (in other words, produced with the proper key) without requiring the private key to be divulged. In Bitcoin, public keys are either compressed or uncompressed. Compressed public keys are 33 bytes, consisting of a prefix either 0x02 or 0x03, and a 256-bit integer called x. The older uncompressed keys are 65 bytes, consisting of constant prefix (0x04), followed by two 256-bit integers called x and y (2 * 32 bytes). The prefix of a compressed key allows for the y value to be derived from the x value. + +<b>signature</b>: A number that proves that a signing operation took place. A signature is mathematically generated from a hash of something to be signed, plus a private key. The signature itself is two numbers known as r and s. With the public key, a mathematical algorithm can be used on the signature to determine that it was originally produced from the hash and the private key, without needing to know the private key. Signatures are either 73, 72, or 71 bytes long, with probabilities approximately 25%, 50% and 25% respectively, although sizes even smaller than that are possible with exponentially decreasing probability. Source [3]. + +===Conventions with signatures used in Bitcoin=== + +Bitcoin signatures have the r and s values mentioned above, and a header. The header is a single byte and the r and s are each 32 bytes so a signature's size is 65 bytes. The header is used to specify information about the signature. It can be thought of as a bitmask with each bit in this byte having a meaning. The serialization format of a Bitcoin signature is as follows: + +[1 byte of header data][32 bytes for r value][32 bytes for s value] + +The header byte has a few components to it. First, it stores something known as the recId. This value is stored in the least significant 2 bits of the header. If the header is between a value of 31 and 34, this indicates that it is a compressed address. If the header value is between 35 and 38 inclusive, it is a p2sh segwit address. If the header value is between 39 and 42, it is a bech32 address. + +===Procedure for signing/verifying a signature=== + +As noted above the signature is composed of three components, the header, r and s values. r/s can be computed with standard ECDSA library functions. Part of the header includes something called a recId. This is part of every ECDSA signature and should be generated by the ECDSA library. The recId is a number between 0 and 3 inclusive. The header is the recId plus a constant which indicates what type of Bitcoin address this is. For P2PKH address using an uncompressed public key this value is 27. For P2PKH address using compressed public key this value is 31. For P2SH-P2WPKH this value is 35 and for P2WPKH (version 0 witness) address this value is 39. So, you have the following ranges: +* 27-30: P2PKH uncompressed +* 31-34: P2PKH compressed +* 35-38: Segwit P2SH +* 39-42: Segwit Bech32 + +To verify a signature, the recId is obtained by subtracting this constant from the header value. + +===Sample Code for processing a signature=== + +Note: this code is a modification of the BitcoinJ code which is written in java. + + public static ECKey signedMessageToKey(String message, String signatureBase64) throws SignatureException { + byte[] signatureEncoded; + try { + signatureEncoded = Base64.decode(signatureBase64); + } catch (RuntimeException e) { + // This is what you get back from Bouncy Castle if base64 doesn't decode :( + throw new SignatureException("Could not decode base64", e); + } + // Parse the signature bytes into r/s and the selector value. + if (signatureEncoded.length < 65) + throw new SignatureException("Signature truncated, expected 65 bytes and got " + signatureEncoded.length); + int header = signatureEncoded[0] & 0xFF; + // The header byte: 0x1B = first key with even y, 0x1C = first key with odd y, + // 0x1D = second key with even y, 0x1E = second key with odd y + if (header < 27 || header > 42) + throw new SignatureException("Header byte out of range: " + header); + BigInteger r = new BigInteger(1, Arrays.copyOfRange(signatureEncoded, 1, 33)); + BigInteger s = new BigInteger(1, Arrays.copyOfRange(signatureEncoded, 33, 65)); + ECDSASignature sig = new ECDSASignature(r, s); + byte[] messageBytes = formatMessageForSigning(message); + // Note that the C++ code doesn't actually seem to specify any character encoding. Presumably it's whatever + // JSON-SPIRIT hands back. Assume UTF-8 for now. + Sha256Hash messageHash = Sha256Hash.twiceOf(messageBytes); + boolean compressed = false; + // this section is added to support new signature types + if(header>= 39) // this is a bech32 signature + { + header -= 12; + compressed = true; + } // this is a segwit p2sh signature + else if(header >= 35) + { + header -= 8; + compressed = true; + } // this is a compressed key signature + else if (header >= 31) { + compressed = true; + header -= 4; + } + int recId = header - 27; + ECKey key = ECKey.recoverFromSignature(recId, sig, messageHash, compressed); + if (key == null) + throw new SignatureException("Could not recover public key from signature"); + return key; + } + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +Since this format includes P2PKH keys, it is backwards compatible, but keep in mind some software has checks for ranges of headers and will report the newer segwit header types as errors. + +==Implications== + +Message signing is an important use case and potentially underused due to the fact that, up until now, there has not been a formal specification for how wallets can sign messages using Bitcoin private keys. Bitcoin wallets should be interoperable and use the same conventions for determing a signature's validity. This BIP can also be updated as new signature formats emerge. + +==Acknowledgements== + +* Konstantin Bay - review +* Holly Casaletto - review +* James Bryrer - review + +Note that the background on ECDSA signatures was taken from en.bitcoin.it and code sample modified from BitcoinJ. + +==References== + +[1] - https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0322.mediawiki + +[2] - https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/10542 + +[3] - https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm diff --git a/bip-0140.mediawiki b/bip-0140.mediawiki index ea5061f..88131f4 100644 --- a/bip-0140.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0140.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Christian Decker <decker.christian@gmail.com> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0140 - Status: Draft + Status: Rejected Type: Standards Track Created: 2015-10-14 License: PD @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ There are a number of advantages to using normalized transaction IDs: Scalable Off-Chain Instant Payments]]</ref> in which several parties sign a transaction. Without normalized transaction IDs it is trivial for one party to re-sign a transaction, hence changing the transaction hash and invalidating any transaction built on top of its outputs. Normalized transaction IDs force the ID not to change, even if a party replaces its signature. * Many higher level protocols build structures of transactions on top of multisig outputs that are not completely signed. This is currently not possible without one party holding a fully signed transaction and then calculating the ID. It is desirable to be able to build successive transactions without one party collecting all signatures, and thus possibly lock in funds unilaterally. Normalized transaction IDs allow the use of transaction templates, i.e., completely unsigned transactions upon which further transactions can be built, and only once every party is assured the structure matches its expectations it signs the template, thus validating the template. -The only occurence in which transactions can still be modified unilaterally is in the case <code>SIGHASH_NONE</code>, <code>SIGHASH_SINGLE</code> or <code>SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY</code> is used. This however is not problematic since in these cases the creator of the transaction explicitly allows modification. +The only occurrence in which transactions can still be modified unilaterally is in the case <code>SIGHASH_NONE</code>, <code>SIGHASH_SINGLE</code> or <code>SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY</code> is used. This however is not problematic since in these cases the creator of the transaction explicitly allows modification. In case of a transaction becoming invalid due to one of the inputs being malleated it is necessary to modify the spending transaction to reference the modified transaction ID. However, the signatures, which only use the normalized IDs, remain valid as long as the semantics of the funding transaction remain unchanged. An observer in the network may fix the transaction and reinject a corrected version. diff --git a/bip-0141.mediawiki b/bip-0141.mediawiki index 7cc587a..efdd9c9 100644 --- a/bip-0141.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0141.mediawiki @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Pieter Wuille <pieter.wuille@gmail.com> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0141 - Status: Draft + Status: Final Type: Standards Track Created: 2015-12-21 License: PD @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ The <code>marker</code> MUST be a 1-byte zero value: <code>0x00</code>. The <code>flag</code> MUST be a 1-byte non-zero value. Currently, <code>0x01</code> MUST be used. -The <code>witness</code> is a serialization of all witness data of the transaction. Each txin is associated with a witness field. A witness field starts with a <code>var_int</code> to indicate the number of stack items for the txin. It is followed by stack items, with each item starts with a <code>var_int</code> to indicate the length. Witness data is NOT script. +The <code>witness</code> is a serialization of all witness fields of the transaction. Each txin is associated with a witness field. A witness field starts with a <code>var_int</code> to indicate the number of stack items for the txin. It is followed by stack items, with each item starts with a <code>var_int</code> to indicate the length. Witness data is NOT script. A non-witness program (defined hereinafter) txin MUST be associated with an empty witness field, represented by a <code>0x00</code>. If all txins are not witness program, a transaction's <code>wtxid</code> is equal to its <code>txid</code>. @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ Sigops per block is currently limited to 20,000. We change this restriction as f Sigops in the current pubkey script, signature script, and P2SH check script are counted at 4 times their previous value. The sigop limit is likewise quadrupled to ≤ 80,000. -Each P2WPKH input is counted as 1 sigop. In addition, opcodes within a P2WSH <code>witnessScript</code> are counted identically as previously within the P2SH <code>redeemScript</code>. That is, CHECKSIG is counted as only 1 sigop, and CHECKMULTISIG is counted as 1 to 20 sigops according to the arguments. This rule applies to both native witness program and P2SH witness program. +Each P2WPKH input is counted as 1 sigop. In addition, opcodes within a P2WSH <code>witnessScript</code> are counted identically as previously within the P2SH <code>redeemScript</code>. That is, CHECKSIG is counted as only 1 sigop. When preceded by OP_1 to OP_16 CHECKMULTISIG is counted as 1 to 16 sigops respectively, otherwise it is counted as 20 sigops. This rule applies to both native witness program and P2SH witness program. === Additional definitions === @@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ Segregated witness fixes the problem of transaction malleability fundamentally, Two parties, Alice and Bob, may agree to send certain amount of Bitcoin to a 2-of-2 multisig output (the "funding transaction"). Without signing the funding transaction, they may create another transaction, time-locked in the future, spending the 2-of-2 multisig output to third account(s) (the "spending transaction"). Alice and Bob will sign the spending transaction and exchange the signatures. After examining the signatures, they will sign and commit the funding transaction to the blockchain. Without further action, the spending transaction will be confirmed after the lock-time and release the funding according to the original contract. It also retains the flexibility of revoking the original contract before the lock-time, by another spending transaction with shorter lock-time, but only with mutual-agreement of both parties. -Such setups is not possible with BIP62 as the malleability fix, since the spending transaction could not be created without both parties first signing the funding transaction. If Alice reveals the funding transaction signature before Bob does, Bob is able to lock up the funding indefinitely without ever signing the spending transaction. +Such setups are not possible with BIP62 as the malleability fix, since the spending transaction could not be created without both parties first signing the funding transaction. If Alice reveals the funding transaction signature before Bob does, Bob is able to lock up the funding indefinitely without ever signing the spending transaction. Unconfirmed transaction dependency chain is a fundamental building block of more sophisticated payment networks, such as duplex micropayment channel and the Lightning Network, which have the potential to greatly improve the scalability and efficiency of the Bitcoin system. @@ -324,6 +324,7 @@ https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/8149 *[[bip-0016.mediawiki|BIP16 Pay to Script Hash]] *[[bip-0143.mediawiki|BIP143 Transaction Signature Verification for Version 0 Witness Program]] *[[bip-0144.mediawiki|BIP144 Segregated Witness (Peer Services)]] +*[[bip-0173.mediawiki|BIP173 Base32 address format for native v0-16 witness outputs]] == Copyright == diff --git a/bip-0142.mediawiki b/bip-0142.mediawiki index 80a413f..b11095b 100644 --- a/bip-0142.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0142.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Johnson Lau <jl2012@xbt.hk> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0142 - Status: Deferred + Status: Withdrawn Type: Standards Track Created: 2015-12-24 License: PD diff --git a/bip-0143.mediawiki b/bip-0143.mediawiki index 77d75c9..dbbabb4 100644 --- a/bip-0143.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0143.mediawiki @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Pieter Wuille <pieter.wuille@gmail.com> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0143 - Status: Draft + Status: Final Type: Standards Track Created: 2016-01-03 License: PD @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ The item 6 is a 8-byte value of the amount of bitcoin spent in this input. <code>hashOutputs</code>: *If the sighash type is neither <code>SINGLE</code> nor <code>NONE</code>, <code>hashOutputs</code> is the double SHA256 of the serialization of all output amount (8-byte little endian) with <code>scriptPubKey</code> (serialized as scripts inside CTxOuts); *If sighash type is <code>SINGLE</code> and the input index is smaller than the number of outputs, <code>hashOutputs</code> is the double SHA256 of the output amount with <code>scriptPubKey</code> of the same index as the input; -*Otherwise, <code>hashOutputs</code> is a <code>uint256</code> of <code>0x0000......0000</code>.<ref>In the original algorithm, a <code>uint256</code> of <code>0x0000......0001</code> is commited if the input index for a <code>SINGLE</code> signature is greater than or equal to the number of outputs. In this BIP a <code>0x0000......0000</code> is commited, without changing the semantics.</ref> +*Otherwise, <code>hashOutputs</code> is a <code>uint256</code> of <code>0x0000......0000</code>.<ref>In the original algorithm, a <code>uint256</code> of <code>0x0000......0001</code> is committed if the input index for a <code>SINGLE</code> signature is greater than or equal to the number of outputs. In this BIP a <code>0x0000......0000</code> is committed, without changing the semantics.</ref> The <code>hashPrevouts</code>, <code>hashSequence</code>, and <code>hashOutputs</code> calculated in an earlier verification may be reused in other inputs of the same transaction, so that the time complexity of the whole hashing process reduces from O(n<sup>2</sup>) to O(n). @@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ This example shows how <code>OP_CODESEPARATOR</code> and out-of-range <code>SIGH The second input comes from a native P2WSH witness program: scriptPubKey : 00205d1b56b63d714eebe542309525f484b7e9d6f686b3781b6f61ef925d66d6f6a0, value: 49 witnessScript: 21026dccc749adc2a9d0d89497ac511f760f45c47dc5ed9cf352a58ac706453880aeadab210255a9626aebf5e29c0e6538428ba0d1dcf6ca98ffdf086aa8ced5e0d0215ea465ac - <026dccc749adc2a9d0d89497ac511f760f45c47dc5ed9cf352a58ac706453880ae> CHECKSIGVERIFY CODESEPERATOR <0255a9626aebf5e29c0e6538428ba0d1dcf6ca98ffdf086aa8ced5e0d0215ea465> CHECKSIG + <026dccc749adc2a9d0d89497ac511f760f45c47dc5ed9cf352a58ac706453880ae> CHECKSIGVERIFY CODESEPARATOR <0255a9626aebf5e29c0e6538428ba0d1dcf6ca98ffdf086aa8ced5e0d0215ea465> CHECKSIG To sign it with a nHashType of 3 (SIGHASH_SINGLE): @@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ This example shows how <code>OP_CODESEPARATOR</code> and out-of-range <code>SIGH scriptCode: 4721026dccc749adc2a9d0d89497ac511f760f45c47dc5ed9cf352a58ac706453880aeadab210255a9626aebf5e29c0e6538428ba0d1dcf6ca98ffdf086aa8ced5e0d0215ea465ac ^^ - (please note that the not-yet-exectued OP_CODESEPARATOR is not removed from the scriptCode) + (please note that the not-yet-executed OP_CODESEPARATOR is not removed from the scriptCode) preimage: 01000000ef546acf4a020de3898d1b8956176bb507e6211b5ed3619cd08b6ea7e2a09d4100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000815cf020f013ed6cf91d29f4202e8a58726b1ac6c79da47c23d1bee0a6925f8000000004721026dccc749adc2a9d0d89497ac511f760f45c47dc5ed9cf352a58ac706453880aeadab210255a9626aebf5e29c0e6538428ba0d1dcf6ca98ffdf086aa8ced5e0d0215ea465ac0011102401000000ffffffff00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003000000 sigHash: 82dde6e4f1e94d02c2b7ad03d2115d691f48d064e9d52f58194a6637e4194391 public key: 026dccc749adc2a9d0d89497ac511f760f45c47dc5ed9cf352a58ac706453880ae @@ -338,12 +338,12 @@ This example shows how unexecuted <code>OP_CODESEPARATOR</code> is processed, an The first input comes from a native P2WSH witness program: scriptPubKey: 0020ba468eea561b26301e4cf69fa34bde4ad60c81e70f059f045ca9a79931004a4d value: 0.16777215 witnessScript:0063ab68210392972e2eb617b2388771abe27235fd5ac44af8e61693261550447a4c3e39da98ac - 0 IF CODESEPERATOR ENDIF <0392972e2eb617b2388771abe27235fd5ac44af8e61693261550447a4c3e39da98> CHECKSIG + 0 IF CODESEPARATOR ENDIF <0392972e2eb617b2388771abe27235fd5ac44af8e61693261550447a4c3e39da98> CHECKSIG The second input comes from a native P2WSH witness program: scriptPubKey: 0020d9bbfbe56af7c4b7f960a70d7ea107156913d9e5a26b0a71429df5e097ca6537 value: 0.16777215 witnessScript:5163ab68210392972e2eb617b2388771abe27235fd5ac44af8e61693261550447a4c3e39da98ac - 1 IF CODESEPERATOR ENDIF <0392972e2eb617b2388771abe27235fd5ac44af8e61693261550447a4c3e39da98> CHECKSIG + 1 IF CODESEPARATOR ENDIF <0392972e2eb617b2388771abe27235fd5ac44af8e61693261550447a4c3e39da98> CHECKSIG To sign it with a nHashType of 0x83 (SINGLE|ANYONECANPAY): @@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ This example shows how unexecuted <code>OP_CODESEPARATOR</code> is processed, an 02 4730440220032521802a76ad7bf74d0e2c218b72cf0cbc867066e2e53db905ba37f130397e02207709e2188ed7f08f4c952d9d13986da504502b8c3be59617e043552f506c46ff83 275163ab68210392972e2eb617b2388771abe27235fd5ac44af8e61693261550447a4c3e39da98ac nLockTime: 00000000 - Since SINGLE|ANYONECANPAY does not commit to the input index, the signatures are still valid when the the input-output pairs are swapped: + Since SINGLE|ANYONECANPAY does not commit to the input index, the signatures are still valid when the input-output pairs are swapped: 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 nVersion: 01000000 marker: 00 diff --git a/bip-0144.mediawiki b/bip-0144.mediawiki index 8e65554..8ec2191 100644 --- a/bip-0144.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0144.mediawiki @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Pieter Wuille <pieter.wuille@gmail.com> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0144 - Status: Draft + Status: Final Type: Standards Track Created: 2016-01-08 License: PD @@ -79,11 +79,11 @@ The serialization has the following structure: Parsers supporting this BIP will be able to distinguish between the old serialization format (without the witness) and this one. The marker byte is set to zero so that this structure will never parse as a valid transaction in a parser that does not support this BIP. If parsing were to succeed, such a transaction would contain no inputs and a single output. -If the witness is empty, the old serialization format should be used. +If the witness is empty, the old serialization format must be used. Currently, the only witness objects type supported are script witnesses which consist of a stack of byte arrays. It is encoded as a var_int item count followed by each item encoded as a var_int length followed by a string of bytes. Each txin has its own script witness. The number of script witnesses is not explicitly encoded as it is implied by txin_count. Empty script witnesses are encoded as a zero byte. The order of the script witnesses follows the same order as the associated txins. -* '''Rationale for not having an independent message type with its own serialization''': this would require separate "tx" and "block" messages, and all RPC calls operating on raw transactions would need to be duplicated, or need inefficinent or nondeterministic guesswork to know which type is to be used. +* '''Rationale for not having an independent message type with its own serialization''': this would require separate "tx" and "block" messages, and all RPC calls operating on raw transactions would need to be duplicated, or need inefficient or nondeterministic guesswork to know which type is to be used. * '''Rationale for not using just a single 0x00 byte as marker''': that would lead to empty transactions (no inputs, no outputs, which are used in some tests) to be interpreted as new serialized data. diff --git a/bip-0145.mediawiki b/bip-0145.mediawiki index a7ace98..f139c6a 100644 --- a/bip-0145.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0145.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Luke Dashjr <luke+bip22@dashjr.org> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0145 - Status: Draft + Status: Final Type: Standards Track Created: 2016-01-30 License: BSD-2-Clause diff --git a/bip-0146.mediawiki b/bip-0146.mediawiki index 240f82a..f4a18a1 100644 --- a/bip-0146.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0146.mediawiki @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Pieter Wuille <pieter.wuille@gmail.com> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0146 - Status: Draft + Status: Withdrawn Type: Standards Track Created: 2016-08-16 License: PD diff --git a/bip-0147.mediawiki b/bip-0147.mediawiki index 8a5c67a..2d007c6 100644 --- a/bip-0147.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0147.mediawiki @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Johnson Lau <jl2012@xbt.hk> Comments-Summary: No comments yet. Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0147 - Status: Draft + Status: Final Type: Standards Track Created: 2016-09-02 License: PD diff --git a/bip-0148.mediawiki b/bip-0148.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a7a062 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0148.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 148 + Layer: Consensus (soft fork) + Title: Mandatory activation of segwit deployment + Author: Shaolin Fry <shaolinfry@protonmail.ch> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0148 + Status: Final + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2017-03-12 + License: BSD-3-Clause + CC0-1.0 +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This document specifies a BIP16 like soft fork flag day activation of the segregated witness BIP9 deployment known as "segwit". + +==Definitions== + +"existing segwit deployment" refer to the BIP9 "segwit" deployment using bit 1, between November 15th 2016 and November 15th 2017 to activate BIP141, BIP143 and BIP147. + +==Motivation== + +Segwit increases the blocksize, fixes transaction malleability, and makes scripting easier to upgrade as well as bringing many other [https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/01/26/segwit-benefits/ benefits]. + +It is hoped that miners will respond to this BIP by activating segwit early, before this BIP takes effect. Otherwise this BIP will cause the mandatory activation of the existing segwit deployment before the end of midnight November 15th 2017. + +==Specification== + +All times are specified according to median past time. + +This BIP will be active between midnight August 1st 2017 (epoch time 1501545600) and midnight November 15th 2017 (epoch time 1510704000) if the existing segwit deployment is not locked-in or activated before epoch time 1501545600. This BIP will cease to be active when segwit is locked-in. + +While this BIP is active, all blocks must set the nVersion header top 3 bits to 001 together with bit field (1<<1) (according to the existing segwit deployment). Blocks that do not signal as required will be rejected. + +=== Reference implementation === + +<pre> +// Check if Segregated Witness is Locked In +bool IsWitnessLockedIn(const CBlockIndex* pindexPrev, const Consensus::Params& params) +{ + LOCK(cs_main); + return (VersionBitsState(pindexPrev, params, Consensus::DEPLOYMENT_SEGWIT, versionbitscache) == THRESHOLD_LOCKED_IN); +} + +// BIP148 mandatory segwit signalling. +int64_t nMedianTimePast = pindex->GetMedianTimePast(); +if ( (nMedianTimePast >= 1501545600) && // Tue 01 Aug 2017 00:00:00 UTC + (nMedianTimePast <= 1510704000) && // Wed 15 Nov 2017 00:00:00 UTC + (!IsWitnessLockedIn(pindex->pprev, chainparams.GetConsensus()) && // Segwit is not locked in + !IsWitnessEnabled(pindex->pprev, chainparams.GetConsensus())) ) // and is not active. +{ + bool fVersionBits = (pindex->nVersion & VERSIONBITS_TOP_MASK) == VERSIONBITS_TOP_BITS; + bool fSegbit = (pindex->nVersion & VersionBitsMask(chainparams.GetConsensus(), Consensus::DEPLOYMENT_SEGWIT)) != 0; + if (!(fVersionBits && fSegbit)) { + return state.DoS(0, error("ConnectBlock(): relayed block must signal for segwit, please upgrade"), REJECT_INVALID, "bad-no-segwit"); + } +} +</pre> + +https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/compare/master...shaolinfry:bip-segwit-flagday + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +This deployment is compatible with the existing "segwit" bit 1 deployment scheduled between midnight November 15th, 2016 and midnight November 15th, 2017. + +==Rationale== + +Historically, the P2SH soft fork (BIP16) was activated using a predetermined flag day where nodes began enforcing the new rules. P2SH was successfully activated with relatively few issues + +By orphaning non-signalling blocks during the last month of the BIP9 bit 1 "segwit" deployment, this BIP can cause the existing "segwit" deployment to activate without needing to release a new deployment. + +==References== + +*[https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2017-March/013714.html Mailing list discussion] +*[https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/v0.6.0/src/main.cpp#L1281-L1283 P2SH flag day activation] +*[[bip-0009.mediawiki|BIP9 Version bits with timeout and delay]] +*[[bip-0016.mediawiki|BIP16 Pay to Script Hash]] +*[[bip-0141.mediawiki|BIP141 Segregated Witness (Consensus layer)]] +*[[bip-0143.mediawiki|BIP143 Transaction Signature Verification for Version 0 Witness Program]] +*[[bip-0147.mediawiki|BIP147 Dealing with dummy stack element malleability]] +*[https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/01/26/segwit-benefits/ Segwit benefits] + +==Copyright== + +This document is dual licensed as BSD 3-clause, and Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal. + diff --git a/bip-0149.mediawiki b/bip-0149.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d4dc732 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0149.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 149 + Layer: Consensus (soft fork) + Title: Segregated Witness (second deployment) + Author: Shaolin Fry <shaolinfry@protonmail.ch> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0149 + Status: Withdrawn + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2017-04-14 + License: BSD-3-Clause + CC0-1.0 +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This document specifies a user activated soft fork for [[bip-0141.mediawiki|BIP141]], [[bip-0143.mediawiki|BIP143]] and [[bip-0147.mediawiki|BIP147]] using versionbits with guaranteed lock-in. + +==Motivation== + +Miners have been reluctant to signal the BIP9 segwit deployment despite a large portion of the Bitcoin ecosystem who want the soft fork activated. This BIP specifies a user activated soft fork (UASF) that deploys segwit again using versionbits with guaranteed lock-in on timeout if the BIP is not already locked-in or activated by the timeout. This ensures users have sufficient time to prepare and no longer require a miner supermajority, while still allowing for an earlier miner activated soft fork (MASF). + +==Reference implementation== + +The reference implementation will refuse to run on Bitcoin mainnet before 7 November 2017, and can only be run on testnet and regtest until then. + +https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/compare/master...shaolinfry:uasegwit-flagday + +==Specification== + +This deployment will set service bit (1<<5) as NODE_UAWITNESS. + +==Deployment== + +This BIP should only be deployed if BIP9-segwit fails to lock-in or activate before timeout on 15 November 2017. This BIP cannot be deployed before 15 November 2017. + +This BIP will be deployed by BIP8 with the name "segwit" and using bit 1. + +For Bitcoin mainnet, the BIP8 starttime will be midnight 16 November 2017 UTC (Epoch timestamp 1510790400) and BIP8 timeout will be 4 July 2018 UTC (Epoch timestamp 1530662400). + +For Bitcoin testnet, segwit is already activated so no deployment is specified. + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +This deployment reuses the GBT deployment name "segwit" to maintain compatibility with existing mining software. + +This deployment is incompatible with the BIP9-segwit deployment and should not be run concurrently with it. + +==Rationale== + +The '''starttime''' of this BIP is after the BIP9-segwit timeout to remove compatibility issues with old nodes. + +==References== + +[https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2017-April/014234.html Mailing list discussion] + +[[bip-0008.mediawiki|BIP8]] + +[[bip-0009.mediawiki|BIP9]] + +[[bip-0141.mediawiki|BIP141]] + +[[bip-0143.mediawiki|BIP143]] + +[[bip-0147.mediawiki|BIP147]] + +==Copyright== + +This document is dual licensed as BSD 3-clause, and Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal. diff --git a/bip-0150.mediawiki b/bip-0150.mediawiki index e3f74f5..277341d 100644 --- a/bip-0150.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0150.mediawiki @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Layer: Peer Services Title: Peer Authentication Author: Jonas Schnelli <dev@jonasschnelli.ch> - Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-Summary: Discouraged for implementation (one person) Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0150 Status: Draft Type: Standards Track @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ This BIP describes a way for peers to authenticate to other peers to guarantee n == Motivation == -We assume peer operators want to limit the access of different node services or increase datastream priorities to a selective subset of peers. Also we assume that peers want to connect to specific peers to broadcast or filter transactions (or similar actions that reveal sensitive informations) and therefore operators want to authenticate the remote peer and ensure that they have not connected to a MITM (man-in-the-middle) attacker. +We assume peer operators want to limit the access of different node services or increase datastream priorities to a selective subset of peers. Also we assume that peers want to connect to specific peers to broadcast or filter transactions (or similar actions that reveal sensitive information) and therefore operators want to authenticate the remote peer and ensure that they have not connected to a MITM (man-in-the-middle) attacker. Benefits of peer authentication: * Peers can detect MITM attacks when connecting to known peers diff --git a/bip-0151.mediawiki b/bip-0151.mediawiki index 228f66d..793c244 100644 --- a/bip-0151.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0151.mediawiki @@ -3,12 +3,13 @@ Layer: Peer Services Title: Peer-to-Peer Communication Encryption Author: Jonas Schnelli <dev@jonasschnelli.ch> - Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-Summary: Controversial; some recommendation, and some discouragement Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0151 - Status: Draft + Status: Replaced Type: Standards Track Created: 2016-03-23 License: PD + Superseded-By: 324 </pre> == Abstract == @@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ This BIP describes an alternative way that a peer can encrypt their communicatio == Motivation == -The Bitcoin network does not encrypt communication between peers today. This opens up security issues (eg: traffic manipulation by others) and allows for mass surveillance / analysis of bitcoin users. Mostly this is negligible because of the nature of Bitcoins trust model, however for SPV nodes this can have significant privacy impacts [1] and could reduce the censorship-resistance of a peer. +The Bitcoin network does not encrypt communication between peers today. This opens up security issues (eg: traffic manipulation by others) and allows for mass surveillance / analysis of bitcoin users. Mostly this is negligible because of the nature of Bitcoin's trust model, however, for SPV nodes this can have significant privacy impacts [1] and could reduce the censorship-resistance of a peer. Encrypting peer traffic will make analysis and specific user targeting much more difficult than it currently is. Today it's trivial for a network provider or any other men-in-the-middle to identify a Bitcoin user and its controlled addresses/keys (and link with his Google profile, etc.). Just created and broadcasted transactions will reveal the amount and the payee to the network provider. @@ -26,13 +27,13 @@ This BIP also describes a way that data manipulation (blocking commands by a int Analyzing the type of p2p communication would still be possible because of the characteristics (size, sending-interval, etc.) of the encrypted messages. -Encrypting traffic between peers is already possible with VPN, tor, stunnel, curveCP or any other encryption mechanism on a deeper OSI level, however, most mechanism are not practical for SPV or other DHCP/NAT environment and will require significant knowhow in how to setup such a secure channel. +Encrypting traffic between peers is already possible with VPN, tor, stunnel, curveCP or any other encryption mechanism on a deeper OSI level, however, most mechanisms are not practical for SPV or other DHCP/NAT environment and will require significant knowhow in how to setup such a secure channel. == Specification == A peer that supports encryption must accept encryption requests from all peers. -A independent ECDH negotiation for both communication directions is required and therefore a bidirectional communication will use two symmetric cipher keys (one per direction). +An independent ECDH negotiation for both communication directions is required and therefore a bidirectional communication will use two symmetric cipher keys (one per direction). Both peers must only send encrypted messages after a successful ECDH negotiation in ''both directions''. @@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ Encryption initialization must happen before sending any other messages to the r === Symmetric Encryption Cipher Keys === -The symmetric encryption cipher keys will be calculated with ECDH/HKDF by sharing the pubkeys of a ephemeral key. Once the ECDH secret is calculated on each side, the symmetric encryption cipher keys must be derived with HKDF [2] after the following specification: +The symmetric encryption cipher keys will be calculated with ECDH/HKDF by sharing the pubkeys of an ephemeral key. Once the ECDH secret is calculated on each side, the symmetric encryption cipher keys must be derived with HKDF [2] after the following specification: 1. HKDF extraction <code>PRK = HKDF_EXTRACT(hash=SHA256, salt="bitcoinecdh", ikm=ecdh_secret|cipher-type)</code>. @@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ Both sides must also calculate the 256bit session-id using <code>SID = HKDF_EXPA === The <code>encinit</code> message type === -To request encrypted communication, the requesting peer generates an EC ephemeral-session-keypair and sends an <code>encinit</code> message to the responding peer and waits for a <code>encack</code> message. The responding node must do the same <code>encinit</code>/<code>encack</code> interaction for the opposite communication direction. +To request encrypted communication, the requesting peer generates an EC ephemeral-session-keypair and sends an <code>encinit</code> message to the responding peer and waits for an <code>encack</code> message. The responding node must do the same <code>encinit</code>/<code>encack</code> interaction for the opposite communication direction. {|class="wikitable" ! Field Size !! Description !! Data type !! Comments @@ -90,11 +91,11 @@ The chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com specified and defined by openssh [5] combines <code>K_2</code> must be used in conjunction with poly1305 to build an AEAD. -Optimized implementations of ChaCha20-Poly1305 are very fast in general, therefore it is very likely that encrypted messages require less CPU cycles per bytes then the current unencrypted p2p message format. A quick analysis by Pieter Wuille of the current ''standard implementations'' has shown that SHA256 requires more CPU cycles per byte then ChaCha20 & Poly1304. +Optimized implementations of ChaCha20-Poly1305 are very fast in general, therefore it is very likely that encrypted messages require less CPU cycles per byte then the current unencrypted p2p message format. A quick analysis by Pieter Wuille of the current ''standard implementations'' has shown that SHA256 requires more CPU cycles per byte then ChaCha20 & Poly1304. === The <code>encack</code> message type === -The responding peer accepts the encryption request by sending a <code>encack</code> message. +The responding peer accepts the encryption request by sending an <code>encack</code> message. {|class="wikitable" ! Field Size !! Description !! Data type !! Comments @@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ If more data is present, another message must be deserialized. There is no expli === Re-Keying === -A responding peer can inform the requesting peer over a re-keying with a <code>encack</code> message containing 33byte of zeros to indicate that all encrypted message following after this <code>encack</code> message will be encrypted with ''the next symmetric cipher key''. +A responding peer can inform the requesting peer over a re-keying with an <code>encack</code> message containing 33byte of zeros to indicate that all encrypted message following after this <code>encack</code> message will be encrypted with ''the next symmetric cipher key''. The new symmetric cipher key will be calculated by <code>SHA256(SHA256(session_id || old_symmetric_cipher_key))</code>. @@ -172,12 +173,12 @@ This proposal is backward compatible. Non-supporting peers will ignore the <code == References == -* [1] http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:48205/eth-48205-01.pdf +* [1] https://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:48205/eth-48205-01.pdf * [2] HKDF (RFC 5869) https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5869 -* [3] ChaCha20 http://cr.yp.to/chacha/chacha-20080128.pdf -* [4] Poly1305 http://cr.yp.to/mac/poly1305-20050329.pdf +* [3] ChaCha20 https://cr.yp.to/chacha/chacha-20080128.pdf +* [4] Poly1305 https://cr.yp.to/mac/poly1305-20050329.pdf * [5] https://github.com/openssh/openssh-portable/blob/05855bf2ce7d5cd0a6db18bc0b4214ed5ef7516d/PROTOCOL.chacha20poly1305 -* [6] "ChaCha20 and Poly1305 based Cipher Suites for TLS", Adam Langley http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-agl-tls-chacha20poly1305-03 +* [6] "ChaCha20 and Poly1305 based Cipher Suites for TLS", Adam Langley https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-agl-tls-chacha20poly1305-03 == Acknowledgements == * Pieter Wuille and Gregory Maxwell for most of the ideas in this BIP. diff --git a/bip-0152.mediawiki b/bip-0152.mediawiki index 0d2b65c..8200714 100644 --- a/bip-0152.mediawiki +++ b/bip-0152.mediawiki @@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ Layer: Peer Services Title: Compact Block Relay Author: Matt Corallo <bip152@bluematt.me> - Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-Summary: Unanimously Recommended for implementation Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0152 - Status: Draft + Status: Final Type: Standards Track Created: 2016-04-27 License: PD @@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ A new inv type (MSG_CMPCT_BLOCK == 4) and several new protocol messages are adde # Upon receipt of a cmpctblock message after sending a sendcmpct message, nodes SHOULD calculate the short transaction ID for each unconfirmed transaction they have available (ie in their mempool) and compare each to each short transaction ID in the cmpctblock message. # After finding already-available transactions, nodes which do not have all transactions available to reconstruct the full block SHOULD request the missing transactions using a getblocktxn message. # A node MUST NOT send a cmpctblock message unless they are able to respond to a getblocktxn message which requests every transaction in the block. -# A node MUST NOT send a cmpctblock message without having validated that the header properly commits to each transaction in the block, and properly builds on top of the existing chain with a valid proof-of-work. A node MAY send a cmpctblock before validating that each transaction in the block validly spends existing UTXO set entries. +# A node MUST NOT send a cmpctblock message without having validated that the header properly commits to each transaction in the block, and properly builds on top of the existing, fully-validated chain with a valid proof-of-work either as a part of the current most-work valid chain, or building directly on top of it. A node MAY send a cmpctblock before validating that each transaction in the block validly spends existing UTXO set entries. ====getblocktxn==== # The getblocktxn message is defined as a message containing a serialized BlockTransactionsRequest message and pchCommand == "getblocktxn". diff --git a/bip-0154.mediawiki b/bip-0154.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c1e4cdb --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0154.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,752 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 154 + Layer: Peer Services + Title: Rate Limiting via peer specified challenges + Author: Karl-Johan Alm <karljohan-alm@garage.co.jp> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0154 + Status: Withdrawn + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2017-04-12 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +An anti-DoS system which provides additional service for peers which perform proof of work. + +==Definitions== + +* '''POW''' : a proof of work using some arbitrary algorithm, such as SHA256 +* '''challenge''' : a problem in the form of a POW specification and other data +* '''solution''' : a set of inputs which solve a given challenge +* '''free connection slot''' : an inbound connection slot that does not require POW +* '''POW connection slot''' : an inbound connection slot that requires POW +* '''SPH''' : Special Purpose Hardware, such as an ASIC chip +* '''GPH''' : General Purpose Hardware, such as a desktop computer +* '''Work''' : A measurement of optimized average resources (clock cycles, memory, ...) required to perform a single attempt at solving a given POW algorithm on GPH + +==Motivation== + +The Bitcoin network has a maximum number of inbound and outbound connections (125). +It is trivial and relatively cheap to flood the network with connections via dummy +nodes. Such an attack would result in (1) nodes evicting some other nodes in order to +facilitate the new connection, and (2) nodes' ability to connect to each other being +severely hampered. In this state, the network is vulnerable to e.g. a Sybil attack. + +While the network is under pressure as in the above case, nodes could allow incoming +connections anyway by requiring that the incoming peer performs some form of proof +of work, to prove that they are not simply spamming the network. This would severely +ramp up the costs of a Sybil attack, as the attacker would now have to perform proof +of work for each node, beyond the free slots. + +However, using the "standard" double-SHA256 POW algorithm in use by Bitcoin nodes to +generate blocks means attackers can use special-purpose hardware to greatly accelerate +the POW solving process. To counter this, the proof weight would have to be raised, +but this would mean standard nodes would need to solve unacceptably costly challenges +for simple operation. Therefore, a different proof of work which is arguably less +sensitive to special-purpose hardware implementations is introduced. As this is not +consensus sensitive, additional POW algorithms may be added in the future. + +==Specification== + +A peer that supports Proof of Work Rate Limiting defines two maximums: + +* max connections, from which the maximum inbound connections is calculated as <code>nMaxConnections - (nMaxOutbound + nMaxFeeler)</code> +* POW connection slots, which define how many of the above inbound connections require a POW challenge + +The peer must interpret two new network peer message types, <code>challenge</code> and <code>solution</code>. + +In addition, the network handshake sequence must be altered slightly to facilitate the exchange of challenges and/or solutions: +* when a node connects, it may send a <code>solution</code> message prior to the <code>version</code> +* if it does, and +** the solution satisfies the local node, it is given a connection, but if +** the solution does not satisfy the local node (unknown, wrong, ...), a new <code>challenge</code> is sent and the connection is closed +* if it does not, and it is marked as needing to do POW, a <code>challenge</code> is sent and the connection is closed + +This means nodes will be disconnected after receiving the challenge. It is then up to the individual nodes whether they +solve the challenge and reconnect, or discard it and find a different peer (or wait for the peer to have an open free slot). + +===POW Identifiers=== + +There are two POW identifiers currently. When a new identifier is introduced, it should be added with an increment of 1 +to the last identifier in the list. When an identifier is deprecated, its status should be changed to <code>Deprecated</code> but it should +retain its place in the list indefinitely. + +{|class="wikitable" +! ID !! Algorithm Name !! Work !! Param size !! Solution size !! Provably Secure !! SPH Resistance !! Status +|- +| 1 || sha256 || 11k cycles || 11+ bytes || 0, 4 or 8 bytes || Yes || Low || Active +|- +| 2 || cuckoo-cycle || ss 28: 150G cycles / ~48M RAM || 6+ bytes || 168 bytes || No || High || Active +|} + +====sha256==== + +Properties: + +{|class="wikitable" +! Property !! Value +|- +| Solution probability || <code>sum((1/2)^i*(1-targetBE[i]))</code> +|} + +Challenge format: + +{|class="wikitable" +! Range !! Field Name !! Data Type !! Description +|- +| 0 || config_length || varint || Length of configuration part; always 9 +|- +| 1..4 || target || uint32 || Difficulty target, in the form of a compact size (like nBits in blocks). +|- +| 5 || nonce_size || uint8 || Size of nonce in bytes; must be 0 (no nonce), 4 (uint32) or 8 (uint64) +|- +| 6..9 || nonce_offset || uint32 || Location of nonce value in target +|- +| 10.. || payload_length || varint || Length of the input data +|- +| .. || payload || byte array || Input data +|} + +Solution format: + +{|class="wikitable" +! Range !! Field Name !! Data Type !! Description +|- +| 0.. || nonce || uint32/64, or data || Nonce value that satisfies challenge; for zero-byte nonces, this is variable data that is appended to the challenge payload before hashing +|} + +Note: SHA256 works in two "modes". +# One is where the task is to insert a nonce into an existing data block so that the hash of the data block matches a given target; this is the conventional block proof of work behavior. +# The other is where the whole or parts of the data chunk are given as input (a "big nonce"). In this case, the internal nonce size is zero bytes, and the task is simply to check whether the hash of the data matches the target. If it does not, there is no way to find a solution except by getting different input from the generator (a successor algorithm). This mode is used when SHA256 is a predecessor to another algorithm. + +Additional notes: + +* The initial nonce value (when present) for finding a suitable digest should be randomized, or a challenger may deliberately pick a challenge with "poor" outcomes to fool a node into spending more than predicted time solving. + +====cuckoo-cycle==== + +Properties: + +{|class="wikitable" +! Property !! Value +|- +| Solution probability || <code>~1.0</code> for sizeshift=28, proofsize-min:-max=12:228 +|} + +Challenge format: + +{|class="wikitable" +! Range !! Field Name !! Data Type !! Description +|- +| 0 || config_length || varint || Length of configuration part; always 5 +|- +| 1 || sizeshift || uint8 || Size shift; must be equal to 28, but may be variable in the future +|- +| 2..3 || proofsize-min || uint16 || Minimum number of edges in cycle; must be even and greater than or equal to 12 (recommended: 12) +|- +| 4..5 || proofsize-max || uint16 || Maximum number of edges in cycle; must be even, greater than or equal to proofsize-min, and smaller than or equal to 254 (recommended: 228) +|- +| 6 || payload_length || varint || Length of the input data; must be 76, but may be variable in the future +|- +| 7.. || payload || byte array || Input data +|} + +Solution format: + +{|class="wikitable" +! Range !! Field Name !! Data Type !! Description +|- +| 0..3 || nonce || uint32 || Nonce which is appended to challenge payload to form solution graph +|- +| 4..171 || edges || uint32 array || 42 values which identify each of the 42 edges in the cycle +|} + +Additional notes: + +* The initial nonce value used for finding a graph with a suitable solution should be randomized, or a challenger may deliberately pick a challenge with "poor" outcomes to fool a node into spending more than predicted time solving. +* Further information on the recommended challenge parameters can be found here: http://bc-2.jp/cuckoo-profile.pdf + +===Purpose Identifiers=== + +There is only one Purpose Identifier currently. In the future, more Purpose Identifiers could be added for at-DoS-risk operations, +such as bloom filters. When a new identifier is introduced, it should be added with an increment of 1 to the last identifier in the +list. When an identifier is deprecated, its status should be changed to <code>Deprecated</code> but it should retain its place in +the list indefinitely. + +{|class="wikitable" +! ID !! Purpose Name !! Description !! Status +|- +| 1 || connect || Establish peer to peer connection || Active +|} + +===Challenges=== + +Challenges consist of one or several chained POW identifiers with accompanying parameters, as well as indicators for the purpose of the challenge, +and a signature that lets the node verify the challenge authenticity. + +After creating a challenge, the node signs it, delivers it to the peer, then discards it. +When a node provides a solution to a challenge, the node verifies the signature and adds the challenge hash to a list of solved +challenges along with its expiration time. This list is pruned on each insertion, removing any expired challenges. + +If nodes needed to keep track of unsolved challenges, an attacker could hypothetically swarm a node, causing a DoS by having it generate so many +challenges that it runs out of memory and crashes. +By signing and discarding challenges, a node only has to retain challenges that were solved, and which have not yet expired, effectively DoS- +protecting the node via the challenges themselves. + +===The <code>challenge</code> message type=== + +A challenge consists of four parts: the POW specification, a purpose identifier, an expiration date, and a signature. +The POW specification contains a list of tuples containing a POW identifier and corresponding POW parameters. + +* Each POW identifier specifies a POW algorithm (see POW Identifiers) +* The POW parameters define the inputs and requirements of the POW algorithm +* The purpose identifier specifies the purpose of the challenge (see Purpose Identifiers) +* The expiration date is a UNIX timestamp indicating when the challenge expires +* The signed content should contain a signature of the hash <code>SHA256(SHA256(pow-count || pow-id || pow-params || ... || purpose-id || expiration))</code>, i.e. the hash of the entire challenge except for the signature length and data. + +{|class="wikitable" +! Field Size !! Description !! Data type !! Description +|- +| 1 byte || pow-count || uint8 || Number of POW algorithms in the range [1..255] +|- +| 4 bytes || pow-id || uint32 || The POW algorithm to solve the problem with +|- +| ? || pow-params || ? || The POW parameters and payload +|- +| ... || ... || ... || pow-id and pow-params for algorithms 2 and beyond +|- +| 4 bytes || purpose-id || uint32 || The purpose of the challenge +|- +| 8 bytes || expiration || int64 || Expiration UNIX timestamp +|- +| ? || sign-len || varint || The length of the signature +|- +| ? || sign || byte array || The signature data +|} + +For POW specifications with a pow-count > 1, the output of the succeeding POW algorithm will be appended to the input of the predecessor for all POW algorithms except the last one. +Normally mid-layer (all but the last) POW algorithms have a zero-length input. Example implementing sha256(cuckoo-cycle): + +{|class="wikitable" +! Range !! Field Name !! Value !! Comment +|- +| 0 || pow-count || 2 || Two POW algorithms +|- +| 1..4 || pow-id || 1 || sha256 +|- +| 5 || pow-params (config_length) || 9 || +|- +| 6..9 || pow-params (target) || 0x207fffff || Resulting hash must be <= the compact hash 0x207fffff* +|- +| 10 || pow-params (nonce_size) || 0 || No nonce +|- +| 11..14 || pow-params (nonce_offset) || 0 || -- +|- +| 15..18 || pow-params (payload_length) || 0 || 0 byte input (turns into 32 byte input from successor) +|- +| 19..22 || pow-id || 2 || cuckoo-cycle +|- +| 23 || pow-params (config_length) || 8 || +|- +| 24 || pow-params (sizeshift) || 28 +|- +| 25..26 || pow-params (proofsize-min) || 12 || +|- +| 27..28 || pow-params (proofsize-max) || 228 || +|- +| 29 || pow-params (payload_length) || 76 || 76 byte input +|- +| 30..105 || pow-params || (random data) || A randomized challenge of 76 bytes +|- +| 106..109 || purpose-id || 1 || Purpose is a peer-to-peer connection +|- +| 110..117 || expiration || 1491285696 || Expiration is April 4 2017, 15:01:36 (JST) +|- +| 118 || sign-len || 71 || 71 byte signature +|- +| 119..189 || sign || (signature) || Signature of above challenge +|} + +(* Compact 0x207fffff = 0x7fffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000.) + +The above should be interpreted as SHA256(cuckoo-cycle(random data || nonce)) < 0x7fffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000. +* Run cuckoo-cycle on random data || nonce; increment nonce until solution is found, then +** Run SHA256 on 32 byte digest from above; if less than 0x7fffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, +*** Mark solved. +* Otherwise loop back and increase nonce and continue finding solutions + +===The <code>solution</code> message type=== + +A solution consists of two parts: the entire challenge, and solution parameters: +* The challenge must match the given challenge up to and including the signature bytes +* The solution parameters must form a valid solution to each POW step in the challenge + +{|class="wikitable" +! Field Size !! Description !! Data type !! Description +|- +| 1 byte || pow-count || uint8 || Number of POW algorithms in the range [1..255] +|- +| 4 bytes || pow-id || uint32 || The POW algorithm used to solve the problem +|- +| ? || pow-params || ? || The input to the POW solver for the above algorithm +|- +| ... || ... || ... || pow-id and pow-params for algorithms 2 and beyond +|- +| 4 bytes || purpose-id || uint32 || The purpose of the challenge +|- +| 8 bytes || expiration || int64 || Expiration UNIX timestamp +|- +| ? || sign-len || varint || The length of the signature +|- +| ? || sign || byte array || The signature data +|- +| ? || solution || ? || The solution to the challenge +|} + +Note that the solution contains the parameters for the last algorithm only. +For each algorithm except the last one, the input is derived from the output of the successor. +Example solution: + +{|class="wikitable" +! Range !! Name !! Value !! Description +|- +| 0 || length || 4 || The input to the innermost POW is 4 bytes in length +|- +| 1..4 || nonce32 || 0x12345 || The nonce used as input is 0x12345 +|} + +The above example will provide a single nonce for the inner POW. For the SHA256(SHA256(challenge data || nonce32)) case, the solution would +claim that SHA256(SHA256(challenge data || 0x00012345)) solves the challenge. + +==Signing and Verifying Challenges== + +Below is a suggestion for how to sign a challenge. The implementation generates a new, random key-pair at launch and uses that +to sign all challenges until the node is shutdown. + +===Signing a Challenge=== + +# (first time) Create a new random key-pair <code>key</code> and <code>pubkey</code> and keep these around until shutdown +# (second+ time) Fetch <code>key</code> created above +# Create a double-SHA256 <code>sighash</code> of the challenge in serialized form up until and including the expiration bytes +# Create a signature <code>sign</code> of <code>sighash</code> using <code>key</code> +# Append <code>varint(len(sign))</code> and <code>sign</code> to challenge + +===Verifying a Challenge=== + +# Fetch <code>pubkey</code> and declare failure if not defined (that means we never issued a challenge) +# Create a double-SHA256 <code>sighash</code> of the challenge provided with the solution up until and including the expiration bytes +# Verify <code>sighash</code> is not known, and add it to known hashes along with its expiration date for pruning purposes +# Set <code>sign</code> to the signature included in the challenge +# Verify the signature <code>sign</code> using <code>pubkey</code> and <code>sighash</code> +# Check that the solution solves the challenge + +Note that a list of known hashes should be kept and pruned of expired challenges on verification. Otherwise nodes may reuse the same +solution repeatedly up until its expiration. + +==Difficulty and Cost== + +===Estimating Challenge Cost=== + +Nodes need to be able to make a judgement call on whether solving a given challenge is worth their efforts. If a challenge is expected to take +so much time that it would expire before being solved (on average), it should be immediately discarded. Beyond this, a threshold should be +established for nodes based on their "value" to the node, which is inversely proportional to the current number of connections as a function +of uptime, with arbitrary modifiers (a whitelisted node or a node added via -addnode has a much higher threshold). + +It is hard to obtain an accurate value for <code>cycles_per_second</code>, and as such a fixed value of 1700000000=1.7e9 may be used. + +Given a threshold <code>t</code>, calculate the estimated work required to solve the challenge as follows: +# Define <code>p(alg)</code> as the probability that an attempt at finding a solution given the algorithm <code>alg</code> succeeds +# Define <code>w(alg)</code> as the work parameter of the algorithm <code>alg</code>. +# Let <code>Wc ← 0, Wm ← 1, Wi ← 1</code> +# For each proof of work <code>pow</code> in the POW specification: +## Let <code>p ← p(pow)</code>, <code>w ← w(pow)</code> +## Update <code>Wc ← Wc + w_cycles</code>, <code>Wi ← Wi * 1/p</code>, <code>Wm ← Wm + w_ram</code> +# Let <code>eta ← (Wc * Wi) / cycles_per_second</code> +# If <code>date() + eta >= expiration</code>, discard challenge +# If <code>eta > t</code>, discard challenge + +Example: <code>SHA256(cuckoo-cycle(...)) < 0x7fffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</code> +# <code>p(cuckoo-cycle) = 1</code>, <code>p(sha256, 0x7fffff000...) ~= (1/2)^1 = 1/2</code> +# <code>w(cuckoo-cycle) = (1.5e11 cycles, 5e7 ram)</code>, <code>w(sha256, 0x7fffff000...) = (11e3 cycles)</code> +# <code>Wc = 0, Wm = 1, Wi = 1</code> +## <code>p = p(cuckoo-cycle) = 1, w = w(cuckoo-cycle) = (1.5e11 cycles, 5e7 ram)</code> +## <code>Wc = 0 + 1.5e11 = 1.5e11</code>, <code>Wi = 1 * 1 = 1</code>, <code>Wm = 1 + 5e7 = 5e7</code> +## <code>p = p(sha256) = 1/2, w = w(sha256) = (11e3 cycles)</code> +## <code>Wc = 1.5e11 + 11e3 ~= 1.5e11, Wi = 1 * 2 = 2, Wm = 5e7 + 0 = 5e7</code> +# <code>eta = (1.5e11 * 2) / cycles_per_second</code> = <code>7.5e10 / 1.7e9</code> = 44.1 seconds</code> + +TODO: Determine how memory impacts threshold. + +To avoid other nodes dropping our challenges due to early expiration, we use a fairly generous expiration based on the pressure value +<pre> +expiration = date() + 600 * (1 + pressure) +</pre> +which means the expiration is 10 minutes for the weakest challenge, and gradually rises to 20 minutes for the hardest one. + +===Establishing Difficulty Parameters=== + +The difficulty setting for the network should change based on connection slot availability. The amount of pressure +on the network in the sense of connection slot availability is proportional to the number of established connections +over the number of total available connections. This can be locally approximated by a node to the number of +local connections compared to the local connection maximum. + +In other words, the network pressure can be approximated by any node as <code>connections / max</code> and the difficulty +can be based on e.g. <code>(connections - free) / pow_slots</code>. + +The challenge difficulty parameters can be set based on this, where 0.0 means "low pressure" and 1.0 means +"maximum pressure". The <code>GetPressure</code> method below gives 0.0 at 67 connections (for a 50 POW slot set up), and hits the 1.0 mark at <code>(nMaxConnections - nMaxOutbound - nMaxFeeler)</code>, incrementing by 0.02 for each new connection: +<pre> +int nMaxInbound = nMaxConnections - (nMaxOutbound + nMaxFeeler + nPOWConnectionSlots); +return ((double)GetNodeCount(CONNECTIONS_ALL) - nMaxInbound) / nPOWConnectionSlots; +</pre> + +An example of difficulty for a SHA256(Cuckoo-Cycle) specification would be based on a desired probability of a random SHA256 digest matching a given target: +<pre> +prob_target = 1 / (1 + pressure^2 * 15) +</pre> +This would result in probability targets according to the table below, for varying pressures (where the pressure is in the range [0..1]): + +{|class="wikitable" +! pressure !! prob_target !! solution time sha256(cc) +|- +| 0.0 || 1.00 || 00:45 +|- +| 0.1 || 0.87 || 00:51 +|- +| 0.2 || 0.63 || 01:11 +|- +| 0.3 || 0.43 || 01:45 +|- +| 0.4 || 0.29 || 02:32 +|- +| 0.5 || 0.21 || 03:32 +|- +| 0.6 || 0.16 || 04:46 +|- +| 0.7 || 0.12 || 06:13 +|- +| 0.8 || 0.09 || 07:54 +|- +| 0.9 || 0.08 || 09:48 +|- +| 1.0 || 0.06 || 11:55 +|- +|} + +==Cuckoo Cycle== + +Cuckoo Cycle[1] is a "graph-theoretic proof-of-work system, based on finding small cycles or other structures in large random graphs." + +It is memory hard, which greatly increases the complexity and cost of producing dedicated (special purpose) hardware, an ideal property for an anti-DoS system. + +The implementation specifics of the algorithm are beyond the scope of this BIP, but the github repository[2] has several reference implementations in various languages. + +==Compatibility== + +This proposal is backward compatible. Non-supporting peers will ignore the <code>challenge</code> message +and be disconnected, as if they hit the peer connection limit as normal. + +==Reference implementation== + +https://github.com/kallewoof/bitcoin/pull/2 (https://github.com/kallewoof/bitcoin/tree/pow-connection-slots) + +==References== + +* [1] Cuckoo Cycle https://github.com/tromp/cuckoo/blob/master/doc/cuckoo.pdf?raw=true +* [2] Cuckoo Cycle github https://github.com/tromp/cuckoo + +==Test vectors== + +===Cuckoo-Cycle=== + +Cuckoo Cycle header (76 bytes): +<pre> +00..1f 68a639cb 3deab5b6 23054d60 e7856037 8afa0f31 4f08dec1 6cc4ec4f d9bef1ff +20..3f 468af883 c6c9c3d5 4260087a 046d12a0 7cc3988f 9ff2957a 384de8ed db75b037 +40..4b 798d1073 214b7ea6 954f1b3a +</pre> + +Example solution nonce: 0 (<code>00000000</code>) + +Solution edges (16 number of 32-bit unsigned integers, read horizontally from top left): + +<pre> +550b1100 0fc89a00 45034401 ddfce701 08da0e02 6ccc5703 06fe8404 1d3f8504 +559e3e05 d41a9905 17075206 97cfa006 59e50d07 7bd71f07 13fe2607 14493007 +</pre> + +===SHA256(Cuckoo-Cycle)=== + +SHA256 target: <code>0x205fffff</code> + +Cuckoo Cycle header (76 bytes, same as above): +<pre> +00..1f 68a639cb 3deab5b6 23054d60 e7856037 8afa0f31 4f08dec1 6cc4ec4f d9bef1ff +20..3f 468af883 c6c9c3d5 4260087a 046d12a0 7cc3988f 9ff2957a 384de8ed db75b037 +40..4b 798d1073 214b7ea6 954f1b3a +</pre> + +Example solution nonce: 0 (<code>00000000</code>) + +SHA256 input (cuckoo-cycle nonce + solution): + +<pre> +00000000 +550b1100 0fc89a00 45034401 ddfce701 08da0e02 6ccc5703 06fe8404 1d3f8504 +559e3e05 d41a9905 17075206 97cfa006 59e50d07 7bd71f07 13fe2607 14493007 +</pre> + +SHA256 hash: <code>262c8558c7c589b19b3d513abf5fcb15162745473e603f0146889ceff750bcc3</code> + +Must be less than: <code>5fffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</code> + +===Serialized challenge example=== + +<pre> +020100000009ffff5f2000000000000002000000051c0c00e4004c68a639cb3deab5b623054d60e7 +8560378afa0f314f08dec16cc4ec4fd9bef1ff468af883c6c9c3d54260087a046d12a07cc3988f9f +f2957a384de8eddb75b037798d1073214b7ea6954f1b3a01000000a49d0659000000004730450221 +0095fc5fafe2032097c4d12a8901401cda297aad614e16f23ec42d4b78955856c002206ab7ada4ac +8f6fa9d5bd7cd06f9ba89587a28e14cea14e7f8f8d5ab851541791 +</pre> + +{|class="wikitable" +! Hex !! Description +|- +| <code>0x02</code> || Two proofs of work +|- +| <code>0x01000000</code> || Proof of work ID = 1 (SHA256) +|- +| <code>0x09</code> || Config is 9 bytes +|- +| <code>0xffff5f20</code> || SHA256: Compact target = 0x205fffff +|- +| <code>0x00</code> || SHA256: Nonce size is 0 bytes +|- +| <code>0x00000000</code> || SHA256: Nonce offset is 0 +|- +| <code>0x00</code> || Payload is 0 bytes +|- +| <code>0x02000000</code> || Proof of work ID = 2 (cuckoo-cycle) +|- +| <code>0x05</code> || Config is 5 bytes +|- +| <code>0x1c</code> || Size shift is 28 +|- +| <code>0x0c00</code> || Proof size min is 12 +|- +| <code>0xe400</code> || Proof size max is 228 +|- +| <code>0x4c</code> || Payload is 76 bytes +|- +| <code>0x68a639cb3deab5b623054d60e7856037</code> || Payload +|- +| <code>0x8afa0f314f08dec16cc4ec4fd9bef1ff</code> +|- +| <code>0x468af883c6c9c3d54260087a046d12a0</code> +|- +| <code>0x7cc3988f9ff2957a384de8eddb75b037</code> +|- +| <code>0x798d1073214b7ea6954f1b3a</code> +|- +| <code>0x01000000</code> || Purpose ID = 1 (PURPOSE_CONNECT) +|- +| <code>0xa49d065900000000</code> || UNIX timestamp 1493605796 +|- +| <code>0x47</code> || 71 byte signature +|- +| <code>0x304502210095fc5fafe2032097c4d12a</code> || Signature data +|- +| <code>0x8901401cda297aad614e16f23ec42d4b</code> +|- +| <code>0x78955856c002206ab7ada4ac8f6fa9d5</code> +|- +| <code>0xbd7cd06f9ba89587a28e14cea14e7f8f</code> +|- +| <code>0x8d5ab851541791</code> +|} + +===Serialized solution example=== + +<pre> +020100000009ffff5f2000000000000002000000051c0c00e4004c68a639cb3deab5b623054d60e7 +8560378afa0f314f08dec16cc4ec4fd9bef1ff468af883c6c9c3d54260087a046d12a07cc3988f9f +f2957a384de8eddb75b037798d1073214b7ea6954f1b3a01000000a49d0659000000004730450221 +0095fc5fafe2032097c4d12a8901401cda297aad614e16f23ec42d4b78955856c002206ab7ada4ac +8f6fa9d5bd7cd06f9ba89587a28e14cea14e7f8f8d5ab8515417914400000000550b11000fc89a00 +45034401ddfce70108da0e026ccc570306fe84041d3f8504559e3e05d41a99051707520697cfa006 +59e50d077bd71f0713fe260714493007 +</pre> + +Note that the first 187 bytes are identical to the challenge above. + +{|class="wikitable" +! Hex !! Description +|- +| <code>0x0201..1791</code> || Challenge +|- +| <code>0x44</code> || Solution is 68 bytes long +|- +| <code>0x00000000</code> || The cuckoo cycle nonce is 0 +|- +| <code>0x550b11000fc89a0045034401ddfce701</code> || Cycle edges 0..3 +|- +| <code>0x08da0e026ccc570306fe84041d3f8504</code> || Cycle edges 4..7 +|- +| <code>0x559e3e05d41a99051707520697cfa006</code> || Cycle edges 8..11 +|- +| <code>0x59e50d077bd71f0713fe260714493007</code> || Cycle edges 12..15 +|} + +===Cuckoo-Cycle Example 2=== + +Cuckoo Cycle header (76 bytes): +<pre> +00..1f 3c1e3ee5 c799b7e9 92bcccbb 8985979d cb8dd229 b8d0db06 e677d00b b3a43c88 +20..3f ef8596a7 7cbd1dda 23b0a0b8 4bdf6084 d7aa28dd bd5e91b5 11b3578c baf92707 +40..4b c940b051 a0759b3f 80c5fb65 +</pre> + +Example solution nonce: 4 (<code>04000000</code>) + +Solution edges (22 number of 32-bit unsigned integers, read horizontally from top left): + +<pre> +5a013700 7074ce00 e3dbeb00 e88f7901 06d71d02 984d3d02 091b5002 378a8e02 +90a6d202 b3c67003 757cb703 44d9cf03 297f2004 8e76a604 67e44a05 7b077405 +634f8405 23e88c05 0d887606 109d3e07 c4bdcd07 3db2d407 +</pre> + +===SHA256(Cuckoo-Cycle)=== + +SHA256 target: <code>0x2021642c</code> + +Cuckoo Cycle header (76 bytes, same as above): +<pre> +00..1f 3c1e3ee5 c799b7e9 92bcccbb 8985979d cb8dd229 b8d0db06 e677d00b b3a43c88 +20..3f ef8596a7 7cbd1dda 23b0a0b8 4bdf6084 d7aa28dd bd5e91b5 11b3578c baf92707 +40..4b c940b051 a0759b3f 80c5fb65 +</pre> + +Example solution nonce: 4 (<code>04000000</code>) + +SHA256 input (cuckoo-cycle nonce + solution): + +<pre> +04000000 +5a013700 7074ce00 e3dbeb00 e88f7901 06d71d02 984d3d02 091b5002 378a8e02 +90a6d202 b3c67003 757cb703 44d9cf03 297f2004 8e76a604 67e44a05 7b077405 +634f8405 23e88c05 0d887606 109d3e07 c4bdcd07 3db2d407 +</pre> + +SHA256 hash: <code>08210561257e26776135ec1cb92cfe17f46803613c0bdc02043e5545b18556ce</code> + +Must be less than: <code>21642c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</code> + +===Serialized challenge example=== + +<pre> +0201000000092c64212000000000000002000000051c0c00e4004c3c1e3ee5c799b7e992bcccbb89 +85979dcb8dd229b8d0db06e677d00bb3a43c88ef8596a77cbd1dda23b0a0b84bdf6084d7aa28ddbd +5e91b511b3578cbaf92707c940b051a0759b3f80c5fb650100000024aa0659000000004630440220 +0edfb5c4812a31d84cbbd4b24e631795435a0d16b57d37ef773735b8a87caa8a0220631d0b78b7f1 +d29c9e54a76f3457ff1a2ee19490ff027c528a896f4bf6aff577 +</pre> + +{|class="wikitable" +! Hex !! Description +|- +| <code>0x02</code> || Two proofs of work +|- +| <code>0x01000000</code> || Proof of work ID = 1 (SHA256) +|- +| <code>0x09</code> || Config is 9 bytes +|- +| <code>0x2c642120</code> || SHA256: Compact target = 0x2021642c +|- +| <code>0x00</code> || SHA256: Nonce size is 0 bytes +|- +| <code>0x00000000</code> || SHA256: Nonce offset is 0 +|- +| <code>0x00</code> || Payload is 0 bytes +|- +| <code>0x02000000</code> || Proof of work ID = 2 (cuckoo-cycle) +|- +| <code>0x05</code> || Config is 5 bytes +|- +| <code>0x1c</code> || Size shift is 28 +|- +| <code>0x0c00</code> || Proof size min is 12 +|- +| <code>0xe400</code> || Proof size max is 228 +|- +| <code>0x4c</code> || Payload is 76 bytes +|- +| <code>0x3c1e3ee5c799b7e992bcccbb8985979d</code> || Payload +|- +| <code>0xcb8dd229b8d0db06e677d00bb3a43c88</code> +|- +| <code>0xef8596a77cbd1dda23b0a0b84bdf6084</code> +|- +| <code>0xd7aa28ddbd5e91b511b3578cbaf92707</code> +|- +| <code>0xc940b051a0759b3f80c5fb65</code> +|- +| <code>0x01000000</code> || Purpose ID = 1 (PURPOSE_CONNECT) +|- +| <code>0x24aa065900000000</code> || UNIX timestamp 1493608996 +|- +| <code>0x46</code> || 70 byte signature +|- +| <code>0x304402200edfb5c4812a31d84cbbd4b2</code> || Signature data +|- +| <code>0x4e631795435a0d16b57d37ef773735b8</code> +|- +| <code>0xa87caa8a0220631d0b78b7f1d29c9e54</code> +|- +| <code>0xa76f3457ff1a2ee19490ff027c528a89</code> +|- +| <code>0x6f4bf6aff577</code> +|} + +===Serialized solution example=== + +<pre> +0201000000092c64212000000000000002000000051c0c00e4004c3c1e3ee5c799b7e992bcccbb89 +85979dcb8dd229b8d0db06e677d00bb3a43c88ef8596a77cbd1dda23b0a0b84bdf6084d7aa28ddbd +5e91b511b3578cbaf92707c940b051a0759b3f80c5fb650100000024aa0659000000004630440220 +0edfb5c4812a31d84cbbd4b24e631795435a0d16b57d37ef773735b8a87caa8a0220631d0b78b7f1 +d29c9e54a76f3457ff1a2ee19490ff027c528a896f4bf6aff5775c040000005a0137007074ce00e3 +dbeb00e88f790106d71d02984d3d02091b5002378a8e0290a6d202b3c67003757cb70344d9cf0329 +7f20048e76a60467e44a057b077405634f840523e88c050d887606109d3e07c4bdcd073db2d407 +</pre> + +Note that the first 186 bytes are identical to the challenge above. + +{|class="wikitable" +! Hex !! Description +|- +| <code>0x0201..f577</code> || Challenge +|- +| <code>0x5c</code> || Solution is 92 bytes long +|- +| <code>0x04000000</code> || The cuckoo cycle nonce is 4 +|- +| <code>0x5a0137007074ce00e3dbeb00e88f7901</code> || Cycle edges 0..3 +|- +| <code>0x06d71d02984d3d02091b5002378a8e02</code> || Cycle edges 4..7 +|- +| <code>0x90a6d202b3c67003757cb70344d9cf03</code> || Cycle edges 8..11 +|- +| <code>0x297f20048e76a60467e44a057b077405</code> || Cycle edges 12..15 +|- +| <code>0x634f840523e88c050d887606109d3e07</code> || Cycle edges 16..19 +|- +| <code>0xc4bdcd073db2d407</code> || Cycle edges 20..21 +|} + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license. diff --git a/bip-0155.mediawiki b/bip-0155.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3e7b0d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0155.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 155 + Layer: Peer Services + Title: addrv2 message + Author: Wladimir J. van der Laan <laanwj@gmail.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0155 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2019-02-27 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Introduction== + +===Abstract=== + +This document proposes a new P2P message to gossip longer node addresses over the P2P network. +This is required to support new-generation Onion addresses, I2P, and potentially other networks +that have longer endpoint addresses than fit in the 128 bits of the current <code>addr</code> message. + +===Copyright=== + +This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. + +===Motivation=== + +Tor v3 hidden services are part of the stable release of Tor since version 0.3.2.9. They have +various advantages compared to the old hidden services, among which better encryption and privacy +<ref>[https://gitweb.torproject.org/torspec.git/tree/rend-spec-v3.txt Tor Rendezvous Specification - Version 3]</ref>. +These services have 256 bit addresses and thus do not fit in the existing <code>addr</code> message, which encapsulates onion addresses in OnionCat IPv6 addresses. + +Other transport-layer protocols such as I2P have always used longer +addresses. This change would make it possible to gossip such addresses over the +P2P network, so that other peers can connect to them. + +==Specification== + +<blockquote> +The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", +"SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be +interpreted as described in RFC 2119<ref>[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119 RFC 2119]</ref>. +</blockquote> + +The <code>addrv2</code> message is defined as a message where <code>pchCommand == "addrv2"</code>. +It is serialized in the standard encoding for P2P messages. +Its format is similar to the current <code>addr</code> message format, with the difference that the +fixed 16-byte IP address is replaced by a network ID and a variable-length address, and the services format has been changed to [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation#Variable_length_integer CompactSize]. + +This means that the message contains a serialized <code>std::vector</code> of the following structure: + +{| class="wikitable" style="width: auto; text-align: center; font-size: smaller; table-layout: fixed;" +!Type +!Name +!Description +|- +| <code>uint32_t</code> +| <code>time</code> +| Time that this node was last seen as connected to the network. A time in Unix epoch time format. +|- +| <code>CompactSize</code> +| <code>services</code> +| Service bits. A bit field that is 64 bits wide, encoded in [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation#Variable_length_integer CompactSize]. +|- +| <code>uint8_t</code> +| <code>networkID</code> +| Network identifier. An 8-bit value that specifies which network is addressed. +|- +| <code>std::vector<uint8_t></code> +| <code>addr</code> +| Network address. The interpretation depends on networkID. +|- +| <code>uint16_t</code> +| <code>port</code> +| Network port. If not relevant for the network this MUST be 0. +|} + +One message can contain up to 1,000 addresses. Clients SHOULD reject messages with more addresses. + +Field <code>addr</code> has a variable length, with a maximum of 512 bytes (4096 bits). +Clients SHOULD reject messages with longer addresses, irrespective of the network ID. + +The list of reserved network IDs is as follows: + +{| class="wikitable" style="width: auto; text-align: center; font-size: smaller; table-layout: fixed;" +!Network ID +!Enumeration +!Address length (bytes) +!Description +|- +| <code>0x01</code> +| <code>IPV4</code> +| 4 +| IPv4 address (globally routed internet) +|- +| <code>0x02</code> +| <code>IPV6</code> +| 16 +| IPv6 address (globally routed internet) +|- +| <code>0x03</code> +| <code>TORV2</code> +| 10 +| Tor v2 hidden service address +|- +| <code>0x04</code> +| <code>TORV3</code> +| 32 +| Tor v3 hidden service address +|- +| <code>0x05</code> +| <code>I2P</code> +| 32 +| I2P overlay network address +|- +| <code>0x06</code> +| <code>CJDNS</code> +| 16 +| Cjdns overlay network address +|} + +Clients are RECOMMENDED to gossip addresses from all known networks even if they are currently not connected to some of them. That could help multi-homed nodes and make it more difficult for an observer to tell which networks a node is connected to. + +Clients SHOULD NOT gossip addresses from unknown networks because they have no means to validate those addresses and so can be tricked to gossip invalid addresses. + +Further network ID numbers MUST be reserved in a new BIP document. + +Clients SHOULD reject messages that contain addresses that have a different length than specified in this table for a specific network ID, as these are meaningless. + +See the appendices for the address encodings to be used for the various networks. + +==Signaling support and compatibility== + +Introduce a new message type <code>sendaddrv2</code>. Sending such a message indicates that a node can understand and prefers to receive <code>addrv2</code> messages instead of <code>addr</code> messages. I.e. "Send me addrv2". Sending or not sending this message does not imply any preference with respect to receiving unrequested address messages. + +The <code>sendaddrv2</code> message MUST only be sent in response to the <code>version</code> message from a peer and prior to sending the <code>verack</code> message. + +For older peers, that did not emit <code>sendaddrv2</code>, keep sending the legacy <code>addr</code> message, ignoring addresses with the newly introduced address types. + +==Reference implementation== + +The reference implementation is available at (to be done) + +==Acknowledgements== + +- Jonas Schnelli: change <code>services</code> field to [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation#Variable_length_integer CompactSize], to make the message more compact in the likely case instead of always using 8 bytes. + +- Gregory Maxwell: various suggestions regarding extensibility + +==Appendix A: Tor v2 address encoding== + +The new message introduces a separate network ID for <code>TORV2</code>. + +Clients MUST send Tor hidden service addresses with this network ID, with the 80-bit hidden service ID in the address field. This is the same as the representation in the legacy <code>addr</code> message, minus the 6 byte prefix of the OnionCat wrapping. + +Clients SHOULD ignore OnionCat (<code>fd87:d87e:eb43::/48</code>) addresses on receive if they come with the <code>IPV6</code> network ID. + +==Appendix B: Tor v3 address encoding== + +According to the spec <ref>[https://gitweb.torproject.org/torspec.git/tree/rend-spec-v3.txt Tor Rendezvous Specification - Version 3: Encoding onion addresses]</ref>, next-gen <code>.onion</code> addresses are encoded as follows: +<pre> +onion_address = base32(PUBKEY | CHECKSUM | VERSION) + ".onion" + CHECKSUM = H(".onion checksum" | PUBKEY | VERSION)[:2] + + where: + - PUBKEY is the 32 bytes ed25519 master pubkey of the hidden service + - VERSION is a one byte version field (default value '\x03') + - ".onion checksum" is a constant string + - CHECKSUM is truncated to two bytes before inserting it in onion_address + - H() is the SHA3-256 cryptographic hash function +</pre> + +Tor v3 addresses MUST be sent with the <code>TORV3</code> network ID, with the 32-byte PUBKEY part in the address field. As VERSION will always be '\x03' in the case of v3 addresses, this is enough to reconstruct the onion address. + +==Appendix C: I2P address encoding== + +Like Tor, I2P naming uses a base32-encoded address format<ref>[https://geti2p.net/en/docs/naming#base32 I2P: Naming and address book]</ref>. + +I2P uses 52 characters (256 bits) to represent the full SHA-256 hash, followed by <code>.b32.i2p</code>. + +I2P addresses MUST be sent with the <code>I2P</code> network ID, with the decoded SHA-256 hash as address field. + +==Appendix D: Cjdns address encoding== + +Cjdns addresses are simply IPv6 addresses in the <code>fc00::/8</code> range<ref>[https://github.com/cjdelisle/cjdns/blob/6e46fa41f5647d6b414612d9d63626b0b952746b/doc/Whitepaper.md#pulling-it-all-together Cjdns whitepaper: Pulling It All Together]</ref>. They MUST be sent with the <code>CJDNS</code> network ID. + +==References== + +<references/> diff --git a/bip-0156.mediawiki b/bip-0156.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dcfed1f --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0156.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,321 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 156 + Layer: Peer Services + Title: Dandelion - Privacy Enhancing Routing + Author: Brad Denby <bdenby@cmu.edu> + Andrew Miller <soc1024@illinois.edu> + Giulia Fanti <gfanti@andrew.cmu.edu> + Surya Bakshi <sbakshi3@illinois.edu> + Shaileshh Bojja Venkatakrishnan <shaileshh.bv@gmail.com> + Pramod Viswanath <pramodv@illinois.edu> + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0156 + Status: Rejected + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2017-06-09 + License: CC0-1.0 +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +Bitcoin's transaction spreading protocol is vulnerable to deanonymization +attacks. Dandelion is a transaction routing mechanism that provides formal +anonymity guarantees against these attacks. When a node generates a transaction +without Dandelion, it transmits that transaction to its peers with independent, +exponential delays. This approach, known as diffusion in academia, allows +network adversaries to link transactions to IP addresses. + +Dandelion mitigates this class of attacks by sending transactions over a +randomly selected path before diffusion. Transactions travel along this path +during the "stem phase" and are then diffused during the "fluff phase" (hence +Dandelion). We have shown that this routing protocol provides near-optimal +anonymity guarantees among schemes that do not introduce additional encryption +mechanisms. + +==Motivation== + +Transaction diffusion in Bitcoin is vulnerable to deanonymization attacks. +Because transactions are sent to peers with independent, exponential delays, +messages spread through the network in a statistically symmetric manner. This +pattern allows colluding spy nodes to infer the transaction source. Breaking +this symmetry prevents the attack. However, we have shown that an adversary with +knowledge of the network topology can launch a much more effective "fingerprint" +attack if the symmetry breaking is not done properly. + +Consider a botnet-style adversary with access to the P2P graph. Botnets of size +comparable to the Bitcoin P2P network are common and cheap, and these +adversaries can learn the network structure with probe messages. We have shown +that such an adversary can achieve total deanonymization of the entire network +after observing less than ten transactions per node. + +Dandelion is a practical, lightweight privacy solution that provides the Bitcoin +network formal anonymity guarantees. While other privacy solutions aim to +protect individual users, Dandelion protects anonymity by limiting the +capability of adversaries to deanonymize the entire network. + +==How Dandelion Works== + +Dandelion enhances user privacy by sending transactions through an anonymity +phase before diffusing them throughout the network. At a high level, Dandelion +enhances privacy by (i) breaking the symmetry of diffusion and (ii) mixing +transactions by forwarding messages from different sources along the same path. + +Dandelion routing can be conceptualized in three phases. First, a privacy graph +is constructed. In practice, this privacy graph is constructed in a fully +decentralized manner and is a subgraph of the existing Bitcoin P2P network. +Next, transactions are forwarded along this privacy graph during the "stem +phase." Finally, messages are broadcast to the network during the "fluff phase" +using the typical method of diffusion. + +[[File:bip-0156/1-dandelion.png|framed|center|alt=An illustration of Dandelion routing|Figure 1]] +Figure 1 + +In order to select the privacy graph in a decentralized manner, each node +selects a subset of its outbound peers to be Dandelion destinations. Dandelion +transactions (transactions in their stem phase) that arrive at this node via +inbound connections are forwarded to these Dandelion destinations. + +In an ideal setting, we have found that a Hamiltonian circuit provides +near-optimal privacy guarantees. However, constructing a Hamiltonian circuit +through the Bitcoin P2P network in a decentralized, trustless manner is not +feasible. Thus, we recommend that each node select two Dandelion destinations +uniformly at random without replacement from its list of outbound peers. Our +tests have shown that this method provides comparable privacy with increased +robustness. + +During stem phase routing, there is a question of how to route messages in order +to protect privacy. For example, if two Dandelion transactions arrive at a node +from different inbound peers, to which Dandelion destination(s) should these +transactions be sent? We have found that some choices are much better than +others. + +Consider the case in which each Dandelion transaction is forwarded to a +Dandelion destination selected uniformly at random. This approach results in a +fingerprint attack allowing network-level botnet adversaries to achieve total +deanonymization of the P2P network after observing less than ten transactions +per node. + +[[File:bip-0156/2-attack.png|framed|center|alt=An illustration of a fingerprint attack|Figure 2]] +Figure 2 + +During a fingerprint attack, a botnet-style adversary with knowledge of the +graph structure first simulates transaction propagation. This offline step lets +the adversary generate fingerprints for each network node. During the online +attack, the adversary collects transactions at its spy nodes and matches these +observations to the simulated fingerprints. Our simulations have shown that this +attack results in devastating, network-wide deanonymization. + +[[File:bip-0156/3-attack-plot.png|framed|center|alt=A plot illustrating total deanonymization|Figure 3]] +Figure 3 + +To avoid this issue, we suggest "per-inbound-edge" routing. Each inbound peer is +assigned a particular Dandelion destination. Each Dandelion transaction that +arrives via this peer is forwarded to the same Dandelion destination. +Per-inbound-edge routing breaks the described attack by blocking an adversary's +ability to construct useful fingerprints. Fingerprints arise when routing +decisions are made independently per transaction at each node. In this case, two +transactions from the same node generally take different paths through the +network. Crucially, this results in multiple, unique data points that are +aggregated to match with a fingerprint. + +Dandelion ensures that two transactions from the same node take the same network +path, limiting adversaries to the far-left of the graph in Figure 3. In other +words, adversary knowledge is limited to the case of one observed message rather +than a rich profile of multiple transaction paths. Dandelion also breaks the +symmetry of diffusion, making the source of the transaction difficult to infer. + +[[File:bip-0156/4-dandelion-plot.png|framed|center|alt=A plot illustrating limited deanonymization|Figure 4]] +Figure 4 + +After a transaction has traveled along a Dandelion stem for a random number of +hops, it transitions into the fluff phase of routing. The transaction is shared +with the network through the existing process of diffusion. In practice, this +fluff mechanism is enforced by a weighted coin flip at each node. If the random +value is below some threshold, the Dandelion transaction is transformed into a +typical transaction. In our testing, we have chosen a probability of ten percent +that a given Dandelion transaction enters fluff phase when leaving a given node. +This value strikes a good balance between stem path length and transaction +spreading latency. + +Note that Dandelion's expected precision guarantees are a population-level +metric, whereas the expected recall guarantees can be interpreted as an +individual-level metric. Expected recall is equivalent to the probability that +an adversary associates a single transaction with a given source. These +guarantees are probabilistic. They do not address scenarios in which a node has +been eclipsed by other nodes, or when a node is specifically targeted by an +ISP-like adversary. Individuals who are concerned about targeted deanonymization +should still use Tor. + +At a high level, Dandelion is like an "anonymity inoculation" for the public at +large - including users who are not aware of Bitcoin's privacy issues. Higher +adoption leads to greater benefits, even for users who do not use Tor. Early +adopters of Dandelion still receive privacy benefits. In the worst case when no +neighbors support Dandelion, transactions make at least one hop before +diffusing. Note that any solution based only on routing cannot be perfectly +anonymous due to the fundamental lower bounds on precision and recall shown in +the original Dandelion paper. Dandelion provides near-optimal anonymity +guarantees among such solutions. + +==Specification== + +Dandelion can be specified with a handful of features: Dandelion transaction +support, Dandelion routing data and logic, periodic Dandelion route shuffling, +memory pool logic, the fluff mechanism, transaction embargoes, and Dandelion +transaction logic. Specification details are summarized below. + +===Dandelion transaction support=== + +During the stem phase, transactions are "Dandelion transactions." When a +Dandelion transaction enters fluff phase, it becomes a typical Bitcoin +transaction. Dandelion transactions and typical transactions differ only in +their <code>NetMsgType</code>. + +Dandelion (stem phase) transactions MUST be differentiable from typical Bitcoin +transactions. + +===Dandelion routing data and logic=== + +Dandelion routing during the stem phase requires notions of inbound peers, +outbound peers, Dandelion destinations, and Dandelion routes. Inbound peers +consist of all currently connected peers that initiated the peer connection. +Outbound peers consist of all currently connected peers that were connected to +by this node. Dandelion destinations are a subset of outbound peers. The number +of Dandelion destinations is limited by the +<code>DANDELION_MAX_DESTINATIONS</code> parameter. In the reference +implementation, this parameter is set to two. Our tests have shown that this +value provides both privacy and robustness (see the reference paper for more +details on the parameter tradeoffs). Dandelion routes are a map of inbound peers +to Dandelion destinations. Every inbound peer is mapped to a Dandelion +destination. + +Note that a Dandelion node may choose a different +<code>DANDELION_MAX_DESTINATIONS</code> parameter without splitting from the +privacy graph. When mapping inbound connections to outbound connections for +Dandelion routes, we implement the following routing logic. First, select a set +of Dandelion destinations from the set of outbound peers. This set of Dandelion +destinations is of size less than or equal to +<code>DANDELION_MAX_DESTINATIONS</code>. For each inbound connection, first +identify the subset of Dandelion destinations with the least number of routes. +For example, some subset of Dandelion destinations may be affiliated with zero +routes while all other Dandelion destinations are affiliated with one or more +routes. From this subset, select one Dandelion destination uniformly at random. +Establish a Dandelion route from the inbound connection to this Dandelion +destination. + +For a given Dandelion routing epoch, two distinct Dandelion destinations SHOULD +be selected uniformly at random from the set of outbound connections. All +Dandelion transactions that arrive via a given inbound connection MUST be +transmitted to the same Dandelion destination. When choosing a Dandelion +destination for a given inbound connection, the destination MUST be selected +uniformly at random from the set of Dandelion destinations with the least number +of inbound connections mapped to them. + +===Periodic Dandelion route shuffling=== + +The map of Dandelion routes is cleared and reconstructed every ten minutes on +average. We have chosen the value of ten minutes heuristically in order to make +privacy graph learning difficult for adversaries. Note that a Dandelion node may +choose a different average shuffle time without splitting from the privacy +graph. + +Dandelion routes MUST be cleared and reconstructed at random intervals. +Dandelion routes SHOULD be cleared and reconstructed every ten minutes on +average. + +===Memory pool logic=== + +Dandelion transactions are segregated from typical transactions. The +<code>mempool</code> remains unchanged. Another instance of the +<code>CTxMemPool</code> class, called the <code>stempool</code>, is used for +Dandelion transactions. Information flows from <code>mempool</code> to +<code>stempool</code> in order to ensure proper transaction propagation. +Information does not flow from <code>stempool</code> to <code>mempool</code>, +except when a Dandelion transaction fluffs into a typical transaction. + +When a Dandelion transaction arrives, the transaction MUST be added to the +stempool and MUST NOT be added to the mempool. When a typical Bitcoin +transaction arrives, the transaction MUST be added to the mempool and MUST be +added to the stempool. When a Dandelion transaction fluffs, the transaction MUST +be added to the mempool. + +===The fluff mechanism=== + +When relaying a Dandelion transaction along a Dandelion route, there is a 10% +chance that the Dandelion transaction becomes a typical Bitcoin transaction and +is therefore relayed via diffusion. In our testing, this value strikes a good +balance between stem path length and transaction spreading latency. Note that a +Dandelion node may choose a different chance of fluffing without splitting from +the privacy graph. + +When a node prepares to transmit a Dandelion transaction, the node MUST flip a +biased coin. If the outcome is "Dandelion transaction," then the node MUST +transmit the transaction to the appropriate Dandelion destination. Otherwise, +the node MUST convert the Dandelion transaction into a typical Bitcoin +transaction. A Dandelion transaction SHOULD fluff into a typical Bitcoin +transaction with a 10% probability. + +===Transaction embargoes=== + +During the stem phase, transactions are relayed along a single path. If any node +in this path were to receive the Dandelion transaction and go offline, then the +transaction would cease to propagate. To increase robustness, every node that +forwards a Dandelion transaction initializes a timer at the time of reception. +If the Dandelion transaction does not appear in the memory pool by the time the +timer expires, then the transaction enters fluff phase and is forwarded via +diffusion. + +When a Dandelion transaction arrives, the node MUST set an embargo timer for a +random time in the future. If the Dandelion transaction arrives as a typical +Bitcoin transaction, the node MUST cancel the timer. If the timer expires before +the Dandelion transaction is observed as a typical Bitcoin transaction, then the +node MUST fluff the Dandelion transaction. + +===Dandelion transaction logic=== + +The following cases define a node's behavior when receiving network packets +referencing Dandelion transactions. +* Receive INV for Dandelion TX: If the peer is inbound and the Dandelion transaction has not been received from this peer, then reply with GETDATA. +* Receive GETDATA for Dandelion TX: If the peer is not inbound and the Dandelion transaction has been advertised to this peer, then reply with the Dandelion transaction. +* Receive Dandelion TX: If the peer is inbound, then relay the Dandelion TX to the appropriate Dandelion destination. + +==Implementation== + +A reference implementation is available at the following URL: +https://github.com/dandelion-org/bitcoin/tree/dandelion-feature-commits + +All features have been compressed into a single commit at the following URL: +https://github.com/dandelion-org/bitcoin/tree/dandelion + +==Compatibility== + +Dandelion does not conflict with existing versions of Bitcoin. A Bitcoin node +that supports Dandelion appears no differently to Bitcoin nodes running older +software versions. Bitcoin nodes that support Dandelion can identify feature +support through a probe message. Obviously, older nodes are not capable of +Dandelion routing. If a Bitcoin node supporting Dandelion has no peers that also +support Dandelion, then its behavior naturally decays to that of a Bitcoin node +without Dandelion support due to the Dandelion transaction embargoes. + +==Acknowledgements== + +We would like to thank the Bitcoin Core developers and Gregory Maxwell in +particular for their insightful comments, which helped to inform this +implementation and some of the follow-up work we conducted. We would also like +to thank the Mimblewimble development community for coining the term "stempool," +which we happily adopted for this implementation. + +==References== + +# An Analysis of Anonymity in Bitcoin Using P2P Network Traffic http://fc14.ifca.ai/papers/fc14_submission_71.pdf +# Deanonymisation of clients in Bitcoin P2P network https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.7418 +# Discovering Bitcoin’s Public Topology and Influential Nodes https://cs.umd.edu/projects/coinscope/coinscope.pdf +# (Sigmetrics 2017) Dandelion: Redesigning the Bitcoin Network for Anonymity https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.04439 +# (Sigmetrics 2018) Dandelion++: Lightweight Cryptocurrency Networking with Formal Anonymity Guarantees https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.11060.pdf + +==Copyright== + +To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and +related and neighboring rights to this work to the public domain worldwide. This +work is distributed without any warranty. + +You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication with this +work. If not, see https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ . diff --git a/bip-0156/1-dandelion.png b/bip-0156/1-dandelion.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d17e5ce --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0156/1-dandelion.png diff --git a/bip-0156/2-attack.png b/bip-0156/2-attack.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6165d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0156/2-attack.png diff --git a/bip-0156/3-attack-plot.png b/bip-0156/3-attack-plot.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a35a86 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0156/3-attack-plot.png diff --git a/bip-0156/4-dandelion-plot.png b/bip-0156/4-dandelion-plot.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5fe2150 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0156/4-dandelion-plot.png diff --git a/bip-0156/bitcoin.conf b/bip-0156/bitcoin.conf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e9e6581 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0156/bitcoin.conf @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +regtest=1 # Run this node on its own independent test network +debug=net # Enable network debug logs +debug=mempool # Enable mempool debug logs +debug=mempoolrej # Enable mempool rejection debug logs +debug=dandelion # Enable dandelion debug logs +logips=1 # Log IP addresses in debug output +logtimemicros=1 # Log timestamps with microsecond precision +printtoconsole=1 # Print debug logs to console instead of debug.log +server=1 # Accept command line JSON-RPC commands +rpcuser=xxx # Username for JSON-RPC connections +rpcpassword=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx +rpcauth=xxx:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx +dns=0 # Do not allow DNS lookups for -addnode, -seednode, and -connect +dnsseed=0 # Do not query for peer addresses via DNS lookup +persistmempool=0 # Do not save mempool on shutdown to load on restart +dandelion=1 # Enable Dandelion transactions diff --git a/bip-0156/dandelion-debug-logs-example.pdf b/bip-0156/dandelion-debug-logs-example.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f4180e --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0156/dandelion-debug-logs-example.pdf diff --git a/bip-0156/dandelion-reference-documentation.pdf b/bip-0156/dandelion-reference-documentation.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..aee33f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0156/dandelion-reference-documentation.pdf diff --git a/bip-0157.mediawiki b/bip-0157.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d641a8e --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0157.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,471 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 157 + Layer: Peer Services + Title: Client Side Block Filtering + Author: Olaoluwa Osuntokun <laolu32@gmail.com> + Alex Akselrod <alex@akselrod.org> + Jim Posen <jimpo@coinbase.com> + Comments-Summary: None yet + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0157 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2017-05-24 + License: CC0-1.0 +</pre> + + +== Abstract == + +This BIP describes a new light client protocol in Bitcoin that improves upon +currently available options. The standard light client protocol in use today, +defined in BIP +37<ref>https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0037.mediawiki</ref>, has +known flaws that weaken the security and privacy of clients and allow +denial-of-service attack vectors on full +nodes<ref>https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2016-May/012636.html</ref>. +The new protocol overcomes these issues by allowing light clients to obtain +compact probabilistic filters of block content from full nodes and download full +blocks if the filter matches relevant data. + +New P2P messages empower light clients to securely sync the blockchain without +relying on a trusted source. This BIP also defines a filter header, which serves +as a commitment to all filters for previous blocks and provides the ability to +efficiently detect malicious or faulty peers serving invalid filters. The +resulting protocol guarantees that light clients with at least one honest peer +are able to identify the correct block filters. + +== Motivation == + +Bitcoin light clients allow applications to read relevant transactions from the +blockchain without incurring the full cost of downloading and validating all +data. Such applications seek to simultaneously minimize the trust in peers and +the amount of bandwidth, storage space, and computation required. They achieve +this by downloading all block headers, verifying the proofs of work, and +following the longest proof-of-work chain. Since block headers are a fixed +80-bytes and are generated every 10 minutes on average, the bandwidth required +to sync the block headers is minimal. Light clients then download only the +blockchain data relevant to them directly from peers and validate inclusion in +the header chain. Though clients do not check the validity of all blocks in the +longest proof-of-work chain, they rely on miner incentives for security. + +BIP 37 is currently the most widely used light client execution mode for +Bitcoin. With BIP 37, a client sends a Bloom filter it wants to watch to a full +node peer, then receives notifications for each new transaction or block that +matches the filter. The client then requests relevant transactions from the peer +along with Merkle proofs of inclusion in the blocks containing them, which are +verified against the block headers. The Bloom filters match data such as client +addresses and unspent outputs, and the filter size must be carefully tuned to +balance the false positive rate with the amount of information leaked to peer. It +has been shown, however, that most implementations available offer virtually +''zero privacy'' to wallets and other +applications<ref>https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/763.pdf</ref><ref>https://jonasnick.github.io/blog/2015/02/12/privacy-in-bitcoinj/</ref>. +Additionally, malicious full nodes serving light clients can omit critical data +with little risk of detection, which is unacceptable for some applications +(such as Lightning Network clients) that must respond to certain on-chain +events. Finally, honest nodes servicing BIP 37 light clients may incur +significant I/O and CPU resource usage due to maliciously crafted Bloom filters, +creating a denial-of-service (DoS) vector and disincentizing node operators from +supporting the +protocol<ref>https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0111.mediawiki</ref>. + +The alternative detailed in this document can be seen as the opposite of BIP 37: +instead of the client sending a filter to a full node peer, full nodes generate +deterministic filters on block data that are served to the client. A light +client can then download an entire block if the filter matches the data it is +watching for. Since filters are deterministic, they only need to be constructed +once and stored on disk, whenever a new block is connected to the chain. This +keeps the computation required to serve filters minimal, and eliminates the I/O +asymmetry that makes BIP 37 enabled nodes vulnerable. Clients also get better +assurance of seeing all relevant transactions because they can check the +validity of filters received from peers more easily than they can check +completeness of filtered blocks. Finally, client privacy is improved because +blocks can be downloaded from ''any source'', so that no one peer gets complete +information on the data required by a client. Extremely privacy conscious light +clients may opt to anonymously fetch blocks using advanced techniques such a +Private Information +Retrieval<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_information_retrieval</ref>. + +== Definitions == + +<code>[]byte</code> represents a vector of bytes. + +<code>[N]byte</code> represents a fixed-size byte array with length N. + +''CompactSize'' is a compact encoding of unsigned integers used in the Bitcoin +P2P protocol. + +''double-SHA256'' is a hash algorithm defined by two invocations of SHA-256: +<code>double-SHA256(x) = SHA256(SHA256(x))</code>. + +The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", +"SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be +interpreted as described in RFC 2119. + +== Specification == + +=== Filter Types === + +For the sake of future extensibility and reducing filter sizes, there are +multiple ''filter types'' that determine which data is included in a block +filter as well as the method of filter construction/querying. In this model, +full nodes generate one filter per block per filter type supported. + +Each type is identified by a one byte code, and specifies the contents and +serialization format of the filter. A full node MAY signal support for +particular filter types using service bits. The initial filter types are defined +separately in [[bip-0158.mediawiki|BIP 158]], and one service bit is allocated +to signal support for them. + +=== Filter Headers === + +This proposal draws inspiration from the headers-first mechanism that Bitcoin +nodes use to sync the block +chain<ref>https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide#headers-first</ref>. Similar to +how block headers have a Merkle commitment to all transaction data in the block, +we define filter headers that have commitments to the block filters. Also like +block headers, filter headers each have a commitment to the preceding one. +Before downloading the block filters themselves, a light client can download all +filter headers for the current block chain and use them to verify the +authenticity of the filters. If the filter header chains differ between multiple +peers, the client can identify the point where they diverge, then download the +full block and compute the correct filter, thus identifying which peer is +faulty. + +The canonical hash of a block filter is the double-SHA256 of the serialized +filter. Filter headers are 32-byte hashes derived for each block filter. They +are computed as the double-SHA256 of the concatenation of the filter hash with +the previous filter header. The previous filter header used to calculate that of +the genesis block is defined to be the 32-byte array of 0's. + +=== New Messages === + +==== getcfilters ==== +<code>getcfilters</code> is used to request the compact filters of a particular +type for a particular range of blocks. The message contains the following +fields: + +{| class="wikitable" +! Field Name +! Data Type +! Byte Size +! Description +|- +| FilterType +| byte +| 1 +| Filter type for which headers are requested +|- +| StartHeight +| uint32 +| 4 +| The height of the first block in the requested range +|- +| StopHash +| [32]byte +| 32 +| The hash of the last block in the requested range +|} + +# Nodes SHOULD NOT send <code>getcfilters</code> unless the peer has signaled support for this filter type. Nodes receiving <code>getcfilters</code> with an unsupported filter type SHOULD NOT respond. +# StopHash MUST be known to belong to a block accepted by the receiving peer. This is the case if the peer had previously sent a <code>headers</code> or <code>inv</code> message with that block or any descendents. A node that receives <code>getcfilters</code> with an unknown StopHash SHOULD NOT respond. +# The height of the block with hash StopHash MUST be greater than or equal to StartHeight, and the difference MUST be strictly less than 1000. +# The receiving node MUST respond to valid requests by sending one <code>cfilter</code> message for each block in the requested range, sequentially in order by block height. + +==== cfilter ==== +<code>cfilter</code> is sent in response to <code>getcfilters</code>, one for +each block in the requested range. The message contains the following fields: + +{| class="wikitable" +! Field Name +! Data Type +! Byte Size +! Description +|- +| FilterType +| byte +| 1 +| Byte identifying the type of filter being returned +|- +| BlockHash +| [32]byte +| 32 +| Block hash of the Bitcoin block for which the filter is being returned +|- +| NumFilterBytes +| CompactSize +| 1-5 +| A variable length integer representing the size of the filter in the following field +|- +| FilterBytes +| []byte +| NumFilterBytes +| The serialized compact filter for this block +|} + +# The FilterType SHOULD match the field in the <code>getcfilters</code> request, and BlockHash must correspond to a block that is an ancestor of StopHash with height greater than or equal to StartHeight. + +==== getcfheaders ==== +<code>getcfheaders</code> is used to request verifiable filter headers for a +range of blocks. The message contains the following fields: + +{| class="wikitable" +! Field Name +! Data Type +! Byte Size +! Description +|- +| FilterType +| byte +| 1 +| Filter type for which headers are requested +|- +| StartHeight +| uint32 +| 4 +| The height of the first block in the requested range +|- +| StopHash +| [32]byte +| 32 +| The hash of the last block in the requested range +|} + +# Nodes SHOULD NOT send <code>getcfheaders</code> unless the peer has signaled support for this filter type. Nodes receiving <code>getcfheaders</code> with an unsupported filter type SHOULD NOT respond. +# StopHash MUST be known to belong to a block accepted by the receiving peer. This is the case if the peer had previously sent a <code>headers</code> or <code>inv</code> message with that block or any descendents. A node that receives <code>getcfheaders</code> with an unknown StopHash SHOULD NOT respond. +# The height of the block with hash StopHash MUST be greater than or equal to StartHeight, and the difference MUST be strictly less than 2,000. + +==== cfheaders ==== +<code>cfheaders</code> is sent in response to <code>getcfheaders</code>. Instead +of including the filter headers themselves, the response includes one filter +header and a sequence of filter hashes, from which the headers can be derived. +This has the benefit that the client can verify the binding links between the +headers. The message contains the following fields: + +{| class="wikitable" +! Field Name +! Data Type +! Byte Size +! Description +|- +| FilterType +| byte +| 1 +| Filter type for which hashes are requested +|- +| StopHash +| [32]byte +| 32 +| The hash of the last block in the requested range +|- +| PreviousFilterHeader +| [32]byte +| 32 +| The filter header preceding the first block in the requested range +|- +| FilterHashesLength +| CompactSize +| 1-3 +| The length of the following vector of filter hashes +|- +| FilterHashes +| [][32]byte +| FilterHashesLength * 32 +| The filter hashes for each block in the requested range +|} + +# The FilterType and StopHash SHOULD match the fields in the <code>getcfheaders</code> request. +# FilterHashesLength MUST NOT be greater than 2,000. +# FilterHashes MUST have one entry for each block on the chain terminating with tip StopHash, starting with the block at height StartHeight. The entries MUST be the filter hashes of the given type for each block in that range, in ascending order by height. +# PreviousFilterHeader MUST be set to the previous filter header of first block in the requested range. + +==== getcfcheckpt ==== +<code>getcfcheckpt</code> is used to request filter headers at evenly spaced +intervals over a range of blocks. Clients may use filter hashes from +<code>getcfheaders</code> to connect these checkpoints, as is described in the +[[#client-operation|Client Operation]] section below. The +<code>getcfcheckpt</code> message contains the following fields: + +{| class="wikitable" +! Field Name +! Data Type +! Byte Size +! Description +|- +| FilterType +| byte +| 1 +| Filter type for which headers are requested +|- +| StopHash +| [32]byte +| 32 +| The hash of the last block in the chain that headers are requested for +|} + +# Nodes SHOULD NOT send <code>getcfcheckpt</code> unless the peer has signaled support for this filter type. Nodes receiving <code>getcfcheckpt</code> with an unsupported filter type SHOULD NOT respond. +# StopHash MUST be known to belong to a block accepted by the receiving peer. This is the case if the peer had previously sent a <code>headers</code> or <code>inv</code> message with any descendent blocks. A node that receives <code>getcfcheckpt</code> with an unknown StopHash SHOULD NOT respond. + +==== cfcheckpt ==== +<code>cfcheckpt</code> is sent in response to <code>getcfcheckpt</code>. The +filter headers included are the set of all filter headers on the requested chain +where the height is a positive multiple of 1,000. The message contains the +following fields: + +{| class="wikitable" +! Field Name +! Data Type +! Byte Size +! Description +|- +| FilterType +| byte +| 1 +| Filter type for which headers are requested +|- +| StopHash +| [32]byte +| 32 +| The hash of the last block in the chain that headers are requested for +|- +| FilterHeadersLength +| CompactSize +| 1-3 +| The length of the following vector of filter headers +|- +| FilterHeaders +| [][32]byte +| FilterHeadersLength * 32 +| The filter headers at intervals of 1,000 +|} + +# The FilterType and StopHash SHOULD match the fields in the <code>getcfcheckpt</code> request. +# FilterHeaders MUST have exactly one entry for each block on the chain terminating in StopHash, where the block height is a multiple of 1,000 greater than 0. The entries MUST be the filter headers of the given type for each such block, in ascending order by height. + +=== Node Operation === + +Full nodes MAY opt to support this BIP and generate filters for any of the +specified filter types. Such nodes SHOULD treat the filters as an additional +index of the blockchain. For each new block that is connected to the main chain, +nodes SHOULD generate filters for all supported types and persist them. Nodes +that are missing filters and are already synced with the blockchain SHOULD +reindex the chain upon start-up, constructing filters for each block from +genesis to the current tip. They also SHOULD keep every checkpoint header in +memory, so that <code>getcfcheckpt</code> requests do not result in many +random-access disk reads. + +Nodes SHOULD NOT generate filters dynamically on request, as malicious peers may +be able to perform DoS attacks by requesting small filters derived from large +blocks. This would require an asymmetical amount of I/O on the node to compute +and serve, similar to attacks against BIP 37 enabled nodes noted in BIP 111. + +Nodes MAY prune block data after generating and storing all filters for a block. + +=== Client Operation === + +This section provides recommendations for light clients to download filters with +maximal security. + +Clients SHOULD first sync the entire block header chain from peers using the +standard headers-first syncing mechanism before downloading any block filters or +filter headers. Clients configured with trusted checkpoints MAY only sync +headers started from the last checkpoint. Clients SHOULD disconnect any outbound +peers whose best chain has significantly less work than the known longest +proof-of-work chain. + +Once a client's block headers are in sync, it SHOULD download and verify filter +headers for all blocks and filter types that it might later download. The client +SHOULD send <code>getcfheaders</code> messages to peers and derive and store the +filter headers for each block. The client MAY first fetch headers at evenly +spaced intervals of 1,000 by sending <code>getcfcheckpt</code>. The header +checkpoints allow the client to download filter headers for different intervals +from multiple peers in parallel, verifying each range of 1,000 headers against +the checkpoints. + +Unless securely connected to a trusted peer that is serving filter headers, the +client SHOULD connect to multiple outbound peers that support each filter type +to mitigate the risk of downloading incorrect headers. If the client receives +conflicting filter headers from different peers for any block and filter type, +it SHOULD interrogate them to determine which is faulty. The client SHOULD use +<code>getcfheaders</code> and/or <code>getcfcheckpt</code> to first identify +the first filter headers that the peers disagree on. The client then SHOULD +download the full block from any peer and derive the correct filter and filter +header. The client SHOULD ban any peers that sent a filter header that does not +match the computed one. + +Once the client has downloaded and verified all filter headers needed, ''and'' +no outbound peers have sent conflicting headers, the client can download the +actual block filters it needs. The client MAY backfill filter headers before the +first verified one at this point if it only downloaded them starting at a later +point. Clients SHOULD persist the verified filter headers for last 100 blocks in +the chain (or whatever finality depth is desired), to compare against headers +received from new peers after restart. They MAY store more filter headers to +avoid redownloading them if a rescan is later necessary. + +Starting from the first block in the desired range, the client now MAY download +the filters. The client SHOULD test that each filter links to its corresponding +filter header and ban peers that send incorrect filters. The client MAY download +multiple filters at once to increase throughput, though it SHOULD test the +filters sequentially. The client MAY check if a filter is empty before +requesting it by checking if the filter header commits to the hash of the empty +filter, saving a round trip if that is the case. + +Each time a new valid block header is received, the client SHOULD request the +corresponding filter headers from all eligible peers. If two peers send +conflicting filter headers, the client should interrogate them as described +above and ban any peers that send an invalid header. + +If a client is fetching full blocks from the P2P network, they SHOULD be downloaded +from outbound peers at random to mitigate privacy loss due to transaction +intersection analysis. Note that blocks may be downloaded from peers that do not +support this BIP. + +== Rationale == + +The filter headers and checkpoints messages are defined to help clients identify +the correct filter for a block when connected to peers sending conflicting +information. An alternative solution is to require Bitcoin blocks to include +commitments to derived block filters, so light clients can verify authenticity +given block headers and some additional witness data. This would require a +network-wide change to the Bitcoin consensus rules, however, whereas this +document proposes a solution purely at the P2P layer. + +The constant interval of 1,000 blocks between checkpoints was chosen so that, +given the current chain height and rate of growth, the size of a +<code>cfcheckpt</code> message is not drastically different from a +<code>cfheaders</code> message between two checkpoints. Also, 1,000 is a nice +round number, at least to those of us who think in decimal. + +== Compatibility == + +This light client mode is not compatible with current node deployments and +requires support for the new P2P messages. The node implementation of this +proposal is not incompatible with the current P2P network rules (ie. doesn't +affect network topology of full nodes). Light clients may adopt protocols based +on this as an alternative to the existing BIP 37. Adoption of this BIP may +result in reduced network support for BIP 37. + +== Acknowledgments == + +We would like to thank bfd (from the bitcoin-dev mailing list) for bringing the +basis of this BIP to our attention, Joseph Poon for suggesting the filter header +chain scheme, and Pedro Martelletto for writing the initial indexing code for +<code>btcd</code>. + +We would also like to thank Dave Collins, JJ Jeffrey, Eric Lombrozo, and Matt +Corallo for useful discussions. + +== Reference Implementation == + +Light client: [https://github.com/lightninglabs/neutrino] + +Full-node indexing: https://github.com/Roasbeef/btcd/tree/segwit-cbf + +Golomb-Rice Coded sets: https://github.com/Roasbeef/btcutil/tree/gcs/gcs + +== References == + +<references/> + +== Copyright == + +This document is licensed under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal license. diff --git a/bip-0158.mediawiki b/bip-0158.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8887d32 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0158.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,441 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 158 + Layer: Peer Services + Title: Compact Block Filters for Light Clients + Author: Olaoluwa Osuntokun <laolu32@gmail.com> + Alex Akselrod <alex@akselrod.org> + Comments-Summary: None yet + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0158 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2017-05-24 + License: CC0-1.0 +</pre> + + +== Abstract == + +This BIP describes a structure for compact filters on block data, for use in the +BIP 157 light client protocol<ref>bip-0157.mediawiki</ref>. The filter +construction proposed is an alternative to Bloom filters, as used in BIP 37, +that minimizes filter size by using Golomb-Rice coding for compression. This +document specifies one initial filter type based on this construction that +enables basic wallets and applications with more advanced smart contracts. + +== Motivation == + +[[bip-0157.mediawiki|BIP 157]] defines a light client protocol based on +deterministic filters of block content. The filters are designed to +minimize the expected bandwidth consumed by light clients, downloading filters +and full blocks. This document defines the initial filter type ''basic'' +that is designed to reduce the filter size for regular wallets. + +== Definitions == + +<code>[]byte</code> represents a vector of bytes. + +<code>[N]byte</code> represents a fixed-size byte array with length N. + +''CompactSize'' is a compact encoding of unsigned integers used in the Bitcoin +P2P protocol. + +''Data pushes'' are byte vectors pushed to the stack according to the rules of +Bitcoin script. + +''Bit streams'' are readable and writable streams of individual bits. The +following functions are used in the pseudocode in this document: +* <code>new_bit_stream</code> instantiates a new writable bit stream +* <code>new_bit_stream(vector)</code> instantiates a new bit stream reading data from <code>vector</code> +* <code>write_bit(stream, b)</code> appends the bit <code>b</code> to the end of the stream +* <code>read_bit(stream)</code> reads the next available bit from the stream +* <code>write_bits_big_endian(stream, n, k)</code> appends the <code>k</code> least significant bits of integer <code>n</code> to the end of the stream in big-endian bit order +* <code>read_bits_big_endian(stream, k)</code> reads the next available <code>k</code> bits from the stream and interprets them as the least significant bits of a big-endian integer + +The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", +"SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be +interpreted as described in RFC 2119. + +== Specification == + +=== Golomb-Coded Sets === + +For each block, compact filters are derived containing sets of items associated +with the block (eg. addresses sent to, outpoints spent, etc.). A set of such +data objects is compressed into a probabilistic structure called a +''Golomb-coded set'' (GCS), which matches all items in the set with probability +1, and matches other items with probability <code>1/M</code> for some +integer parameter <code>M</code>. The encoding is also parameterized by +<code>P</code>, the bit length of the remainder code. Each filter defined +specifies values for <code>P</code> and <code>M</code>. + +At a high level, a GCS is constructed from a set of <code>N</code> items by: +# hashing all items to 64-bit integers in the range <code>[0, N * M)</code> +# sorting the hashed values in ascending order +# computing the differences between each value and the previous one +# writing the differences sequentially, compressed with Golomb-Rice coding + +The following sections describe each step in greater detail. + +==== Hashing Data Objects ==== + +The first step in the filter construction is hashing the variable-sized raw +items in the set to the range <code>[0, F)</code>, where <code>F = N * +M</code>. Customarily, <code>M</code> is set to <code>2^P</code>. However, if +one is able to select both Parameters independently, then more optimal values +can be +selected<ref>https://gist.github.com/sipa/576d5f09c3b86c3b1b75598d799fc845</ref>. +Set membership queries against the hash outputs will have a false positive rate +of <code>M</code>. To avoid integer overflow, the number of items <code>N</code> +MUST be <2^32 and <code>M</code> MUST be <2^32. + +The items are first passed through the pseudorandom function ''SipHash'', which +takes a 128-bit key <code>k</code> and a variable-sized byte vector and produces +a uniformly random 64-bit output. Implementations of this BIP MUST use the +SipHash parameters <code>c = 2</code> and <code>d = 4</code>. + +The 64-bit SipHash outputs are then mapped uniformly over the desired range by +multiplying with F and taking the top 64 bits of the 128-bit result. This +algorithm is a faster alternative to modulo reduction, as it avoids the +expensive division +operation<ref>https://lemire.me/blog/2016/06/27/a-fast-alternative-to-the-modulo-reduction/</ref>. +Note that care must be taken when implementing this reduction to ensure the +upper 64 bits of the integer multiplication are not truncated; certain +architectures and high level languages may require code that decomposes the +64-bit multiplication into four 32-bit multiplications and recombines into the +result. + +<pre> +hash_to_range(item: []byte, F: uint64, k: [16]byte) -> uint64: + return (siphash(k, item) * F) >> 64 + +hashed_set_construct(raw_items: [][]byte, k: [16]byte, M: uint) -> []uint64: + let N = len(raw_items) + let F = N * M + + let set_items = [] + + for item in raw_items: + let set_value = hash_to_range(item, F, k) + set_items.append(set_value) + + return set_items +</pre> + +==== Golomb-Rice Coding ==== + +Instead of writing the items in the hashed set directly to the filter, greater +compression is achieved by only writing the differences between successive +items in sorted order. Since the items are distributed uniformly, it can be +shown that the differences resemble a geometric +distribution<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_distribution</ref>. +''Golomb-Rice'' +''coding''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golomb_coding#Rice_coding</ref> +is a technique that optimally compresses geometrically distributed values. + +With Golomb-Rice, a value is split into a quotient and remainder modulo +<code>2^P</code>, which are encoded separately. The quotient <code>q</code> is +encoded as ''unary'', with a string of <code>q</code> 1's followed by one 0. The +remainder <code>r</code> is represented in big-endian by P bits. For example, +this is a table of Golomb-Rice coded values using <code>P=2</code>: + +{| class="wikitable" +! n !! (q, r) !! c +|- +| 0 || (0, 0) || <code>0 00</code> +|- +| 1 || (0, 1) || <code>0 01</code> +|- +| 2 || (0, 2) || <code>0 10</code> +|- +| 3 || (0, 3) || <code>0 11</code> +|- +| 4 || (1, 0) || <code>10 00</code> +|- +| 5 || (1, 1) || <code>10 01</code> +|- +| 6 || (1, 2) || <code>10 10</code> +|- +| 7 || (1, 3) || <code>10 11</code> +|- +| 8 || (2, 0) || <code>110 00</code> +|- +| 9 || (2, 1) || <code>110 01</code> +|} + +<pre> +golomb_encode(stream, x: uint64, P: uint): + let q = x >> P + + while q > 0: + write_bit(stream, 1) + q-- + write_bit(stream, 0) + + write_bits_big_endian(stream, x, P) + +golomb_decode(stream, P: uint) -> uint64: + let q = 0 + while read_bit(stream) == 1: + q++ + + let r = read_bits_big_endian(stream, P) + + let x = (q << P) + r + return x +</pre> + +==== Set Construction ==== + +A GCS is constructed from four parameters: +* <code>L</code>, a vector of <code>N</code> raw items +* <code>P</code>, the bit parameter of the Golomb-Rice coding +* <code>M</code>, the target false positive rate +* <code>k</code>, the 128-bit key used to randomize the SipHash outputs + +The result is a byte vector with a minimum size of <code>N * (P + 1)</code> +bits. + +The raw items in <code>L</code> are first hashed to 64-bit unsigned integers as +specified above and sorted. The differences between consecutive values, +hereafter referred to as ''deltas'', are encoded sequentially to a bit stream +with Golomb-Rice coding. Finally, the bit stream is padded with 0's to the +nearest byte boundary and serialized to the output byte vector. + +<pre> +construct_gcs(L: [][]byte, P: uint, k: [16]byte, M: uint) -> []byte: + let set_items = hashed_set_construct(L, k, M) + + set_items.sort() + + let output_stream = new_bit_stream() + + let last_value = 0 + for item in set_items: + let delta = item - last_value + golomb_encode(output_stream, delta, P) + last_value = item + + return output_stream.bytes() +</pre> + +==== Set Querying/Decompression ==== + +To check membership of an item in a compressed GCS, one must reconstruct the +hashed set members from the encoded deltas. The procedure to do so is the +reverse of the compression: deltas are decoded one by one and added to a +cumulative sum. Each intermediate sum represents a hashed value in the original +set. The queried item is hashed in the same way as the set members and compared +against the reconstructed values. Note that querying does not require the entire +decompressed set be held in memory at once. + +<pre> +gcs_match(key: [16]byte, compressed_set: []byte, target: []byte, P: uint, N: uint, M: uint) -> bool: + let F = N * M + let target_hash = hash_to_range(target, F, k) + + stream = new_bit_stream(compressed_set) + + let last_value = 0 + + loop N times: + let delta = golomb_decode(stream, P) + let set_item = last_value + delta + + if set_item == target_hash: + return true + + // Since the values in the set are sorted, terminate the search once + // the decoded value exceeds the target. + if set_item > target_hash: + break + + last_value = set_item + + return false +</pre> + +Some applications may need to check for set intersection instead of membership +of a single item. This can be performed far more efficiently than checking each +item individually by leveraging the sorted structure of the compressed GCS. +First the query elements are all hashed and sorted, then compared in order +against the decompressed GCS contents. See +[[#golomb-coded-set-multi-match|Appendix B]] for pseudocode. + +=== Block Filters === + +This BIP defines one initial filter type: +* Basic (<code>0x00</code>) +** <code>M = 784931</code> +** <code>P = 19</code> + +==== Contents ==== + +The basic filter is designed to contain everything that a light client needs to +sync a regular Bitcoin wallet. A basic filter MUST contain exactly the +following items for each transaction in a block: +* The previous output script (the script being spent) for each input, except for the coinbase transaction. +* The scriptPubKey of each output, aside from all <code>OP_RETURN</code> output scripts. + +Any "nil" items MUST NOT be included into the final set of filter elements. + +We exclude all outputs that start with <code>OP_RETURN</code> in order to allow +filters to easily be committed to in the future via a soft-fork. A likely area +for future commitments is an additional <code>OP_RETURN</code> output in the +coinbase transaction similar to the current witness commitment +<ref>https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0141.mediawiki</ref>. By +excluding all <code>OP_RETURN</code> outputs we avoid a circular dependency +between the commitment, and the item being committed to. + +==== Construction ==== + +The basic type is constructed as Golomb-coded sets with the following +parameters. + +The parameter <code>P</code> MUST be set to <code>19</code>, and the parameter +<code>M</code> MUST be set to <code>784931</code>. Analysis has shown that if +one is able to select <code>P</code> and <code>M</code> independently, then +setting <code>M=1.497137 * 2^P</code> is close to optimal +<ref>https://gist.github.com/sipa/576d5f09c3b86c3b1b75598d799fc845</ref>. + +Empirical analysis also shows that these parameters minimize the bandwidth +utilized, considering both the expected number of blocks downloaded due to false +positives and the size of the filters themselves. + +The parameter <code>k</code> MUST be set to the first 16 bytes of the hash +(in standard little-endian representation) of the block for which the filter is +constructed. This ensures the key is deterministic while still varying from +block to block. + +Since the value <code>N</code> is required to decode a GCS, a serialized GCS +includes it as a prefix, written as a <code>CompactSize</code>. Thus, the +complete serialization of a filter is: +* <code>N</code>, encoded as a <code>CompactSize</code> +* The bytes of the compressed filter itself + +==== Signaling ==== + +This BIP allocates a new service bit: + +{| class="wikitable" +|- +| NODE_COMPACT_FILTERS +| style="white-space: nowrap;" | <code>1 << 6</code> +| If enabled, the node MUST respond to all BIP 157 messages for filter type <code>0x00</code> +|} + +== Compatibility == + +This block filter construction is not incompatible with existing software, +though it requires implementation of the new filters. + +== Acknowledgments == + +We would like to thank bfd (from the bitcoin-dev mailing list) for bringing the +basis of this BIP to our attention, Greg Maxwell for pointing us in the +direction of Golomb-Rice coding and fast range optimization, Pieter Wullie for +his analysis of optimal GCS parameters, and Pedro +Martelletto for writing the initial indexing code for <code>btcd</code>. + +We would also like to thank Dave Collins, JJ Jeffrey, and Eric Lombrozo for +useful discussions. + +== Reference Implementation == + +Light client: [https://github.com/lightninglabs/neutrino] + +Full-node indexing: https://github.com/Roasbeef/btcd/tree/segwit-cbf + +Golomb-Rice Coded sets: https://github.com/btcsuite/btcutil/blob/master/gcs + +== Appendix A: Alternatives == + +A number of alternative set encodings were considered before Golomb-coded +sets were settled upon. In this appendix section, we'll list a few of the +alternatives along with our rationale for not pursuing them. + +==== Bloom Filters ==== + +Bloom Filters are perhaps the best known probabilistic data structure for +testing set membership, and were introduced into the Bitcoin protocol with BIP +37. The size of a Bloom filter is larger than the expected size of a GCS with +the same false positive rate, which is the main reason the option was rejected. + +==== Cryptographic Accumulators ==== + +Cryptographic +accumulators<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulator_(cryptography)</ref> +are a cryptographic data structures that enable (amongst other operations) a one +way membership test. One advantage of accumulators are that they are constant +size, independent of the number of elements inserted into the accumulator. +However, current constructions of cryptographic accumulators require an initial +trusted set up. Additionally, accumulators based on the Strong-RSA Assumption +require mapping set items to prime representatives in the associated group which +can be preemptively expensive. + +==== Matrix Based Probabilistic Set Data Structures ==== + +There exist data structures based on matrix solving which are even more space +efficient compared to Bloom +filters<ref>https://arxiv.org/pdf/0804.1845.pdf</ref>. We instead opted for our +GCS-based filters as they have a much lower implementation complexity and are +easier to understand. + +== Appendix B: Pseudocode == + +=== Golomb-Coded Set Multi-Match === + +<pre> +gcs_match_any(key: [16]byte, compressed_set: []byte, targets: [][]byte, P: uint, N: uint, M: uint) -> bool: + let F = N * M + + // Map targets to the same range as the set hashes. + let target_hashes = [] + for target in targets: + let target_hash = hash_to_range(target, F, k) + target_hashes.append(target_hash) + + // Sort targets so matching can be checked in linear time. + target_hashes.sort() + + stream = new_bit_stream(compressed_set) + + let value = 0 + let target_idx = 0 + let target_val = target_hashes[target_idx] + + loop N times: + let delta = golomb_decode(stream, P) + value += delta + + inner loop: + if target_val == value: + return true + + // Move on to the next set value. + else if target_val > value: + break inner loop + + // Move on to the next target value. + else if target_val < value: + target_idx++ + + // If there are no targets left, then there are no matches. + if target_idx == len(targets): + break outer loop + + target_val = target_hashes[target_idx] + + return false +</pre> + +== Appendix C: Test Vectors == + +Test vectors for basic block filters on five testnet blocks, including the filters and filter headers, can be found [[bip-0158/testnet-19.json|here]]. The code to generate them can be found [[bip-0158/gentestvectors.go|here]]. + +== References == + +<references/> + +== Copyright == + +This document is licensed under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal license. diff --git a/bip-0158/gentestvectors.go b/bip-0158/gentestvectors.go new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3435eb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0158/gentestvectors.go @@ -0,0 +1,301 @@ +// This program connects to your local btcd and generates test vectors for +// 5 blocks and collision space sizes of 1-32 bits. Change the RPC cert path +// and credentials to run on your system. The program assumes you're running +// a btcd with cfilter support, which mainline btcd doesn't have; in order to +// circumvent this assumption, comment out the if block that checks for +// filter size of DefaultP. + +package main + +import ( + "bytes" + "encoding/hex" + "encoding/json" + "fmt" + "io" + "io/ioutil" + "os" + "path/filepath" + + "github.com/btcsuite/btcd/blockchain" + "github.com/btcsuite/btcd/chaincfg/chainhash" + "github.com/btcsuite/btcd/rpcclient" + "github.com/btcsuite/btcd/wire" + "github.com/btcsuite/btcutil" + "github.com/btcsuite/btcutil/gcs/builder" + "github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew" +) + +var ( + // testBlockHeights are the heights of the blocks to include in the test + // vectors. Any new entries must be added in sorted order. + testBlockHeights = []testBlockCase{ + {0, "Genesis block"}, + {2, ""}, + {3, ""}, + {15007, "Tx has non-standard OP_RETURN output followed by opcodes"}, + {49291, "Tx pays to empty output script"}, + {180480, "Tx spends from empty output script"}, + {926485, "Duplicate pushdata 913bcc2be49cb534c20474c4dee1e9c4c317e7eb"}, + {987876, "Coinbase tx has unparseable output script"}, + {1263442, "Includes witness data"}, + {1414221, "Empty data"}, + } + + defaultBtcdDir = btcutil.AppDataDir("btcd", false) + defaultBtcdRPCCertFile = filepath.Join(defaultBtcdDir, "rpc.cert") +) + +const ( + fp = 19 +) + +type testBlockCase struct { + height uint32 + comment string +} + +type JSONTestWriter struct { + writer io.Writer + firstRowWritten bool +} + +func NewJSONTestWriter(writer io.Writer) *JSONTestWriter { + return &JSONTestWriter{writer: writer} +} + +func (w *JSONTestWriter) WriteComment(comment string) error { + return w.WriteTestCase([]interface{}{comment}) +} + +func (w *JSONTestWriter) WriteTestCase(row []interface{}) error { + var err error + if w.firstRowWritten { + _, err = io.WriteString(w.writer, ",\n") + } else { + _, err = io.WriteString(w.writer, "[\n") + w.firstRowWritten = true + } + if err != nil { + return err + } + + rowBytes, err := json.Marshal(row) + if err != nil { + return err + } + + _, err = w.writer.Write(rowBytes) + return err +} + +func (w *JSONTestWriter) Close() error { + if !w.firstRowWritten { + return nil + } + + _, err := io.WriteString(w.writer, "\n]\n") + return err +} + +func fetchPrevOutputScripts(client *rpcclient.Client, block *wire.MsgBlock) ([][]byte, error) { + var prevScripts [][]byte + + txCache := make(map[chainhash.Hash]*wire.MsgTx) + for _, tx := range block.Transactions { + if blockchain.IsCoinBaseTx(tx) { + continue + } + + for _, txIn := range tx.TxIn { + prevOp := txIn.PreviousOutPoint + + tx, ok := txCache[prevOp.Hash] + if !ok { + originTx, err := client.GetRawTransaction( + &prevOp.Hash, + ) + if err != nil { + return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to get "+ + "txid=%v: %v", prevOp.Hash, err) + } + + txCache[prevOp.Hash] = originTx.MsgTx() + + tx = originTx.MsgTx() + } + + index := prevOp.Index + + prevScripts = append( + prevScripts, tx.TxOut[index].PkScript, + ) + } + } + + return prevScripts, nil +} + +func main() { + var ( + writerFile *JSONTestWriter + prevBasicHeader chainhash.Hash + ) + fName := fmt.Sprintf("testnet-%02d.json", fp) + file, err := os.Create(fName) + if err != nil { + fmt.Println("Error creating output file: ", err.Error()) + return + } + defer file.Close() + + writer := &JSONTestWriter{ + writer: file, + } + defer writer.Close() + + err = writer.WriteComment("Block Height,Block Hash,Block," + + "[Prev Output Scripts for Block],Previous Basic Header," + + "Basic Filter,Basic Header,Notes") + if err != nil { + fmt.Println("Error writing to output file: ", err.Error()) + return + } + + writerFile = writer + + cert, err := ioutil.ReadFile(defaultBtcdRPCCertFile) + if err != nil { + fmt.Println("Couldn't read RPC cert: ", err.Error()) + return + } + + conf := rpcclient.ConnConfig{ + Host: "127.0.0.1:18334", + Endpoint: "ws", + User: "kek", + Pass: "kek", + Certificates: cert, + } + client, err := rpcclient.New(&conf, nil) + if err != nil { + fmt.Println("Couldn't create a new client: ", err.Error()) + return + } + + var testBlockIndex int + for height := 0; testBlockIndex < len(testBlockHeights); height++ { + blockHash, err := client.GetBlockHash(int64(height)) + if err != nil { + fmt.Println("Couldn't get block hash: ", err.Error()) + return + } + + block, err := client.GetBlock(blockHash) + if err != nil { + fmt.Println("Couldn't get block hash: ", err.Error()) + return + } + + var blockBuf bytes.Buffer + err = block.Serialize(&blockBuf) + if err != nil { + fmt.Println("Error serializing block to buffer: ", err.Error()) + return + } + blockBytes := blockBuf.Bytes() + + prevOutputScripts, err := fetchPrevOutputScripts(client, block) + if err != nil { + fmt.Println("Couldn't fetch prev output scipts: ", err) + return + } + + basicFilter, err := builder.BuildBasicFilter(block, prevOutputScripts) + if err != nil { + fmt.Println("Error generating basic filter: ", err.Error()) + return + } + basicHeader, err := builder.MakeHeaderForFilter(basicFilter, prevBasicHeader) + if err != nil { + fmt.Println("Error generating header for filter: ", err.Error()) + return + } + + // We'll now ensure that we've constructed the same filter as + // the chain server we're fetching blocks form. + filter, err := client.GetCFilter( + blockHash, wire.GCSFilterRegular, + ) + if err != nil { + fmt.Println("Error getting basic filter: ", + err.Error()) + return + } + + nBytes, err := basicFilter.NBytes() + if err != nil { + fmt.Println("Couldn't get NBytes(): ", err) + return + } + if !bytes.Equal(filter.Data, nBytes) { + // Don't error on empty filters + fmt.Printf("basic filter doesn't match: generated "+ + "%x, rpc returns %x, block %v", nBytes, + filter.Data, spew.Sdump(block)) + return + } + + header, err := client.GetCFilterHeader( + blockHash, wire.GCSFilterRegular, + ) + if err != nil { + fmt.Println("Error getting basic header: ", err.Error()) + return + } + if !bytes.Equal(header.PrevFilterHeader[:], basicHeader[:]) { + fmt.Println("Basic header doesn't match!") + return + } + + if height%1000 == 0 { + fmt.Printf("Verified height %v against server\n", height) + } + + if uint32(height) == testBlockHeights[testBlockIndex].height { + var bfBytes []byte + bfBytes, err = basicFilter.NBytes() + if err != nil { + fmt.Println("Couldn't get NBytes(): ", err) + return + } + + prevScriptStrings := make([]string, len(prevOutputScripts)) + for i, prevScript := range prevOutputScripts { + prevScriptStrings[i] = hex.EncodeToString(prevScript) + } + + row := []interface{}{ + height, + blockHash.String(), + hex.EncodeToString(blockBytes), + prevScriptStrings, + prevBasicHeader.String(), + hex.EncodeToString(bfBytes), + basicHeader.String(), + testBlockHeights[testBlockIndex].comment, + } + err = writerFile.WriteTestCase(row) + if err != nil { + fmt.Println("Error writing test case to output: ", err.Error()) + return + } + } + + prevBasicHeader = basicHeader + + if uint32(height) == testBlockHeights[testBlockIndex].height { + testBlockIndex++ + } + } +} diff --git a/bip-0158/go.mod b/bip-0158/go.mod new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e9bd6e --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0158/go.mod @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +module github.com/bitcoin/bips/bip-0158 + +require ( + github.com/btcsuite/btcd v0.0.0-20190115013929-ed77733ec07d + github.com/btcsuite/btcutil v0.0.0-20190207003914-4c204d697803 + github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 +) diff --git a/bip-0158/go.sum b/bip-0158/go.sum new file mode 100644 index 0000000..013eb4b --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0158/go.sum @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +github.com/aead/siphash v1.0.1 h1:FwHfE/T45KPKYuuSAKyyvE+oPWcaQ+CUmFW0bPlM+kg= +github.com/aead/siphash v1.0.1/go.mod h1:Nywa3cDsYNNK3gaciGTWPwHt0wlpNV15vwmswBAUSII= +github.com/btcsuite/btcd v0.0.0-20190115013929-ed77733ec07d h1:xG8Pj6Y6J760xwETNmMzmlt38QSwz0BLp1cZ09g27uw= +github.com/btcsuite/btcd v0.0.0-20190115013929-ed77733ec07d/go.mod h1:d3C0AkH6BRcvO8T0UEPu53cnw4IbV63x1bEjildYhO0= +github.com/btcsuite/btclog v0.0.0-20170628155309-84c8d2346e9f h1:bAs4lUbRJpnnkd9VhRV3jjAVU7DJVjMaK+IsvSeZvFo= +github.com/btcsuite/btclog v0.0.0-20170628155309-84c8d2346e9f/go.mod h1:TdznJufoqS23FtqVCzL0ZqgP5MqXbb4fg/WgDys70nA= +github.com/btcsuite/btcutil v0.0.0-20180706230648-ab6388e0c60a/go.mod h1:+5NJ2+qvTyV9exUAL/rxXi3DcLg2Ts+ymUAY5y4NvMg= +github.com/btcsuite/btcutil v0.0.0-20190207003914-4c204d697803 h1:j3AgPKKZtZStM2nyhrDSLSYgT7YHrZKdSkq1OYeLjvM= +github.com/btcsuite/btcutil v0.0.0-20190207003914-4c204d697803/go.mod h1:+5NJ2+qvTyV9exUAL/rxXi3DcLg2Ts+ymUAY5y4NvMg= +github.com/btcsuite/go-socks v0.0.0-20170105172521-4720035b7bfd h1:R/opQEbFEy9JGkIguV40SvRY1uliPX8ifOvi6ICsFCw= +github.com/btcsuite/go-socks 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witness data"], +[1414221,"0000000000000027b2b3b3381f114f674f481544ff2be37ae3788d7e078383b1","000000204ea88307a7959d8207968f152bedca5a93aefab253f1fb2cfb032a400000000070cebb14ec6dbc27a9dfd066d9849a4d3bac5f674665f73a5fe1de01a022a0c851fda85bf05f4c19a779d1450102000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff18034d94154d696e6572476174653030310d000000f238f401ffffffff01c817a804000000000000000000",[],"5e5e12d90693c8e936f01847859404c67482439681928353ca1296982042864e","00","021e8882ef5a0ed932edeebbecfeda1d7ce528ec7b3daa27641acf1189d7b5dc","Empty data"] +] diff --git a/bip-0159.mediawiki b/bip-0159.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0226692 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0159.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 159 + Layer: Peer Services + Title: NODE_NETWORK_LIMITED service bit + Author: Jonas Schnelli <dev@jonasschnelli.ch> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0159 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2017-05-11 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +== Abstract == + +Define a service bit that allow pruned peers to signal their limited services + +==Motivation== + +Pruned peers can offer the same services as traditional peer except of serving all historical blocks. +Bitcoin right now only offers the NODE_NETWORK service bit which indicates that a peer can serve +all historical blocks. +# Pruned peers can relay blocks, headers, transactions, addresses and can serve a limited number of historical blocks, thus they should have a way how to announce their service(s) +# Peers no longer in initial block download should consider connecting some of its outbound connections to pruned peers to allow other peers to bootstrap from non-pruned peers + +== Specification == + +=== New service bit === + +This BIP proposes a new service bit + +{|class="wikitable" +|- +| NODE_NETWORK_LIMITED || bit 10 (0x400) || If signaled, the peer <I>MUST</I> be capable of serving at least the last 288 blocks (~2 days). +|} + +A safety buffer of 144 blocks to handle chain reorganizations <I>SHOULD</I> be taken into account when connecting to a peer signaling the <code>NODE_NETWORK_LIMITED</code> service bit. + +=== Address relay === + +Full nodes following this BIP <I>SHOULD</I> relay address/services (<code>addr</code> message) from peers they would connect to (including peers signaling <code>NODE_NETWORK_LIMITED</code>). + +=== Counter-measures for peer fingerprinting === + +Peers may have different prune depths (depending on the peers configuration, disk space, etc.) which can result in a fingerprinting weakness (finding the prune depth through getdata requests). NODE_NETWORK_LIMITED supporting peers <I>SHOULD</I> avoid leaking the prune depth and therefore not serve blocks deeper than the signaled <code>NODE_NETWORK_LIMITED</code> threshold (288 blocks). + +=== Risks === + +Pruned peers following this BIP may consume more outbound bandwidth. + +Light clients (and such) who are not checking the <code>nServiceFlags</code> (service bits) from a relayed <code>addr</code>-message may unwillingly connect to a pruned peer and ask for (filtered) blocks at a depth below their pruned depth. Light clients should therefore check the service bits (and eventually connect to peers signaling <code>NODE_NETWORK_LIMITED</code> if they require [filtered] blocks around the tip). Light clients obtaining peer IPs though DNS seed should use the DNS filtering option. + +== Compatibility == + +This proposal is backward compatible. + +== Reference implementation == + +* https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/11740 (signaling) +* https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/10387 (connection and relay) + +== Copyright == + +This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. diff --git a/bip-0171.mediawiki b/bip-0171.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c4a8414 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0171.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 171 + Layer: Applications + Title: Currency/exchange rate information API + Author: Luke Dashjr <luke+bip@dashjr.org> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0171 + Status: Rejected + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2017-03-04 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +A common interface for requesting currency exchange rate information from a server. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license. + +==Specification== + +Four requests are defined, which are all made by a GET request to a common URI with parameters encoded in application/x-www-form-urlencoded format. +All matching parameters may be specified with multiple comma-separated values, which are to be interpreted as "any of these". +Each result is always in JSON format, with a line-feed (never a carriage-return) separating multiple results. + +Authentication for subscription-based services MAY be supported using standard HTTP authentication. +It is recommended to use TLS (HTTPS) and/or Linked Data Signatures, so that MITM attackers cannot deceive the client. + +To be BIP 171 compatible, servers MUST support at least one currency-pair compared to XBT. +All inquiries for bitcoin amounts MUST be specified in XBT, even if the presentation to the end user is in another unit. +(FIXME: or should this be satoshis?) + +Currency-pair tokens are arbitrary Strings no longer than 255 characters, which may include any ASCII [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-2.3 RFC 3986 unreserved characters] (ie, alphanumerics and the hyphen, underscore, period, and tilde symbols). + +Currency code(s) used herein are defined as such: + +* All ISO 4217 codes are valid currency codes. +* XBT is defined as 100000000 satoshis (commonly known as 1 BTC). +* Strings longer than 3 characters may be used for currencies without an applicable code. (If a shorter code is desired despite this, it may be padded with space(s) to the left until it is 4 characters. Software MAY strip these spaces.) + +Rate is defined as the amount of quote-currency to be exchanged for one unit of the base-currency. +In other words, <code>1 baseCurrency = rate quoteCurrency</code>. + +===Enumerating supported currency-pair tokens=== + +Parameters: + +* ''mode'' - Always "list" for this request. +* ''quote'' - If provided, the server MAY limit the results to only currency-pairs describing a currency with the given currency code(s). +* ''base'' - If provided, the server MAY limit the results to only currency-pairs describing currency rates compared to the given currency code(s). +* ''locale'' - If provided, the server MAY limit the results to only currency-pairs supporting the given Unicode CLDR locale(s). + +Each currency-pair will receive a separate result, a JSON Object, with the following information: + +* ''cp'' - The currency-pair token. +* ''quote'' - The currency code for the quote currency. +* ''base'' - The currency code for the base currency. +* ''locale'' - If provided, a String with the applicable Unicode CLDR locale. +* ''desc'' - Optional description. For example, it could be "Based on Florida BTM prices." or any other short String that provides information useful to the user. SHOULD be shorter than 45 characters. +* ''signature'' - Optional. May be used for Linked Data Signatures. + +Example: + + Request: http://api.example.tld/?mode=list"e=USD&base=XBT&locale=en_US,en_GB + Result: + {"cp":"XBTUSD-ver4", "quote":"USD", "base": "XBT", "locale": "en_US", "desc": "Smoothed averages"} + {"cp":"2", "quote":"USD", "base": "XBT", "locale": "en_US", "desc": "Updated per-trade"} + {"cp":"XBTUSD-european", "quote":"USD", "base": "XBT", "locale": "en_GB"} + +===Currency-pair information=== + +Parameters: + +* ''mode'' - Always "info" for this request. +* ''cp'' - Currency pair(s) for which information is requested. + +Each currency-pair will receive a separate result, a JSON Object, with the following information: + +* ''cp'' - The currency-pair token. +* ''quote'' - The currency code for the quote currency. +* ''base'' - The currency code for the base currency. +* ''locale'' - If provided, a String with the applicable Unicode CLDR locale. +* ''desc'' - Optional description. For example, it could be "Based on Florida BTM prices." or any other short String that provides information useful to the user. SHOULD be shorter than 45 characters. +* ''longdesc'' - Optional description, but may be longer and include newlines. +* ''symbol'' - An Array of prefix and suffix for the quote currency. Each may be either a fixed String, an Array of two Strings (negative and positive), or null. Any positive or negative symbols must be included in this prefix/suffix; it MUST NOT be implied otherwise. +* ''digits'' - The type of digits to use for the quote currency's numbers. "arabic" should be used for common 0-9 digits. +* ''grouping'' - An Array alternating between Numbers representing a series of digits, and Strings used as delimiters. If terminated by a zero, the final grouping is to be repeated continually. For example, the common US locale thousands grouping would be <code>[3, ",", 0]</code> +* ''fraction_sep'' - A String to be placed between whole numbers and a fractional amount. +* ''fraction_digits'' - Array of absolute minimum (even for whole numbers) number of fractional digits, minimum fractional digits when a fraction exists, and maximum number of fractional digits when absolute precision is not demanded (below which is to be rounded in an implementation-dependent manner). +* ''minpoll'' - A Number of seconds indicating a minimum time between polls to the server. Clients should be prudent about not polling too often, even if this number is low. +* ''longpoll'' - If provided and true, indicates longpolling is supported by the server. +* ''history'' - If provided, indicates the server has historical records going back no earlier than the POSIX timestamp provided as a value. +* ''archive'' - If provided, indicates the server no longer has current rates, and has no historical rates more recent than the POSIX timestamp provided as a value. +* ''signature'' - Optional. May be used for Linked Data Signatures. + +Example: + + Request: http://api.example.tld/?mode=info&cp=XBTUSD-ver4,2 + Result: + {"cp":"XBTUSD-ver4", "quote":"USD", "base": "XBT", "locale": "en_US", "desc": "Smoothed averages", "longdesc": "USD price quotes as compared to Bitcoin value\n\nRecommended for casual usage", "symbol": [["-$", "$"], null], "digits": "arabic", "grouping": [3, ",", 0], "fraction_sep": ".", "fraction_digits": [0, 2, 2], "minpoll": 300, "longpoll": true, "history": 1457231416} + {"cp":"2", "quote":"USD", "base": "XBT", "locale": "en_US", "desc": "Updated per-trade", "longdesc": "Maximum precision USD price quotes as compared to Bitcoin value", "symbol": [["-$", "$"], null], "digits": "arabic", "grouping": [3, ",", 0], "fraction_sep": ".", "fraction_digits": [0, 2, 2], "minpoll": 3600, "longpoll": false, "history": 1467458333.1225} + +===Current exchange rate=== + +Parameters: + +* ''mode'' - Always "rate" for this request. +* ''cp'' - Currency pair(s) for which rate is requested. +* ''type'' - Type of exchange rate data being requested. May be "high", "low", "average", "typical", or any other arbitrary name. If omitted, the server may provide any rates it deems appropriate. +* ''minrate'', ''maxrate'' - If specified, indicates this request is a longpoll. The server should not send a response until the rate(s) fall below or above (respectively) the provided value. +* ''nonce'' - If specified, the server SHOULD return it in each result. + +Each currency-pair receives a separate result (a JSON Object) with all requested rate types: + +* ''cp'' - The currency-pair token. +* ''time'' - The time (as a POSIX timestamp) the rate information is applicable to (should be approximately the request time). +* ''rates'' - A JSON Object with each rate type provided as a key, and a Number as the value specifying the rate. +* ''nonce'' - Only if the request specified a nonce, the server SHOULD include it here as a JSON String. +* ''signature'' - Optional. May be used for Linked Data Signatures. + +Example: + + Request: http://api.example.tld/?mode=rate&cp=XBTUSD-ver4,2&type=typical,high + Result: + {"cp":"XBTUSD-ver4", "time": 1488767410.5463133, "rates": {"typical": 1349.332215, "high": 1351.2}} + {"cp":"2", "time": 1488767410, "rates": {"typical": 1350.111332}} + +===Historical exchange rates=== + +Parameters: + +* ''mode'' - Always "history" for this request. +* ''cp'' - Currency pair(s) for which rate is requested. +* ''type'' - Type of exchange rate data being requested. May be "high", "low", "average", "typical", or any other arbitrary name. If omitted, the server may provide any rates it deems appropriate. +* ''from'' - POSIX timestamp the results should begin with. +* ''to'' - POSIX timestamp the results should end with. If omitted, the present time shall be used. +* ''nearest'' - If provided and true, indicates that only the nearest timestamp to "from" must be returned, and a range is not desired. ("to" should be omitted in this case.) +* ''ratedelta'', ''timedelta'' - If specified, the server may omit data where the rate or time has not changed since the last provided rate and time. If both are provided, either a significant rate change OR time change should trigger a new record in the results. + +A result is provided for each currency-pair and timestamp record, in the same format as the current exchange rate request. +Records MUST be provided in chronological order, but only within the scope of the applicable currency-pair (ie, it is okay to send the full history for one currency-pair, and then the full history for the next; or to intermix them out of any given order). + +If there is no exact record for the times specified by "from" and/or "to", a single record before "from" and/or after "to" should also be included. +This is not necessary when only the nearest record is requested, or when "to" is omitted (ie, ending at the most recent record). + +Example: + + Request: http://api.example.tld/?mode=history&cp=XBTUSD-ver4,2&type=typical&ratedelta=0.1&timedelta=10&from=1488759998&to=1488760090 + Result: + {"cp":"XBTUSD-ver4", "time": 1488760000, "rates": {"typical": 1300}} + {"cp":"XBTUSD-ver4", "time": 1488760010, "rates": {"typical": 1301.1}} + {"cp":"XBTUSD-ver4", "time": 1488760020, "rates": {"typical": 1320}} + {"cp":"XBTUSD-ver4", "time": 1488760030, "rates": {"typical": 1305}} + {"cp":"2", "time": 1488760000.1, "rates": {"typical": 1300}} + {"cp":"2", "time": 1488760010.2, "rates": {"typical": 1301.1}} + {"cp":"2", "time": 1488760020.2, "rates": {"typical": 1320.111332}} + {"cp":"2", "time": 1488760031, "rates": {"typical": 1305.222311}} + {"cp":"XBTUSD-ver4", "time": 1488760040, "rates": {"typical": 1303.33}} + {"cp":"2", "time": 1488760042, "rates": {"typical": 1303.33}} + {"cp":"XBTUSD-ver4", "time": 1488760050, "rates": {"typical": 1305}} + {"cp":"2", "time": 1488760052, "rates": {"typical": 1307}} + {"cp":"XBTUSD-ver4", "time": 1488760060, "rates": {"typical": 1309}} + {"cp":"XBTUSD-ver4", "time": 1488760072, "rates": {"typical": 1308}} + {"cp":"2", "time": 1488760062, "rates": {"typical": 1309.55555555}} + {"cp":"2", "time": 1488760072, "rates": {"typical": 1308}} + {"cp":"XBTUSD-ver4", "time": 1488760082, "rates": {"typical": 1309}} + {"cp":"2", "time": 1488760082, "rates": {"typical": 1309.1}} + +==Motivation== + +End users often desire to see fiat currency information in their Bitcoin wallet software. +Due to the nature of Bitcoin, there is inherently no authoritative source for exchange rates. +There are many independent providers of such information, but they all use different formats for providing it, so wallet software is currently forced to implement dedicated code for each provider. + +By providing a standard interface for retrieving this information, wallets (and other software) and service providers can implement it once, and become immediately interoperable with all other compatible implementations. + +==Rationale== + +Why are multiple results separated by a line-feed rather than using a JSON Array? + +* Clients ought to cache historical data, and using a line-feed format allows them to simply append to a cache file. +* Parsing JSON typically requires the entire data parsed together as a single memory object. Using simple lines to separate results, however, allows parsing a single result at a time. + +What if long descriptions require line and paragraph breaks? + +* Clients should word-wrap long lines, and JSON escapes newlines as "\n" which can be used doubly ("\n\n") for paragraph breaks. + +==Backwards compatibility== + +While this new standard is adopted, software and providers can continue to use and provide their current formats until they are no longer needed. + +==Reference implementation== + +TODO + +==See also== + +* [https://w3c-dvcg.github.io/ld-signatures/ Draft W3c Linked Data Signatures specification] diff --git a/bip-0173.mediawiki b/bip-0173.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1fdd8be --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0173.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,405 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 173 + Layer: Applications + Title: Base32 address format for native v0-16 witness outputs + Author: Pieter Wuille <pieter.wuille@gmail.com> + Greg Maxwell <greg@xiph.org> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0173 + Status: Final + Type: Informational + Created: 2017-03-20 + License: BSD-2-Clause + Replaces: 142 +</pre> + +==Introduction== + +===Abstract=== + +This document proposes a checksummed base32 format, "Bech32", and a standard for native segregated witness output addresses using it. + +===Copyright=== + +This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. + +===Motivation=== + +For most of its history, Bitcoin has relied on base58 addresses with a +truncated double-SHA256 checksum. They were part of the original +software and their scope was extended in +[https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0013.mediawiki BIP13] +for Pay-to-script-hash +([https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0016.mediawiki P2SH]). +However, both the character set and the checksum algorithm have limitations: +* Base58 needs a lot of space in QR codes, as it cannot use the ''alphanumeric mode''. +* The mixed case in base58 makes it inconvenient to reliably write down, type on mobile keyboards, or read out loud. +* The double SHA256 checksum is slow and has no error-detection guarantees. +* Most of the research on error-detecting codes only applies to character-set sizes that are a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_power prime power], which 58 is not. +* Base58 decoding is complicated and relatively slow. + +Included in the Segregated Witness proposal are a new class of outputs +(witness programs, see +[https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0141.mediawiki BIP141]), +and two instances of it ("P2WPKH" and "P2WSH", see +[https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0143.mediawiki BIP143]). +Their functionality is available indirectly to older clients by embedding in P2SH +outputs, but for optimal efficiency and security it is best to use it +directly. In this document we propose a new address format for native +witness outputs (current and future versions). + +This replaces +[https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0142.mediawiki BIP142], +and was previously discussed +[https://bitcoincore.org/logs/2016-05-zurich-meeting-notes.html#base32 here] (summarized +[https://bitcoincore.org/en/meetings/2016/05/20/#error-correcting-codes-for-future-address-types here]). + +===Examples=== + +All examples use public key +<tt>0279BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798</tt>. +The P2WSH examples use <tt>key OP_CHECKSIG</tt> as script. + +* Mainnet P2WPKH: <tt>bc1qw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kv8f3t4</tt> +* Testnet P2WPKH: <tt>tb1qw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kxpjzsx</tt> +* Mainnet P2WSH: <tt>bc1qrp33g0q5c5txsp9arysrx4k6zdkfs4nce4xj0gdcccefvpysxf3qccfmv3</tt> +* Testnet P2WSH: <tt>tb1qrp33g0q5c5txsp9arysrx4k6zdkfs4nce4xj0gdcccefvpysxf3q0sl5k7</tt> + +==Specification== + +We first describe the general checksummed base32<ref>'''Why use base32 at all?''' The lack of mixed case makes it more +efficient to read out loud or to put into QR codes. It does come with a 15% length +increase, but that does not matter when copy-pasting addresses.</ref> format called +''Bech32'' and then define Segregated Witness addresses using it. + +===Bech32=== + +A Bech32<ref>'''Why call it Bech32?''' "Bech" contains the characters BCH (the error +detection algorithm used) and sounds a bit like "base".</ref> string is at most 90 characters long and consists of: +* The '''human-readable part''', which is intended to convey the type of data, or anything else that is relevant to the reader. This part MUST contain 1 to 83 US-ASCII characters, with each character having a value in the range [33-126]. HRP validity may be further restricted by specific applications. +* The '''separator''', which is always "1". In case "1" is allowed inside the human-readable part, the last one in the string is the separator<ref>'''Why include a separator in addresses?''' That way the human-readable +part is unambiguously separated from the data part, avoiding potential +collisions with other human-readable parts that share a prefix. It also +allows us to avoid having character-set restrictions on the human-readable part. The +separator is ''1'' because using a non-alphanumeric character would +complicate copy-pasting of addresses (with no double-click selection in +several applications). Therefore an alphanumeric character outside the normal character set +was chosen.</ref>. +* The '''data part''', which is at least 6 characters long and only consists of alphanumeric characters excluding "1", "b", "i", and "o"<ref>'''Why not use an existing character set like [http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html RFC3548] or [https://philzimmermann.com/docs/human-oriented-base-32-encoding.txt z-base-32]'''? +The character set is chosen to minimize ambiguity according to +[https://hissa.nist.gov/~black/GTLD/ this] visual similarity data, and +the ordering is chosen to minimize the number of pairs of similar +characters (according to the same data) that differ in more than 1 bit. +As the checksum is chosen to maximize detection capabilities for low +numbers of bit errors, this choice improves its performance under some +error models.</ref>. + + +{| class="wikitable" +|- +! +!0 +!1 +!2 +!3 +!4 +!5 +!6 +!7 +|- +!+0 +|q||p||z||r||y||9||x||8 +|- +!+8 +|g||f||2||t||v||d||w||0 +|- +!+16 +|s||3||j||n||5||4||k||h +|- +!+24 +|c||e||6||m||u||a||7||l +|} + + +'''Checksum''' + +The last six characters of the data part form a checksum and contain no +information. Valid strings MUST pass the criteria for validity specified +by the Python3 code snippet below. The function +<tt>bech32_verify_checksum</tt> must return true when its arguments are: +* <tt>hrp</tt>: the human-readable part as a string +* <tt>data</tt>: the data part as a list of integers representing the characters after conversion using the table above + +<pre> +def bech32_polymod(values): + GEN = [0x3b6a57b2, 0x26508e6d, 0x1ea119fa, 0x3d4233dd, 0x2a1462b3] + chk = 1 + for v in values: + b = (chk >> 25) + chk = (chk & 0x1ffffff) << 5 ^ v + for i in range(5): + chk ^= GEN[i] if ((b >> i) & 1) else 0 + return chk + +def bech32_hrp_expand(s): + return [ord(x) >> 5 for x in s] + [0] + [ord(x) & 31 for x in s] + +def bech32_verify_checksum(hrp, data): + return bech32_polymod(bech32_hrp_expand(hrp) + data) == 1 +</pre> + +This implements a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCH_code BCH code] that +guarantees detection of '''any error affecting at most 4 characters''' +and has less than a 1 in 10<sup>9</sup> chance of failing to detect more +errors. More details about the properties can be found in the +Checksum Design appendix. The human-readable part is processed by first +feeding the higher bits of each character's US-ASCII value into the +checksum calculation followed by a zero and then the lower bits of each<ref>'''Why are the high bits of the human-readable part processed first?''' +This results in the actually checksummed data being ''[high hrp] 0 [low hrp] [data]''. This means that under the assumption that errors to the +human readable part only change the low 5 bits (like changing an alphabetical character into another), errors are restricted to the ''[low hrp] [data]'' +part, which is at most 89 characters, and thus all error detection properties (see appendix) remain applicable.</ref>. + +To construct a valid checksum given the human-readable part and (non-checksum) values of the data-part characters, the code below can be used: + +<pre> +def bech32_create_checksum(hrp, data): + values = bech32_hrp_expand(hrp) + data + polymod = bech32_polymod(values + [0,0,0,0,0,0]) ^ 1 + return [(polymod >> 5 * (5 - i)) & 31 for i in range(6)] +</pre> + +'''Error correction''' + +One of the properties of these BCH codes is that they can be used for +error correction. An unfortunate side effect of error correction is that +it erodes error detection: correction changes invalid inputs into valid +inputs, but if more than a few errors were made then the valid input may +not be the correct input. Use of an incorrect but valid input can cause +funds to be lost irrecoverably. Because of this, implementations SHOULD +NOT implement correction beyond potentially suggesting to the user where +in the string an error might be found, without suggesting the correction +to make. + +'''Uppercase/lowercase''' + +The lowercase form is used when determining a character's value for checksum purposes. + +Encoders MUST always output an all lowercase Bech32 string. +If an uppercase version of the encoding result is desired, (e.g.- for presentation purposes, or QR code use), +then an uppercasing procedure can be performed external to the encoding process. + +Decoders MUST NOT accept strings where some characters are uppercase and some are lowercase (such strings are referred to as mixed case strings). + +For presentation, lowercase is usually preferable, but inside QR codes uppercase SHOULD be used, as those permit the use of +''[http://www.thonky.com/qr-code-tutorial/alphanumeric-mode-encoding alphanumeric mode]'', which is 45% more compact than the normal +''[http://www.thonky.com/qr-code-tutorial/byte-mode-encoding byte mode]''. + +===Segwit address format=== + +A segwit address<ref>'''Why not make an address format that is generic for all scriptPubKeys?''' +That would lead to confusion about addresses for +existing scriptPubKey types. Furthermore, if addresses that do not have a one-to-one mapping with scriptPubKeys (such as ECDH-based +addresses) are ever introduced, having a fully generic old address type available would +permit reinterpreting the resulting scriptPubKeys using the old address +format, with lost funds as a result if bitcoins are sent to them.</ref> is a Bech32 encoding of: + +* The human-readable part "bc"<ref>'''Why use 'bc' as human-readable part and not 'btc'?''' 'bc' is shorter.</ref> for mainnet, and "tb"<ref>'''Why use 'tb' as human-readable part for testnet?''' It was chosen to +be of the same length as the mainnet counterpart (to simplify +implementations' assumptions about lengths), but still be visually +distinct.</ref> for testnet. +* The data-part values: +** 1 character (representing 5 bits of data): the witness version +** A conversion of the 2-to-40-byte witness program (as defined by [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0141.mediawiki BIP141]) to base32: +*** Start with the bits of the witness program, most significant bit per byte first. +*** Re-arrange those bits into groups of 5, and pad with zeroes at the end if needed. +*** Translate those bits to characters using the table above. + +'''Decoding''' + +Software interpreting a segwit address: +* MUST verify that the human-readable part is "bc" for mainnet and "tb" for testnet. +* MUST verify that the first decoded data value (the witness version) is between 0 and 16, inclusive. +* Convert the rest of the data to bytes: +** Translate the values to 5 bits, most significant bit first. +** Re-arrange those bits into groups of 8 bits. Any incomplete group at the end MUST be 4 bits or less, MUST be all zeroes, and is discarded. +** There MUST be between 2 and 40 groups, which are interpreted as the bytes of the witness program. + +Decoders SHOULD enforce known-length restrictions on witness programs. +For example, BIP141 specifies ''If the version byte is 0, but the witness +program is neither 20 nor 32 bytes, the script must fail.'' + +As a result of the previous rules, addresses are always between 14 and 74 characters long, and their length modulo 8 cannot be 0, 3, or 5. +Version 0 witness addresses are always 42 or 62 characters, but implementations MUST allow the use of any version. + +Implementations should take special care when converting the address to a +scriptPubkey, where witness version ''n'' is stored as ''OP_n''. OP_0 is +encoded as 0x00, but OP_1 through OP_16 are encoded as 0x51 though 0x60 +(81 to 96 in decimal). If a bech32 address is converted to an incorrect +scriptPubKey the result will likely be either unspendable or insecure. + +===Compatibility=== + +Only new software will be able to use these addresses, and only for +receivers with segwit-enabled new software. In all other cases, P2SH or +P2PKH addresses can be used. + +==Rationale== + +<references /> + +==Reference implementations== + +* Reference encoder and decoder: +** [https://github.com/sipa/bech32/tree/master/ref/c For C] +** [https://github.com/sipa/bech32/tree/master/ref/c++ For C++] +** [https://github.com/sipa/bech32/tree/master/ref/javascript For JavaScript] +** [https://github.com/sipa/bech32/tree/master/ref/go For Go] +** [https://github.com/sipa/bech32/tree/master/ref/python For Python] +** [https://github.com/sipa/bech32/tree/master/ref/haskell For Haskell] +** [https://github.com/sipa/bech32/tree/master/ref/ruby For Ruby] +** [https://github.com/sipa/bech32/tree/master/ref/rust For Rust] + +* Fancy decoder that localizes errors: +** [https://github.com/sipa/bech32/tree/master/ecc/javascript For JavaScript] ([http://bitcoin.sipa.be/bech32/demo/demo.html demo website]) + +==Registered Human-readable Prefixes== + +SatoshiLabs maintains a full list of registered human-readable parts for other cryptocurrencies: + +[https://github.com/satoshilabs/slips/blob/master/slip-0173.md SLIP-0173 : Registered human-readable parts for BIP-0173] + +==Appendices== + +===Test vectors=== + +The following strings are valid Bech32: +* <tt>A12UEL5L</tt> +* <tt>a12uel5l</tt> +* <tt>an83characterlonghumanreadablepartthatcontainsthenumber1andtheexcludedcharactersbio1tt5tgs</tt> +* <tt>abcdef1qpzry9x8gf2tvdw0s3jn54khce6mua7lmqqqxw</tt> +* <tt>11qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqc8247j</tt> +* <tt>split1checkupstagehandshakeupstreamerranterredcaperred2y9e3w</tt> +* <tt>?1ezyfcl</tt> WARNING: During conversion to US-ASCII some encoders may set unmappable characters to a valid US-ASCII character, such as '?'. For example: + +<pre> +>>> bech32_encode('\x80'.encode('ascii', 'replace').decode('ascii'), []) +'?1ezyfcl' +</pre> + +The following string are not valid Bech32 (with reason for invalidity): +* 0x20 + <tt>1nwldj5</tt>: HRP character out of range +* 0x7F + <tt>1axkwrx</tt>: HRP character out of range +* 0x80 + <tt>1eym55h</tt>: HRP character out of range +* <tt>an84characterslonghumanreadablepartthatcontainsthenumber1andtheexcludedcharactersbio1569pvx</tt>: overall max length exceeded +* <tt>pzry9x0s0muk</tt>: No separator character +* <tt>1pzry9x0s0muk</tt>: Empty HRP +* <tt>x1b4n0q5v</tt>: Invalid data character +* <tt>li1dgmt3</tt>: Too short checksum +* <tt>de1lg7wt</tt> + 0xFF: Invalid character in checksum +* <tt>A1G7SGD8</tt>: checksum calculated with uppercase form of HRP +* <tt>10a06t8</tt>: empty HRP +* <tt>1qzzfhee</tt>: empty HRP + +The following list gives valid segwit addresses and the scriptPubKey that they +translate to in hex. +* <tt>BC1QW508D6QEJXTDG4Y5R3ZARVARY0C5XW7KV8F3T4</tt>: <tt>0014751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6</tt> +* <tt>tb1qrp33g0q5c5txsp9arysrx4k6zdkfs4nce4xj0gdcccefvpysxf3q0sl5k7</tt>: <tt>00201863143c14c5166804bd19203356da136c985678cd4d27a1b8c6329604903262</tt> +* <tt>bc1pw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7k7grplx</tt>: <tt>5128751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6</tt> +* <tt>BC1SW50QA3JX3S</tt>: <tt>6002751e</tt> +* <tt>bc1zw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvaryvg6kdaj</tt>: <tt>5210751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323</tt> +* <tt>tb1qqqqqp399et2xygdj5xreqhjjvcmzhxw4aywxecjdzew6hylgvsesrxh6hy</tt>: <tt>0020000000c4a5cad46221b2a187905e5266362b99d5e91c6ce24d165dab93e86433</tt> + +The following list gives invalid segwit addresses and the reason for +their invalidity. +* <tt>tc1qw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kg3g4ty</tt>: Invalid human-readable part +* <tt>bc1qw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kv8f3t5</tt>: Invalid checksum +* <tt>BC13W508D6QEJXTDG4Y5R3ZARVARY0C5XW7KN40WF2</tt>: Invalid witness version +* <tt>bc1rw5uspcuh</tt>: Invalid program length +* <tt>bc10w508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kw5rljs90</tt>: Invalid program length +* <tt>BC1QR508D6QEJXTDG4Y5R3ZARVARYV98GJ9P</tt>: Invalid program length for witness version 0 (per BIP141) +* <tt>tb1qrp33g0q5c5txsp9arysrx4k6zdkfs4nce4xj0gdcccefvpysxf3q0sL5k7</tt>: Mixed case +* <tt>bc1zw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvaryvqyzf3du</tt>: zero padding of more than 4 bits +* <tt>tb1qrp33g0q5c5txsp9arysrx4k6zdkfs4nce4xj0gdcccefvpysxf3pjxtptv</tt>: Non-zero padding in 8-to-5 conversion +* <tt>bc1gmk9yu</tt>: Empty data section + +===Checksum design=== + +'''Design choices''' + +BCH codes can be constructed over any prime-power alphabet and can be chosen to have a good trade-off between +size and error-detection capabilities. While most work around BCH codes uses a binary alphabet, that is not a requirement. +This makes them more appropriate for our use case than [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check CRC codes]. Unlike +[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed%E2%80%93Solomon_error_correction Reed-Solomon codes], +they are not restricted in length to one less than the alphabet size. While they also support efficient error correction, +the implementation of just error detection is very simple. + +We pick 6 checksum characters as a trade-off between length of the addresses and the error-detection capabilities, as 6 +characters is the lowest number sufficient for a random failure chance below 1 per billion. For the length of data +we're interested in protecting (up to 71 bytes for a potential future 40-byte witness +program), BCH codes can be constructed that guarantee detecting up to 4 errors. + +'''Selected properties''' + +Many of these codes perform badly when dealing with more errors than they are designed to detect, but not all. +For that reason, we consider codes that are designed to detect only 3 errors as well as 4 errors, +and analyse how well they perform in practice. + +The specific code chosen here is the result +of: +* Starting with an exhaustive list of 159605 BCH codes designed to detect 3 or 4 errors up to length 93, 151, 165, 341, 1023, and 1057. +* From those, requiring the detection of 4 errors up to length 71, resulting in 28825 remaining codes. +* From those, choosing the codes with the best worst-case window for 5-character errors, resulting in 310 remaining codes. +* From those, picking the code with the lowest chance for not detecting small numbers of ''bit'' errors. + +As a naive search would require over 6.5 * 10<sup>19</sup> checksum evaluations, a collision-search approach was used for +analysis. The code can be found [https://github.com/sipa/ezbase32/ here]. + +'''Properties''' + +The following table summarizes the chances for detection failure (as +multiples of 1 in 10<sup>9</sup>). + +{| class="wikitable" +|- +!colspan="2" | Window length +!colspan="6" | Number of wrong characters +|- +!Length +!Description +!≤4 +!5 +!6 +!7 +!8 +!≥9 +|- +| 8 || Longest detecting 6 errors || colspan="3" | 0 || 1.127 || 0.909 || n/a +|- +| 18 || Longest detecting 5 errors || colspan="2" | 0 || 0.965 || 0.929 || 0.932 || 0.931 +|- +| 19 || Worst case for 6 errors || 0 || 0.093 || 0.972 || 0.928 || colspan="2" | 0.931 +|- +| 39 || Length for a P2WPKH address || 0 || 0.756 || 0.935 || 0.932 || colspan="2" | 0.931 +|- +| 59 || Length for a P2WSH address || 0 || 0.805 || 0.933 || colspan="3" | 0.931 +|- +| 71 || Length for a 40-byte program address || 0 || 0.830 || 0.934 || colspan="3" | 0.931 +|- +| 89 || Longest detecting 4 errors || 0 || 0.867 || 0.933 || colspan="3" | 0.931 +|} +This means that when 5 changed characters occur randomly distributed in +the 39 characters of a P2WPKH address, there is a chance of +''0.756 per billion'' that it will go undetected. When those 5 changes +occur randomly within a 19-character window, that chance goes down to +''0.093 per billion''. As the number of errors goes up, the chance +converges towards ''1 in 2<sup>30</sup>'' = ''0.931 per billion''. + +Even though the chosen code performs reasonably well up to 1023 characters, +other designs are preferable for lengths above 89 characters (excluding the +separator). + +==Acknowledgements== + +This document is inspired by the [https://rusty.ozlabs.org/?p=578 address proposal] by Rusty Russell, the +[https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2014-February/004402.html base32] proposal by Mark Friedenbach, and had input from Luke Dashjr, +Johnson Lau, Eric Lombrozo, Peter Todd, and various other reviewers. diff --git a/bip-0174.mediawiki b/bip-0174.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e70a11 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0174.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,1091 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 174 + Layer: Applications + Title: Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction Format + Author: Ava Chow <me@achow101.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0174 + Status: Final + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2017-07-12 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Introduction== + +===Abstract=== + +This document proposes a binary transaction format which contains the information +necessary for a signer to produce signatures for the transaction and holds the +signatures for an input while the input does not have a complete set of signatures. +The signer can be offline as all necessary information will be provided in the +transaction. + +The generic format is described here in addition to the specification for version 0 +of this format. + +===Copyright=== + +This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. + +===Motivation=== + +Creating unsigned or partially signed transactions to be passed around to multiple +signers is currently implementation dependent, making it hard for people who use +different wallet software from being able to easily do so. One of the goals of this +document is to create a standard and extensible format that can be used between clients to allow +people to pass around the same transaction to sign and combine their signatures. The +format is also designed to be easily extended for future use which is harder to do +with existing transaction formats. + +Signing transactions also requires users to have access to the UTXOs being spent. This transaction +format will allow offline signers such as air-gapped wallets and hardware wallets +to be able to sign transactions without needing direct access to the UTXO set and without +risk of being defrauded. + +==Specification== + +The Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction (PSBT) format consists of key-value maps. +Each map consists of a sequence of key-value records, terminated by a <tt>0x00</tt> byte <ref>'''Why +is the separator here <tt>0x00</tt> instead of <tt>0xff</tt>?''' +The separator here is used to distinguish between each chunk of data. A separator of 0x00 would mean that +the unserializer can read it as a key length of 0, which would never occur with actual keys. It can thus +be used as a separator and allow for easier unserializer implementation.</ref>. + + + <psbt> := <magic> <global-map> <input-map>* <output-map>* + <magic> := 0x70 0x73 0x62 0x74 0xFF + <global-map> := <keypair>* 0x00 + <input-map> := <keypair>* 0x00 + <output-map> := <keypair>* 0x00 + <keypair> := <key> <value> + <key> := <keylen> <keytype> <keydata> + <value> := <valuelen> <valuedata> + +Where: + +;<tt><keytype></tt> +: A [https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation#Variable_length_integer compact size] unsigned integer representing the type. This compact size unsigned integer must be minimally encoded, i.e. if the value can be represented using one byte, it must be represented as one byte. There can be multiple entries with the same <tt><keytype></tt> within a specific <tt><map></tt>, but the <tt><key></tt> must be unique. +;<tt><keylen></tt> +: The compact size unsigned integer containing the combined length of <tt><keytype></tt> and <tt><keydata></tt> +;<tt><valuelen></tt> +: The compact size unsigned integer containing the length of <tt><valuedata></tt>. +;<tt><magic></tt> +: Magic bytes which are ASCII for psbt <ref>'''Why use 4 bytes for psbt?''' The +transaction format needed to start with a 5 byte header which uniquely identifies +it. The first bytes were chosen to be the ASCII for psbt because that stands for +Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction. </ref> followed by a separator of <tt>0xFF</tt><ref>'''Why Use a separator after the magic bytes?''' The separator +is part of the 5 byte header for PSBT. This byte is a separator of <tt>0xff</tt> because +this will cause any non-PSBT unserializer to fail to properly unserialize the PSBT +as a normal transaction. Likewise, since the 5 byte header is fixed, no transaction +in the non-PSBT format will be able to be unserialized by a PSBT unserializer.</ref>. This integer must be serialized in most significant byte order. + +The currently defined global types are as follows: + +{| +! Name +! <tt><keytype></tt> +! <tt><keydata></tt> +! <tt><keydata></tt> Description +! <tt><valuedata></tt> +! <tt><valuedata></tt> Description +! Versions Requiring Inclusion +! Versions Requiring Exclusion +! Versions Allowing Inclusion +! Parent BIP +|- +| Unsigned Transaction +| <tt>PSBT_GLOBAL_UNSIGNED_TX = 0x00</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><bytes transaction></tt> +| The transaction in network serialization. The scriptSigs and witnesses for each input must be empty. The transaction must be in the old serialization format (without witnesses). +| 0 +| 2 +| 0 +| 174 +|- +| Extended Public Key +| <tt>PSBT_GLOBAL_XPUB = 0x01</tt> +| <tt><bytes xpub></tt> +| The 78 byte serialized extended public key as defined by BIP 32. Extended public keys are those that can be used to derive public keys used in the inputs and outputs of this transaction. It should be the public key at the highest hardened derivation index so that the unhardened child keys used in the transaction can be derived. +| <tt><4 byte fingerprint> <32-bit little endian uint path element>*</tt> +| The master key fingerprint as defined by BIP 32 concatenated with the derivation path of the public key. The derivation path is represented as 32-bit little endian unsigned integer indexes concatenated with each other. The number of 32 bit unsigned integer indexes must match the depth provided in the extended public key. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|- +| Transaction Version +| <tt>PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_VERSION = 0x02</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32-bit little endian int version></tt> +| The 32-bit little endian signed integer representing the version number of the transaction being created. Note that this is not the same as the PSBT version number specified by the PSBT_GLOBAL_VERSION field. +| 2 +| 0 +| 2 +| [[bip-0370.mediawiki|370]] +|- +| Fallback Locktime +| <tt>PSBT_GLOBAL_FALLBACK_LOCKTIME = 0x03</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32-bit little endian uint locktime></tt> +| The 32-bit little endian unsigned integer representing the transaction locktime to use if no inputs specify a required locktime. +| +| 0 +| 2 +| [[bip-0370.mediawiki|370]] +|- +| Input Count +| <tt>PSBT_GLOBAL_INPUT_COUNT = 0x04</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><compact size uint input count></tt> +| Compact size unsigned integer representing the number of inputs in this PSBT. +| 2 +| 0 +| 2 +| [[bip-0370.mediawiki|370]] +|- +| Output Count +| <tt>PSBT_GLOBAL_OUTPUT_COUNT = 0x05</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><compact size uint input count></tt> +| Compact size unsigned integer representing the number of outputs in this PSBT. +| 2 +| 0 +| 2 +| [[bip-0370.mediawiki|370]] +|- +| Transaction Modifiable Flags +| <tt>PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_MODIFIABLE = 0x06</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><8-bit uint flags></tt> +| An 8 bit little endian unsigned integer as a bitfield for various transaction modification flags. Bit 0 is the Inputs Modifiable Flag and indicates whether inputs can be modified. Bit 1 is the Outputs Modifiable Flag and indicates whether outputs can be modified. Bit 2 is the Has SIGHASH_SINGLE flag and indicates whether the transaction has a SIGHASH_SINGLE signature who's input and output pairing must be preserved. Bit 2 essentially indicates that the Constructor must iterate the inputs to determine whether and how to add an input. +| +| 0 +| 2 +| [[bip-0370.mediawiki|370]] +|- +| PSBT Version Number +| <tt>PSBT_GLOBAL_VERSION = 0xFB</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32-bit little endian uint version></tt> +| The 32-bit little endian unsigned integer representing the version number of this PSBT. If omitted, the version number is 0. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|- +| Proprietary Use Type +| <tt>PSBT_GLOBAL_PROPRIETARY = 0xFC</tt> +| <tt><compact size uint identifier length> <bytes identifier> <compact size uint subtype> <bytes subkeydata></tt> +| Compact size unsigned integer of the length of the identifier, followed by identifier prefix, followed by a compact size unsigned integer subtype, followed by the key data itself. +| <tt><bytes data></tt> +| Any value data as defined by the proprietary type user. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|} + +The currently defined per-input types are defined as follows: + +{| +! Name +! <tt><keytype></tt> +! <tt><keydata></tt> +! <tt><keydata></tt> Description +! <tt><valuedata></tt> +! <tt><valuedata></tt> Description +! Versions Requiring Inclusion +! Versions Requiring Exclusion +! Versions Allowing Inclusion +! Parent BIP +|- +| Non-Witness UTXO +| <tt>PSBT_IN_NON_WITNESS_UTXO = 0x00</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><bytes transaction></tt> +| The transaction in network serialization format the current input spends from. This should be present for inputs that spend non-segwit outputs and can be present for inputs that spend segwit outputs. An input can have both <tt>PSBT_IN_NON_WITNESS_UTXO</tt> and <tt>PSBT_IN_WITNESS_UTXO</tt>. <ref>'''Why can both UTXO types be provided?''' Many wallets began requiring the full previous transaction (i.e. <tt>PSBT_IN_NON_WITNESS_UTXO</tt>) for segwit inputs when PSBT was already in use. In order to be compatible with software which were expecting <tt>PSBT_IN_WITNESS_UTXO</tt>, both UTXO types must be allowed.</ref> +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|- +| Witness UTXO +| <tt>PSBT_IN_WITNESS_UTXO = 0x01</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><64-bit little endian int amount> <compact size uint scriptPubKeylen> <bytes scriptPubKey></tt> +| The entire transaction output in network serialization which the current input spends from. This should only be present for inputs which spend segwit outputs, including P2SH embedded ones. An input can have both <tt>PSBT_IN_NON_WITNESS_UTXO</tt> and <tt>PSBT_IN_WITNESS_UTXO</tt> +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|- +| Partial Signature +| <tt>PSBT_IN_PARTIAL_SIG = 0x02</tt> +| <tt><bytes pubkey></tt> +| The public key which corresponds to this signature. +| <tt><bytes signature></tt> +| The signature as would be pushed to the stack from a scriptSig or witness. The signature should be a valid ECDSA signature corresponding to the pubkey that would return true when verified and not a value that would return false or be invalid otherwise (such as a NULLDUMMY). +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|- +| Sighash Type +| <tt>PSBT_IN_SIGHASH_TYPE = 0x03</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32-bit little endian uint sighash type></tt> +| The 32-bit unsigned integer specifying the sighash type to be used for this input. Signatures for this input must use the sighash type, finalizers must fail to finalize inputs which have signatures that do not match the specified sighash type. Signers who cannot produce signatures with the sighash type must not provide a signature. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|- +| Redeem Script +| <tt>PSBT_IN_REDEEM_SCRIPT = 0x04</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><bytes redeemScript></tt> +| The redeemScript for this input if it has one. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|- +| Witness Script +| <tt>PSBT_IN_WITNESS_SCRIPT = 0x05</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><bytes witnessScript></tt> +| The witnessScript for this input if it has one. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|- +| BIP 32 Derivation Path +| <tt>PSBT_IN_BIP32_DERIVATION = 0x06</tt> +| <tt><bytes pubkey></tt> +| The public key +| <tt><4 byte fingerprint> <32-bit little endian uint path element>*</tt> +| The master key fingerprint as defined by BIP 32 concatenated with the derivation path of the public key. The derivation path is represented as 32 bit unsigned integer indexes concatenated with each other. Public keys are those that will be needed to sign this input. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|- +| Finalized scriptSig +| <tt>PSBT_IN_FINAL_SCRIPTSIG = 0x07</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><bytes scriptSig></tt> +| The Finalized scriptSig contains a fully constructed scriptSig with signatures and any other scripts necessary for the input to pass validation. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|- +| Finalized scriptWitness +| <tt>PSBT_IN_FINAL_SCRIPTWITNESS = 0x08</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><bytes scriptWitness></tt> +| The Finalized scriptWitness contains a fully constructed scriptWitness with signatures and any other scripts necessary for the input to pass validation. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|- +| Proof-of-reserves commitment +| <tt>PSBT_IN_POR_COMMITMENT = 0x09</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><bytes porCommitment></tt> +| The UTF-8 encoded commitment message string for the proof-of-reserves. See [[bip-0127.mediawiki|BIP 127]] for more information. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| [[bip-0127.mediawiki|127]] +|- +| RIPEMD160 preimage +| <tt>PSBT_IN_RIPEMD160 = 0x0a</tt> +| <tt><20-byte hash></tt> +| The resulting hash of the preimage +| <tt><bytes preimage></tt> +| The hash preimage, encoded as a byte vector, which must equal the key when run through the <tt>RIPEMD160</tt> algorithm +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|- +| SHA256 preimage +| <tt>PSBT_IN_SHA256 = 0x0b</tt> +| <tt><32-byte hash></tt> +| The resulting hash of the preimage +| <tt><bytes preimage></tt> +| The hash preimage, encoded as a byte vector, which must equal the key when run through the <tt>SHA256</tt> algorithm +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|- +| HASH160 preimage +| <tt>PSBT_IN_HASH160 = 0x0c</tt> +| <tt><20-byte hash></tt> +| The resulting hash of the preimage +| <tt><bytes preimage></tt> +| The hash preimage, encoded as a byte vector, which must equal the key when run through the <tt>SHA256</tt> algorithm followed by the <tt>RIPEMD160</tt> algorithm +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|- +| HASH256 preimage +| <tt>PSBT_IN_HASH256 = 0x0d</tt> +| <tt><32-byte hash></tt> +| The resulting hash of the preimage +| <tt><bytes preimage></tt> +| The hash preimage, encoded as a byte vector, which must equal the key when run through the <tt>SHA256</tt> algorithm twice +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|- +| Previous TXID +| <tt>PSBT_IN_PREVIOUS_TXID = 0x0e</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32 byte txid></tt> +| 32 byte txid of the previous transaction whose output at PSBT_IN_OUTPUT_INDEX is being spent. +| 2 +| 0 +| 2 +| [[bip-0370.mediawiki|370]] +|- +| Spent Output Index +| <tt>PSBT_IN_OUTPUT_INDEX = 0x0f</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32-bit little endian uint index></tt> +| 32 bit little endian integer representing the index of the output being spent in the transaction with the txid of PSBT_IN_PREVIOUS_TXID. +| 2 +| 0 +| 2 +| [[bip-0370.mediawiki|370]] +|- +| Sequence Number +| <tt>PSBT_IN_SEQUENCE = 0x10</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32-bit little endian uint sequence></tt> +| The 32 bit unsigned little endian integer for the sequence number of this input. If omitted, the sequence number is assumed to be the final sequence number (0xffffffff). +| +| 0 +| 2 +| [[bip-0370.mediawiki|370]] +|- +| Required Time-based Locktime +| <tt>PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_TIME_LOCKTIME = 0x11</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32-bit little endian uint locktime></tt> +| 32 bit unsigned little endian integer greater than or equal to 500000000 representing the minimum Unix timestamp that this input requires to be set as the transaction's lock time. +| +| 0 +| 2 +| [[bip-0370.mediawiki|370]] +|- +| Required Height-based Locktime +| <tt>PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME = 0x12</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32-bit uint locktime></tt> +| 32 bit unsigned little endian integer less than 500000000 representing the minimum block height that this input requires to be set as the transaction's lock time. +| +| 0 +| 2 +| [[bip-0370.mediawiki|370]] +|- +| Taproot Key Spend Signature +| <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_KEY_SIG = 0x13</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><64 or 65 byte signature></tt> +| The 64 or 65 byte Schnorr signature for key path spending a Taproot output. Finalizers should remove this field after <tt>PSBT_IN_FINAL_SCRIPTWITNESS</tt> is constructed. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| [[bip-0371.mediawiki|371]] +|- +| Taproot Script Spend Signature +| <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_SCRIPT_SIG = 0x14</tt> +| <tt><32 byte xonlypubkey> <leafhash></tt> +| A 32 byte X-only public key involved in a leaf script concatenated with the 32 byte hash of the leaf it is part of. +| <tt><64 or 65 byte signature></tt> +| The 64 or 65 byte Schnorr signature for this pubkey and leaf combination. Finalizers should remove this field after <tt>PSBT_IN_FINAL_SCRIPTWITNESS</tt> is constructed. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| [[bip-0371.mediawiki|371]] +|- +| Taproot Leaf Script +| <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_LEAF_SCRIPT = 0x15</tt> +| <tt><bytes control block></tt> +| The control block for this leaf as specified in BIP 341. The control block contains the merkle tree path to this leaf. +| <tt><bytes script> <8-bit uint leaf version></tt> +| The script for this leaf as would be provided in the witness stack followed by the single byte leaf version. Note that the leaves included in this field should be those that the signers of this input are expected to be able to sign for. Finalizers should remove this field after <tt>PSBT_IN_FINAL_SCRIPTWITNESS</tt> is constructed. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| [[bip-0371.mediawiki|371]] +|- +| Taproot Key BIP 32 Derivation Path +| <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_BIP32_DERIVATION = 0x16</tt> +| <tt><32 byte xonlypubkey></tt> +| A 32 byte X-only public key involved in this input. It may be the output key, the internal key, or a key present in a leaf script. +| <tt><compact size uint number of hashes> <32 byte leaf hash>* <4 byte fingerprint> <32-bit little endian uint path element>*</tt> +| A compact size unsigned integer representing the number of leaf hashes, followed by a list of leaf hashes, followed by the 4 byte master key fingerprint concatenated with the derivation path of the public key. The derivation path is represented as 32-bit little endian unsigned integer indexes concatenated with each other. Public keys are those needed to spend this output. The leaf hashes are of the leaves which involve this public key. The internal key does not have leaf hashes, so can be indicated with a <tt>hashes len</tt> of 0. Finalizers should remove this field after <tt>PSBT_IN_FINAL_SCRIPTWITNESS</tt> is constructed. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| [[bip-0371.mediawiki|371]] +|- +| Taproot Internal Key +| <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_INTERNAL_KEY = 0x17</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32 byte xonlypubkey></tt> +| The X-only pubkey used as the internal key in this output. Finalizers should remove this field after <tt>PSBT_IN_FINAL_SCRIPTWITNESS</tt> is constructed. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| [[bip-0371.mediawiki|371]] +|- +| Taproot Merkle Root +| <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_MERKLE_ROOT = 0x18</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32-byte hash></tt> +| The 32 byte Merkle root hash. Finalizers should remove this field after <tt>PSBT_IN_FINAL_SCRIPTWITNESS</tt> is constructed. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| [[bip-0371.mediawiki|371]] +|- +| Proprietary Use Type +| <tt>PSBT_IN_PROPRIETARY = 0xFC</tt> +| <tt><compact size uint identifier length> <bytes identifier> <compact size uint subtype> <bytes subkeydata></tt> +| Compact size unsigned integer of the length of the identifier, followed by identifier prefix, followed by a compact size unsigned integer subtype, followed by the key data itself. +| <tt><bytes data></tt> +| Any value data as defined by the proprietary type user. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|} + +The currently defined per-output <ref>'''Why do we need per-output data?''' Per-output data allows signers +to verify that the outputs are going to the intended recipient. The output data can also be use by signers to +determine which outputs are change outputs and verify that the change is returning to the correct place.</ref> types are defined as follows: + +{| +! Name +! <tt><keytype></tt> +! <tt><keydata></tt> +! <tt><keydata></tt> Description +! <tt><valuedata></tt> +! <tt><valuedata></tt> Description +! Versions Requiring Inclusion +! Versions Requiring Exclusion +! Versions Allowing Inclusion +! Parent BIP +|- +| Redeem Script +| <tt>PSBT_OUT_REDEEM_SCRIPT = 0x00</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><bytes redeemScript></tt> +| The redeemScript for this output if it has one. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|- +| Witness Script +| <tt>PSBT_OUT_WITNESS_SCRIPT = 0x01</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><bytes witnessScript></tt> +| The witnessScript for this output if it has one. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|- +| BIP 32 Derivation Path +| <tt>PSBT_OUT_BIP32_DERIVATION = 0x02</tt> +| <tt><bytes public key></tt> +| The public key +| <tt><4 byte fingerprint> <32-bit little endian uint path element>*</tt> +| The master key fingerprint concatenated with the derivation path of the public key. The derivation path is represented as 32-bit little endian unsigned integer indexes concatenated with each other. Public keys are those needed to spend this output. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|- +| Output Amount +| <tt>PSBT_OUT_AMOUNT = 0x03</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><64-bit int amount></tt> +| 64 bit signed little endian integer representing the output's amount in satoshis. +| 2 +| 0 +| 2 +| [[bip-0370.mediawiki|370]] +|- +| Output Script +| <tt>PSBT_OUT_SCRIPT = 0x04</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><bytes script></tt> +| The script for this output, also known as the scriptPubKey. Must be omitted in PSBTv0. Must be provided in PSBTv2. +| 2 +| 0 +| 2 +| [[bip-0370.mediawiki|370]] +|- +| Taproot Internal Key +| <tt>PSBT_OUT_TAP_INTERNAL_KEY = 0x05</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32 byte xonlypubkey></tt> +| The X-only pubkey used as the internal key in this output. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| [[bip-0371.mediawiki|371]] +|- +| Taproot Tree +| <tt>PSBT_OUT_TAP_TREE = 0x06</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt>{<8-bit uint depth> <8-bit uint leaf version> <compact size uint scriptlen> <bytes script>}*</tt> +| One or more tuples representing the depth, leaf version, and script for a leaf in the Taproot tree, allowing the entire tree to be reconstructed. The tuples must be in depth first search order so that the tree is correctly reconstructed. Each tuple is an 8-bit unsigned integer representing the depth in the Taproot tree for this script, an 8-bit unsigned integer representing the leaf version, the length of the script as a compact size unsigned integer, and the script itself. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| [[bip-0371.mediawiki|371]] +|- +| Taproot Key BIP 32 Derivation Path +| <tt>PSBT_OUT_TAP_BIP32_DERIVATION = 0x07</tt> +| <tt><32 byte xonlypubkey></tt> +| A 32 byte X-only public key involved in this output. It may be the output key, the internal key, or a key present in a leaf script. +| <tt><compact size uint number of hashes> <32 byte leaf hash>* <4 byte fingerprint> <32-bit little endian uint path element>*</tt> +| A compact size unsigned integer representing the number of leaf hashes, followed by a list of leaf hashes, followed by the 4 byte master key fingerprint concatenated with the derivation path of the public key. The derivation path is represented as 32-bit little endian unsigned integer indexes concatenated with each other. Public keys are those needed to spend this output. The leaf hashes are of the leaves which involve this public key. The internal key does not have leaf hashes, so can be indicated with a <tt>hashes len</tt> of 0. Finalizers should remove this field after <tt>PSBT_IN_FINAL_SCRIPTWITNESS</tt> is constructed. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| [[bip-0371.mediawiki|371]] +|- +| Proprietary Use Type +| <tt>PSBT_OUT_PROPRIETARY = 0xFC</tt> +| <tt><compact size uint identifier length> <bytes identifier> <compact size uint subtype> <bytes subkeydata></tt> +| Compact size unsigned integer of the length of the identifier, followed by identifier prefix, followed by a compact size unsigned integer subtype, followed by the key data itself. +| <tt><bytes data></tt> +| Any value data as defined by the proprietary type user. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| 174 +|} + +Types can be skipped when they are unnecessary. For example, if an input is a witness +input, then it should not have a Non-Witness UTXO key-value pair. + +If the signer encounters key-value pairs that it does not understand, it must +pass those key-value pairs through when re-serializing the transaction. + +All keys must have the data that they specify. If any key or value does not match the +specified format for that type, the PSBT must be considered invalid. For example, any +key that has no data except for the type specifier must only have the type specifier in +the key. + +===Handling Duplicated Keys=== + +Keys within each scope should never be duplicated; all keys in the format are unique. PSBTs containing duplicate keys are invalid. However implementors +will still need to handle events where keys are duplicated when combining transactions with duplicated fields. In this event, the software may choose +whichever value it wishes.<ref>'''Why can the values be arbitrarily chosen?''' When there are duplicated keys, the values that can be chosen will either be +valid or invalid. If the values are invalid, a signer would simply produce an invalid signature and the final transaction itself would be invalid. If the +values are valid, then it does not matter which is chosen as either way the transaction is still valid.</ref> + +===Proprietary Use Type=== + +For all global, per-input, and per-output maps, the type <tt>0xFC</tt> is reserved for proprietary use. +The proprietary use type requires keys that follow the type with a compact size unsigned integer representing the length of the string identifer, followed by the string identifier, then a subtype, and finally any key data. + +The identifier can be any variable length string that software can use to identify whether the particular data in the proprietary type can be used by it. +It can also be the empty string although this is not recommended. + +The subtype is defined by the proprietary type user and can mean whatever they want it to mean. +The subtype must also be a compact size unsigned integer in the same form as the normal types. +The key data and value data are defined by the proprietary type user. + +The proprietary use type is for private use by individuals and organizations who wish to use PSBT in their processes. +It is useful when there are additional data that they need attached to a PSBT but such data are not useful or available for the general public. +The proprietary use type is not to be used by any public specification and there is no expectation that any publicly available software be able to understand any specific meanings of it and the subtypes. +This type must be used for internal processes only. + +==Version 0== + +Partially Signed Bitcoin Transactions version 0 is the first version of the PSBT format. +Version 0 PSBTs must either omit PSBT_GLOBAL_VERSION or include it and set it to 0. +Version 0 PSBTs must include PSBT_GLOBAL_UNSIGNED_TX, if omitted, the PSBT is invalid. + +==Roles== + +Using the transaction format involves many different roles. Multiple roles can be handled by a single entity, but each role is specialized in what it should be capable of doing. + +===Creator=== + +The Creator creates a new PSBT. It must create an unsigned transaction and place it in the PSBT. +The Creator must create empty input and output fields. + +===Updater=== + +The Updater must only accept a PSBT. +The Updater adds information to the PSBT that it has access to. If it has the UTXO for an input, it should add it to the PSBT. +The Updater should also add redeemScripts, witnessScripts, and BIP 32 derivation paths to the input and output data if it knows them. + +A single entity is likely to be both a Creator and Updater. + +===Signer=== + +The Signer must only accept a PSBT. +The Signer must only use the UTXOs provided in the PSBT to produce signatures for inputs. +Before signing a non-witness input, the Signer must verify that the TXID of the non-witness UTXO matches the TXID specified in the unsigned transaction. +Before signing a witness input, the Signer must verify that the witnessScript (if provided) matches the hash specified in the UTXO or the redeemScript, and the redeemScript (if provided) matches the hash in the UTXO. +The Signer may choose to fail to sign a segwit input if a non-witness UTXO is not provided. <ref>'''Why would non-witness UTXOs be provided for segwit inputs?''' The sighash algorithm for Segwit specified in BIP 143 is known to have an issue where an attacker could trick a user to sending Bitcoin to fees if they are able to convince the user to sign a malicious transaction multiple times. This is possible because the amounts in <tt>PSBT_IN_WITNESS_UTXO</tt> of other segwit inputs can be modified without effecting the signature for a particular input. In order to prevent this kind of attack, many wallets are requiring that the full previous transaction (i.e. <tt>PSBT_IN_NON_WITNESS_UTXO</tt>) be provided to ensure that the amounts of other inputs are not being tampered with.</ref> +The Signer should not need any additional data sources, as all necessary information is provided in the PSBT format. +The Signer must only add data to a PSBT. +Any signatures created by the Signer must be added as a "Partial Signature" key-value pair for the respective input it relates to. +If a Signer cannot sign a transaction, it must not add a Partial Signature. + +The Signer can additionally compute the addresses and values being sent, and the transaction fee, optionally showing this data to the user as a confirmation of intent and the consequences of signing the PSBT. + +Signers do not need to sign for all possible input types. For example, a signer may choose to only sign Segwit inputs. + +A single entity is likely to be both a Signer and an Updater as it can update a PSBT with necessary information prior to signing it. + +====Data Signers Check For==== + +For a Signer to only produce valid signatures for what it expects to sign, it must check that the following conditions are true: + +* If a non-witness UTXO is provided, its hash must match the hash specified in the prevout +* If a witness UTXO is provided, no non-witness signature may be created +* If a redeemScript is provided, the scriptPubKey must be for that redeemScript +* If a witnessScript is provided, the scriptPubKey or the redeemScript must be for that witnessScript +* If a sighash type is provided, the signer must check that the sighash is acceptable. If unacceptable, they must fail. +* If a sighash type is not provided, the signer should sign using SIGHASH_ALL, but may use any sighash type they wish. + +=====Simple Signer Algorithm===== + +A simple signer can use the following algorithm to determine what and how to sign + +<pre> +sign_witness(script_code, i): + for key, sighash_type in psbt.inputs[i].items: + if sighash_type == None: + sighash_type = SIGHASH_ALL + if IsMine(key) and IsAcceptable(sighash_type): + sign(witness_sighash(script_code, i, input)) + +sign_non_witness(script_code, i): + for key, sighash_type in psbt.inputs[i].items: + if sighash_type == None: + sighash_type = SIGHASH_ALL + if IsMine(key) and IsAcceptable(sighash_type): + sign(non_witness_sighash(script_code, i, input)) + +for input, i in enumerate(psbt.inputs): + if witness_utxo.exists: + if redeemScript.exists: + assert(witness_utxo.scriptPubKey == P2SH(redeemScript)) + script = redeemScript + else: + script = witness_utxo.scriptPubKey + if IsP2WPKH(script): + sign_witness(P2PKH(script[2:22]), i) + else if IsP2WSH(script): + assert(script == P2WSH(witnessScript)) + sign_witness(witnessScript, i) + else if non_witness_utxo.exists: + assert(sha256d(non_witness_utxo) == psbt.tx.input[i].prevout.hash) + if redeemScript.exists: + assert(non_witness_utxo.vout[psbt.tx.input[i].prevout.n].scriptPubKey == P2SH(redeemScript)) + sign_non_witness(redeemScript, i) + else: + sign_non_witness(non_witness_utxo.vout[psbt.tx.input[i].prevout.n].scriptPubKey, i) + else: + assert False +</pre> + +====Change Detection==== + +Signers may wish to display the inputs and outputs to users for extra verification. +In such displays, signers may wish to identify which outputs are change outputs in order to omit them to avoid additional user confusion. +In order to detect change, a signer can use the BIP 32 derivation paths provided in inputs and outputs as well as the extended public keys provided globally. + +For a single key output, a signer can observe whether the master fingerprint for the public key for that output belongs to itself. +If it does, it can then derive the public key at the specified derivation path and check whether that key is the one present in that output. + +For outputs involving multiple keys, a signer can first examine the inputs that it is signing. +It should determine the general pattern of the script and internally produce a representation of the policy that the script represents. +Such a policy can include things like how many keys are present, what order they are in, how many signers are necessary, which signers are required, etc. +The signer can then use the BIP 32 derivation paths for each of the pubkeys to find which global extended public key is the one that can derive that particular public key. +To do so, the signer would extract the derivation path to the highest hardened index and use that to lookup the public key with that index and master fingerprint. +The signer would construct this script policy with extended public keys for all of the inputs and outputs. +Change outputs would then be identified as being the outputs which have the same script policy as the inputs that are being signed. + +===Combiner=== + +The Combiner can accept 1 or many PSBTs. +The Combiner must merge them into one PSBT (if possible), or fail. +The resulting PSBT must contain all of the key-value pairs from each of the PSBTs. +The Combiner must remove any duplicate key-value pairs, in accordance with the specification. It can pick arbitrarily when conflicts occur. +A Combiner must not combine two different PSBTs. PSBTs can be uniquely identified by <tt>0x00</tt> global transaction typed key-value pair. +For every type that a Combiner understands, it may refuse to combine PSBTs if it detects that there will be inconsistencies or conflicts for that type in the combined PSBT. + +The Combiner does not need to know how to interpret scripts in order to combine PSBTs. It can do so without understanding scripts or the network serialization format. + +In general, the result of a Combiner combining two PSBTs from independent participants A and B should be functionally equivalent to a result obtained from processing the original PSBT by A and then B in a sequence. +Or, for participants performing fA(psbt) and fB(psbt): Combine(fA(psbt), fB(psbt)) == fA(fB(psbt)) == fB(fA(psbt)) + +===Input Finalizer=== + +The Input Finalizer must only accept a PSBT. +For each input, the Input Finalizer determines if the input has enough data to pass validation. If it does, it must construct the <tt>0x07</tt> Finalized scriptSig and <tt>0x08</tt> Finalized scriptWitness and place them into the input key-value map. +If scriptSig is empty for an input, <tt>0x07</tt> should remain unset rather than assigned an empty array. +Likewise, if no scriptWitness exists for an input, <tt>0x08</tt> should remain unset rather than assigned an empty array. +All other data except the UTXO and unknown fields in the input key-value map should be cleared from the PSBT. The UTXO should be kept to allow Transaction Extractors to verify the final network serialized transaction. + +===Transaction Extractor=== + +The Transaction Extractor must only accept a PSBT. +It checks whether all inputs have complete scriptSigs and scriptWitnesses by checking for the presence of <tt>0x07</tt> Finalized scriptSig and <tt>0x08</tt> Finalized scriptWitness typed records. If they do, the Transaction Extractor should construct complete scriptSigs and scriptWitnesses and encode them into network serialized transactions. Otherwise the Extractor must not modify the PSBT. +The Extractor should produce a fully valid, network serialized transaction if all inputs are complete. + +The Transaction Extractor does not need to know how to interpret scripts in order to extract the network serialized transaction. However it may be able to in order to validate the network serialized transaction at the same time. + +A single entity is likely to be both a Transaction Extractor and an Input Finalizer. + +==Encoding== + +A PSBT can be represented in two ways: in binary (as a file) or as a Base64 string using the encoding described in [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648#section-4 RFC4648]. + +Binary PSBT files should use the <tt>.psbt</tt> file extension. +A MIME type name will be added to this document once one has been registered. + +==Extensibility== + +The Partially Signed Transaction format can be extended in the future by adding +new types for key-value pairs. Backwards compatibilty will still be maintained as those new +types will be ignored and passed-through by signers which do not know about them. + +===Version Numbers=== + +The Version number field exists only as a safeguard in the event that a backwards incompatible change is introduced to PSBT. +If a parser encounters a version number it does not recognize, it should exit immediately as this indicates that the PSBT will contain types that it does not know about and cannot be ignored. +Current PSBTs are Version 0. Any PSBT that does not have the version field is version 0. +It is not expected that any backwards incompatible change will be introduced to PSBT, so it is not expected that the version field will ever actually be seen. + +Updaters and combiners that need to add a version number to a PSBT should use the highest version number required. +For example, if a combiner sees two PSBTs for the same transaction, one with version 0, and the other with version 1, then it should combine them and produce a PSBT with version 1. +If an updater is updating a PSBT and needs to add a field that is only available in version 1, then it should set the PSBT version number to 1 unless a version higher than that is already specified. + +===Procedure For New Fields=== + +New fields should first be proposed on the bitcoin-dev mailing list. +If a field requires significant description as to its usage, it should be accompanied by a separate BIP. +The field must be added to the field listing tables in the Specification section. +Although some PSBT version 0 implementations encode types as uint8_t rather than compact size, +it is still safe to add >0xFD fields to PSBT 0, because these old parsers ignore +unknown fields, and <keytype> is prefixed by its length. + +===Procedure For New Versions=== + +New PSBT versions must be described in a separate BIP. +The BIP may reference this BIP and any components of PSBT version 0 that are retained in the new version. +Any new fields described in the new version must be added to the field listing tables in the Specification section. + +==Compatibility== + +This transaction format is designed so that it is unable to be properly unserialized +by normal transaction unserializers. Likewise, a normal transaction will not be +able to be unserialized by an unserializer for the PSBT format. + +==Examples== + +===Manual CoinJoin Workflow=== + +<img src="bip-0174/coinjoin-workflow.svg" align="middle"></img> + +===2-of-3 Multisig Workflow=== + +<img src="bip-0174/multisig-workflow.svg" align="middle"></img> + +==Test Vectors== + +The following are invalid PSBTs: + +* Case: Network transaction, not PSBT format +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>0200000001268171371edff285e937adeea4b37b78000c0566cbb3ad64641713ca42171bf6000000006a473044022070b2245123e6bf474d60c5b50c043d4c691a5d2435f09a34a7662a9dc251790a022001329ca9dacf280bdf30740ec0390422422c81cb45839457aeb76fc12edd95b3012102657d118d3357b8e0f4c2cd46db7b39f6d9c38d9a70abcb9b2de5dc8dbfe4ce31feffffff02d3dff505000000001976a914d0c59903c5bac2868760e90fd521a4665aa7652088ac00e1f5050000000017a9143545e6e33b832c47050f24d3eeb93c9c03948bc787b32e1300</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>AgAAAAEmgXE3Ht/yhek3re6ks3t4AAwFZsuzrWRkFxPKQhcb9gAAAABqRzBEAiBwsiRRI+a/R01gxbUMBD1MaRpdJDXwmjSnZiqdwlF5CgIgATKcqdrPKAvfMHQOwDkEIkIsgctFg5RXrrdvwS7dlbMBIQJlfRGNM1e44PTCzUbbezn22cONmnCry5st5dyNv+TOMf7///8C09/1BQAAAAAZdqkU0MWZA8W6woaHYOkP1SGkZlqnZSCIrADh9QUAAAAAF6kUNUXm4zuDLEcFDyTT7rk8nAOUi8eHsy4TAA==</pre> + +* Case: PSBT missing outputs +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff0100750200000001268171371edff285e937adeea4b37b78000c0566cbb3ad64641713ca42171bf60000000000feffffff02d3dff505000000001976a914d0c59903c5bac2868760e90fd521a4665aa7652088ac00e1f5050000000017a9143545e6e33b832c47050f24d3eeb93c9c03948bc787b32e1300000100fda5010100000000010289a3c71eab4d20e0371bbba4cc698fa295c9463afa2e397f8533ccb62f9567e50100000017160014be18d152a9b012039daf3da7de4f53349eecb985ffffffff86f8aa43a71dff1448893a530a7237ef6b4608bbb2dd2d0171e63aec6a4890b40100000017160014fe3e9ef1a745e974d902c4355943abcb34bd5353ffffffff0200c2eb0b000000001976a91485cff1097fd9e008bb34af709c62197b38978a4888ac72fef84e2c00000017a914339725ba21efd62ac753a9bcd067d6c7a6a39d05870247304402202712be22e0270f394f568311dc7ca9a68970b8025fdd3b240229f07f8a5f3a240220018b38d7dcd314e734c9276bd6fb40f673325bc4baa144c800d2f2f02db2765c012103d2e15674941bad4a996372cb87e1856d3652606d98562fe39c5e9e7e413f210502483045022100d12b852d85dcd961d2f5f4ab660654df6eedcc794c0c33ce5cc309ffb5fce58d022067338a8e0e1725c197fb1a88af59f51e44e4255b20167c8684031c05d1f2592a01210223b72beef0965d10be0778efecd61fcac6f79a4ea169393380734464f84f2ab30000000000</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT where one input has a filled scriptSig in the unsigned tx +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAP0KAQIAAAACqwlJoIxa98SbghL0F+LxWrP1wz3PFTghqBOfh3pbe+QAAAAAakcwRAIgR1lmF5fAGwNrJZKJSGhiGDR9iYZLcZ4ff89X0eURZYcCIFMJ6r9Wqk2Ikf/REf3xM286KdqGbX+EhtdVRs7tr5MZASEDXNxh/HupccC1AaZGoqg7ECy0OIEhfKaC3Ibi1z+ogpL+////qwlJoIxa98SbghL0F+LxWrP1wz3PFTghqBOfh3pbe+QBAAAAAP7///8CYDvqCwAAAAAZdqkUdopAu9dAy+gdmI5x3ipNXHE5ax2IrI4kAAAAAAAAGXapFG9GILVT+glechue4O/p+gOcykWXiKwAAAAAAAABASAA4fUFAAAAABepFDVF5uM7gyxHBQ8k0+65PJwDlIvHhwEEFgAUhdE1N/LiZUBaNNuvqePdoB+4IwgAAAA=</pre> + +* Case: PSBT where inputs and outputs are provided but without an unsigned tx +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff000100fda5010100000000010289a3c71eab4d20e0371bbba4cc698fa295c9463afa2e397f8533ccb62f9567e50100000017160014be18d152a9b012039daf3da7de4f53349eecb985ffffffff86f8aa43a71dff1448893a530a7237ef6b4608bbb2dd2d0171e63aec6a4890b40100000017160014fe3e9ef1a745e974d902c4355943abcb34bd5353ffffffff0200c2eb0b000000001976a91485cff1097fd9e008bb34af709c62197b38978a4888ac72fef84e2c00000017a914339725ba21efd62ac753a9bcd067d6c7a6a39d05870247304402202712be22e0270f394f568311dc7ca9a68970b8025fdd3b240229f07f8a5f3a240220018b38d7dcd314e734c9276bd6fb40f673325bc4baa144c800d2f2f02db2765c012103d2e15674941bad4a996372cb87e1856d3652606d98562fe39c5e9e7e413f210502483045022100d12b852d85dcd961d2f5f4ab660654df6eedcc794c0c33ce5cc309ffb5fce58d022067338a8e0e1725c197fb1a88af59f51e44e4255b20167c8684031c05d1f2592a01210223b72beef0965d10be0778efecd61fcac6f79a4ea169393380734464f84f2ab30000000000</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8AAQD9pQEBAAAAAAECiaPHHqtNIOA3G7ukzGmPopXJRjr6Ljl/hTPMti+VZ+UBAAAAFxYAFL4Y0VKpsBIDna89p95PUzSe7LmF/////4b4qkOnHf8USIk6UwpyN+9rRgi7st0tAXHmOuxqSJC0AQAAABcWABT+Pp7xp0XpdNkCxDVZQ6vLNL1TU/////8CAMLrCwAAAAAZdqkUhc/xCX/Z4Ai7NK9wnGIZeziXikiIrHL++E4sAAAAF6kUM5cluiHv1irHU6m80GfWx6ajnQWHAkcwRAIgJxK+IuAnDzlPVoMR3HyppolwuAJf3TskAinwf4pfOiQCIAGLONfc0xTnNMkna9b7QPZzMlvEuqFEyADS8vAtsnZcASED0uFWdJQbrUqZY3LLh+GFbTZSYG2YVi/jnF6efkE/IQUCSDBFAiEA0SuFLYXc2WHS9fSrZgZU327tzHlMDDPOXMMJ/7X85Y0CIGczio4OFyXBl/saiK9Z9R5E5CVbIBZ8hoQDHAXR8lkqASECI7cr7vCWXRC+B3jv7NYfysb3mk6haTkzgHNEZPhPKrMAAAAAAA==</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with duplicate keys in an input +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with invalid global transaction typed key +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with invalid input witness utxo typed key +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with invalid pubkey length for input partial signature typed key +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff0100550200000001279a2323a5dfb51fc45f220fa58b0fc13e1e3342792a85d7e36cd6333b5cbc390000000000ffffffff01a05aea0b000000001976a914ffe9c0061097cc3b636f2cb0460fa4fc427d2b4588ac0000000000010120955eea0b0000000017a9146345200f68d189e1adc0df1c4d16ea8f14c0dbeb87210203b1341ccba7683b6af4f1238cd6e97e7167d569fac47f1e48d47541844355bd46304302200424b58effaaa694e1559ea5c93bbfd4a89064224055cdf070b6771469442d07021f5c8eb0fea6516d60b8acb33ad64ede60e8785bfb3aa94b99bdf86151db9a9a010104220020771fd18ad459666dd49f3d564e3dbc42f4c84774e360ada16816a8ed488d5681010547522103b1341ccba7683b6af4f1238cd6e97e7167d569fac47f1e48d47541844355bd462103de55d1e1dac805e3f8a58c1fbf9b94c02f3dbaafe127fefca4995f26f82083bd52ae220603b1341ccba7683b6af4f1238cd6e97e7167d569fac47f1e48d47541844355bd4610b4a6ba67000000800000008004000080220603de55d1e1dac805e3f8a58c1fbf9b94c02f3dbaafe127fefca4995f26f82083bd10b4a6ba670000008000000080050000800000</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with invalid redeemscript typed key +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with invalid witnessscript typed key +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with invalid pubkey in input BIP 32 derivation paths typed key +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with invalid non-witness utxo typed key +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with invalid final scriptsig typed key +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with invalid final script witness typed key +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with invalid pubkey in output BIP 32 derivation paths typed key +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with invalid input sighash type typed key +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAHMCAAAAATAa6YblFqHsisW0vGVz0y+DtGXiOtdhZ9aLOOcwtNvbAAAAAAD/////AnR7AQAAAAAAF6kUA6oXrogrXQ1Usl1jEE5P/s57nqKHYEOZOwAAAAAXqRS5IbG6b3IuS/qDtlV6MTmYakLsg4cAAAAAAAEBHwDKmjsAAAAAFgAU0tlLZK4IWH7vyO6xh8YB6Tn5A3wCAwABAAAAAAEAFgAUYunpgv/zTdgjlhAxawkM0qO3R8sAAQAiACCHa62DLx0WgBXtQSMqnqZaGBXZ7xPA74dZ9ktbKyeKZQEBJVEhA7fOI6AcW0vwCmQlN836uzFbZoMyhnR471EwnSvVf4qHUa4A</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with invalid output redeemScript typed key +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAHMCAAAAATAa6YblFqHsisW0vGVz0y+DtGXiOtdhZ9aLOOcwtNvbAAAAAAD/////AnR7AQAAAAAAF6kUA6oXrogrXQ1Usl1jEE5P/s57nqKHYEOZOwAAAAAXqRS5IbG6b3IuS/qDtlV6MTmYakLsg4cAAAAAAAEBHwDKmjsAAAAAFgAU0tlLZK4IWH7vyO6xh8YB6Tn5A3wAAgAAFgAUYunpgv/zTdgjlhAxawkM0qO3R8sAAQAiACCHa62DLx0WgBXtQSMqnqZaGBXZ7xPA74dZ9ktbKyeKZQEBJVEhA7fOI6AcW0vwCmQlN836uzFbZoMyhnR471EwnSvVf4qHUa4A</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with invalid output witnessScript typed key +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff0100730200000001301ae986e516a1ec8ac5b4bc6573d32f83b465e23ad76167d68b38e730b4dbdb0000000000ffffffff02747b01000000000017a91403aa17ae882b5d0d54b25d63104e4ffece7b9ea2876043993b0000000017a914b921b1ba6f722e4bfa83b6557a3139986a42ec8387000000000001011f00ca9a3b00000000160014d2d94b64ae08587eefc8eeb187c601e939f9037c00010016001462e9e982fff34dd8239610316b090cd2a3b747cb000100220020876bad832f1d168015ed41232a9ea65a1815d9ef13c0ef8759f64b5b2b278a6521010025512103b7ce23a01c5b4bf00a642537cdfabb315b668332867478ef51309d06d57f8a8751ae00</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAHMCAAAAATAa6YblFqHsisW0vGVz0y+DtGXiOtdhZ9aLOOcwtNvbAAAAAAD/////AnR7AQAAAAAAF6kUA6oXrogrXQ1Usl1jEE5P/s57nqKHYEOZOwAAAAAXqRS5IbG6b3IuS/qDtlV6MTmYakLsg4cAAAAAAAEBHwDKmjsAAAAAFgAU0tlLZK4IWH7vyO6xh8YB6Tn5A3wAAQAWABRi6emC//NN2COWEDFrCQzSo7dHywABACIAIIdrrYMvHRaAFe1BIyqeploYFdnvE8Dvh1n2S1srJ4plIQEAJVEhA7fOI6AcW0vwCmQlN836uzFbZoMyhnR471EwnQbVf4qHUa4A</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with unsigned tx serialized with witness serialization format +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAHgCAAAAAAEBJoFxNx7f8oXpN63upLN7eAAMBWbLs61kZBcTykIXG/YAAAAAAP7///8C09/1BQAAAAAZdqkU0MWZA8W6woaHYOkP1SGkZlqnZSCIrADh9QUAAAAAF6kUNUXm4zuDLEcFDyTT7rk8nAOUi8eHALMuEwAAAQD9pQEBAAAAAAECiaPHHqtNIOA3G7ukzGmPopXJRjr6Ljl/hTPMti+VZ+UBAAAAFxYAFL4Y0VKpsBIDna89p95PUzSe7LmF/////4b4qkOnHf8USIk6UwpyN+9rRgi7st0tAXHmOuxqSJC0AQAAABcWABT+Pp7xp0XpdNkCxDVZQ6vLNL1TU/////8CAMLrCwAAAAAZdqkUhc/xCX/Z4Ai7NK9wnGIZeziXikiIrHL++E4sAAAAF6kUM5cluiHv1irHU6m80GfWx6ajnQWHAkcwRAIgJxK+IuAnDzlPVoMR3HyppolwuAJf3TskAinwf4pfOiQCIAGLONfc0xTnNMkna9b7QPZzMlvEuqFEyADS8vAtsnZcASED0uFWdJQbrUqZY3LLh+GFbTZSYG2YVi/jnF6efkE/IQUCSDBFAiEA0SuFLYXc2WHS9fSrZgZU327tzHlMDDPOXMMJ/7X85Y0CIGczio4OFyXBl/saiK9Z9R5E5CVbIBZ8hoQDHAXR8lkqASECI7cr7vCWXRC+B3jv7NYfysb3mk6haTkzgHNEZPhPKrMAAAAAAAAA</pre> + +The following are valid PSBTs: + +* Case: PSBT with one P2PKH input. Outputs are empty +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAHUCAAAAASaBcTce3/KF6Tet7qSze3gADAVmy7OtZGQXE8pCFxv2AAAAAAD+////AtPf9QUAAAAAGXapFNDFmQPFusKGh2DpD9UhpGZap2UgiKwA4fUFAAAAABepFDVF5uM7gyxHBQ8k0+65PJwDlIvHh7MuEwAAAQD9pQEBAAAAAAECiaPHHqtNIOA3G7ukzGmPopXJRjr6Ljl/hTPMti+VZ+UBAAAAFxYAFL4Y0VKpsBIDna89p95PUzSe7LmF/////4b4qkOnHf8USIk6UwpyN+9rRgi7st0tAXHmOuxqSJC0AQAAABcWABT+Pp7xp0XpdNkCxDVZQ6vLNL1TU/////8CAMLrCwAAAAAZdqkUhc/xCX/Z4Ai7NK9wnGIZeziXikiIrHL++E4sAAAAF6kUM5cluiHv1irHU6m80GfWx6ajnQWHAkcwRAIgJxK+IuAnDzlPVoMR3HyppolwuAJf3TskAinwf4pfOiQCIAGLONfc0xTnNMkna9b7QPZzMlvEuqFEyADS8vAtsnZcASED0uFWdJQbrUqZY3LLh+GFbTZSYG2YVi/jnF6efkE/IQUCSDBFAiEA0SuFLYXc2WHS9fSrZgZU327tzHlMDDPOXMMJ/7X85Y0CIGczio4OFyXBl/saiK9Z9R5E5CVbIBZ8hoQDHAXR8lkqASECI7cr7vCWXRC+B3jv7NYfysb3mk6haTkzgHNEZPhPKrMAAAAAAAAA</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with one P2PKH input and one P2SH-P2WPKH input. First input is signed and finalized. Outputs are empty +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAKACAAAAAqsJSaCMWvfEm4IS9Bfi8Vqz9cM9zxU4IagTn4d6W3vkAAAAAAD+////qwlJoIxa98SbghL0F+LxWrP1wz3PFTghqBOfh3pbe+QBAAAAAP7///8CYDvqCwAAAAAZdqkUdopAu9dAy+gdmI5x3ipNXHE5ax2IrI4kAAAAAAAAGXapFG9GILVT+glechue4O/p+gOcykWXiKwAAAAAAAEHakcwRAIgR1lmF5fAGwNrJZKJSGhiGDR9iYZLcZ4ff89X0eURZYcCIFMJ6r9Wqk2Ikf/REf3xM286KdqGbX+EhtdVRs7tr5MZASEDXNxh/HupccC1AaZGoqg7ECy0OIEhfKaC3Ibi1z+ogpIAAQEgAOH1BQAAAAAXqRQ1RebjO4MsRwUPJNPuuTycA5SLx4cBBBYAFIXRNTfy4mVAWjTbr6nj3aAfuCMIAAAA</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with one P2PKH input which has a non-final scriptSig and has a sighash type specified. Outputs are empty +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with one P2PKH input and one P2SH-P2WPKH input both with non-final scriptSigs. P2SH-P2WPKH input's redeemScript is available. Outputs filled. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff0100a00200000002ab0949a08c5af7c49b8212f417e2f15ab3f5c33dcf153821a8139f877a5b7be40000000000feffffffab0949a08c5af7c49b8212f417e2f15ab3f5c33dcf153821a8139f877a5b7be40100000000feffffff02603bea0b000000001976a914768a40bbd740cbe81d988e71de2a4d5c71396b1d88ac8e240000000000001976a9146f4620b553fa095e721b9ee0efe9fa039cca459788ac00000000000100df0200000001268171371edff285e937adeea4b37b78000c0566cbb3ad64641713ca42171bf6000000006a473044022070b2245123e6bf474d60c5b50c043d4c691a5d2435f09a34a7662a9dc251790a022001329ca9dacf280bdf30740ec0390422422c81cb45839457aeb76fc12edd95b3012102657d118d3357b8e0f4c2cd46db7b39f6d9c38d9a70abcb9b2de5dc8dbfe4ce31feffffff02d3dff505000000001976a914d0c59903c5bac2868760e90fd521a4665aa7652088ac00e1f5050000000017a9143545e6e33b832c47050f24d3eeb93c9c03948bc787b32e13000001012000e1f5050000000017a9143545e6e33b832c47050f24d3eeb93c9c03948bc787010416001485d13537f2e265405a34dbafa9e3dda01fb8230800220202ead596687ca806043edc3de116cdf29d5e9257c196cd055cf698c8d02bf24e9910b4a6ba670000008000000080020000800022020394f62be9df19952c5587768aeb7698061ad2c4a25c894f47d8c162b4d7213d0510b4a6ba6700000080010000800200008000</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with one P2SH-P2WSH input of a 2-of-2 multisig, redeemScript, witnessScript, and keypaths are available. Contains one signature. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with one P2WSH input of a 2-of-2 multisig. witnessScript, keypaths, and global xpubs are available. Contains no signatures. Outputs filled. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with unknown types in the inputs. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff01003f0200000001ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0000000000ffffffff010000000000000000036a010000000000000af00102030405060708090f0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f0000</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAD8CAAAAAf//////////////////////////////////////////AAAAAAD/////AQAAAAAAAAAAA2oBAAAAAAAACvABAgMEBQYHCAkPAQIDBAUGBwgJCgsMDQ4PAAA=</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with `PSBT_GLOBAL_XPUB`. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with global unsigned tx that has 0 inputs and 0 outputs +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff01000a0000000000000000000000</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAAoAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with 0 inputs +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff01004c020000000002d3dff505000000001976a914d0c59903c5bac2868760e90fd521a4665aa7652088ac00e1f5050000000017a9143545e6e33b832c47050f24d3eeb93c9c03948bc787b32e1300000000</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAEwCAAAAAALT3/UFAAAAABl2qRTQxZkDxbrChodg6Q/VIaRmWqdlIIisAOH1BQAAAAAXqRQ1RebjO4MsRwUPJNPuuTycA5SLx4ezLhMAAAAA</pre> + +Fails Signer checks + +* Case: A Witness UTXO is provided for a non-witness input +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAKACAAAAAqsJSaCMWvfEm4IS9Bfi8Vqz9cM9zxU4IagTn4d6W3vkAAAAAAD+////qwlJoIxa98SbghL0F+LxWrP1wz3PFTghqBOfh3pbe+QBAAAAAP7///8CYDvqCwAAAAAZdqkUdopAu9dAy+gdmI5x3ipNXHE5ax2IrI4kAAAAAAAAGXapFG9GILVT+glechue4O/p+gOcykWXiKwAAAAAAAEBItPf9QUAAAAAGXapFNSO0xELlAFMsRS9Mtb00GbcdCVriKwAAQEgAOH1BQAAAAAXqRQ1RebjO4MsRwUPJNPuuTycA5SLx4cBBBYAFIXRNTfy4mVAWjTbr6nj3aAfuCMIACICAurVlmh8qAYEPtw94RbN8p1eklfBls0FXPaYyNAr8k6ZELSmumcAAACAAAAAgAIAAIAAIgIDlPYr6d8ZlSxVh3aK63aYBhrSxKJciU9H2MFitNchPQUQtKa6ZwAAAIABAACAAgAAgAA=</pre> + +* Case: redeemScript with non-witness UTXO does not match the scriptPubKey +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: redeemScript with witness UTXO does not match the scriptPubKey +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: witnessScript with witness UTXO does not match the redeemScript +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +The private keys in the tests below are derived from the following master private key: + +* Extended Private Key: <pre>tprv8ZgxMBicQKsPd9TeAdPADNnSyH9SSUUbTVeFszDE23Ki6TBB5nCefAdHkK8Fm3qMQR6sHwA56zqRmKmxnHk37JkiFzvncDqoKmPWubu7hDF</pre> +** Seed: <pre>cUkG8i1RFfWGWy5ziR11zJ5V4U4W3viSFCfyJmZnvQaUsd1xuF3T</pre> + +A creator creating a PSBT for a transaction which creates the following outputs: + +* scriptPubKey: <tt>0014d85c2b71d0060b09c9886aeb815e50991dda124d</tt>, Amount: <tt>1.49990000</tt> +* scriptPubKey: <tt>001400aea9a2e5f0f876a588df5546e8742d1d87008f</tt>, Amount: <tt>1.00000000</tt> + +and spends the following inputs: + +* TXID: <tt>75ddabb27b8845f5247975c8a5ba7c6f336c4570708ebe230caf6db5217ae858</tt>, Index: <tt>0</tt> +* TXID: <tt>1dea7cd05979072a3578cab271c02244ea8a090bbb46aa680a65ecd027048d83</tt>, Index: <tt>1</tt> + +must create this PSBT: +* Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff01009a020000000258e87a21b56daf0c23be8e7070456c336f7cbaa5c8757924f545887bb2abdd750000000000ffffffff838d0427d0ec650a68aa46bb0b098aea4422c071b2ca78352a077959d07cea1d0100000000ffffffff0270aaf00800000000160014d85c2b71d0060b09c9886aeb815e50991dda124d00e1f5050000000016001400aea9a2e5f0f876a588df5546e8742d1d87008f000000000000000000</pre> +* Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAJoCAAAAAljoeiG1ba8MI76OcHBFbDNvfLqlyHV5JPVFiHuyq911AAAAAAD/////g40EJ9DsZQpoqka7CwmK6kQiwHGyyng1Kgd5WdB86h0BAAAAAP////8CcKrwCAAAAAAWABTYXCtx0AYLCcmIauuBXlCZHdoSTQDh9QUAAAAAFgAUAK6pouXw+HaliN9VRuh0LR2HAI8AAAAAAAAAAAA=</pre> + +Given the above PSBT, an updater with only the following: + +* Redeem Scripts: +** <tt>5221029583bf39ae0a609747ad199addd634fa6108559d6c5cd39b4c2183f1ab96e07f2102dab61ff49a14db6a7d02b0cd1fbb78fc4b18312b5b4e54dae4dba2fbfef536d752ae</tt> +** <tt>00208c2353173743b595dfb4a07b72ba8e42e3797da74e87fe7d9d7497e3b2028903</tt> +* Witness Scripts: +** <tt>522103089dc10c7ac6db54f91329af617333db388cead0c231f723379d1b99030b02dc21023add904f3d6dcf59ddb906b0dee23529b7ffb9ed50e5e86151926860221f0e7352ae</tt> +* Previous Transactions: +** <pre>0200000000010158e87a21b56daf0c23be8e7070456c336f7cbaa5c8757924f545887bb2abdd7501000000171600145f275f436b09a8cc9a2eb2a2f528485c68a56323feffffff02d8231f1b0100000017a914aed962d6654f9a2b36608eb9d64d2b260db4f1118700c2eb0b0000000017a914b7f5faf40e3d40a5a459b1db3535f2b72fa921e88702483045022100a22edcc6e5bc511af4cc4ae0de0fcd75c7e04d8c1c3a8aa9d820ed4b967384ec02200642963597b9b1bc22c75e9f3e117284a962188bf5e8a74c895089046a20ad770121035509a48eb623e10aace8bfd0212fdb8a8e5af3c94b0b133b95e114cab89e4f7965000000</pre> +** <pre>0200000001aad73931018bd25f84ae400b68848be09db706eac2ac18298babee71ab656f8b0000000048473044022058f6fc7c6a33e1b31548d481c826c015bd30135aad42cd67790dab66d2ad243b02204a1ced2604c6735b6393e5b41691dd78b00f0c5942fb9f751856faa938157dba01feffffff0280f0fa020000000017a9140fb9463421696b82c833af241c78c17ddbde493487d0f20a270100000017a91429ca74f8a08f81999428185c97b5d852e4063f618765000000</pre> +* Public Keys +** Key: <tt>029583bf39ae0a609747ad199addd634fa6108559d6c5cd39b4c2183f1ab96e07f</tt>, Derivation Path: <tt>m/0'/0'/0'</tt> +** Key: <tt>02dab61ff49a14db6a7d02b0cd1fbb78fc4b18312b5b4e54dae4dba2fbfef536d7</tt>, Derivation Path: <tt>m/0'/0'/1'</tt> +** Key: <tt>03089dc10c7ac6db54f91329af617333db388cead0c231f723379d1b99030b02dc</tt>, Derivation Path: <tt>m/0'/0'/2'</tt> +** Key: <tt>023add904f3d6dcf59ddb906b0dee23529b7ffb9ed50e5e86151926860221f0e73</tt>, Derivation Path: <tt>m/0'/0'/3'</tt> +** Key: <tt>03a9a4c37f5996d3aa25dbac6b570af0650394492942460b354753ed9eeca58771</tt>, Derivation Path: <tt>m/0'/0'/4'</tt> +** Key: <tt>027f6399757d2eff55a136ad02c684b1838b6556e5f1b6b34282a94b6b50051096</tt>, Derivation Path: <tt>m/0'/0'/5'</tt> + +Must create this PSBT: + +* Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +* Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +An updater which adds SIGHASH_ALL to the above PSBT must create this PSBT: + +* Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +* Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +Given the above updated PSBT, a signer that supports SIGHASH_ALL for P2PKH and P2WPKH spends and uses RFC6979 for nonce generation and has the following keys: +* <tt>cP53pDbR5WtAD8dYAW9hhTjuvvTVaEiQBdrz9XPrgLBeRFiyCbQr</tt> (<tt>m/0'/0'/0'</tt>) +* <tt>cR6SXDoyfQrcp4piaiHE97Rsgta9mNhGTen9XeonVgwsh4iSgw6d</tt> (<tt>m/0'/0'/2'</tt>) +must create this PSBT: + +* Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +* Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +Given the above updated PSBT, a signer with the following keys: +* <tt>cT7J9YpCwY3AVRFSjN6ukeEeWY6mhpbJPxRaDaP5QTdygQRxP9Au</tt> (<tt>m/0'/0'/1'</tt>) +* <tt>cNBc3SWUip9PPm1GjRoLEJT6T41iNzCYtD7qro84FMnM5zEqeJsE</tt> (<tt>m/0'/0'/3'</tt>) +must create this PSBT: + +* Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +* Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +Given both of the above PSBTs, a combiner must create this PSBT: + +* Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff01009a020000000258e87a21b56daf0c23be8e7070456c336f7cbaa5c8757924f545887bb2abdd750000000000ffffffff838d0427d0ec650a68aa46bb0b098aea4422c071b2ca78352a077959d07cea1d0100000000ffffffff0270aaf00800000000160014d85c2b71d0060b09c9886aeb815e50991dda124d00e1f5050000000016001400aea9a2e5f0f876a588df5546e8742d1d87008f00000000000100bb0200000001aad73931018bd25f84ae400b68848be09db706eac2ac18298babee71ab656f8b0000000048473044022058f6fc7c6a33e1b31548d481c826c015bd30135aad42cd67790dab66d2ad243b02204a1ced2604c6735b6393e5b41691dd78b00f0c5942fb9f751856faa938157dba01feffffff0280f0fa020000000017a9140fb9463421696b82c833af241c78c17ddbde493487d0f20a270100000017a91429ca74f8a08f81999428185c97b5d852e4063f6187650000002202029583bf39ae0a609747ad199addd634fa6108559d6c5cd39b4c2183f1ab96e07f473044022074018ad4180097b873323c0015720b3684cc8123891048e7dbcd9b55ad679c99022073d369b740e3eb53dcefa33823c8070514ca55a7dd9544f157c167913261118c01220202dab61ff49a14db6a7d02b0cd1fbb78fc4b18312b5b4e54dae4dba2fbfef536d7483045022100f61038b308dc1da865a34852746f015772934208c6d24454393cd99bdf2217770220056e675a675a6d0a02b85b14e5e29074d8a25a9b5760bea2816f661910a006ea01010304010000000104475221029583bf39ae0a609747ad199addd634fa6108559d6c5cd39b4c2183f1ab96e07f2102dab61ff49a14db6a7d02b0cd1fbb78fc4b18312b5b4e54dae4dba2fbfef536d752ae2206029583bf39ae0a609747ad199addd634fa6108559d6c5cd39b4c2183f1ab96e07f10d90c6a4f000000800000008000000080220602dab61ff49a14db6a7d02b0cd1fbb78fc4b18312b5b4e54dae4dba2fbfef536d710d90c6a4f0000008000000080010000800001012000c2eb0b0000000017a914b7f5faf40e3d40a5a459b1db3535f2b72fa921e887220203089dc10c7ac6db54f91329af617333db388cead0c231f723379d1b99030b02dc473044022062eb7a556107a7c73f45ac4ab5a1dddf6f7075fb1275969a7f383efff784bcb202200c05dbb7470dbf2f08557dd356c7325c1ed30913e996cd3840945db12228da5f012202023add904f3d6dcf59ddb906b0dee23529b7ffb9ed50e5e86151926860221f0e73473044022065f45ba5998b59a27ffe1a7bed016af1f1f90d54b3aa8f7450aa5f56a25103bd02207f724703ad1edb96680b284b56d4ffcb88f7fb759eabbe08aa30f29b851383d2010103040100000001042200208c2353173743b595dfb4a07b72ba8e42e3797da74e87fe7d9d7497e3b2028903010547522103089dc10c7ac6db54f91329af617333db388cead0c231f723379d1b99030b02dc21023add904f3d6dcf59ddb906b0dee23529b7ffb9ed50e5e86151926860221f0e7352ae2206023add904f3d6dcf59ddb906b0dee23529b7ffb9ed50e5e86151926860221f0e7310d90c6a4f000000800000008003000080220603089dc10c7ac6db54f91329af617333db388cead0c231f723379d1b99030b02dc10d90c6a4f00000080000000800200008000220203a9a4c37f5996d3aa25dbac6b570af0650394492942460b354753ed9eeca5877110d90c6a4f000000800000008004000080002202027f6399757d2eff55a136ad02c684b1838b6556e5f1b6b34282a94b6b5005109610d90c6a4f00000080000000800500008000</pre> +* Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +Given the above PSBT, an input finalizer must create this PSBT: + +* Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +* Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +Given the above PSBT, a transaction extractor must create this Bitcoin transaction: + +* Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> + +Given these two PSBTs with unknown key-value pairs: +* Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff01003f0200000001ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0000000000ffffffff010000000000000000036a0100000000000af00102030405060708090f0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f000af00102030405060708090f0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f000af00102030405060708090f0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f00</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAD8CAAAAAf//////////////////////////////////////////AAAAAAD/////AQAAAAAAAAAAA2oBAAAAAAAK8AECAwQFBgcICQ8BAgMEBQYHCAkKCwwNDg8ACvABAgMEBQYHCAkPAQIDBAUGBwgJCgsMDQ4PAArwAQIDBAUGBwgJDwECAwQFBgcICQoLDA0ODwA=</pre> + +* Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff01003f0200000001ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0000000000ffffffff010000000000000000036a0100000000000af00102030405060708100f0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f000af00102030405060708100f0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f000af00102030405060708100f0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f00</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAD8CAAAAAf//////////////////////////////////////////AAAAAAD/////AQAAAAAAAAAAA2oBAAAAAAAK8AECAwQFBgcIEA8BAgMEBQYHCAkKCwwNDg8ACvABAgMEBQYHCBAPAQIDBAUGBwgJCgsMDQ4PAArwAQIDBAUGBwgQDwECAwQFBgcICQoLDA0ODwA=</pre> + +A combiner which orders keys lexicographically must produce the following PSBT: + +* Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff01003f0200000001ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0000000000ffffffff010000000000000000036a0100000000000af00102030405060708090f0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f0af00102030405060708100f0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f000af00102030405060708090f0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f0af00102030405060708100f0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f000af00102030405060708090f0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f0af00102030405060708100f0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f00</pre> +* Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAD8CAAAAAf//////////////////////////////////////////AAAAAAD/////AQAAAAAAAAAAA2oBAAAAAAAK8AECAwQFBgcICQ8BAgMEBQYHCAkKCwwNDg8K8AECAwQFBgcIEA8BAgMEBQYHCAkKCwwNDg8ACvABAgMEBQYHCAkPAQIDBAUGBwgJCgsMDQ4PCvABAgMEBQYHCBAPAQIDBAUGBwgJCgsMDQ4PAArwAQIDBAUGBwgJDwECAwQFBgcICQoLDA0ODwrwAQIDBAUGBwgQDwECAwQFBgcICQoLDA0ODwA=</pre> + +==Rationale== + +<references/> + +==Reference implementation== + +The reference implementation of the PSBT format is available at https://github.com/achow101/bitcoin/tree/psbt. + +==Acknowledgements== + +Special thanks to Pieter Wuille for suggesting that such a transaction format should be made +and for coming up with the name and abbreviation of PSBT. + +Thanks to Pieter Wuille, Gregory Maxwell, Jonathan Underwood, Daniel Cousens and those who commented on the bitcoin-dev mailing list for additional comments +and suggestions for improving this proposal. diff --git a/bip-0174/coinjoin-workflow.svg b/bip-0174/coinjoin-workflow.svg new file mode 100644 index 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117.027344 89.640625 "/> +</g> +</svg> diff --git a/bip-0174/coinjoin-workflow.tex b/bip-0174/coinjoin-workflow.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e0516ff --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0174/coinjoin-workflow.tex @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +% using the PGF/TikZ package with pdflatex +\documentclass{standalone} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +%~ \usepackage[english]{babel} +\usepackage[none]{hyphenat}% prevent hyphenation +\usepackage{lmodern} +\renewcommand*\familydefault{\sfdefault} +\usepackage{tikz} +\usetikzlibrary{shapes,arrows} +\tikzset{>=latex} +\begin{document} +% \sffamily{} + \tikzstyle{block_center} = + [rectangle, draw=black, thick, fill=white, + text width=12em, text centered, + minimum height=5em] + \tikzstyle{block_rounded} = [rectangle, + draw=black, thick, fill=white, + text width=8em, text centered, + minimum height=5em, + rounded corners] + \begin{tikzpicture}[auto] + % outlining the flowchart on a grid + \matrix[column sep=3ex,row sep=2ex]{ + \node [block_center] (0alice1) + {Alice creates a PSBT with only her inputs + with UTXOs filled in.\\Sends it to Bob.}; + & + \node [block_center] (1bob1) + {Bob adds his inputs and fills in his + UTXOs.}; + & + \node [block_center] (2carol1) + {Carol adds her inputs, fills in her + UTXOs, adds signatures, and finalizes her inputs.}; + \\ + \node [block_rounded] (5alice2) + {Alice extracts the network serialized + transaction and broadcasts it.}; + & + \node [block_center] (4alice1) + {Alice signs the transaction, adds her + signatures, and finalizes her inputs.}; + & + \node [block_center] (3bob2) + {Bob signs the transaction, adds his + signatures, and finalizes his inputs.}; + \\ + };% end matrix + % connecting nodes with paths + \draw[line width = 1pt, ->] + (0alice1) edge (1bob1) + (1bob1) edge (2carol1) + (2carol1) edge (3bob2) + (3bob2) edge (4alice1) + (4alice1) edge (5alice2); + \end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} diff --git a/bip-0174/multisig-workflow.svg 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b/bip-0174/multisig-workflow.tex @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +% using the PGF/TikZ package with pdflatex +\documentclass{standalone} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +%~ \usepackage[english]{babel} +\usepackage[none]{hyphenat}% prevent hyphenation +\usepackage{lmodern} +\renewcommand*\familydefault{\sfdefault} +\usepackage{tikz} +\usetikzlibrary{shapes,arrows} +\tikzset{>=latex} +%\pgfdeclarelayer{bg} % declare background layer +%\pgfsetlayers{bg,main} % set order of layers +\newcommand{\h}{\hspace{1em}} +\begin{document} +% \sffamily{} + \tikzstyle{block_center} = + [rectangle, draw=black, thick, fill=white, + text width=10.5em, text centered, + minimum height=1em] + \tikzstyle{block_rounded} = [rectangle, + draw=black, thick, fill=white, + text width=8em, text centered, + minimum height=5em, + rounded corners] + \begin{tikzpicture}[auto] + % outlining the flowchart on a grid + \matrix[column sep=3ex,row sep=2.5ex]{ + \h & + \node [block_center] (R1) + {Alice, Bob and Carol + wish to spend from a + 2-of-3 Multisig.}; + & \h \\ + \h & + \node [block_center] (R2) + {Alice uses a full node + to create a PSBT with + all input UTXOs filled in.}; + & \h \\ + \h & + \node [block_center] (R3) + {PSBT distributed.}; + & \h \\ + \node [block_center] (R4C1) + {Alice signs the + PSBT with her wallet.}; + & + \node [block_center] (R4C2) + {Bob signs the PSBT + with his SPV wallet.}; + & + \node [block_center] (R4C3) + {Carol signs the PSBT + with a completely + offline signing machine.}; + \\ + %~ \h & \node (blind) & \h \\ + \h & + \node [block_center] (R5) + {PSBTs are returned + to Alice.}; + & \h \\ + \h & + \node [block_center] (R6) + {Alices combines the + PSBTs. All inputs now + have 3 signatures.}; + & \h \\ + \h & + \node [block_center] (R7) + {Alice finalizes the PSBT + by creating each input's + final scriptSig. One signature + for each input is dropped.}; + & \h \\ + \h & + \node [block_rounded] (stop) + {Alice extracts the network + serialized transaction and + broadcasts it to the network.}; + & \h \\ + };% end matrix + % connecting nodes with paths +% \begin{pgfonlayer}{bg} + \draw[line width = 1pt, ->] + (R1) edge (R2) + (R2) edge (R3) + (R3) -| (R4C1) + (R3) edge (R4C2) + (R5) edge (R6) + (R6) edge (R7) + (R7) edge (stop); + % circumvent missing arrow + \draw[line width = 1pt, ->] + (R4C1) |-+(0,-2.2em)-| (R5) + (R4C2) edge (R5) + (R4C3) |-+(0,-2.2em)-| (R5) + (R3) -| (R4C3); +% \end{pgfonlayer} + \end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} diff --git a/bip-0175.mediawiki b/bip-0175.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..30c7985 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0175.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,259 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 175 + Layer: Applications + Title: Pay to Contract Protocol + Author: Omar Shibli <omar@commerceblock.com> + Nicholas Gregory <nicholas@commerceblock.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0175 + Status: Rejected + Type: Informational + Created: 2017-07-17 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +Utilizing hierarchical deterministic wallets as described in BIP-0032 and the "Purpose Field" in BIP-0043, this document specifies the multiparty pay-to-contract key derivation scheme outlined by Ilja Gerhardt and Timo Hanke.[0] + +The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. + +==Motivation== + +A Bitcoin transaction represents a "real world" contract between two parties transferring value. Counterparties in a business interaction traditionally keep track of a payment with bills (invoices) and receipts. Delivery of a good is made by the payee once the payer has signed the receipt, agreeing to pay for the items on the invoice. Gerhardt and Hanke [0] formulate this interaction within the confines of the Bitcoin protocol using homomorphic payment addresses and the multiparty pay-to-contract protocol. + +The protocol is constructed in such a way that all parties have cryptographic proof of both who is being paid and for what. Using the technique described in this BIP, an address can be provably derived from the terms of a contract and the payee's public key. This derivation scheme does not bloat the UTXO and is completely hidden to network participants; the derived address looks like any other P2(W)PKH or P2(W)SH address. Redemption of the funds requires knowledge of the contract and the payee's private key. + +This scheme utilizes the foundations of BIP-0032, providing a consistent way for preexisting wallet developers to implement the specification. + +==Specification== + +This key derivation scheme requires two parties: a payer (customer) and a payee (merchant). +The customer submits to the merchant a purchase request, specifying what goods/services they would like to buy. From the purchase request the merchant constructs an invoice (contract), specifying the billable items and total amount to be paid. +The merchant must give this contract alongside a “payment base” extended public key to the customer. Given this information, the customer will be able to fulfill the contract by generating the public key of the payment address associated with the contract and the payment base, then sending the funds there. + +We define the following levels in BIP32 path: + +<code> +m / purpose' / coin_type' / contract_hash +</code> + +<code>contract_hash</code> consists of multiple levels. + +Apostrophe in the path indicates that BIP32 hardened derivation is used. + +We define the following extended public keys: + +Payment base denoted as <code>payment_base</code>: + + m / purpose' / coin_type' + +Payment address denoted as <code>payment_address</code>: + + m / purpose' / coin_type' / contract_hash + or + m / payment_base / contract_hash + +Each level has special meaning described in the chapters below. + +===Purpose=== + +Purpose is a constant set to <code>175'</code> (or <code>0x800000AF</code>) following the BIP-0043 recommendation. It indicates that the subtree of this node is used according to this specification. + +<code> +m / 175' / * +</code> + +Hardened derivation is used at this level. + +===Coin type=== + +The coin type field is identical to the same field in BIP-0044. + +Hardened derivation is used at this level. + +===Payment address generation=== + +For a given contract documents denoted by c<sub>1</sub>,...,c<sub>n</sub>, payment base extended public key denoted by <code>payment_base</code>, and cryptographic hash function denoted by <code>h</code>. + +1. Compute cryptographic hashes for all contract documents, by applying the hash function. + + h(c1),...,h(cn) + +2. Sort all hashes lexicographically. + + hash_1,...,hash_n + +3. Prepend payment_base and concatenate the sorted hashes and apply the hash function. + + h(payment_base+hash_1+...+hash_n) + +4. Compute a partial BIP32 derivation path from the combined hash as defined in Hash to Partial Derivation Path Mapping procedure below. + + contract_hash + +5. Prepend <code>payment_base</code> to contract_hash derivation path. + + payment_base / contract_hash + +6. Compute public extended key from the derivation path in step 5. + +7. Compute address of the public extended key (P2PKH) from step 6. + +===Payment address verification=== + +For a given Bitcoin address, <code>payment_base</code> extended public key, contract documents denoted by c<sub>1</sub>,...,c<sub>n</sub>, and cryptographic hash function denoted by <code>h</code>, we can verify the integrity of the address by the following steps: + +1. Compute contract address from the given inputs as described in Contract Address Generation section. + +2. Compare the computed address from step 1 with the given Bitcoin address as an input. + +===Redemption=== + +The merchant is able to construct the private key offline using the method described in the Payment Address Generation section. +The merchant should actively monitor the blockchain for the payment to the payment address. +Because the address is generated from the payment base and the contract, the merchant must implicitly agree to those terms in order to spend the funds. +The act of making the payment to that address thus serves as a receipt for the customer. + +===Hash to partial derivation path mapping=== + +At this section, we define hash to partial BIP32 derivation path mapping procedure that maps between an arbitrary hex number to a partial BIP32 derivation path. + +For a given hex number, do the following: + +1. Partition hex number into parts, each part length is 4 chars. + +2. Convert each part to integer in decimal format. + +3. Concatenate all numbers with slash <code>/</code>. + +==Examples== + +For the following given inputs: + + master private extended key: + xprv9s21ZrQH143K2JF8RafpqtKiTbsbaxEeUaMnNHsm5o6wCW3z8ySyH4UxFVSfZ8n7ESu7fgir8imbZKLYVBxFPND1pniTZ81vKfd45EHKX73 + coin type: + 0 + +we can compute payment base as follows: + + payment base derivation path: + m/175'/0' + contract base public extended key: + xpub6B3JSEWjqm5GgfzcjPwBixxLPzi15pFM3jq4E4yCzXXUFS5MFdXiSdw7b5dbdPGHuc7c1V4zXbbFRtc9G1njMUt9ZvMdGVGYQSQsurD6HAW + +In the below examples, we are going to use SHA256 as a cryptographic hash function, and the above contract base public key. + +====Payment address generation==== + +As an input, we have a contract that consists of two documents, below are contents: + +document 1: + + bar + +document 2: + + foo + +1. Apply the hash function: + + document 1: + fcde2b2edba56bf408601fb721fe9b5c338d10ee429ea04fae5511b68fbf8fb9 + document 2: + 2c26b46b68ffc68ff99b453c1d30413413422d706483bfa0f98a5e886266e7ae + +2. Sort all hashes lexicographically: + + 2c26b46b68ffc68ff99b453c1d30413413422d706483bfa0f98a5e886266e7ae + fcde2b2edba56bf408601fb721fe9b5c338d10ee429ea04fae5511b68fbf8fb9 + +3. Concatenate hashes and apply the hash function. + + concatenated hash: payment_base + xpub6B3JSEWjqm5GgfzcjPwBixxLPzi15pFM3jq4E4yCzXXUFS5MFdXiSdw7b5dbdPGHuc7c1V4zXbbFRtc9G1njMUt9ZvMdGVGYQSQsurD6HAW2c26b46b68ffc68ff99b453c1d30413413422d706483bfa0f98a5e886266e7aefcde2b2edba56bf408601fb721fe9b5c338d10ee429ea04fae5511b68fbf8fb9 + combined hash: + 310057788c6073640dc222466d003411cd5c1cc0bf2803fc6ebbfae03ceb4451 + +4. Compute the partial BIP32 derivation path of the combined hash. + + 12544/22392/35936/29540/3522/8774/27904/13329/52572/7360/48936/1020/28347/64224/15595/17489 + +5. Prepend <code>payment_base</code> to <code>contract_hash</code> derivation path. + + contract_base_pub/12544/22392/35936/29540/3522/8774/27904/13329/52572/7360/48936/1020/28347/64224/15595/17489 + or + m/175'/0'/12544/22392/35936/29540/3522/8774/27904/13329/52572/7360/48936/1020/28347/64224/15595/17489 + +6. Compute public extended key. + + xpub6hefaATTG5LbcwyPDvmNfnkyzefoM2TJDoo5astH7Gvs1g8vZURviBWvAvBnWc2CNb8ybJ6mDpnQYVsvNSZ3oUmbssX3rUVG97TFYa6AXVk + +7. Compute address of the public extended key (P2PKH). + + 1C7f322izqMqLzZzfzkPAjxBzprxDi47Yf + + +====Verification example (negative test)==== + +Similar to the input above, except this time we have a contract that consists of one document, below is the content: + +document 1: + + baz + +1. Apply the hash function. + + baa5a0964d3320fbc0c6a922140453c8513ea24ab8fd0577034804a967248096 + +2. Prepend payment_base + + xpub6B3JSEWjqm5GgfzcjPwBixxLPzi15pFM3jq4E4yCzXXUFS5MFdXiSdw7b5dbdPGHuc7c1V4zXbbFRtc9G1njMUt9ZvMdGVGYQSQsurD6HAWbaa5a0964d3320fbc0c6a922140453c8513ea24ab8fd0577034804a967248096 + +2. Apply hash function + + 3a08605829413ce0bf551b08d21e4a28dbda6e407f90eff1c448e839050c73a1 + +3. Compute the partial derivation path. + + 5338/54412/19213/962/30664/62597/11873/59874/56779/24089/54550/19585/28087/36422/18666/17562 + +4. Prepend contract_base<sub>pub</sub> to contract_hash derivation path. + + contract_base_pub/5338/54412/19213/962/30664/62597/11873/59874/56779/24089/54550/19585/28087/36422/18666/17562 + or + m/175'/0'/5338/54412/19213/962/30664/62597/11873/59874/56779/24089/54550/19585/28087/36422/18666/17562 + +5. Compute public extended key. + + xpub6h9k2KqsMpwghxt7naj1puhGV1ZDC88sxvpYN1HibCf8yQZdPsuhYmmvdK32Kf2Lb3rS1sV8UcZ1f84DJEiXuVfLCAj4bC85aEUCxh38m8i + +7. Compute address of the public extended key (P2PKH). + + 1QGe5LaDMAmHeibJbZBmZqhQDZSp7QCqSs + +8. As expected the address doesn't match the Bitcoin address from the last example <code>1C7f322izqMqLzZzfzkPAjxBzprxDi47Yf</code>. + +Verification operation will succeed only if we use identical documents to ones that have been used in the contract address generation. + +==Compatibility== + +This specification is not backward compatible with BIP32 specification, the proposed derivation scheme in this BIP is a BIP32 compliant. +Communication between payer and payee as well as hashing the contract and generating the path requires significant modification to the wallet. + +==Reference implementations== + +* Reference wallet implementation, based on Copay project : https://github.com/commerceblock/copay ([[https://github.com/commerceblock/copay/pull/1|pull_request]]) +* Reference implementation to Hash to Partial Derivation Path Mapping in javascript ([[https://github.com/commerceblock/pay-to-contract-lib/blob/master/lib/contract.js|https://github.com/commerceblock/pay-to-contract-lib]]) + +==Reference== + +* [[bip-0032.mediawiki|BIP32 - Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets]] +* [[bip-0043.mediawiki|BIP43 - Purpose Field for Deterministic Wallets]] +* [[bip-0044.mediawiki|BIP44 - Multi-Account Hierarchy for Deterministic Wallets]] +* [[https://arxiv.org/abs/1212.3257|Homomorphic Payment Addresses and the Pay-to-Contract Protocol]] + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. diff --git a/bip-0176.mediawiki b/bip-0176.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..60311c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0176.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 176 + Title: Bits Denomination + Author: Jimmy Song <jaejoon@gmail.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0176 + Status: Draft + Type: Informational + Created: 2017-12-12 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +== Abstract == +Bits is presented here as the standard term for 100 (one hundred) satoshis or 1/1,000,000 (one one-millionth) of a bitcoin. + +== Motivation == +The bitcoin price has grown over the years and once the price is past $10,000 USD or so, bitcoin amounts under $10 USD start having enough decimal places that it's difficult to tell whether the user is off by a factor of 10 or not. Switching the denomination to "bits" makes comprehension easier. For example, when BTC is $15,000 USD, $10.05 is a somewhat confusing 0.00067 BTC, versus 670 bits, which is a lot clearer. + +Additonally, reverse comparisons are easier as 59 bits being $1 is easier to comprehend for most people than 0.000059 BTC being $1. Similar comparisons can be made to other currencies: 1 yen being 0.8 bits, 1 won being 0.07 bits and so on. + +Potential benefits of utilizing "bits" include: + +# Reduce user error on small bitcoin amounts. +# Reduce unit bias for users that want a "whole" bitcoin. +# Allow easier comparisons of prices for most users. +# Allow easier bi-directional comparisons to fiat currencies. +# Allows all UTXO amounts to need at most 2 decimal places, which can be easier to handle. + +== Specification == +Definition: 1 bit = 100 satoshis. +Plural of "bit" is "bits." The terms "bit" and "bits" are not proper nouns and thus should not be capitalized unless used at the start of a sentence, etc. + +All bitcoin-denominated items are encouraged to also show the denomination in bits, either as the default or as an option. + +== Rationale == +As bitcoin grows in price versus fiat currencies, it's important to give users the ability to quickly and accurately calculate prices for transactions, savings and other economic activities. "Bits" have been used as a denomination within the Bitcoin ecosystem for some time. The idea of this BIP is to formalize this name. Additionally, "bits" is likely the only other denomination that will be needed for Bitcoin as 0.01 bit = 1 satoshi, meaning that two decimal places will be sufficient to describe any current utxo. + +Existing terms used in bitcoin such as satoshi, milli-bitcoin (mBTC) and bitcoin (BTC) do not conflict as they operate at different orders of magnitude. + +The term micro-bitcoin (µBTC) can continue to exist in tandem with the term "bits." + +== Backwards Compatibility == +Software such as the Bitcoin Core GUI currently use the µBTC denomination and can continue to do so. There is no obligation to switch to "bits." + +The term "bit" has many different definitions, but the ones of particular note are these: + +* 1 bit = 1/8 dollar (e.g., that candy cost me 2 bits {or 1/4 dollar}) +* bit meaning some amount of data (e.g., the first bit of the version field is 0) +* bit meaning strength of a cryptographic algorithm (e.g., 256-bit ECDSA is used in Bitcoin) + +The first is a bit dated and isn't likely to confuse people dealing with Bitcoin. The second and third are computer science terms and context should be sufficient to figure out what the user of the word means. + +== Copyright == +This BIP is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license. + +== Credit == +It's hard to ascertain exactly who invented the term "bits," but the term has been around for a while and the author of this BIP does not take any credit for inventing the term. diff --git a/bip-0178.mediawiki b/bip-0178.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5522664 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0178.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 178 + Layer: Applications + Title: Version Extended WIF + Author: Karl-Johan Alm <karljohan-alm@garage.co.jp> + Comments-Summary: Discouraged for implementation (one person) + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0178 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2018-04-04 + License: CC0-1.0 +</pre> + +== Abstract == + +An extension to the Wallet Import Format (WIF) to specify what kind of bitcoin address the private key corresponds to. + +== Motivation == + +There are several types of bitcoin addresses which can all be associated with a given private key: P2PKH (legacy <code>1...</code> format), P2SH-P2WPKH (SegWit public key inside P2SH), P2WPKH (bech32), etc. + +While private keys have a 1-byte suffix indicating whether the corresponding public key is compressed (<code>0x01</code>) or not (through suffix absence), there is no way of knowing what kind of bitcoin address were associated with the private key. As a result, when importing a private key, the wallet has to assume all kinds, and keep track of each possible alternative. + +By extending the suffix, we can specify what kind of bitcoin address was associated with a given private key. + +== Specification == + +Currently, private keys are stored as a uint256 (private key data) followed by an optional uint8 (compressed flag). The latter is extended to specify the address types: + +{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" +|- +!Value +!Type +!Compr +!Clarification +|- +|No suffix||P2PKH_UNCOMPRESSED||No||Uncompressed legacy public key. Unknown public key format +|- +|<code>0x01</code>||P2PKH_COMPRESSED||Yes||Compressed legacy public key. Unknown public key format +|- +|<code>0x10</code>||P2PKH||Yes||Compressed legacy public key. Legacy public key format (<code>1...</code>) +|- +|<code>0x11</code>||P2WPKH||Yes||Bech32 format (native Segwit) +|- +|<code>0x12</code>||P2WPKH_P2SH||Yes||Segwit nested in BIP16 P2SH (<code>3...</code>) +|} + +When a wallet imports a private key, it will have two outcomes: + +* the key is using one of the legacy types, in which case all types must be accounted for +* the key is using one of the extended types, in which case the wallet need only track the specific corresponding address + +Note: the difference between `0x01` and `0x10` is that the former can correspond to any of the types above, whereas the latter *only* corresponds to a P2PKH (legacy non-segwit). + +== Compatibility == + +This proposal is not backwards compatible, in that software that does not recognize the new types will not understand the compressed flag. It would be trivial to change this, by keeping the 'uncompressed' state as it is (no suffix) and changing 'compressed' to be 'anything not 0', as opposed to 'the value 1'. + +The proposal ''is'' backwards compatible in that new wallet software will always understand the old WIF format, however. It will, as it does today, assume that any kind of bitcoin address is possible, and will have to track all of them, as it has to today. + +== Acknowledgements == + +This BIP is based on the initial proposal by Thomas Voegtlin (thomasv at electrum dot org) on the Bitcoin Dev mailing list<ref>https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2017-September/015007.html</ref> and the Electrum 3.0 implementation<ref>https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/blob/82e88cb89df35288b80dfdbe071da74247351251/RELEASE-NOTES#L95-L108</ref> + +== Reference implementation == + +There is a partial implementation which adds, but does not use, the types described in this BIP here: https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/12869 + +== References == + +<references/> + +== Copyright == + +This document is licensed under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal license. diff --git a/bip-0179.mediawiki b/bip-0179.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b34e2f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0179.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 179 + Title: Name for payment recipient identifiers + Author: Emil Engler <me@emilengler.com> + Luke Dashjr <luke+bip@dashjr.org> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0179 + Status: Draft + Type: Informational + Created: 2019-10-17 + License: CC0-1.0 +</pre> + +==Abstract== +This BIP proposes a new term for 'address' + +==Specification== +The new term is: +''Bitcoin'' '''Invoice''' ''Address'' + +The ''Bitcoin'' and ''Address'' parts are optional. +The address suffix should only be used as a transitional step. + +A ''Bitcoin'' Invoice ''Address'' is a string of characters that can be used to indicate the intended recipient and purpose of a transaction. + +==Motivation== +Bitcoin addresses are intended to be only used '''once''' and you should generate a new one for every new incoming payment. +The term 'address' however indicates consistency because nearly everything on the internet or the offline world with the term 'address' +is something that rarely or even never changes (postal address, email address, IP addresses (depends heavily on the provider), etc.) +The motivation for this BIP is to change the term address to something that indicates that the address is connected to a single transaction. + +==Rationale== +The reason why we use ''Bitcoin Invoice Address'' or just ''Invoice'' is to emphasize that it is single-use. +The terms ''Bitcoin'' and ''Address'' are optional for the following reasons: +For ''Bitcoin'': +* Useful for multicoin wallets to indicate that it belongs to Bitcoin +* Indicates a difference between a lightning and an on-chain invoice +For ''Address'': +* To not confuse users with a completely new term +* To show that it is where you send something to +* To not break backwards compatibility + +This gives us the four following possibilities: +* Bitcoin Invoice Address +* Bitcoin Invoice +* Invoice Address +* Invoice + +==Backwards Compatibility== +To avoid issues, the 'Address' suffix is permitted, but not recommended. +The suffix 'Address' remains so users should be immediately able to recognize it until the new term is widely known. + +==Acknowledgements== +Thanks to Chris Belcher for the suggestion of the term 'Bitcoin Invoice Address' + +==Copyright== +This BIP is released under CC0-1.0 and therefore Public Domain. diff --git a/bip-0180.mediawiki b/bip-0180.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..721b0b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0180.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 180 + Layer: Peer Services + Title: Block size/weight fraud proof + Author: Luke Dashjr <luke+bip@dashjr.org> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0180 + Status: Rejected + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2017-03-17 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +A fraud proof that enables light clients to detect oversized (or overweight) blocks. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license. + +==Definitions== + +; full tx size proof : SHA2 midstate and tail data proving the size of the full transaction data being hashed. +; size component : Either a merkle link and height in the merkle tree thereof, or a full tx size proof. +; full-size proof : The set of size components proving the lower-bound size of the block. +; stripped-size proof : The set of size components proving the lower-bound size of the block when stripped of segwit witness data. + +==Specification== + +===Proof format=== + +* varint: ceil(log2(number of transactions in block)) +* varint: number of size components in stripped-size proof +* foreach: +** varint: ceil(log2(number of transactions represented by this size-component)) + 1 +** if zero: +*** (this indicates a full tx size proof) +*** 256-bit: SHA2 midstate up until just before the final SHA2 chunk +*** varint: total size of tx +*** uint8: size of final SHA2 chunk (0-55) +*** 0-55 bytes: final SHA2 chunk +** if one or more: +*** (this indicates default tx size counting) +*** 256-bit: SHA2 hash of merkle link +* varint: number of size components in full-size proof (zero in case of a size-exceeded proof; non-zero for a weight-exceeded proof) +* foreach: (same as with stripped-size proof) + +===Proof verification=== + +To verify an individual size proof: + +#Check that at least one size component is a full tx size proof. (At least one size component MUST be a full tx size proof.) +#Determine the lower-bound number of transactions in the block (lowTxCount). It is either <code>pow(ceil(log2(txcount)) - 1, 2)</code>, or the position of the last full tx proof (plus one, if using 0-based positions). Note that the last full tx proof from *either* of the size proofs (stripped-size and full-size) should be used here. +#Calculate the lower-bound transaction-data size as the default size * lowTxCount. +#For each full tx size proof: +##Subtract the default size it was presumed to consume, and add the claimed total size of tx. +##Take the SHA2 midstate, and update it with the final SHA2 chunk (which needs to be padded, including with the total tx size). The final SHA2 hash is the transaction id (stripped-size proof) or hash (full-size proof). +#For the full-size proof, replace the 60 byte default with any larger sizes proven from the stripped-size proof. +#Build the merkle root, and compare it to the block header (stripped-size proof) or witness commitment (full-size proof). Ensure when building the merkle root, that there are no duplicate merkle links, and each merkle link claims to represent the correct number of represented transactions. +#Add 80 bytes, plus the size of the tx-count varint, to the calculated lower-bound size. +#The calculated size is returned as the lower-bound possible size of the block. + +For the stripped-size proof, the default size of transactions is 60 bytes. +For the full-size proof, it is the size established by the stripped-size proof. + +To verify the complete weight proof: + +# Verify the stripped-size proof. Save the resulting lower-bound size (call it lowStrippedSize). +# Verify the full-size proof. Save the resulting lower-bound size (call it lowFullSize). +# Calculate minFullSize + (minStrippedSize * 3). This is the lower-bound block weight. +# Compare the lower-bound block weight to the applicable block weight limit. + +===Network protocol=== + +If a light client detects that one or more of its peers do not consider the block it knows to have the most work as their best block, it should inquire with all those peers for a fraud proof by sending a new message <code>getfraud</code>, with a block locator (between the last common block, and the presumed best tip) as the sole parameter (extra parameters should be ignored). + +Compatible nodes will respond with a (new) <code>fraud</code> message, which has 2-3 parameters: + +* uint256: The hash of the most recent block in the locator (or a parent thereof) that it has checked. In the event of an invalid block, this should be the exact invalid block's hash (post-invalid blocks should be treated as unchecked, even if the node has independently checked them for some reason). +* varint: Fraud proof type code +** 0 = Block is valid +** 1 = No fraud proof available +** 2 = Size/weight exceeded +* (For type 2) the fraud proof + +If none of the blocks in the locator are recognised, compatible nodes should send a <code>fraud</code> message with no parameters. +(To avoid this outcome, clients may include a known-common block in the locator.) + +In the event that the peer claims a block earlier than the client's tip is valid, the light client should prepare a new locator between that block and its tip, and rerequest <code>getfraud</code> until it has determined which block the peer rejects and why. + +Once a block is proven to be invalid, the light client should never consider any blockchain including it as a candidate for the best chain. +It should not recheck blocks known to be invalid, nor continue proving it from other nodes. +(To avoid doubt: the user MAY be given the opportunity to override any rejections, but should be warned of the implications of doing so.) + +If an invalid fraud proof is provided, the client SHOULD CONSIDER disconnecting and possibly banning the node providing it. +However, if any change has been made to the size/weight limits, that should be taken into consideration (eg, if the limit increases, an innocent node may prove a size smaller than the limit). + +==Information== + +===Creation of proofs=== + +Proofs should ideally use the smallest amount of data required to prove excess of the limit. +The most obvious mechanism in doing so, would be to include full tx size proofs for the largest transactions until the limit is exceeded. +However, in some cases, a smaller size may be accomplished by collapsing more merkle links. + +Because optimisation of proof size may be complicated, nodes are not required to implement it in any particular manner, so long as the proofs meet the requirements given above in [[#proof-verification|Proof verification]]. + +==Motivation== + +Recently, there have been proposals for hardforks to increase the block size limit. +While no consensus has been reached, proponents of these ideas often threaten and attempt to have miners force them through anyway. +As things presently are, light clients cannot detect invalid blocks at all, and could be fooled into accepting an invalid chain created in such a manner. +By supporting block size fraud proofs, light clients can protect their users from this form of unconsensual "hardfork" attempt. + +==Rationale== + +Why must a full tx size proof be included? + +* This is necessary to establish that the claimed block transaction count is not inflated. Otherwise, a prover could claim any number of represented transactions for merkle links, and rely on the default size alone to exceed the limit. + +How does the full tx size proof actually prove the size? + +* The first step of SHA2 hashing is to transform the input data into chunks (per [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4634#section-4.1 RFC 4634]). The final chunk is required to include the absolute length of the input data at the end of the final chunk. Therefore, by committing to the midstate prior to the final chunk, and replaying only the final chunk, we can confirm that the claimed size matches the full transaction data being hashed. + +How does this prove the block weight? + +* The block weight defined by [[bip-0141.mediawiki|BIP 141]] is the size of the block stripped of its segwit signatures times 3, plus the full size of the block. By proving lower-bound sizes of both the stripped block and the full block, a lower-bound weight can also be calculated. + +Why is the number of transactions in the block represented as a log2? + +* To avoid attacks that rely on fooling clients by claiming an amount they cannot verify. + +Why does it matter if a full tx size proof is on the right side of a duplicate merkle link? + +* We assume full tx size proofs show the number of transactions in the block. This assumption doesn't hold if the proof is provided on the right-hand side of duplicate links. + +Why a fraud proof only for oversized/overweight blocks? + +* While it is currently believed to be impossible to prove all invalid (or rather, won't-be-part-of-the-main-chain) blocks, there are regularly active proposals of miners attacking with simply oversized blocks in an attempt to force a hardfork. This specific attack can be proven, and reliably so, since the proof cannot be broken without also breaking the attempted hardfork at the same time. + +==Backwards compatibility== + +These fraud proofs protect only clients which use them. +In non-attack scenarios, they are unnecessary and clients supporting them will otherwise behave as any other. + +==Reference implementation== + +TODO diff --git a/bip-0197.mediawiki b/bip-0197.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..427ff22 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0197.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 197 + Layer: Applications + Title: Hashed Time-Locked Collateral Contract + Author: Matthew Black <matthew@atomicloans.io> + Tony Cai <tony@atomicloans.io> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0197 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2019-03-19 + License: BSD-3-Clause + CC0-1.0 +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This BIP describes a script for generalized debt agreement contract based on Hashed Time-Lock Contract (BIP 199) transactions according to the Atomic Loans specification (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.05117.pdf). For more details visit https://atomicloans.io. + +==Summary== + +A Hashed Time-Locked Collateral Contract (HTLCC) consists of two scripts that permit a designated party (the "borrower") to lock funds on the Bitcoin chain for a specified amount of time as collateral in a debt agreement where the loan principal is denominated in a currency on another blockchain. We denote the blockchain on which the loan principal is issued the principal blockchain. + +The purpose of each script is to enable the creation of a debt agreement between two parties (the "borrower" and the "lender"), where the collateral is locked in a P2SH, and can only be spent once the borrower repays the principal and interest in the debt agreement on the principal blockchain. In the case that the borrower does not repay, the borrower or lender can opt for liquidation of the collateral, which will involve the atomic swapping of collateral for the loan currency. In the case that at least one of the two parties don't opt for liquidation, then each party will be entitled to a percentage of the collateral, decided when the funds are initially locked in the P2SH. + +These funds are locked into two scripts. Refundable Collateral and Seizable Collateral scripts. The funds sent to these scripts represent the percentage of collateral that each party is entitled to in the case that repayment fails, and the parties don't opt for liquidation. + +The Refundable Collateral script takes the following form: + + OP_IF + OP_SIZE <secret b2 length> OP_EQUALVERIFY [HASHOP] <secret hash b2> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <borrower pubkey hash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG + OP_ELSE + OP_IF + <loan expiration num> [TIMEOUTOP] OP_DROP OP_SIZE OP_PUSHDATA(1) <secret a2 length> OP_EQUALVERIFY [HASHOP] <secret hash a2> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_SIZE <secret b3 length> OP_EQUALVERIFY [HASHOP] <secret hash b3> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_2 <borrower pubkey> <lender pubkey> OP_2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG + OP_ELSE + <liquidation expiration num> [TIMEOUTOP] OP_DROP OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <borrower pubkey hash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG + OP_ENDIF + OP_ENDIF + +The Seizable Collateral script takes the following form: + + OP_IF + OP_SIZE <secret b2 length> OP_EQUALVERIFY [HASHOP] <secret hash b2> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <borrower pubkey hash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG + OP_ELSE + OP_IF + <loan expiration num> [TIMEOUTOP] OP_DROP OP_SIZE <secret a2 length> OP_EQUALVERIFY [HASHOP] <secret hash a2> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_SIZE <secret b3 length> OP_EQUALVERIFY [HASHOP] <secret hash b3> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_2 <borrower pubkey> <lender pubkey> OP_2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG + OP_ELSE + OP_IF + <bidding expiration num> [TIMEOUTOP] OP_DROP OP_SIZE <secret a1 length> OP_EQUALVERIFY [HASHOP] <secret hash a1> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <lender pubkey hash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG + OP_ELSE + <seizure expiration num> [TIMEOUTOP] OP_DROP OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <borrower pubkey hash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG + OP_ENDIF + OP_ENDIF + OP_ENDIF + +[HASHOP] is either OP_SHA256 or OP_HASH160. + +[TIMEOUTOP] is either OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY or OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY. + +===Interaction=== + +* Alice (the "borrower") and Bob (the "lender") exchange public keys as well as two secret hashes A1, A2 created by Alice and three hashes B1, B2, B3 created by Bob. They then mutually agree upon a timeout threshold for the Loan Period, Liquidation Period, and Seizure Period. Alice constructs the script and P2SH address for the Refundable Collateral Contract and Seizable Collateral Contract. Bob constructs the script for the blockchain on which the loan principal will be issued - the principal blockchain. + +* Bob sends loan principal funds to the loan script on the principal blockchain + +* Alice sends funds to the Refundable Collateral P2SH address and the Seizable Collateral P2SH address. The amount of funds she sends to the two addresses will be determined beforehand off-chain between Alice and Bob. + +* Either +** Bob accepts locking of collateral by Alice and reveals B1, allowing Alice to withdraw the loan amount on the principal blockchain. +** Bob doesn't accept locking of collateral by Alice, and recovers the funds after the approve expiration while revealing B2, which allows Alice to refund the Refundable and Seizable collateral. + +** If Bob accepts the locking of collateral by Alice + +*** Either +**** Alice repays the loan by the end of the Loan Period and Bob reveals the secret to Alice by revealing it in the loan repayment acceptance transaction; OR +**** Alice defaults on the loan and Alice and Bob both opt for collateral liquidation, where any third-party is able to bid on the collateral. The winning bidder, Charlie, will subsequently receive the liquidated collateral by way of an Atomic Swap between the collateral funds (ie. BTC locked in both the Refundable Collateral P2SH and the Seizable Collateral P2SH) and the bid funds (ie. funds denominated in the loan currency, put forth by Charlie as part of his bid). This is done by both Alice and Bob signing a multisig and revealing A2 and B2; OR +**** Alice defaults on the loan and at least one of Alice or Bob opts out of collateral liquidation, then Alice recovers the Refundable Collateral funds and Bob spends the Seizable Collateral funds. +**** Alice defaults on the loan and at least one of Alice or Bob opts out of collateral liquidation. But Bob doesn't spend the Seizable Collateral funds, so Alice recovers both the Refundable Collateral funds and the Seizable Collateral funds. + +==Compatibility== + +BIP 197 is compatible with [ERC 1850](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/pull/1850) for [atomic loans](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.05117.pdf) with Ethereum. Can be extended in the future to be compatible with other HTLC and smart contract compatible chains. + +==Motivation== + +In many different protocols, the revealing of secrets is used as a settlement mechanism. HTLCC transactions are a safe way of exchanging secrets to advance the state of a debt agreement, due to the ability to recover a percentage of collateral funds from an uncooperative counterparty, and ensure principal + interest + liquidation fee is paid with a cooperative party. + +==Definitions== + +borrower: entity that locks collateral on the Bitcoin chain and receives loan amount on principal blockchain from lender following the approval of the borrower’s borrow request + +lender: entity that contributes funds to the Hashed Time-Locked Principal Contract (HTLPC) on the principal blockchain, to be borrowed by the borrower upon the locking of collateral on the Bitcoin chain and the lender’s approval + +repay: when the borrower pays back the principal + interest before loanExpiration + +default: when the borrower fails to pay back the principal + interest before the loanExpiration + +secret: random number chosen by the borrower or lender, revealed to allow the parties to change the state of the debt agreement + +secretHash: hash of the secret, used in the construction of HTLCC + +SecretA1: secret generated by the borrower, used to prove that the borrower has withdrawn the loan + +SecretA2: secret generated by the borrower, used to allow the bidder to withdraw the liquidated collateral funds + +SecretB1: secret generated by the lender, used to accept the locking of collateral by borrower, enabling borrower to withdraw the loan amount + +SecretB2: secret generated by the lender, used to refund themselves in the event they aren't satisfied with borrower’slocking of collateral. Also used to accept borrower’s repayment of principal plus interest + +SecretB3: secret generated by the lender, used to allow the bidder to withdraw the liquidated collateral funds + +SecretC: secret generated by the bidder, used to accept the signatures of the borrower and lender for authorizing the liquidation of collateral + +loan expiration num: timestamp before which the borrower must repay the loan; or otherwise risk the liquidation or seizure of their collateral + +bidding expiration num: timestamp that determines the amount of time allocated to bidding before seizure period occurs + +seizure expiration num: timestamp that determines the amount of time during which the lender can seize funds within the Seizable Collateral P2SH, after which the borrower can refund their corresponding amount of the collateral they are entitled to (ie. either just the funds within the Refundable Collateral P2SH, or both the Refundable Collateral and Seizable Collateral in the event where the lender failed to seize). + +===Approve Period=== +During this time, the lender deploys the HTLPC on the principal blockchain. Following this, the borrower locks their collateral on the Bitcoin blockchain in a HTLCC. The lender then either reveals secretB1 to signify that they are satisfied with the collateral, and the borrower can withdraw the loan by revealing secretA1. If the lender is not satisfied with the collateral locked by the borrower, the lender can refunds their loan amount by revealing secretB2, which will subsequently allow the borrower to refund the collateral amount they deposited. + +===Loan Period=== +Once the borrower has withdrawn the loan amount, the Loan Period begins. Once the Loan Period is finished, the borrower is expected to repay the loan. If they do, the lender can then accept the repayment by revealing secretB2, enabling the borrower to refund their collateral amount. In the case that the borrower defaults or does not repay the full principal plus interest amount, the lender can choose to not accept the loan repayment, and the parties can opt for liquidation of the collateral in the Bidding Period. + +===Bidding Period=== +In the case of a default or the lender not accepting the borrower repayment, the lender and borrower can opt for liquidation of the collateral through the process of third party bidders bidding on the collateral. The Bidding Period can be initiated by either the lender or the borrower. Once the bidding timeout occurs, the lender and borrower must each provide a signature, followed by secretC revealed by the winning bidder once they have checked that the signature is proper. Finally, the lender and borrower must each reveal secretA2 and secretB3 to allow the collateral to be withdrawn by the winning bidder. + +===Seizure Period=== +In the case that either the lender or borrower don’t accept the bid, the lender can seize a percentage of the collateral. The amount is dependent on the amount of collateral locked in the Seizable Collateral and Refundable Collateral script as described in this BIP. During this period, the borrower can also refund the funds locked in the Refundable Collateral script. + +===Refund Period=== +In the case that the lender does not seize the collateral locked in the Seizable Collateral script, then the borrower can refund the funds locked in the Seizable Collateral script. + +==Rationale== + +The rational for the following script checking the length of secrets pushed to the stack that are used with OP_SHA256 in the following script + + OP_SIZE <secret b2 length> OP_EQUALVERIFY + +is to ensure that the secret size is exactly a certain number of bytes long. + +This is especially important when this script is used alongside the HTLPC on other chains like Ethereum where the sha256 opcode only takes up 32 bytes and disregards the rest, there is a need to ensure that the length on the Bitcoin side is 32 bytes. + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +As this is a new standard for collateralized debt, there is no need for backward compatibility. Once this is accepted as a standard there are certain aspects of the contract that can be modified while still retaining backwards compatibility, such as removing the need to verify the size of the hash if being used with two blockchains with the same maximum block size, which would be backward compatible with the current script. + +==Implementation== + +https://github.com/AtomicLoans/chainabstractionlayer/blob/bitcoin-collateral-provider/src/providers/bitcoin/BitcoinCollateralProvider.js + +==Copyright== + +This document is dual licensed as BSD 3-clause, and Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal. diff --git a/bip-0199.mediawiki b/bip-0199.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e463c7f --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0199.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 199 + Layer: Applications + Title: Hashed Time-Locked Contract transactions + Author: Sean Bowe <sean@z.cash> + Daira Hopwood <daira@z.cash> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0199 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2017-03-27 + License: BSD-3-Clause + CC0-1.0 +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This BIP describes a script for generalized off-chain contract negotiation. + +==Summary== + +A Hashed Time-Locked Contract (HTLC) is a script that permits a designated party (the "seller") to spend funds by disclosing the preimage of a hash. It also permits +a second party (the "buyer") to spend the funds after a timeout is reached, in a refund situation. + +The script takes the following form: + + OP_IF + [HASHOP] <digest> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <seller pubkey hash> + OP_ELSE + <num> [TIMEOUTOP] OP_DROP OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <buyer pubkey hash> + OP_ENDIF + OP_EQUALVERIFY + OP_CHECKSIG + +[HASHOP] is either OP_SHA256 or OP_HASH160. + +[TIMEOUTOP] is either OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY or OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY. + +===Interaction=== + +* Victor (the "buyer") and Peggy (the "seller") exchange public keys and mutually agree upon a timeout threshold. Peggy provides a hash digest. Both parties can now construct the script and P2SH address for the HTLC. +* Victor sends funds to the P2SH address. +* Either: +** Peggy spends the funds, and in doing so, reveals the preimage to Victor in the transaction; OR +** Victor recovers the funds after the timeout threshold. + +Victor is interested in a lower timeout to reduce the amount of time that his funds are encumbered in the event that Peggy does not reveal the preimage. Peggy is +interested in a higher timeout to reduce the risk that she is unable to spend the funds before the threshold, or worse, that her transaction spending the funds does +not enter the blockchain before Victor's but does reveal the preimage to Victor anyway. + +==Motivation== + +In many off-chain protocols, secret disclosure is used as part of a settlement mechanism. In some others, the secrets themselves are valuable. HTLC transactions are +a safe and cheap method of exchanging secrets for money over the blockchain, due to the ability to recover funds from an uncooperative counterparty, and the +opportunity that the possessor of a secret has to receive the funds before such a refund can occur. + +===Lightning network=== + +In the lightning network, HTLC scripts are used to perform atomic swaps between payment channels. + +Alice constructs K and hashes it to produce L. She sends an HTLC payment to Bob for the preimage of L. Bob sends an HTLC payment to Carol for the same preimage and +amount. Only when Alice releases the preimage K does any exchange of value occur, and because the secret is divulged for each hop, all parties are compensated. If +at any point some parties become uncooperative, the process can be aborted via the refund conditions. + +===Zero-knowledge contingent payments=== + +Various practical zero-knowledge proving systems exist which can be used to guarantee that a hash preimage derives valuable information. As an example, a +zero-knowledge proof can be used to prove that a hash preimage acts as a decryption key for an encrypted sudoku puzzle solution. (See +[https://github.com/zcash/pay-to-sudoku pay-to-sudoku] for a concrete example of such a protocol.) + +HTLC transactions can be used to exchange such decryption keys for money without risk, and they do not require large or expensive-to-validate transactions. + +==Implementation== + +https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/7601 + +==Copyright== + +This document is dual licensed as BSD 3-clause, and Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal. + diff --git a/bip-0300.mediawiki b/bip-0300.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ab81c32 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0300.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,512 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 300 + Layer: Consensus (soft fork) + Title: Hashrate Escrows (Consensus layer) + Author: Paul Sztorc <truthcoin@gmail.com> + CryptAxe <cryptaxe@gmail.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0300 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2017-08-14 + License: BSD-2-Clause + Post-History: https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2017-May/014364.html +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +In Bip300, txns are not signed via cryptographic key. Instead, they are "signed" by hashpower, over time. Like a big multisig, 13150-of-26300, where each block is a new "signature". + +Bip300 emphasizes slow, transparent, auditable transactions which are easy for honest users to get right and very hard for dishonest users to abuse. The chief design goal for Bip300 is ''partitioning'' -- users may safely ignore Bip300 txns if they want to (or Bip300 entirely). + +See [http://www.drivechain.info/ this site] for more information. + + +==Motivation== + + +As Reid Hoffman [https://blockstream.com/2015/01/13/en-reid-hoffman-on-the-future-of-the-bitcoin-ecosystem/ wrote in 2014]: "Sidechains allow developers to add features and functionality to the Bitcoin universe without actually modifying the Bitcoin Core code...Consequently, innovation can occur faster, in more flexible and distributed ways, without losing the synergies of a common platform with a single currency." + +Today, coins such as Namecoin, Monero, ZCash, and Sia, offer features that Bitcoiners cannot access -- not without selling their BTC to invest in a rival monetary unit. According to [https://coinmarketcap.com/charts/#dominance-percentage coinmarketcap.com], there is now more value *outside* the BTC protocol than within it. According to [https://cryptofees.info/ cryptofees.info], 15x more txn fees are paid outside the BTC protocol, than within it. + +Software improvements to Bitcoin rely on developer consensus -- BTC will pass on a good idea if it is even slightly controversial. Development is slow: we are now averaging one major feature every 5 years. + +Sidechains allow for competitive "benevolent dictators" to create a new sidechain at any time. These dictators are accountable only to their users, and (crucially) they are protected from rival dictators. Users can move their BTC among these different pieces of software, as *they* see fit. + +BTC can copy every useful technology, as soon as it is invented; scamcoins lose their justification and become obsolete; and the community can be pro-creativity, knowing that Layer1 is protected from harmful changes. + +==Specification== + +===Overview=== + +Bip300 allows for six new blockchain messages (these have consensus significance): + +* M1. "Propose New Sidechain" +* M2. "ACK Proposal" +* M3. "Propose Bundle" +* M4. "ACK Bundle" +* M5. Deposit -- a transfer of BTC from-main-to-side +* M6. Withdrawal -- a transfer of BTC from-side-to-main + +Nodes organize those messages into two caches: + +* D1. "The Sidechain List", which tracks the 256 Hashrate Escrows (Escrows are slots that a sidechain can live in). +* D2. "The Withdrawal List", which tracks the withdrawal-Bundles (coins leaving a Sidechain). + +==== D1 (The Sidechain List) ==== + +D1 is a list of active sidechains. D1 is updated via M1 and M2. + +{| class="wikitable" +|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" +! Field No. +! Label +! Type +! Description / Purpose +|- style="vertical-align:middle;" +| 1 +| Escrow Number +| uint8_t +| The escrow's ID number. Used to uniquely refer to each sidechain. +|- +| 2 +| Version +| int32_t +| Version number. +|- +| 3 +| Sidechain Name +| string +| A human-readable name of the sidechain. +|- style="vertical-align:middle;" +| 4 +| Sidechain Description +| string +| A human-readable name description of the sidechain. +|- style="vertical-align:middle;" +| 5 +| Hash1 - tarball hash +| uint256 +| Intended as the sha256 hash of the tar.gz of the canonical sidechain software. (This is not enforced anywhere by Bip300, and is for human purposes only.) +|- style="vertical-align:middle;" +| 6 +| Hash2 - git commit hash +| uint160 +| Intended as the git commit hash of the canonical sidechain node software. (This is not enforced anywhere by Bip300, and is for human purposes only.) +|- +| 7 +| Active +| bool +| Does this sidechain slot contain an active sidechain?<br /> +|- style="vertical-align:middle;" +| 8 +| Activation Status +| int , int +| The age of the proposal (in blocks); and the number of "fails" (a block that does NOT ack the sidechain). This is discarded after the sidechain activates. +|- style="vertical-align:middle;" +| 9 +| "CTIP" -- "TxID" +| uint256 +| A UTXO that holds the sidechain's money. (Part 1 of 2). +|- style="vertical-align:middle;" +| 10 +| "CTIP" -- "vout" +| int32_t +| A UTXO that holds the sidechain's money. (Part 2 of 2). +|} + + +==== D2 (The Withdrawal List) ==== + +D2 lists withdrawal-attempts. If these attempts succeed, they will pay coins "from" a Bip300-locked UTXO, to new UTXOs controlled by the withdrawing-user. Each attempt pays out many users, so we call these withdrawal-attempts "Bundles". + +D2 is driven by M3, M4, M5, and M6. Those messages enforce the following principles: + +# The Bundles have a canonical order (first come first serve). +# From one block to the next, every "Blocks Remaining" field decreases by 1. +# When "Blocks Remaining" reaches zero the Bundle is removed. +# From one block to the next, the value in "ACKs" may either increase or decrease, by a maximum of 1 (see M4). +# If a Bundle's "ACKs" reach 13150 or greater, it "succeeds" and its corresponding M6 message can be included in a block. +# If the M6 of a Bundle is paid out, it is also removed. +# If a Bundle cannot possibly succeed ( 13150 - "ACKs" > "Blocks Remaining" ), it is removed immediately. + + +{| class="wikitable" +! Field No. +! Label +! Type +! Description / Purpose +|- +| 1 +| Sidechain Number +| uint8_t +| Links the withdrawal-request to a specific hashrate escrow. +|- +| 2 +| Bundle Hash +| uint256 +| A withdrawal attempt. Specifically, it is a "blinded transaction id" (ie, the double-Sha256 of a txn that has had two fields zeroed out, see M6) of a txn which could withdraw funds from a sidechain. +|- +| 3 +| Work Score (ACKs) +| uint16_t +| How many miner upvotes a withdrawal has. Starts at 0. Fastest possible rate of increase is 1 per block. +|- +| 4 +| Blocks Remaining +| uint16_t +| How long this bundle has left to live (measured in blocks). Starts at 26,300 and counts down. +|} + +D1, with all 256 slots active, reaches a maximum size of: 256 * ( 1 (map index) + 36 (outpoint) + 8 (amount) ) = 11,520 bytes. + +D2, under normal conditions, would reach a size of: (38 bytes per withdrawal * 256 sidechains) = 9,728 bytes. + +It is possible to spam D2. A miner can add the max M3s (256) every block, forever. This costs 9,728 on-chain bytes per block, an opportunity cost of about 43 txns. It results in no benefit to the miner whatsoever. D2 will eventually hit a ceiling at 124.5568 MB. (By comparison, the Bitcoin UTXO set is about 7,000 MB.) When the attacker stops, D2 will eventually shrink back down to 9,728 bytes. + + +=== The Six New Bip300 Messages === + +First, how are new sidechains created? + +They are first proposed (with M1), and later acked (with M2). This process resembles Bip9 soft fork activation. + +==== M1 -- Propose Sidechain ==== + +M1 is a coinbase OP Return output containing the following: + + 1-byte - OP_RETURN (0x6a) + 4-byte - Message header (0xD5E0C4AF) + N-byte - The serialization of the sidechain. + 1-byte nSidechain + 4-byte nVersion + x-byte title + x-byte description + 32-byte hashID1 + 20-byte hashID2 + + +M1 is invalid if: + +* It would add a duplicate entry to D1. +* There is already an M1 in this block. +* The sidechain serialization does not parse. + +Otherwise: + +* A new entry is added to D1, whose initial Activation Status is (age=0, fails=0). + + +==== M2 -- ACK Sidechain Proposal ==== + +M2 is a coinbase OP Return output containing the following: + + 1-byte - OP_RETURN (0x6a) + 4-byte - Message header (0xD6E1C5BF) + 32-byte - the sha256D hash of sidechain's serialization + + +M2 is ignored if it doesn't parse, or if it is for a sidechain that doesn't exist. + +M2 is invalid if: + +* An M2 is already in this block. +* It tries to ACK two different M1s for the same slot. + +Otherwise: + +* The sidechain is "ACK"ed and does NOT get a "fail" for this block. (As it otherwise would.) + +A sidechain fails to activate if: + +* If the slot is unused: during the next 2016 blocks, it accumulates 201 fails. (Ie, 90% threshold). +* If the slot is in use: during the next 26,300 blocks, it accumulates 13,150 fails. (Ie, 50% threshold). + +( Thus we can overwrite a used sidechain slot. Bip300 sidechains are already vulnerable to one catastrophe per 13150 blocks (the invalid withdrawal) so this slot-overwrite option does not change the security assumptions. ) + +Otherwise, the sidechain activates (Active is set to TRUE). + +In the block in which the sidechain activates, the coinbase MUST include at least one 0-valued OP_DRIVECHAIN output. This output becomes the initial CTIP for the sidechain. + + + +==== Notes on Withdrawing Coins ==== + +Bip300 withdrawals ("M6") are very significant. + +For an M6 to be valid, it must be first "prepped" by one M3 and then 13,150+ M4s. M3 and M4 are about "Bundles". + +===== What are Bundles? ===== + +Sidechain withdrawals take the form of "Bundles" -- named because they "bundle up" many individual withdrawal-requests into a single rare layer1 transaction. + +Sidechain full nodes aggregate the withdrawal-requests into a big set. The sidechain calculates what M6 would have to look like, to pay all of these withdrawal-requests out. Finally, the sidechain calculates what the hash of this M6 would be. This 32-byte hash identifies the Bundle. + +This 32-byte hash is what miners will be slowly ACKing over 3-6 months, not the M6 itself (nor any sidechain data, of course). + +A bundle either pays all its withdrawals out (via M6), or else it fails (and pays nothing out). + +===== Bundle Hash = Blinded TxID of M6 ===== + +The Bundle hash is static as it is being ACKed. Unfortunately, the M6 TxID will be constantly changing -- as users deposit to the sidechain, the input to M6 will change. + +To solve this problem, we do something conceptually similar to AnyPrevOut (BIP 118). We define a "blinded TxID" as a way of hashing a txn, in which some bytes are first overwritten with zeros. These are: the first input and the first output. Via the former, a sidechain can accept deposits, even if we are acking a TxID that spends from it later. Via the latter, we can force all of the non-withdrawn coins to be returned to the sidechain (even if we don't yet know how many coins this will be). + +==== M3 -- Propose Bundle ==== + +M3 is a coinbase OP Return output containing the following: + + 1-byte - OP_RETURN (0x6a) + 4-byte - Commitment header (0xD45AA943) + 32-byte - The Bundle hash, to populate a new D2 entry + 1-byte - nSidechain (the slot number) + +M3 is ignored if it does not parse, or if it is for a sidechain that doesn't exist. + +M3 is invalid if: + +* This block already has an M3 for that nSidechain. +* A bundle with this hash is already in D2. +* A bundle with this hash already paid out. +* A bundle with this hash was rejected in the past. + +Otherwise: M3 adds an entry to D2, with initial ACK score = 1 and initial Blocks Remaining = 26,299. (Merely being added to D2, does count as your first upvote.) + +Once a Bundle is in D2, how can we give it enough ACKs to make it valid? + +==== M4 -- ACK Bundle(s) ==== + +M4 is a coinbase OP Return output containing the following: + + 1-byte - OP_RETURN (0x6a) + 4-byte - Commitment header (0xD77D1776) + 1-byte - Version + n-byte - The "upvote vector" -- describes which bundle-choice is "upvoted", for each sidechain. + +The upvote vector will code "abstain" as 0xFF (or 0xFFFF); it will code "alarm" as 0xFE (or 0xFFFE). Otherwise it simply indicates which withdrawal-bundle in the list, is the one to be "upvoted". + +For example: if there are two sidechains, and we wish to upvote the 7th bundle on sidechain #1 plus the 4th bundle on sidechain #2, then the upvote vector would be { 07, 04 }. And M4 would be [0x6A,D77D1776,00,0006,0003]. + +The version number allows us to shrink the upvote vector in many cases. +Version 0x00 omits the upvote vector entirely (ie, 6 bytes for the whole M4) and sets this block's M4 equal to the previous block's M4. +Version 0x01 uses one byte per sidechain, and can be used while all ACKed withdrawals have an index under 256 (ie, 99.99%+ of the time). +Version 0x02 uses a full two bytes per sidechain (each encoded in little endian), but it always works no matter how many withdrawl proposals exist. +Version 0x03 omits the upvote vector, and instead upvotes only those withdrawals that are leading their rivals by at least 50 votes. + +If a sidechain has no pending bundles, then it is skipped over when M4 is created and parsed. + +For example, an upvote vector of { 2 , N/A, 1 } would be represented as [0x6A,D77D1776,01,01,00]. It means: "upvote the second bundle in sidechain #1; and the first bundle in sidechain #3" (iff sidechains #2 has no bundles proposed). + +An upvote vector of { N/A, N/A, 4 } would be [0x6A,D77D1776,01,03]. + + +The M4 message will be invalid (and invalidate the block), if: + +* It tries to upvote a Bundle that doesn't exist. (For example, trying to upvote the 7th bundle on sidechain #2, when sidechain #2 has only three bundles.) +* There are no Bundles at all, from any sidechain. + +If M4 is NOT present in a block, then it is treated as "abstain". + +If M4 is present and valid: each withdrawal-bundle that is ACKed, will gain one upvote. + +Important: Within a sidechain-group, upvoting one Bundle ("+1") automatically downvotes ("-1") all other Bundles in that group. However, the minimum ACK-counter is zero. While only one Bundle can be upvoted at once; the whole group can all be unchanged at once ("abstain"), and they can all be downvoted at once ("alarm"). + +For example: + +{| class="wikitable" +|- +! SC# +! Bundle Hash +! ACKs +! Blocks Remaining +|- +| 1 +| h1 +| 45 +| 22,109 +|- +| 1 +| h2 +| 12 +| 22,008 +|- +| 2 +| h3 +| 13 +| 22,999 +|- +| 2 +| h4 +| 8 +| 23,550<br /> +|- +| 2 +| h5 +| 2 +| 22,560 +|} + + +...in block 900,000 could become... + + +{| class="wikitable" +|- +! SC# +! Bundle Hash +! ACKs +! Blocks Remaining +|- +| 1 +| h1 +| 46 +| 22,108 +|- +| 1 +| h2 +| 11 +| 22,007 +|- +| 2 +| h3 +| 12 +| 22,998 +|- +| 2 +| h4 +| 9 +| 23,549<br /> +|- +| 2 +| h5 +| 1 +| 22,559 +|} + +...if M4 were [0x6A,D77D1776,00,0000,0001]. + + +Finally, we describe Deposits and Withdrawals. + +==== M5 -- Deposit BTC to Sidechain ==== + +Each sidechain stores all its BTC in one UTXO, called the "CTIP". + +By definition, an M5 is a transaction which spends the CTIP and '''increases''' the quantity of coins. An M6 is a transaction which spends the CTIP and '''decreases''' the quantity of coins in the CTIP. See [https://github.com/LayerTwo-Labs/mainchain/blob/391ab390adaa19f92871d769f8e120ca62c1cf14/src/validation.cpp#L688-L801 here]. + +Every time a deposit/withdrawal is made, the old CTIP is spent and a new one is created. (Deposits/Withdrawals never cause UTXO bloat.) At all times, the CTIP of each sidechain is cached in D1 (above). + +Every M5 is valid, as long as: + +* It has exactly one OP_DRIVECHAIN output -- this becomes the new CTIP. +* The new CTIP has '''more''' coins in it, than before. + + +==== M6 -- Withdraw BTC from a Sidechain ==== + +We come, finally, to the critical matter: where users can take their money *out* of the sidechain. + +M6 is invalid if: + +* The blinded hash of M6 does NOT match one of the approved Bundle-hashes. (In other words: M6 must first be approved by 13,150 upvotes.) +* The first output of M6 is NOT an OP_DRIVECHAIN. (This OP_DRIVECHAIN becomes the new CTIP. In other words: all non-withdrawn coins are paid back to the sidechain.) +* The second output is NOT a zero-value OP_RETURN script of exactly 10 bytes, of which 8 bytes are a serialized Bitcoin amount. +* The txn fee of M6 is NOT exactly equal to the amount of the previous bullet point. +* There are additional OP_DRIVECHAIN outputs after the first one. + +Else, M6 is valid. + +(The point of the latter two bullet points, is to allow the bundle hash to cover the L1 transaction fee.) + +===OP_DRIVECHAIN=== + +This proposal adds a single new opcode, OP_DRIVECHAIN, which has strict semantics for usage. +OP_NOP5 (0xb4) is redefined as OP_DRIVECHAIN if and only if the entire script is OP_DRIVECHAIN followed by a single-byte push and OP_TRUE (exactly 4 bytes). +The single-byte push contains the sidechain number. +Note that this is not a "script number", and cannot be OP_1..OP_16 or any other kind of push; it is also unsigned, and must not be padded even if over sidechain number 127. +The final OP_TRUE is to ensure this change remains a softfork: +without it, sidechain numbers 0 and 128 would cause the legacy script interpreter to fail. + +If an OP_DRIVECHAIN input is spent, the additional rules for M5 or M6 (see above) must be enforced. + +====Weight adjustments==== + +To account for the additional drivechain checks, each message adds to the block's weight: + +{|class="wikitable" +! Message !! Additional weight +|- +| M1 || 840 +|- +| M2 || 336 +|- +| M3 || 848 +|- +| M4 || ? +|- +| M5 || 340 +|- +| M6 || 352 +|} + +<!-- +get: 168 WU for 1 byte +delete: free? +create: 168 WU for 33 bytes +hash: 4 WU?? +search outputs: ? +permanent "proposal rejected" lookup: infinite?? +read prev block: a lot?? maybe store... +comparison: 4 WU? +encode script: ? + +M1: 3 get, 2 create +M2: 1 get, 1 delete, 1 create +M3: 3 get, 1 delete, 2 create, 2 hash + for each coinbase output: search for prior M3 for this sidechain + lookup if M3 was ever rejected or paid in the past + for each prior proposed withdrawl: (included in 1 get+delete+create) +M4: 1 get + + for every proposed withdraw, 1 get, 1 delete, 1 create, 1 add + v0 needs to read and parse previous block +M5/M6 OP_DRIVECHAIN spends require 2 additional input lookups + for each output: check for duplicate OP_DRIVECHAINs + amount comparison + M6: encode & compare fee amount, 2 hash, counter compare +--> + + +==Backward compatibility== + +As a soft fork, older software will continue to operate without modification. Non-upgraded nodes will see a number of phenomena that they don't understand -- coinbase txns with non-txn data, value accumulating in anyone-can-spend UTXOs for months at a time, and then random amounts leaving these UTXOs in single, infrequent bursts. However, these phenomena don't affect them, or the validity of the money that they receive. + +( As a nice bonus, note that the sidechains themselves inherit a resistance to hard forks. The only way to guarantee that all different sidechain-nodes will always report the same Bundle, is to upgrade sidechains via soft forks of themselves. ) + + +==Deployment== + +This BIP will be deployed via UASF-style block height activation. Block height TBD. + + +==Reference Implementation== + +See: https://github.com/drivechain-project/mainchain + +Also, for interest, see an example sidechain here: https://github.com/drivechain-project/sidechains/tree/testchain + + +==References== + +https://github.com/drivechain-project/mainchain +https://github.com/drivechain-project/sidechains/tree/testchain +See http://www.drivechain.info/literature/index.html + + +==Credits== + +Thanks to everyone who contributed to the discussion, especially: Luke Dashjr, ZmnSCPxj, Adam Back, Peter Todd, Dan Anderson, Sergio Demian Lerner, Chris Stewart, Matt Corallo, Sjors Provoost, Tier Nolan, Erik Aronesty, Jason Dreyzehner, Joe Miyamoto, Ben Goldhaber. + + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license. diff --git a/bip-0300/images.txt b/bip-0300/images.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2fbbf63 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0300/images.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Images used as reference in the documentation. diff --git a/bip-0300/m1-cli.png b/bip-0300/m1-cli.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3361b28 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0300/m1-cli.png diff --git a/bip-0300/m1-gui.jpg b/bip-0300/m1-gui.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2b05556 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0300/m1-gui.jpg diff --git a/bip-0301.mediawiki b/bip-0301.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e1522f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0301.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 301 + Layer: Consensus (soft fork) + Title: Blind Merged Mining (Consensus layer) + Author: Paul Sztorc <truthcoin@gmail.com> + CryptAxe <cryptaxe@gmail.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0301 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2019-07-23 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + + +==Abstract== + +Blind Merged Mining (BMM) allows miners to mine a Sidechain/Altcoin, without running its node software (ie, without "looking" at it, hence "blind"). + +Instead, a separate sidechain user runs their node and constructs the block, paying himself the transaction fees. He then uses an equivalent amount of money to "buy" the right to find this block, from the conventional layer1 Sha256d miners. + + +==Motivation== + +"Merged-Mining" (MM) allows miners to reuse their hashing work to secure other chains (for example, as in Namecoin). + +However, traditional MM has two drawbacks: + +# Miners must run a full node of the other chain(s). (Thus, they must run "non-Bitcoin" software which may be buggy.) +# Miners are paid on the other chain, in Alt-currency. (Miners who MM Namecoin, will earn NMC.) + + +==Notation and Example== + +Note: We use notation side:\* and main:\* in front of otherwise-ambiguous words (such as "block", "node", or "chain"), to sort the mainchain version from its sidechain counterpart. We name all sidechain users "Simon", and name all mainchain miners "Mary". + +Example: imagine that a sidechain block contains 20,000 txns, each paying a $0.10 fee; therefore, the block is worth $2000 of fee-revenue. As usual: the sidechain's coinbase txn will pay this $2000 to someone (in this case, "Simon"). Under Bip301, Simon does no hashing, but instead makes one layer1 txn paying $1999 to the layer1 miners ("Mary"). + + +{| class="wikitable" +|- +! colspan="3" | Upon finding a sidechain block worth $2000... +|- style="font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline;" +| Item +| Layer1 Miner ("Mary") +| Sidechain User ("Simon") +|- +| Runs a sidechain node? +| No +| Yes +|- +| How much hashing? +| 100% +| 0% +|- +| Coins collected, on Layer2 +| $0 +| $2000 +|- +| Coins paid out, on Layer1 +| $0 +| $1999 +|- +| Coins rec'd, on Layer1 +| $1999 +| $0 +|- +| d(Net Worth) +| +$1999 +| +$1 +|} + + +Bip301 makes this specialization-of-labor trustless on layer1. If Mary takes Simon's money, then she must let Simon control the side:block. + + + +==Specification== + + +Bip300 consists of two messages: "BMM Accept" and "BMM Request". These govern something called "h*". + +So we will discuss: + +# h* -- The sidechain's hashMerkleRoot, and why it matters. +# "BMM Accept" -- How h* enters a main:coinbase. When Mary "accepts" a BMM Request, Mary is ''endorsing a side:block''. +# "BMM Request" -- Simon offering money to Mary, if (and only if) she will Endorse a specific h*. When Simon broadcasts a BMM Request, Simon is ''attempting a side:block''. + + +=== h* === + +h* ("h star") is the sidechain's Merkle Root hash. + +In Bip301, a sidechain's coinbase txn acts as a header (it contains the hash of the previous side:block, and previous main:block). Thus, the MerkleRoot contains everything important. + +Note: in Bip301 sidechains, "headers" and "block hashes" do not have significant consensus meaning and are in the design mainly to help with IBD. (In the mainchain, in contrast, headers and block hashes determine the difficulty adjustments and cumulative PoW.) + +<img src="bip-0301/sidechain-headers.png?raw=true" align="middle"></img> + + +Above: h* is located in the main:coinbase. h* contains all side:txns, including the side:coinbase. The side:coinbase contains many "header-like" fields, such as the hash of the previous side:block. + +Mary controls the main:coinbase, so she may select any h*. Her selection will determine which side:block is "found". + + +=== BMM Accept === + +To "Accept" the BMM proposal (and to accept Simon's money), Mary must endorse Simon's block. + +<pre> +For each side:block Mary wishes to endorse, Mary places the following into a main:coinbase OP_RETURN: + 1-byte - OP_RETURN (0x6a) + 4-bytes - Message header (0xD1617368) + 32-bytes - h* (obtained from Simon) +</pre> + +[https://github.com/drivechain-project/mainchain/blob/8901d469975752d799b6a7a61d4e00a9a124028f/src/validation.cpp#L3530-L3572 Code details here]. + +If these OP_RETURN outputs are not present, then no Requests were accepted. (And, Mary would get no money from Requests.) + +It is possible for Mary and Simon to be the same person.They would trust each other completely, so the BMM process would stop here. There would only be Accepts; Requests would be unnecessary. + +When Simon and Mary are different people, Simon will need to use BMM Requests. + +=== BMM Request === + +Simon will use BMM Requests to buy the right to find a sidechain block, from Mary. + +<pre> +For each side:block that Simon wants to attempt, he broadcasts a txn containing the following: + 3-bytes - Message header (0x00bf00) + 32-bytes - h* (side:MerkleRoot) + 1-byte - nSidechain (sidechain ID number) + 4-bytes - prevMainHeaderBytes (the last four bytes of the previous main:block) +</pre> + +We make use of the [https://github.com/drivechain-project/mainchain/blob/8901d469975752d799b6a7a61d4e00a9a124028f/src/primitives/transaction.h#L224-L331 extended serialization format]. (SegWit used ESF to position scriptWitness data within txns; we use it here to position the five fields above.) + + +The Message header identifies this txn as a BMM transaction. h* is chosen by Simon to correspond to his side:block. nSidechain is the number assigned to the sidechain when it was created. preSideBlockRef allows Simon to build on any preexisting side:block (allowing him to bypass one or more invalid blocks, details below). prevMainHeaderBytes are the last four bytes of the previous main:block (details below). + +This txn is invalid if it fails any of the following checks: + +# Each "BMM Request", must match one corresponding "BMM Accept" (previous section). +# Only one BMM Request is allowed in each main:block, per sidechain. In other words, if 700 users broadcast BMM Requests for sidechain #4, then the main:miner singles out one BMM Request to include. +# The 4-bytes of prevMainHeaderBytes must match the last four bytes of the previous main:blockheader. Thus, Simon's txns are only valid for the current block, in the block history that he knows about (and therefore, the current sidechain history that he knows about). + + +Most BMM Request txns will never make it into a block. Simon will make many BMM Requests, but only one will be accepted. Since only one BMM Request can become a bona fide transaction, Simon may feel comfortable making multiple offers all day long. This means Mary has many offers to choose from, and can choose the one which pays her the most. + +This BIP allows BMM Requests to take place over Lightning. One method is [https://www.drivechain.info/media/bmm-note/bmm-lightning/ here]. (BMM Accepts cannot be over LN, since they reside in main:coinbase txns.) + +==Backward compatibility== + +As a soft fork, older software will continue to operate without modification. To enforce BMM trustlessly, nodes must watch "pairs" of transactions, and subject them to extra rules. Non-upgraded nodes will notice that this activity is present in the blockchain, but they will not understand any of it. + +Much like P2SH or a new OP Code, these old users can never be directly affected by the fork, as they will have no expectations of receiving payments of this kind. (As a matter of fact, the only people receiving BTC here, all happen to be miners. So there is less reason than ever to expect compatibility problems.) + +As with all previous soft forks, non-upgraded users are indirectly affected, in that they are no longer performing full validation. + + +==Deployment== + +This BIP will be deployed via UASF-style block height activation. Block height TBD. + + +==Reference Implementation== + +See: https://github.com/drivechain-project/mainchain + +Also, for interest, see an example sidechain here: https://github.com/drivechain-project/sidechains/tree/testchain + + +==References== + +* http://www.drivechain.info/literature/index.html +* http://www.truthcoin.info/blog/blind-merged-mining/ +* http://www.truthcoin.info/images/bmm-outline.txt + + +==Thanks== + +Thanks to everyone who contributed to the discussion, especially: ZmnSCPxj, Adam Back, Peter Todd, Dan Anderson, Sergio Demian Lerner, Matt Corallo, Sjors Provoost, Tier Nolan, Erik Aronesty, Jason Dreyzehner, Joe Miyamoto, Chris Stewart, Ben Goldhaber. + + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license. + diff --git a/bip-0301/images.txt b/bip-0301/images.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2fbbf63 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0301/images.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Images used as reference in the documentation. diff --git a/bip-0301/m1-gui.jpg b/bip-0301/m1-gui.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f3aab1 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0301/m1-gui.jpg diff --git a/bip-0301/sidechain-headers.png b/bip-0301/sidechain-headers.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..de9697c --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0301/sidechain-headers.png diff --git a/bip-0301/witness-vs-critical.png b/bip-0301/witness-vs-critical.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..79c84b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0301/witness-vs-critical.png diff --git a/bip-0310.mediawiki b/bip-0310.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..257e92a --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0310.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,285 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 310 + Layer: Applications + Title: Stratum protocol extensions + Author: Pavel Moravec <pavel.moravec@braiins.cz> + Jan Čapek <jan.capek@braiins.cz> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0310 + Status: Draft + Type: Informational + Created: 2018-03-10 + License: BSD-3-Clause + CC0-1.0 +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This BIP provides a generic mechanism for specifying stratum protocol +extensions. At the same time, one of the important extensions that is +specified by this BIP is configuration of bits for "version rolling" +in nVersion field of bitcoin block header. + +The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", +"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this +document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. + +==Motivation== + +The initial motivation for specifying some general support for stratum +protocol extensions was a need to allow miners to do so called +"version rolling", changing value in the first field of the Bitcoin +block header. + +Version rolling is backwards incompatible change to the stratum protocol +because the miner couldn't communicate different block version value to +the server in the original version of the stratum protocol. Similarly, +a server couldn't communicate safe bits for rolling to a miner. So +both miners and pools need to implement some protocol extension to +support version rolling. + +Typically, if a miner sends an unknown message to a server, the server +closes the connection (not all implementations do that but some +do). So it is not very safe to try to send unknown messages to +servers. + +We can use this opportunity to make one backwards incompatible +change to the protocol to support multiple extensions in the +future. In a way that a miner can advertise its capabilities and at +the same time it can request some needed features from the server. + +It is preferable that the same mechanism for feature negotiation can +be used for not yet known features. It SHOULD be easy to implement in +the mining software too. + +We introduce one new message to the stratum protocol ('''"mining.configure"''') which handles the initial configuration/negotiation of features in a generic way. So that adding features in the future can be done without a necessity to add new messages to stratum protocol. + +Each extension has its unique string name, so called '''extension code'''. + + +==Specification== +Currently, the following extensions are defined: + +* '''"version-rolling"''' +* '''"minimum-difficulty"''' +* '''"subscribe-extranonce"''' + + +===Additional data types=== + +The following names are used as type aliases, making the message +description easier. + +* '''TMask''' - case independent hexadecimal string of length 8, encoding an unsigned 32-bit integer (~<code>[0-9a-fA-F]{8}</code>) + +* '''TExtensionCode''' - non-empty string with a value equal to the name of some protocol extension. + +* '''TExtensionResult''' - <code>true</code> / <code>false</code> / ''String''. +** <code>true</code> = The requested feature is supported and its configuration understood and applied. +** <code>false</code> = The feature is not supported or unknown. +** ''String'' = Error message containing information about what went wrong. + + +===Request "mining.configure"=== + +This message (JSON RPC Request) SHOULD be the '''first message''' sent +by the miner after the connection with the server is established. The client +uses the message to advertise its features and to request/allow some +protocol extensions. + +The reason for it being the first is that we want the implementation and +possible interactions to be as easy and simple as possible. An extension +can define explicitly what does a repeated configuration of that +extension mean. + +Each extension code provides a namespace for its extension parameters +and extension return values. By convention, the names are formed from +extension codes by adding "." and a parameter name. The same applies +for the return values, which are transferred in a result map +too. E.g. "version-rolling.mask" is the name of the parameter "mask" of +extension "version-rolling". + +'''Parameters''': + +* '''extensions''' (REQUIRED, List of ''TExtensionCode'') +::- Each string in the list MUST be a valid extension code. The meaning of each code is described independently as part of the extension definition. A miner SHOULD advertise all its available features. + +* '''extension-parameters''' (REQUIRED, ''Map of (String -> Any)'') +::- Parameters of the requested/allowed extensions from the first parameter. + + +'''Return value''': + +* ''Map of (String -> Any)'' +::- Each code from the '''extensions''' list MUST have a defined return value (''TExtensionCode'' -> ''TExtensionResult''). This way the miner knows if the extension is activated or not. E.g. <code>{"version-rolling":false}</code> for unsupported version rolling. +::- Some extensions need additional information to be delivered to the miner. The return value map is used for this purpose. + + +Example request (new-lines added): + +<pre> + {"method": "mining.configure", + "id": 1, + "params": [["minimum-difficulty", "version-rolling"], + {"minimum-difficulty.value": 2048, + "version-rolling.mask": "1fffe000", "version-rolling.min-bit-count": 2}]} +</pre> + +(The miner requests extensions <code>"version-rolling"</code> and +<code>"minimum-difficulty"</code>. It sets the parameters according to the extensions' +definitions.) + +Example result (new-lines added): + +<pre> + {"error": null, + "id": 1, + "result": {"version-rolling": true, + "version-rolling.mask": "18000000", + "minimum-difficulty": true}} +</pre> + +=Defined extensions= + +==Extension "version-rolling"== + +This extension allows the miner to change the value of some bits in the +version field in the block header. Currently there are no standard bits +used for version rolling so they need to be negotiated between a +miner and a server. + +A miner sends the server a mask describing bits which the miner is +capable of changing. 1 = changeable bit, 0 = not changeable (<code>miner_mask</code>) +and a minimum number of bits that it needs for efficient version rolling. + +A server typically allows you to change only some of the version bits +(<code>server_mask</code>) and the rest of the version bits are +fixed. E.g. because the block needs to be valid or some signaling is +in place. + +The server responds to the configuration message by sending a mask +with common bits intersection of the miner's mask and its a mask +(<code>response = server_mask & miner_mask</code>) + +Example request (a miner capable of changing any 2 bits from a 16-bit mask): + + {"method": "mining.configure", "id": 1, "params": [["version-rolling"], {"version-rolling.mask": "1fffe000", "version-rolling.min-bit-count": 2}]} + + +Example result (success): + + {"error": null, "id": 1, "result": {"version-rolling": true, "version-rolling.mask": "18000000"}} + + +Example result (unknown extension): + + {"error": null, "id": 1, "result": {"version-rolling": false}} + + +'''Extension parameters''': + +* '''"version-rolling.mask"''' (OPTIONAL, ''TMask'', default value <code>"ffffffff"</code>) +::- Bits set to 1 can be changed by the miner. This value is expected +to be stable for the whole mining session. A miner doesn't have to +send the mask, in this case a default full mask is used. + +'''Extension return values''': + +* '''"version-rolling"''' (REQUIRED, ''TExtensionResult'') +::- When responded with <code>true</code>, the server will accept new parameter of '''"mining.submit"''', see later. + +* '''"version-rolling.mask"''' (REQUIRED, ''TMask'') +::- Bits set to 1 are allowed to be changed by the miner. If a miner changes bits with mask value 0, the server will reject the submit. +::- The server SHOULD return the largest mask possible (as many bits set to 1 as possible). This can be useful in a mining proxy setup when a proxy needs to negotiate the best mask for its future clients. There is a [Draft BIP](https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/pull/661/files) describing available nVersion bits. The server SHOULD pick a mask that preferably covers all bits specified in the BIP. + +* '''"version-rolling.min-bit-count"''' (REQUIRED, ''TMask'') +::- The miner also provides a minimum number of bits that it needs for efficient version rolling in hardware. Note that this parameter provides important diagnostic information to the pool server. If the requested bit count exceeds the limit of the pool server, the miner always has the chance to operate in a degraded mode without using full hashing power. The pool server SHOULD NOT terminate miner connection if this rare mismatch case occurs. + +===Notification '''"mining.set_version_mask"'''=== + +Server notifies the miner about a new mask valid for the +connection. This message can be sent at any time after the successful +setup of the version rolling extension by the "mining.configure" +message. The new mask is valid '''immediately''', so that the server +doesn't wait for the next job. + + +'''Parameters''': + +* ''mask'' (REQUIRED, ''TMask''): The meaning is the same as the '''"version-rolling.mask"''' return parameter. + +Example: + + {"params":["00003000"], "id":null, "method": "mining.set_version_mask"} + + +===Changes in request '''"mining.submit"'''=== + +Immediately after successful activation of the version-rolling extension +(result to '''"mining.configure"''' sent by server), the server MUST accept +an additional parameter of the message '''"mining.submit"'''. The client MUST +send one additional parameter, '''version_bits''' (6th parameter, after +''worker_name'', ''job_id'', ''extranonce2'', ''ntime'' and ''nonce''). + + +'''Additional parameters''': + +* ''version_bits'' (REQUIRED, ''TMask'') - Version bits set by miner. +::- Miner can set only bits corresponding to the set bits in the last received mask from the server either as response to "mining.configure" or "mining.set_version_mask" notification (<code>last_mask</code>). This must hold: + version_bits & ~last_mask == 0 +::- The server computes ''nVersion'' for the submit as follows: + nVersion = (job_version & ~last_mask) | (version_bits & last_mask) +where <code>job_version</code> is the block version sent to miner as part of job with id <code>job_id</code>. + +==Extension "minimum-difficulty"== + +This extension allows miner to request a minimum difficulty for the +connected machine. It solves a problem in the original stratum +protocol where there is no way how to communicate hard limit of the +connected device. + +'''Extension parameters''': +* '''"minimum-difficulty.value"''' (REQUIRED, ''Integer/Float'', >= 0) +::- The minimum difficulty value acceptable for the miner/connection. The value can be 0 for essentially disabling the feature. + +'''Extension return values''': +* '''"minimum-difficulty"''' (REQUIRED, ''TExtensionResult'') +::- Whether the minimum difficulty was accepted or not. +::- This extension can be configured multiple times by calling "mining.configure" with "minimum-difficulty" code again. + + +==Extension "subscribe-extranonce"== + +Parameter-less extension. Miner advertises its capability of receiving +message '''"mining.set_extranonce"''' message (useful for hash rate +routing scenarios). + +==Extension "info"== + +Miner provides additional text-based information. + +'''Extension parameters''': +* '''"info.connection-url"''' (OPTIONAL, ''String'') +::- Exact URL used by the mining software to connect to the stratum server. + +* '''"info.hw-version"''' (OPTIONAL, ''String'') +::- Manufacturer specific hardware revision string. + +* '''"info.sw-version"''' (OPTIONAL, ''String'') +::- Manufacturer specific software version + +* '''"info.hw-id"''' (OPTIONAL, ''String'') +::- Unique identifier of the mining device + +==Compatibility== + +Currently, there is a similar protocol feature '''mining.capabilities''' that +was intended for various protocol extensions. However, '''mining.configure''' +is incompatible with this feature as it requires a server response confirming +all accepted/negotatied extensions. The reason why we made it incompatible is +that '''mining.capabilities''' request has no associated response. + + +==Copyright== + +This document is dual licensed as BSD 3-clause, and Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal. diff --git a/bip-0320.mediawiki b/bip-0320.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a32df6 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0320.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 320 + Title: nVersion bits for general purpose use + Author: BtcDrak <btcdrak@gmail.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0320 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2018-03-01 + License: BSD-3-Clause + CC0-1.0 +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This BIP reserves 16 bits of the block header nVersion field for general purpose use and removes their meaning for the purpose of version bits soft-fork signalling. + +The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. + +==Motivation== + +There are a variety of things that miners may desire to use some of the nVersion field bits for. However, due to their use to coordinate miner activated soft-forks, full node software will generate false warnings about unknown soft forks if those bits are used for non soft fork signalling purposes. By reserving bits from the nVersion field for general use, node software can be updated to ignore those bits and therefore will not emit false warnings. Reserving 16 bits for general use leaves enough for 13 parallel soft-forks using version bits. + +===Example Uses=== + +The following are example cases that would benefit from using some of the bits from the nVersion field. This list is not exhaustive. + +Bitcoin mining hardware currently can exhaust the 32 bit nonce field in less than 200ms requiring the controller to distribute new jobs very frequently to each mining chip consuming a lot of bandwidth and CPU time. This can be greatly reduced by rolling more bits. Rolling too many bits from nTime is not ideal because it may distort the timestamps over a longer period. + +Version-rolling AsicBoost requires two bits from the nVersion field to calculate 4-way collisions. Any two bits can be used and mining equipment can negotiate which bits are to be used with mining pools via the Stratum "version-rolling" extension. + +==Specification== + +Sixteen bits from the block header nVersion field, starting from 13 and ending at 28 inclusive (0x1fffe000), are reserved for general use and removed from BIP8 and BIP9 specifications. A mask of 0xe0001fff should be applied to nVersion bits so bits 13-28 inclusive will be ignored for soft-fork signalling and unknown soft-fork warnings. + +This specification does not reserve specific bits for specific purposes. + +==Reference Implementation== + +https://github.com/btcdrak/bitcoin/commit/d12516e136d4a8952904a13eedc9f4225f35dc3b + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +Non-upgraded nodes will interpret the reserved bits of this proposal as signals for soft forks, and may additionally activate the warning system for unknown soft forks. + +This proposal does not require a soft fork to implement. + +At the time of writing no known soft forks are pending using any of 16 bits reserved in this BIP, and given that a non-trivial percentage of the hashrate is already making uses of those bits, future soft forks SHOULD NOT utilise those bits for activation signalling. + +==Acknowledgements== + +Timo Hanke and Sergio Lerner for originally proposing 15-bit extra nNonce2. + +==References== + +[[bip-0008.mediawiki|BIP8]] + +[[bip-0009.mediawiki|BIP9]] + +[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1604.00575.pdf AsicBoost white paper] + +[https://github.com/BlockheaderNonce2/bitcoin/wiki Blockheader Extra nNonce2 proposal] + +[https://github.com/slushpool/stratumprotocol/blob/master/stratum-extensions.mediawiki Stratum protocol extension BIP for version-rolling] + +==Copyright== + +This document is dual licensed as BSD 3-clause, and Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal. diff --git a/bip-0322.mediawiki b/bip-0322.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..55a751f --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0322.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,192 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 322 + Layer: Applications + Title: Generic Signed Message Format + Author: Karl-Johan Alm <karljohan-alm@garage.co.jp> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0322 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2018-09-10 + License: CC0-1.0 +</pre> + +== Abstract == + +A standard for interoperable signed messages based on the Bitcoin Script format, either for proving fund availability, or committing to a message as the intended recipient of funds sent to the invoice address. + +== Motivation == + +The current message signing standard only works for P2PKH (1...) invoice addresses. We propose to extend and generalize the standard by using a Bitcoin Script based approach. This ensures that any coins, no matter what script they are controlled by, can in-principle be signed for. For easy interoperability with existing signing hardware, we also define a signature message format which resembles a Bitcoin transaction (except that it contains an invalid input, so it cannot be spent on any real network). + +Additionally, the current message signature format uses ECDSA signatures which do not commit to the public key, meaning that they do not actually prove knowledge of any secret keys. (Indeed, valid signatures can be tweaked by 3rd parties to become valid signatures on certain related keys.) + +Ultimately no message signing protocol can actually prove control of funds, both because a signature is obsolete as soon as it is created, and because the possessor of a secret key may be willing to sign messages on others' behalf even if it would not sign actual transactions. No signmessage protocol can fix these limitations. + +== Types of Signatures == + +This BIP specifies three formats for signing messages: ''legacy'', ''simple'' and ''full''. Additionally, a variant of the ''full'' format can be used to demonstrate control over a set of UTXOs. + +=== Legacy === + +New proofs should use the new format for all invoice address formats, including P2PKH. + +The legacy format MAY be used, but must be restricted to the legacy P2PKH invoice address format. + +=== Simple === + +A ''simple'' signature consists of a witness stack, consensus encoded as a vector of vectors of bytes, and base64-encoded. Validators should construct <code>to_spend</code> and <code>to_sign</code> as defined below, with default values for all fields except that + +* <code>message_hash</code> is a BIP340-tagged hash of the message, as specified below +* <code>message_challenge</code> in <code>to_spend</code> is set to the scriptPubKey being signed with +* <code>message_signature</code> in <code>to_sign</code> is set to the provided simple signature. + +and then proceed as they would for a full signature. + +=== Full === + +Full signatures follow an analogous specification to the BIP-325 challenges and solutions used by Signet. + +Let there be two virtual transactions <code>to_spend</code> and <code>to_sign</code>. + +The <code>to_spend</code> transaction is: + + nVersion = 0 + nLockTime = 0 + vin[0].prevout.hash = 0000...000 + vin[0].prevout.n = 0xFFFFFFFF + vin[0].nSequence = 0 + vin[0].scriptSig = OP_0 PUSH32[ message_hash ] + vin[0].scriptWitness = [] + vout[0].nValue = 0 + vout[0].scriptPubKey = message_challenge + +where <code>message_hash</code> is a BIP340-tagged hash of the message, i.e. sha256_tag(m), where tag = <code>BIP0322-signed-message</code> and <code>m</code> is the message as is without length prefix or null terminator, and <code>message_challenge</code> is the to be proven (public) key script. + +The <code>to_sign</code> transaction is: + + nVersion = 0 or (FULL format only) as appropriate (e.g. 2, for time locks) + nLockTime = 0 or (FULL format only) as appropriate (for time locks) + vin[0].prevout.hash = to_spend.txid + vin[0].prevout.n = 0 + vin[0].nSequence = 0 or (FULL format only) as appropriate (for time locks) + vin[0].scriptWitness = message_signature + vout[0].nValue = 0 + vout[0].scriptPubKey = OP_RETURN + +A full signature consists of the base64-encoding of the <code>to_sign</code> transaction in standard network serialisation once it has been signed. + +=== Full (Proof of Funds) === + +A signer may construct a proof of funds, demonstrating control of a set of UTXOs, by constructing a full signature as above, with the following modifications. + +* <code>message_challenge</code> is unused and shall be set to <code>OP_TRUE</code> +* Similarly, <code>message_signature</code> is then empty. +* All outputs that the signer wishes to demonstrate control of are included as additional inputs of <code>to_sign</code>, and their witness and scriptSig data should be set as though these outputs were actually being spent. + +Unlike an ordinary signature, validators of a proof of funds need access to the current UTXO set, to learn that the claimed inputs exist on the blockchain, and to learn their scriptPubKeys. + +== Detailed Specification == + +For all signature types, except legacy, the <code>to_spend</code> and <code>to_sign</code> transactions must be valid transactions which pass all consensus checks, except of course that the output with prevout <code>000...000:FFFFFFFF</code> does not exist. + +=== Verification === + +A validator is given as input an address ''A'' (which may be omitted in a proof-of-funds), signature ''s'' and message ''m'', and outputs one of three states +* ''valid at time T and age S'' indicates that the signature has set timelocks but is otherwise valid +* ''inconclusive'' means the validator was unable to check the scripts +* ''invalid'' means that some check failed + +==== Verification Process ==== + +Validation consists of the following steps: + +# Basic validation +## Compute the transaction <code>to_spend</code> from ''m'' and ''A'' +## Decode ''s'' as the transaction <code>to_sign</code> +## If ''s'' was a full transaction, confirm all fields are set as specified above; in particular that +##* <code>to_sign</code> has at least one input and its first input spends the output of </code>to_spend</code> +##* <code>to_sign</code> has exactly one output, as specified above +## Confirm that the two transactions together satisfy all consensus rules, except for <code>to_spend</code>'s missing input, and except that ''nSequence'' of <code>to_sign</code>'s first input and ''nLockTime'' of <code>to_sign</code> are not checked. +# (Optional) If the validator does not have a full script interpreter, it should check that it understands all scripts being satisfied. If not, it should stop here and output ''inconclusive''. +# Check the **required rules**: +## All signatures must use the SIGHASH_ALL flag. +## The use of <code>CODESEPARATOR</code> or <code>FindAndDelete</code> is forbidden. +## <code>LOW_S</code>, <code>STRICTENC</code> and <code>NULLFAIL</code>: valid ECDSA signatures must be strictly DER-encoded and have a low-S value; invalid ECDSA signature must be the empty push +## <code>MINIMALDATA</code>: all pushes must be minimally encoded +## <code>CLEANSTACK</code>: require that only a single stack element remains after evaluation +## <code>MINIMALIF</code>: the argument of <code>IF</code>/<code>NOTIF</code> must be exactly 0x01 or empty push +## If any of the above steps failed, the validator should stop and output the ''invalid'' state. +# Check the **upgradeable rules** +## The version of <code>to_sign</code> must be 0 or 2. +## The use of NOPs reserved for upgrades is forbidden. +## The use of segwit versions greater than 1 are forbidden. +## If any of the above steps failed, the validator should stop and output the ''inconclusive'' state. +# Let ''T'' by the nLockTime of <code>to_sign</code> and ''S'' be the nSequence of the first input of <code>to_sign</code>. Output the state ''valid at time T and age S''. + +=== Signing === + +Signers who control an address ''A'' who wish to sign a message ''m'' act as follows: + +# They construct <code>to_spend</code> and <code>to_sign</code> as specified above, using the scriptPubKey of ''A'' for <code>message_challenge</code> and tagged hash of ''m'' as <code>message_hash</code>. +# Optionally, they may set nLockTime of <code>to_sign</code> or nSequence of its first input. +# Optionally, they may add any additional outputs to <code>to_sign</code> that they wish to prove control of. +# They satisfy <code>to_sign</code> as they would any other transaction. + +They then encode their signature, choosing either ''simple'' or ''full'' as follows: + +* If they added no inputs to <code>to_sign</code>, left nSequence and nLockTime at 0, and ''A'' is a Segwit address (either pure or P2SH-wrapped), then they may base64-encode <code>message_signature</code> +* Otherwise they must base64-encode <code>to_sign</code>. + +== Compatibility == + +This specification is backwards compatible with the legacy signmessage/verifymessage specification through the special case as described above. + +== Reference implementation == + +* Bitcoin Core pull request (basic support) at: https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/24058 + +== Acknowledgements == + +Thanks to David Harding, Jim Posen, Kalle Rosenbaum, Pieter Wuille, Andrew Poelstra, and many others for their feedback on the specification. + +== References == + +# Original mailing list thread: https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2018-March/015818.html + +== Copyright == + +This document is licensed under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal license. + +== Test vectors == + +=== Message hashing === + +Message hashes are BIP340-tagged hashes of a message, i.e. sha256_tag(m), where tag = <code>BIP0322-signed-message</code>, and m is the message as is without length prefix or null terminator: + +* Message = "" (empty string): <code>c90c269c4f8fcbe6880f72a721ddfbf1914268a794cbb21cfafee13770ae19f1</code> +* Message = "Hello World": <code>f0eb03b1a75ac6d9847f55c624a99169b5dccba2a31f5b23bea77ba270de0a7a</code> + +=== Message signing === + +Given below parameters: + +* private key <code>L3VFeEujGtevx9w18HD1fhRbCH67Az2dpCymeRE1SoPK6XQtaN2k</code> +* corresponding address <code>bc1q9vza2e8x573nczrlzms0wvx3gsqjx7vavgkx0l</code> + +Produce signatures: + +* Message = "" (empty string): <code>AkcwRAIgM2gBAQqvZX15ZiysmKmQpDrG83avLIT492QBzLnQIxYCIBaTpOaD20qRlEylyxFSeEA2ba9YOixpX8z46TSDtS40ASECx/EgAxlkQpQ9hYjgGu6EBCPMVPwVIVJqO4XCsMvViHI=</code> +* Message = "Hello World": <code>AkcwRAIgZRfIY3p7/DoVTty6YZbWS71bc5Vct9p9Fia83eRmw2QCICK/ENGfwLtptFluMGs2KsqoNSk89pO7F29zJLUx9a/sASECx/EgAxlkQpQ9hYjgGu6EBCPMVPwVIVJqO4XCsMvViHI=</code> + +=== Transaction Hashes === + +to_spend: + +* Message = "" (empty string): <code>c5680aa69bb8d860bf82d4e9cd3504b55dde018de765a91bb566283c545a99a7</code> +* Message = "Hello World": <code>b79d196740ad5217771c1098fc4a4b51e0535c32236c71f1ea4d61a2d603352b</code> + +to_sign: + +* Message = "" (empty string): <code>1e9654e951a5ba44c8604c4de6c67fd78a27e81dcadcfe1edf638ba3aaebaed6</code> +* Message = "Hello World": <code>88737ae86f2077145f93cc4b153ae9a1cb8d56afa511988c149c5c8c9d93bddf</code> diff --git a/bip-0324.mediawiki b/bip-0324.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8050b15 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0324.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,596 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 324 + Layer: Peer Services + Title: Version 2 P2P Encrypted Transport Protocol + Author: Dhruv Mehta <dhruv@bip324.com> + Tim Ruffing <crypto@timruffing.de> + Jonas Schnelli <dev@jonasschnelli.ch> + Pieter Wuille <bitcoin-dev@wuille.net> + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0324 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2019-03-08 + License: BSD-3-Clause + Replaces: 151 +</pre> + +== Introduction == + +=== Abstract === +This document proposes a new Bitcoin P2P transport protocol, which features opportunistic encryption, a mild bandwidth reduction, and the ability to negotiate upgrades before exchanging application messages. + +=== Copyright === +This document is licensed under the 3-clause BSD license. + +=== Motivation === +Bitcoin is a permissionless network whose purpose is to reach consensus over public data. Since all data relayed in the Bitcoin P2P network is inherently public, and the protocol lacks a notion of cryptographic identities, peers talk to each other over unencrypted and unauthenticated connections. Nevertheless, this plaintext nature of the current P2P protocol (referred to as v1 in this document) has severe drawbacks in the presence of attackers: + +* While the relayed data itself is public in nature, the associated metadata may reveal private information and hamper privacy of users. For example, a global passive attacker eavesdropping on all Bitcoin P2P connections can trivially identify the source and timing of a transaction. +* Since connections are unauthenticated, they can be tampered with at a low cost and often even with a low risk of detection. For example, an attacker can alter specific bytes of a connection (such as node flags) on-the-fly without the need to keep any state. +* The protocol is self-revealing. For example, deep packet inspection can identify a P2P connection trivially because connections start with a fixed sequence of magic bytes. The ability to detect connections enables censorship and facilitates the aforementioned attacks as well as other attacks which require the attacker to control the connections of victims, e.g., eclipse attacks targeted at miners. + +This proposal for a new P2P protocol version (v2) aims to improve upon this by raising the costs for performing these attacks substantially, primarily through the use of unauthenticated, opportunistic transport encryption. In addition, the bytestream on the wire is made pseudorandom (i.e., indistinguishable from uniformly random bytes) to a passive eavesdropper. + +* Encryption, even when it is unauthenticated and only used when both endpoints support v2, impedes eavesdropping by forcing the attacker to become active: either by performing a persistent man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack, by downgrading connections to v1, or by spinning up their own nodes and getting honest nodes to make connections to them. Active attacks at scale are more resource intensive in general, but in the case of manual, deliberate connections (as opposed to automatic, random ones), they are also in principle detectable: even very basic checks, e.g., operators manually comparing protocol versions and session IDs (as supported by the proposed protocol), will expose the attacker. +* Tampering, while already an inherently active attack, is costlier if the attacker is forced to maintain the state necessary for a full MitM interception. +* A pseudorandom bytestream excludes identification techniques based on pattern matching, and makes it easier to shape the bytestream in order to mimic other protocols used on the Internet. This raises the cost of a connection censoring firewall, forcing them to either resort to a full MitM attack, or operate on a more obvious allowlist basis, rather than a blocklist basis. + +''' Why encrypt without authentication?''' + +As we have argued above, unauthenticated encryption<ref name="what_does_auth_mean">'''What does ''authentication'' mean in this context?''' Unfortunately, the term authentication in the context of secure channel protocols is ambiguous. It can refer to: +* The encryption scheme guaranteeing that a message obtained via successful decryption was encrypted by someone having access to the (symmetric) encryption key, and not modified after encryption by a third party. The proposal in this document achieves that property through the use of an AEAD. +* The communication protocol establishing that the communication partner's identity matches who we expect them to be, through some public key mechanism. The proposal in this document does '''not''' include such a mechanism.</ref> provides strictly better security than no encryption. Thus, all connections should use encryption, even if they are unauthenticated. + +When it comes to authentication, the situation is not as clear as for encryption. Due to Bitcoin's permissionless nature, authentication will always be restricted to specific scenarios (e.g., connections between peers belonging to the same operator), and whether some form of (possibly partially anonymous) authentication is desired depends on the specific requirements of the involved peers. As a consequence, we believe that authentication should be addressed separately (if desired), and this proposal aims to provide a solid technical basis for future protocol upgrades, including the addition of optional authentication (see [https://github.com/sipa/writeups/tree/main/private-authentication-protocols Private authentication protocols]). + +''' Why have a pseudorandom bytestream when traffic analysis is still possible? ''' + +Traffic analysis, e.g., observing packet lengths and timing, as well as active attacks can still reveal that the Bitcoin v2 P2P protocol is in use. Nevertheless, a pseudorandom bytestream raises the cost of fingerprinting the protocol substantially, and may force some intermediaries to attack any protocol they cannot identify, causing collateral cost. + +A pseudorandom bytestream is not self-identifying. Moreover, it is unopinionated and thus a canonical choice for similar protocols. As a result, Bitcoin P2P traffic will be indistinguishable from traffic of other protocols which make the same choice (e.g., [https://gitlab.com/yawning/obfs4 obfs4] and a recently proposed [https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-cpbs-pseudorandom-ctls/ cTLS extension]). Moreover, traffic shapers and protocol wrappers (for example, making the traffic look like HTTPS or SSH) can further mitigate traffic analysis and active attacks but are out of scope for this proposal. + +''' Why not use a secure tunnel protocol? ''' + +Our goal includes making opportunistic encryption ubiquitously available, as that provides the best defense against large-scale attacks. That implies protecting both the manual, deliberate connections node operators instruct their software to make, and the automatic connections Bitcoin nodes make with each other based on IP addresses obtained via gossip. While encryption per se is already possible with proxy networks or VPN protocols, these are not desirable or applicable for automatic connections at scale: +* Proxy networks like Tor or I2P introduce a separate address space, independent of network topology, with a very low cost per address making eclipse attacks cheaper. In comparison, clearnet IPv4 and IPv6 networks make obtaining multiple network identities in distinct, well-known network partitions carry a non-trivial cost. Thus, it is not desirable to have a substantial portion of nodes be exclusively connected this way, as this would significantly reduce Eclipse attack costs.<ref name="pure_tor_attack">'''Why is it a bad idea to have nodes exclusively connected over Tor?''' See the [https://arxiv.org/abs/1410.6079 Bitcoin over Tor isn't a Good Idea] paper</ref> Additionally, Tor connections come with significant bandwidth and latency costs that may not be desirable for all network users. +* VPN protocols like WireGuard or OpenVPN inherently define a private network, which requires manual configuration and therefore is not a realistic avenue for automatic connections. + +Thus, to achieve our goal, we need a solution that has minimal costs, works without configuration, and is always enabled – on top of any network layer rather than be part of the network layer. + +''' Why not use a general-purpose transport encryption protocol? ''' + +While it would be possible to rely on an off-the-shelf transport encryption protocol such as TLS or Noise, the specific requirements of the Bitcoin P2P network laid out above make these protocols an unsuitable choice. + +The primary requirement which existing protocols fail to meet is a sufficiently modular treatment of encryption and authentication. As we argue above, whether and which form of authentication is desired in the Bitcoin P2P network will depend on the specific requirements of the involved peers (resulting in a mix of authenticated and unauthenticated connections), and thus the question of authentication should be decoupled from encryption. However, native support for a handful of standard authentication scenarios (e.g., using digital signatures and certificates) is at the core of the design of existing general-purpose transport encryption protocols. This focus on authentication would not provide clear benefits for the Bitcoin P2P network but would come with a large amount of additional complexity. + +In contrast, our proposal instead aims for a simple modular design that makes it possible to address authentication separately. Our proposal provides a foundation for authentication by exporting a ''session ID'' that uniquely identifies the encrypted channel. After an encrypted channel has been established, the two endpoints are able to use any authentication protocol to confirm that they have the same session ID. (This is sometimes called ''channel binding'' because the session ID binds the encrypted channel to the authentication protocol.) Since in our proposal, any authentication needs to run after an encrypted connection has been established, the price we pay for this modularity is a possibly higher number of roundtrips as opposed to other protocols that perform authentication alongside the Diffie-Hellman key exchange.<ref name="channel_binding_noise_tls">'''Do other protocols not support exporting a session ID?''' While [https://noiseprotocol.org/noise.html#channel-binding Noise] and [https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-kitten-tls-channel-bindings-for-tls13/ TLS (as a draft)] offer similar protocol extensions for exporting session IDs, using channel binding for authentication is not at the focus of their design and would not avoid the bulk of additional complexity due to the native support of authentication methods. </ref> However, the resulting increase in connection establishment latency is a not a concern for Bitcoin's long-lived connections, [https://www.dsn.kastel.kit.edu/bitcoin/ which typically live for hours or even weeks]. + +Besides this fundamentally different treatment of authentication, further technical issues arise when applying TLS or Noise to our desired use case: + +* Neither offers a pseudorandom bytestream. +* Neither offers native support for elliptic curve cryptography on the curve secp256k1 as otherwise used in Bitcoin. While using secp256k1 is not strictly necessary, it is the obvious choice is for any new asymmetric cryptography in Bitcoin because it minimizes the cryptographic hardness assumptions as well as the dependencies that Bitcoin software will need. +* Neither offers shapability of the bytestream. +* Both provide a stream-based interface to the application layer, whereas Bitcoin requires a packet-based interface, resulting in the need for an additional thin layer to perform packet serialization and deserialization. + +While existing protocols could be amended to address all of the aforementioned issues, this would negate the benefits of using them as off-the-shelf solution, e.g., the possibility to re-use existing implementations and security analyses. + +== Goals == + +This proposal aims to achieve the following properties: + +* Confidentiality against passive attacks: A passive attacker having recorded a v2 P2P bytestream (without timing and fragmentation information) must not be able to determine the plaintext being exchanged by the nodes. +* Observability of active attacks: A session ID identifying the encrypted channel uniquely is derived deterministically from a Diffie-Hellman negotiation. An active man-in-the-middle attacker is forced to incur a risk of being detected as peer operators can compare session IDs manually, or using optional authentication methods possibly introduced in future protocol versions. +* Pseudorandom bytestream: A passive attacker having recorded a v2 P2P bytestream (without timing information and fragmentation information) must not be able to distinguish it from a uniformly random bytestream. +* Shapable bytestream: It should be possible to shape the bytestream to increase resistance to traffic analysis (for example, to conceal block propagation), or censorship avoidance.<ref name="shapable_hs_tor_circumvention">'''How can shapability help circumvent fragmentation-pattern based censoring?''' See [https://gitlab.torproject.org/legacy/trac/-/issues/20348#note_2229522 this Tor issue] as an example.</ref> +* Forward secrecy: An eavesdropping attacker who compromises a peer's sessions secrets should not be able to decrypt past session traffic, except for the latest few packets. +* Upgradability: The proposal provides an upgrade path using transport versioning which can be used to add features like authentication, PQC handshake upgrade, etc. in the future. +* Compatibility: v2 clients will allow inbound v1 connections to minimize risk of network partitions. +* Low overhead: the introduction of a new P2P transport protocol should not substantially increase computational cost or bandwidth for nodes that implement it, compared to the current protocol. + +== Specification == + +The specification consists of three parts: + +* The '''Transport layer''' concerns how to set up an encrypted connection between two nodes, capable of transporting application-level messages between them. +* The '''Application layer''' concerns how to encode Bitcoin P2P messages and commands for transport by the Transport Layer. +* The '''Signaling''' concerns how v2 nodes advertise their support for the v2 protocol to potential peers. + +=== Transport layer specification === + +In this section, we define the encryption protocol for messages between peers. + +==== Overview and design ==== + +We first give an informal overview of the entire protocol flow and packet encryption. + +'''Protocol flow overview''' + +Given a newly established connection (typically TCP/IP) between two v2 P2P nodes, there are 3 phases the connection goes through. The first starts immediately, i.e. there are no v1 messages or any other bytes exchanged on the link beforehand. The two parties are called the '''initiator''' (who established the connection) and the '''responder''' (who accepted the connection). + +# The '''Key exchange phase''', where nodes exchange data to establish shared secrets. +#* The initiator: +#** Generates a random ephemeral secp256k1 private key and sends a corresponding 64-byte ElligatorSwift<ref name="ellswift_paper">'''What is ElligatorSwift and why use it?''' The [https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/759.pdf SwiftEC paper] describes a method called ElligatorSwift which allows encoding elliptic curve points in a way that is indistinguishable from a uniformly distributed bitstream. While a random 256-bit string has about 50% chance of being a valid X coordinate on the secp256k1 curve, every 512-bit string is a valid ElligatorSwift encoding of a curve point, making the encoded point indistinguishable from random when using an encoder that can sample uniformly.</ref><ref name="ellswift_perf">'''How fast is ElligatorSwift?''' Our benchmarks show that ElligatorSwift encoded ECDH is about 50% more expensive than unencoded ECDH. Given the fast performance of ECDH and the low frequency of new connections, we found the performance trade-off acceptable for the pseudorandom bytestream and future censorship resistance it can enable.</ref>-encoded public key to the responder. +#** May send up to 4095<ref name="why_4095_garbage">'''How was the limit of 4095 bytes garbage chosen?''' It is a balance between having sufficient freedom to hide information, and allowing it to be large enough so that the necessary 64 bytes of public key is small compared to it on the one hand, and bandwidth waste on the other hand.</ref> bytes of arbitrary data after their public key, called '''garbage''', providing a form of shapability and avoiding a recognizable pattern of exactly 64 bytes.<ref name="why_garbage">'''Why does the affordance for garbage exist in the protocol?''' The garbage strings after the public keys are needed for shapability of the handshake. Neither peer can send decoy packets before having received at least the other peer's public key, i.e., neither peer can send more than 64 bytes before having received 64 bytes.</ref> +#* The responder: +#** Waits until one byte is received which does not match the 16 bytes consisting of the network magic followed by "version\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00". If the first 16 bytes do match, the connection is treated as using the v1 protocol instead.<ref name="why_no_prefix_check">'''What if a v2 initiator's public key starts accidentally with these 16 bytes?''' This is so unlikely (probability of ''2<sup>-128</sup>'') to happen randomly in the v2 protocol that the initiator does not need to specifically avoid it. The optional detection of wrong-network v1 peers has a probability of ''2<sup>-96</sup>'', which is still negligible compared to random network failures.</ref><ref>Bitcoin Core versions <=0.4.0 and >=22.0 ignore valid P2P messages that are received prior to a VERSION message. Bitcoin Core versions between 0.4.0 and 22.0 assign a misbehavior score to the peer upon receiving such messages. v2 clients implementing this proposal will interpret any message other than VERSION received as the first message to be the initiation of a v2 connection, and will result in disconnection for v1 initiators that send any message type other than VERSION as the first message. We are not aware of any implementations where this could pose a problem.</ref> +#** If the first 4 received bytes do not match the network magic, but the 12 bytes after that do match the version message encoding above, implementations may interpret this as a v1 peer of a different network, and disconnect them. +#** Similarly generates a random ephemeral private key and sends a corresponding 64-byte ElligatorSwift-encoded public key to the initiator. +#** Similarly may send up to 4095 bytes of garbage data after their public key. +#* Both parties: +#** Receive (the remainder of) the full 64-byte public key from the other side. +#** Use X-only<ref name="xonly_ecdh">'''Why use X-only ECDH?''' Using only the X coordinate provides the same security as using a full encoding of the secret curve point but allows for more efficient implementation by avoiding the need for square roots to compute Y coordinates.</ref> ECDH to compute a shared secret from their private key and the exchanged public keys<ref name="why_ecdh_pubkeys">'''Why is the shared secret computation a function of the exact 64-byte public encodings sent?''' This makes sure that an attacker cannot modify the public key encoding used without modifying the rest of the stream. If a third party wants the ability to modify stream bytes, they need to perform a full MitM attack on the connection.</ref>, and deterministically derive from the secret 4 '''encryption keys''' (two in each direction: one for packet lengths, one for content encryption), a '''session id''', and two 16-byte '''garbage terminators'''<ref>'''What length is sufficient for garbage terminators?''' The length of the garbage terminators determines the probability of accidental termination of a legitimate v2 connection due to garbage bytes (sent prior to ECDH) inadvertently including the terminator. 16 byte terminators with 4095 bytes of garbage yield a negligible probability of such collision which is likely orders of magnitude lower than random connection failure on the Internet.</ref><ref>'''What does a garbage terminator in the wild look like?''' <div>[[File:bip-0324/garbage_terminator.png|none|256px|A garbage terminator model TX-v2 in the wild... sent by the responder]]</div> +</ref> (one in each direction) using HKDF-SHA256. +#** Send their 16-byte garbage terminator.<ref name="why_garbage_term">'''Why does the protocol need a garbage terminator?''' While it is in principle possible to use the first packet after the garbage directly as a terminator (scan until a valid packet follows), this would be significantly slower than just scanning for a fixed byte sequence, as it would require recomputing a Poly1305 tag after every received byte.</ref> +#** Receive up to 4111 bytes, stopping when encountering the garbage terminator. +#* At this point, both parties have the same keys, and all further communication proceeds in the form of '''encrypted packets'''. +#** Encrypted packets have an '''ignore bit''', which makes them '''decoy packets''' if set. Decoy packets are to be ignored by the receiver apart from verifying they decrypt correctly. Either peer may send such decoy packets at any point from here on. These form the primary shapability mechanism in the protocol. How and when to use them is out of scope for this document. +#** For each of the two directions, the first encrypted packet that will be sent in that direction (regardless of it being a decoy packet or not) will make use of the associated authenticated data (AAD) feature of the AEAD to authenticate the garbage that has been sent in that direction.<ref name="why_garbage_auth">'''Why does the protocol authenticate the garbage?''' Without garbage authentication, the garbage would be modifiable by a third party without consequences. We want to force any active attacker to have to maintain a full protocol state. In addition, such malleability without the consequence of connection termination could enable protocol fingerprinting.</ref> +# The '''Version negotiation phase''', where parties negotiate what transport version they will use, as well as data defined by that version.<ref name="example_versions">'''What features could be added in future protocol versions?''' Examples of features that could be added in future versions include post-quantum cryptography upgrades to the handshake, and optional authentication.</ref> +#* The responder: +#** Sends a '''version packet''' with empty content, to indicate support for the v2 P2P protocol proposed by this document. Any other value for content is reserved for future versions. +#* The initiator: +#** Receives a packet, ignores its contents. The idea is that features added by future versions get negotiated based on what is supported by both parties. Since there is just one version so far, the contents here can simply be ignored. But in the future, receiving a non-empty contents here may trigger other behavior; we defer specifying the encoding for such version content until there is a need for it.<ref name="version_negotiation">'''How will future versions encode version numbers in the version packet?''' Future versions could, for example, specify that the contents of the version packet is to be interpreted as an integer version number (with empty representing 0), and if the minimum of both numbers is N, that being interpreted as choosing a "v2.N" protocol version. Alternatively, certain bytes of the version packet contents could be interpreted as a bitvector of optional features.</ref> +#** Sends a '''version packet''' with empty content as well, to indicate support for the v2 P2P protocol. +#* The responder: +#** Receives a packet, ignores its contents. +# The '''Application phase''', where the packets exchanged have contents to be interpreted as application data. +#* Whenever either peer has a message to send, it sends a packet with that application message as '''contents'''. + +To avoid the recognizable pattern of first messages being at least 64 bytes, a future backwards-compatible upgrade to this protocol may allow both peers to send their public key + garbage + garbage terminator in multiple rounds, slicing those bytes up into messages arbitrarily, as long as progress is guaranteed.<ref name="handshake_progress">'''How can progress be guaranteed in a backwards-compatible way?''' In order to guarantee progress, it must be ensured that no deadlock occurs, i.e., no state is reached in which each party waits for the other party indefinitely. For example, any upgrade that adheres to the following conditions will guarantee progress: + +* The initiator must start by sending at least as many bytes as necessary to mismatch the magic/version 16 bytes prefix. +* The responder must start sending after having received at least one byte that mismatches that 16-byte prefix. +* As soon as either party has received the other peer's garbage terminator, or has received 4095 bytes of garbage, they must send their own garbage terminator. (When either of these conditions is met, the other party has nothing to respond with anymore that would be needed to guarantee progress otherwise.) +* Whenever either party receives any nonzero number of bytes, while not having sent their garbage terminator completely yet, they must send at least one byte in response without waiting for more bytes. +* After either party has sent their garbage terminator, they must transition to the version negotiation phase without waiting for more bytes. + +Since the protocol as specified here adheres to these conditions, any upgrade which also adheres to these conditions will be backwards-compatible.</ref> + +Note that the version negotiation phase does not need to wait for the key exchange phase to complete; version packets can be sent immediately after sending the garbage terminator. So the first two phases together, jointly called '''the handshake''', comprise just 1.5 roundtrips: + +* the initiator sends public key + garbage +* the responder sends public key + garbage + garbage terminator + decoy packets (optional) + version packet +* the initiator sends garbage terminator + decoy packets (optional) + version packet + +'''Packet encryption overview''' + +All data on the wire after the garbage terminators takes the form of encrypted packets. Every packet encodes an encrypted variable-length byte array, called the '''contents''', as well as an '''ignore bit''' as mentioned before. The total size of a packet is 20 bytes plus the length of its contents. + +Each packet consists of: +* A 3-byte encrypted '''length''' field, encoding the length of the '''contents''' (between ''0'' and ''2<sup>24</sup>-1''<ref name="max_packet_length">'''Is ''2<sup>24</sup>-1'' bytes sufficient as maximum content size?''' The current Bitcoin P2P protocol has no messages which support more than 4000000 bytes of application payload. By supporting up to ''2<sup>24</sup>-1'' we can accommodate future evolutions needing more than 4 times that value. Hypothetical protocol changes that have even more data to exchange than that should probably use multiple separate messages anyway, because of the per-peer receive buffer sizes involved, and the inability to start processing a message before it is fully received. Of course, future versions of the transport protocol could change the size of the length field, if this were really needed.</ref>, inclusive). +* An authenticated encryption of the '''plaintext''', which consists of: +** A 1-byte '''header''' which consists of transport layer protocol flags. Currently, only the highest bit is defined as the '''ignore bit'''. The other bits are ignored, but this may change in future versions<ref>'''Why is the header a part of the plaintext and not included alongside the length field?''' The packet length field is the minimum information that must be available before we can leverage the standard RFC8439 AEAD. Any other data, including metadata like the header being in the content encryption makes it easier to reason about the protocol security w.r.t. data being used before it is authenticated. If the ignore bit was not part of the content, another mechanism would be needed to authenticate it; for example, it could be fed as AAD to the AEAD cipher. We feel the complexity of such an approach outweighs the benefit of saving one byte per message.</ref>. +** The variable-length '''contents'''. + +The encryption of the plaintext uses '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChaCha20-Poly1305 ChaCha20Poly1305]'''<ref name="why_chacha20">'''Why is ChaCha20Poly1305 chosen as the basis for packet encryption?''' It is a very widely used authenticated encryption cipher (used among others in SSH, TLS 1.2, TLS 1.3, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC QUIC], Noise, and [https://www.wireguard.com/protocol/ WireGuard]; in the latter it is currently even the only supported cipher), with very good performance in general purpose software implementations. While AES-based ciphers (including the winners in the [https://competitions.cr.yp.to/caesar.html CAESAR] competition in non-lightweight categories) perform significantly better on systems with AES hardware acceleration, they are also significantly slower in pure software implementations. We choose to optimize for the weakest hardware.</ref>, an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated_encryption authenticated encryption with associated data] (AEAD) cipher specified in [https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8439 RFC 8439]. Every packet's plaintext is treated as a separate AEAD message, with a different nonce for each. + +The length must be dealt with specially, as it is needed to determine packet boundaries before the whole packet is received and authenticated. As we want a stream that is pseudorandom to a passive attacker, it still needs encryption. We use unauthenticated<ref name="why_no_len_auth">'''Why is the length encryption not separately authenticated?''' Informally, the relevant security goal we aim for is to hide the number of packets and their lengths (i.e., the packet boundaries) against a passive attacker that receives the bytestream without timing or fragmentation information. (A formal definition can be found for example in [https://himsen.github.io/pdf/thesis.pdf Hansen 2016 (Definition 22)] under the name "boundary hiding against chosen-plaintext attacks (BH-CPA)".) However, we do not aim to hide packet boundaries against active attackers because active attackers can always exploit the fact that the Bitcoin P2P protocol is largely query-response based: they can trickle the bytes on the stream one-by-one unmodified and observe when a response comes (see [https://himsen.github.io/pdf/thesis.pdf Hansen 2016 (Section 3.9)] for a in-depth discussion). With that in mind, we accept that an active (non-MitM) attacker is able to figure out some information about packet boundaries by flipping certain bits in the unauthenticated length field, and observing the other side disconnecting immediately or later. Thus, we choose to use unauthenticated encryption for the length data, which is sufficient to achieve boundary hiding against passive attackers, and saves 16 bytes of bandwidth per packet.</ref> '''ChaCha20''' encryption for this, with an independent key. Note that the plaintext length is still implicitly authenticated by the encryption of the plaintext, but this can only be verified after receiving the whole packet. This design is inspired by that of the ChaCha20Poly1305 cipher suite in [http://bxr.su/OpenBSD/usr.bin/ssh/PROTOCOL.chacha20poly1305 OpenSSH].<ref name="openssl_changes">'''How does packet encryption differ from the OpenSSH design?''' The differences are: +* The length field is only 3 bytes instead of 4, as that is sufficient for our purposes. +* Length encryption keeps drawing pseudorandom bytes from the same ChaCha20 cipher for multiple packets, rather than incrementing the nonce for every packet. +* The Poly1305 authentication tag only covers the encrypted plaintext, and not the encrypted length field. This means that plaintext encryption uses the standard ChaCha20Poly1305 construction without any modifications, maximizing applicability of analysis and review of that cipher. The length encryption can be seen as a separate layer, using a separate key, and thus cannot affect any of the confidentiality or integrity guarantees of the plaintext encryption. On the other hand, this change w.r.t. OpenSSH also does not worsen any properties, as incorrect lengths will still trigger authentication failure for the overall packet (the plaintext length is implicitly authenticated by ChaCha20Poly1305). +* A hash step is performed every 224<ref name="rekey_interval">'''How was the rekeying interval 224 chosen?''' Assuming a node sends only ping messages every 20 minutes (the timeout interval for post-[https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0031.mediawiki BIP31] connections) on a connection, the node will transmit 224 packets in about 3.11 days. This means ''soft rekeying'' after a fixed number of packets automatically translates to an upper-bound of time interval for rekeying, while being much simpler to coordinate than an actual time-based rekeying regime. At the same time, doing it once every 224 messages is sufficiently infrequent that it has only negligible impact on performance. Furthermore, 224 times 3 bytes (the number of bytes consumed by each length encryption) is 672, which is a multiple of 64 minus 32. This means that at the end of 224 length encryptions, exactly 32 bytes of keystream data remain that can be used as next key.</ref> messages to rekey the encryption ciphers, in order to provide forward security. +</ref> Because only fixed-length chunks (3-byte length fields) are encrypted, we do not need to treat all length chunks as separate messages. Instead, a single cipher (with the same nonce) is used for multiple consecutive length fields. This avoids wasting 61 pseudorandom bytes per packet, and makes the cost of having a separate cipher for length encryption negligible.<ref name="ok_to_batch">'''Is it acceptable to use a less standard construction for length encryption?''' The fact that multiple (non-overlapping) bytes generated by a single ChaCha20 cipher are used for the encryption of multiple consecutive length fields is uncommon. We feel the performance cost gained by this deviation is worth it (especially for small packets, which are very common in Bitcoin's P2P protocol), given the low guarantees that are feasible for length encryption in the first place, and the result is still sufficient to provide pseudorandomness from the view of passive attackers. For plaintext encryption, we independently use a very standard construction, as the stakes for confidentiality and integrity there are much higher.</ref> + +In order to provide forward security<ref name="rekey">'''What value does forward security provide?''' Re-keying ensures [https://eprint.iacr.org/2001/035.pdf forward secrecy within a session], i.e., an attacker compromising the current session secrets cannot derive past encryption keys in the same session.</ref><ref>'''Why have a cipher with forward secrecy but no periodical refresh of the ECDH key exchange?''' Our cipher ratchets encryption keys forward in order to protect messages encrypted under ''past'' encryption keys. In contrast, re-performing ECDH key exchange would protect messages encrypted under ''future'' encryption keys, i.e., it would re-establish security after the attacker had compromised one of the peers ''temporarily'' (e.g., the attacker obtains a memory dump). We do not believe protecting against that is a priority: an attacker that, for whatever reason, is capable of an attack that reveals encryption keys (or other session secrets) of a peer once is likely capable of performing the same attack again after peers have re-performed the ECDH key exchange. Thus, we do not believe the benefits of re-performing key exchange outweigh the additional complexity that comes with the necessary coordination between the peers. We note that the initiator could choose to close and re-open the entire connection to force a refresh of the ECDH key exchange, but that introduces other issues: a connection slot needs to be kept open at the responder side, it is not cryptographically guaranteed that really the same initiator will use it, and the observable TCP reset and handshake may create a detectable pattern.</ref>, the encryption keys for both plaintext and length encryption are cycled every 224 messages, by switching to a new key that is generated by the key stream using the old key. + +==== Handshake: key exchange and version negotiation ==== + +Next we specify the handshake of a connection in detail. + +As explained before, these messages are sent to set up the connection: + +<pre> + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + | Initiator Responder | + | | + | x, ellswift_X = ellswift_create() | + | | + | ---- ellswift_X + initiator_garbage (initiator_garbage_len bytes; max 4095) ---> | + | | + | y, ellswift_Y = ellswift_create() | + | ecdh_secret = v2_ecdh( | + | y, ellswift_X, ellswift_Y, initiating=False) | + | v2_initialize(initiator, ecdh_secret, initiating=False) | + | | + | <--- ellswift_Y + responder_garbage (responder_garbage_len bytes; max 4095) + | + | responder_garbage_terminator (16 bytes) + | + | v2_enc_packet(initiator, RESPONDER_TRANSPORT_VERSION, aad=responder_garbage) ---- | + | | + | ecdh_secret = v2_ecdh(x, ellswift_Y, ellswift_X, initiating=True) | + | v2_initialize(responder, ecdh_secret, initiating=True) | + | | + | ---- initiator_garbage_terminator (16 bytes) + | + | v2_enc_packet(responder, INITIATOR_TRANSPORT_VERSION, aad=initiator_garbage) ---> | + | | + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +</pre> + +===== Shared secret computation ===== + +The peers derive their shared secret through X-only ECDH, hashed together with the exactly 64-byte public keys' encodings sent over the wire. + +<pre> +def v2_ecdh(priv, ellswift_theirs, ellswift_ours, initiating): + ecdh_point_x32 = ellswift_ecdh_xonly(ellswift_theirs, priv) + if initiating: + # Initiating, place our public key encoding first. + return sha256_tagged("bip324_ellswift_xonly_ecdh", ellswift_ours + ellswift_theirs + ecdh_point_x32) + else: + # Responding, place their public key encoding first. + return sha256_tagged("bip324_ellswift_xonly_ecdh", ellswift_theirs + ellswift_ours + ecdh_point_x32) +</pre> + +Here, <code>sha256_tagged(tag, x)</code> returns a tagged hash value <code>SHA256(SHA256(tag) || SHA256(tag) || x)</code> as in [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0340.mediawiki#specification BIP340]. + +===== ElligatorSwift encoding of curve X coordinates ===== + +The functions <code>ellswift_create</code> and <code>ellswift_ecdh_xonly</code> encapsulate the construction of ElligatorSwift-encoded public keys, and the computation of X-only ECDH with +ElligatorSwift-encoded public keys. + +First we define a constant: +* Let ''c = 0xa2d2ba93507f1df233770c2a797962cc61f6d15da14ecd47d8d27ae1cd5f852''.<ref name="sqrt_minus3">'''What is the ''c'' constant used in ''XSwiftEC''?''' The algorithm requires a constant ''√-3 (mod p)''; in other words, a number ''c'' such that ''-c<sup>2</sup> mod p = 3''. There are two solutions to this equation, one which is itself a square modulo ''p'', and its negation. We choose the square one.</ref> + +To define the needed functions, we first introduce a helper function, matching the <code>XSwiftEC</code> function from the [https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/759.pdf SwiftEC] paper, instantiated for the secp256k1 curve, with minor modifications. It maps pairs of integers ''(u, t)'' (both in range ''0..p-1'') to valid X coordinates on the curve. Note that the specification here does not attempt to be constant time, as it does not operate on secret data. In what follows, we use the notation from [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0340.mediawiki#specification BIP340]. + +* ''XSwiftEC(u, t)'': +** Alter the inputs to guarantee an X coordinate on the curve:<ref name="ellswift_deviation">'''Why do the inputs to the XSwiftEC algorithm need to be altered?''' This step deviates from the paper, which maps a negligibly small subset of inputs (around ''3/2<sup>256</sup>'') to the point at infinity. To avoid the need to deal with the case where a peer could craft encodings that intentionally trigger this edge case, we remap them to inputs that yield a valid X coordinate.</ref> +*** If ''u mod p = 0'', let ''u = 1'' instead. +*** If ''t mod p = 0'', let ''t = 1'' instead. +*** If ''(u<sup>3</sup> + t<sup>2</sup> + 7) mod p = 0'', let ''t = 2t (mod p)'' instead. +** Let ''X = (u<sup>3</sup> + 7 - t<sup>2</sup>)/(2t) (mod p).''<ref name="modinv">'''What does the division (/) sign in modular arithmetic refer to?''' Note that the division in these expressions corresponds to multiplication with the modular inverse modulo ''p'', i.e. ''a / b (mod p)'' with nonzero ''b'' is the unique solution ''x'' for which ''bx = a (mod p)''. It can be computed as ''ab<sup>p-2</sup> (mod p)'', but more efficient algorithms exist.</ref> +** Let ''Y = (X + t)/(cu) (mod p)''. +** For every ''x'' in ''{u + 4Y<sup>2</sup>, (-X/Y - u)/2, (X/Y - u)/2}'' (all ''mod p''; the order matters): +*** If ''lift_x(x)'' succeeds, return ''x''. There is at least one such ''x''. + +To find encodings of a given X coordinate ''x'', we first need the inverse of ''XSwiftEC''. The function ''XSwiftECInv(x, u, case)'' either returns ''t'' such that ''XSwiftEC(u, t) = x'', or ''None''. The ''case'' variable is an integer in range ''0..7'', which selects which of the up to 8 valid such ''t'' values to return: + +* ''XSwiftECInv(x, u, case)'': +** If ''case & 2 = 0'': +*** If ''lift_x(-x - u)'' succeeds, return ''None''. +*** Let ''v = x''. +*** Let ''s = -(u<sup>3</sup> + 7)/(u<sup>2</sup> + uv + v<sup>2</sup>) (mod p)''. +** Else (''case & 2 = 2''): +*** Let ''s = x - u (mod p)''. +*** If ''s = 0'', return ''None''. +*** Let ''r'' be the square root of ''-s(4(u<sup>3</sup> + 7) + 3u<sup>2</sup>s) (mod p).''<ref name="modsqrt">'''How to compute a square root mod ''p''?''' Due to the structure of ''p'', a candidate for the square root of ''a'' mod ''p'' can be computed as ''x = a<sup>(p+1)/4</sup> mod p''. If ''a'' is not a square mod ''p'', this formula returns the square root of ''-a mod p'' instead, so it is necessary to verify that ''x<sup>2</sup> mod p = a''. If that is the case ''-x mod p'' is a solution too, but we define "the" square root to be equal to that expression (the square root will therefore always be a square itself, as ''(p+1)/4'' is even). This algorithm is a specialization of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonelli%E2%80%93Shanks_algorithm Tonelli-Shanks algorithm].</ref> Return ''None'' if it does not exist. +*** If ''case & 1 = 1'' and ''r = 0'', return ''None''. +*** Let ''v = (r/s - u)/2''. +** Let ''w'' be the square root of ''s (mod p)''. Return ''None'' if it does not exist. +** If ''case & 5 = 0'', return ''-w(u(1 - c)/2 + v)''. +** If ''case & 5 = 1'', return ''w(u(1 + c)/2 + v)''. +** If ''case & 5 = 4'', return ''w(u(1 - c)/2 + v)''. +** If ''case & 5 = 5'', return ''-w(u(1 + c)/2 + v)''. + +The overall ''XElligatorSwift'' algorithm, matching the name used in the paper, then uses this inverse to randomly''<ref name="ellswift_helps_parroting">'''Can the ElligatorSwift encoding be used to construct public key encodings that satisfy a certain structure (and not pseudorandom)?''' The algorithm chooses the first 32 bytes (i.e., the value ''u'') and then computes a corresponding ''t'' such that the mapping to the curve point holds. In general, picking ''u'' from a uniformly random distribution provides pseudorandomness. But we can also fix any of the 32 bytes in ''u'', and the algorithm will still find a corresponding ''t''. The fact that it is possible to fix the first 32 bytes, combined with the garbage bytes in the handshake, provides a limited but very simple method of parroting other protocols such as [https://tls13.xargs.org/ TLS 1.3], which can be deployed by one of the peers without explicit support from the other peer. More general methods of parroting, e.g., introduced by defining new protocol or a protocol upgrade, are not precluded.</ref> sample encodings of ''x'': + +* ''XElligatorSwift(x)'': +** Loop: +*** Let ''u'' be a random non-zero integer in range ''1..p-1'' inclusive. +*** Let ''case'' be a random integer in range ''0..7'' inclusive. +*** Compute ''t = XSwiftECInv(x, u, case)''. +*** If ''t'' is not ''None'', return ''(u, t)''. Otherwise, restart loop. + +This is used to define the <code>ellswift_create</code> algorithm used in the previous section; it generates a random private key, along with a uniformly sampled 64-byte ElligatorSwift-encoded public key corresponding to it: + +* ''ellswift_create()'': +** Generate a random private key ''priv'' in range ''1..p-1''. +** Let ''P = priv⋅G'', the corresponding public key point to ''priv''. +** Let ''(u, t) = XElligatorSwift(x(P))'', an encoding of ''x(P)''. +** ''ellswift_pub = bytes(u) || bytes(t)'', its encoding as 64 bytes. +** Return ''(priv, ellswift_pub)''. + +Finally the <code>ellswift_ecdh_xonly</code> algorithm is: + +* ''ellswift_ecdh_xonly(ellswift_theirs, priv)'': +** Let ''u = int(ellswift_theirs[:32]) mod p''. +** Let ''t = int(ellswift_theirs[32:]) mod p''. +** Return ''bytes(x(priv⋅lift_x(XSwiftEC(u, t))))''.<ref name="lift_x_choice">'''Does it matter which point ''lift_x'' maps to?''' Either point is valid, as they are negations of each other, and negations do not affect the output X coordinate.</ref> + +===== Keys and session ID derivation ===== + +The authenticated encryption construction proposed here requires two 32-byte keys per communication direction. These (in addition to a session ID) are computed using HKDF<ref name="why_hkdf">'''Why use HKDF for deriving key material?''' The shared secret already involves a hash function to make sure the public key encodings contribute to it, which negates some of the need for HKDF already. We still use it as it is the standard mechanism for deriving many keys from a single secret, and its computational cost is low enough to be negligible compared to the rest of a connection setup.</ref> as specified in [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5869 RFC 5869] with SHA256 as the hash function: + +<pre> +def initialize_v2_transport(peer, ecdh_secret, initiating): + # Include NETWORK_MAGIC to ensure a connection between nodes on different networks will immediately fail + prk = HKDF_Extract(Hash=sha256, salt=b'bitcoin_v2_shared_secret' + NETWORK_MAGIC, ikm=ecdh_secret) + + peer.session_id = HKDF_Expand(Hash=sha256, PRK=prk, info=b'session_id', L=32) + + # Initialize the packet encryption ciphers. + initiator_L = HKDF_Expand(Hash=sha256, PRK=prk, info=b'initiator_L', L=32) + initiator_P = HKDF_Expand(Hash=sha256, PRK=prk, info=b'initiator_P', L=32) + responder_L = HKDF_Expand(Hash=sha256, PRK=prk, info=b'responder_L', L=32) + responder_P = HKDF_Expand(Hash=sha256, PRK=prk, info=b'responder_P', L=32) + garbage_terminators = HKDF_Expand(Hash=sha256, PRK=prk, info=b'garbage_terminators', L=32) + initiator_garbage_terminator = garbage_terminators[:16] + responder_garbage_terminator = garbage_terminators[16:] + + if initiating: + peer.send_L = FSChaCha20(initiator_L) + peer.send_P = FSChaCha20Poly1305(initiator_P) + peer.send_garbage_terminator = initiator_garbage_terminator + peer.recv_L = FSChaCha20(responder_L) + peer.recv_P = FSChaCha20Poly1305(responder_P) + peer.recv_garbage_terminator = responder_garbage_terminator + else: + peer.send_L = FSChaCha20(responder_L) + peer.send_P = FSChaCha20Poly1305(responder_P) + peer.send_garbage_terminator = responder_garbage_terminator + peer.recv_L = FSChaCha20(initiator_L) + peer.recv_P = FSChaCha20Poly1305(initiator_P) + peer.recv_garbage_terminator = initiator_garbage_terminator + + # To achieve forward secrecy we must wipe the key material used to initialize the ciphers: + memory_cleanse(ecdh_secret, prk, initiator_L, initiator_P, responder_L, responder_K) +</pre> + +The session ID uniquely identifies the encrypted channel. v2 clients supporting this proposal may present the entire session ID (encoded as a hex string) to the node operator to allow for manual, out of band comparison with the peer node operator. Future transport versions may introduce optional authentication methods that compare the session ID as seen by the two endpoints in order to bind the encrypted channel to the authentication. + +===== Overall handshake pseudocode ===== + +To establish a v2 encrypted connection, the initiator generates an ephemeral secp256k1 keypair and sends an unencrypted ElligatorSwift encoding of the public key to the responding peer followed by unencrypted pseudorandom bytes <code>initiator_garbage</code> of length <code>garbage_len < 4096</code>. + +<pre> +def initiate_v2_handshake(peer, garbage_len): + peer.privkey_ours, peer.ellswift_ours = ellswift_create() + peer.sent_garbage = rand_bytes(garbage_len) + send(peer, peer.ellswift_ours + peer.sent_garbage) +</pre> + +The responder generates an ephemeral keypair for itself and derives the shared ECDH secret (using the first 64 received bytes) which enables it to instantiate the encrypted transport. It then sends 64 bytes of the unencrypted ElligatorSwift encoding of its own public key and its own <code>responder_garbage</code> also of length <code>garbage_len < 4096</code>. If the first 16 bytes received match the v1 prefix, the v1 protocol is used instead. + +<pre> +TRANSPORT_VERSION = b'' +NETWORK_MAGIC = b'\xf9\xbe\xb4\xd9' # Mainnet network magic; differs on other networks. +V1_PREFIX = NETWORK_MAGIC + b'version\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00' + +def respond_v2_handshake(peer, garbage_len): + peer.received_prefix = b"" + while len(peer.received_prefix) < len(V1_PREFIX): + peer.received_prefix += receive(peer, 1) + if peer.received_prefix[-1] != V1_PREFIX[len(peer.received_prefix) - 1]: + peer.privkey_ours, peer.ellswift_ours = ellswift_create() + peer.sent_garbage = rand_bytes(garbage_len) + send(peer, ellswift_Y + peer.sent_garbage) + return + use_v1_protocol() +</pre> + +Upon receiving the encoded responder public key, the initiator derives the shared ECDH secret and instantiates the encrypted transport. It then sends the derived 16-byte <code>initiator_garbage_terminator</code>, optionally followed by an arbitrary number of decoy packets. Afterwards, it receives the responder's garbage (delimited by the garbage terminator). The responder performs very similar steps but includes the earlier received prefix bytes in the public key. Both the initiator and the responder set the AAD of the first encrypted packet they send after the garbage terminator (i.e., either an optional decoy packet or the version packet) to the garbage they have just sent, not including the garbage terminator. + +<pre> +def complete_handshake(peer, initiating, decoy_content_lengths=[]): + received_prefix = b'' if initiating else peer.received_prefix + ellswift_theirs = receive(peer, 64 - len(received_prefix)) + if not initiating and ellswift_theirs[4:16] == V1_PREFIX[4:16]: + # Looks like a v1 peer from the wrong network. + disconnect(peer) + ecdh_secret = v2_ecdh(peer.privkey_ours, ellswift_theirs, peer.ellswift_ours, + initiating=initiating) + initialize_v2_transport(peer, ecdh_secret, initiating=True) + # Send garbage terminator + send(peer, peer.send_garbage_terminator) + # Optionally send decoy packets after garbage terminator. + aad = peer.sent_garbage + for decoy_content_len in decoy_content_lengths: + send(v2_enc_packet(peer, decoy_content_len * b'\x00', aad=aad)) + aad = b'' + # Send version packet. + send(v2_enc_packet(peer, TRANSPORT_VERSION, aad=aad)) + # Skip garbage, until encountering garbage terminator. + received_garbage = recv(peer, 16) + for i in range(4096): + if received_garbage[-16:] == peer.recv_garbage_terminator: + # Receive, decode, and ignore version packet. + # This includes skipping decoys and authenticating the received garbage. + v2_receive_packet(peer, aad=received_garbage) + return + else: + received_garbage += recv(peer, 1) + # Garbage terminator was not seen after 4 KiB of garbage. + disconnect(peer) +</pre> + +==== Packet encryption ==== + +Lastly, we specify the packet encryption cipher in detail. + +===== Existing cryptographic primitives ===== + +Packet encryption is built on two existing primitives: + +* '''ChaCha20Poly1305''' is specified as <code>AEAD_CHACHA20_POLY1305</code> in [https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8439#section-2.8 RFC 8439 section 2.8]. It is an authenticated encryption protocol with associated data (AEAD), taking a 256-bit key, 96-bit nonce, and an arbitrary-length byte array of associated authenticated data (AAD). Due to the built-in authentication tag, ciphertexts are 16 bytes longer than the corresponding plaintext. In what follows: +** <code>aead_chacha20_poly1305_encrypt(key, nonce, aad, plaintext)</code> refers to a function that takes as input a 32-byte array ''key'', a 12-byte array ''nonce'', an arbitrary-length byte array ''aad'', and an arbitrary-length byte array ''plaintext'', and returns a byte array ''ciphertext'', 16 bytes longer than the plaintext. +** <code>aead_chacha20_poly1305_decrypt(key, nonce, aad, ciphertext)</code> refers to a function that takes as input a 32-byte array ''key'', a 12-byte array ''nonce'', an arbitrary-length byte array ''aad'', and an arbitrary-length byte array ''ciphertext'', and returns either a byte array ''plaintext'' (16 bytes shorter than the ciphertext), or ''None'' in case the ciphertext was not a valid ChaCha20Poly1305 encryption of any plaintext with the specified ''key'', ''nonce'', and ''aad''. +* The '''ChaCha20 Block Function''' is specified in [https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8439#section-2.3 RFC 8439 section 2.3]. It is a pseudorandom function (PRF) taking a 256-bit key, 96-bit nonce, and 32-bit counter, and outputs 64 pseudorandom bytes. It is the underlying building block on which ChaCha20 (and ultimately, ChaCha20Poly1305) is built. In what follows: +** <code>chacha20_block(key, nonce, count)</code> refers to a function that takes as input a 32-byte array ''key'', a 12-byte array ''nonce'', and an integer ''count'' in range ''0..2<sup>32</sup>-1'', and returns a byte array of length 64. + +These will be used for plaintext encryption and length encryption, respectively. + +===== Rekeying wrappers: FSChaCha20Poly1305 and FSChaCha20 ===== + +To provide re-keying every 224 packets, we specify two wrappers. + +The first is '''FSChaCha20Poly1305''', which represents a ChaCha20Poly1305 AEAD, which automatically changes the nonce after every message, and rekeys every 224 messages by encrypting 32 zero bytes<ref name="rekey_why_aead">'''Why is rekeying implemented in terms of an invocation of the AEAD?''' This means the FSChaCha20Poly1305 wrapper can be thought of as a pure layer around the ChaCha20Poly1305 AEAD. Actual implementations can take advantage of the fact that this formulation is equivalent to using byte 64 through 95 of the keystream output of the underlying ChaCha20 cipher as new key, avoiding the need for Poly1305 in the process.</ref>, and using the first 32 bytes of the result. Each message will be used for one packet. Note that in our protocol, any FSChaCha20Poly1305 instance is always either exclusively encryption or exclusively decryption, as separate instances are used for each direction of the protocol. The nonce used for a message is composed of the 32-bit little-endian encoding of the number of messages with the current key, followed by the 64-bit little-endian encoding of the number of rekeyings performed. For rekeying, the first 32-bit integer is set to ''0xffffffff''. + +<pre> +REKEY_INTERVAL = 224 + +class FSChaCha20Poly1305: + """Rekeying wrapper AEAD around ChaCha20Poly1305.""" + + def __init__(self, initial_key): + self.key = initial_key + self.packet_counter = 0 + + def crypt(self, aad, text, is_decrypt): + nonce = ((self.packet_counter % REKEY_INTERVAL).to_bytes(4, 'little') + + (self.packet_counter // REKEY_INTERVAL).to_bytes(8, 'little')) + if is_decrypt: + ret = aead_chacha20_poly1305_decrypt(self.key, nonce, aad, text) + else: + ret = aead_chacha20_poly1305_encrypt(self.key, nonce, aad, text) + if (self.packet_counter + 1) % REKEY_INTERVAL == 0: + rekey_nonce = b"\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF" + nonce[4:] + self.key = aead_chacha20_poly1305_encrypt(self.key, rekey_nonce, b"", b"\x00" * 32)[:32] + self.packet_counter += 1 + return ret + + def decrypt(self, aad, ciphertext): + return self.crypt(aad, ciphertext, True) + + def encrypt(self, aad, plaintext): + return self.crypt(aad, plaintext, False) +</pre> + +The second is '''FSChaCha20''', a (single) stream cipher which is used for the lengths of all packets. Encryption and decryption are identical here, so a single function <code>crypt</code> is exposed. It XORs the input with bytes generated using the ChaCha20 block function, rekeying every 224 chunks using the next 32 bytes of the block function output as new key. A ''chunk'' refers here to a single invocation of <code>crypt</code>. As explained before, the same cipher is used for 224 consecutive chunks, to avoid wasting cipher output. The nonce used for these batches of 224 chunks is composed of 4 zero bytes followed by the 64-bit little-endian encoding of the number of rekeyings performed. The block counter is reset to 0 after every rekeying. + +<pre> +class FSChaCha20: + """Rekeying wrapper stream cipher around ChaCha20.""" + + def __init__(self, initial_key): + self.key = initial_key + self.block_counter = 0 + self.chunk_counter = 0 + self.keystream = b'' + + def get_keystream_bytes(self, nbytes): + while len(self.keystream) < nbytes: + nonce = ((0).to_bytes(4, 'little') + + (self.chunk_counter // REKEY_INTERVAL).to_bytes(8, 'little')) + self.keystream += chacha20_block(self.key, nonce, self.block_counter) + self.block_counter += 1 + ret = self.keystream[:nbytes] + self.keystream = self.keystream[nbytes:] + return ret + + def crypt(self, chunk): + ks = self.get_keystream_bytes(len(chunk)) + ret = bytes([ks[i] ^ chunk[i] for i in range(len(chunk))]) + if ((self.chunk_counter + 1) % REKEY_INTERVAL) == 0: + self.key = self.get_keystream_bytes(32) + self.block_counter = 0 + self.chunk_counter += 1 + return ret +</pre> + +===== Overall packet encryption and decryption pseudocode ===== + +Encryption and decryption of packets then follow by composing the ciphers from the previous section as building blocks. + +<pre> +LENGTH_FIELD_LEN = 3 +HEADER_LEN = 1 +IGNORE_BIT_POS = 7 + +def v2_enc_packet(peer, contents, aad=b'', ignore=False): + assert len(contents) <= 2**24 - 1 + header = (ignore << IGNORE_BIT_POS).to_bytes(HEADER_LEN, 'little') + plaintext = header + contents + aead_ciphertext = peer.send_P.encrypt(aad, plaintext) + enc_contents_len = peer.send_L.encrypt(len(contents).to_bytes(LENGTH_FIELD_LEN, 'little')) + return enc_contents_len + aead_ciphertext +</pre> + +<pre> +CHACHA20POLY1305_EXPANSION = 16 + +def v2_receive_packet(peer, aad=b''): + while True: + enc_contents_len = receive(peer, LENGTH_FIELD_LEN) + contents_len = int.from_bytes(peer.recv_L.crypt(enc_contents_len), 'little') + aead_ciphertext = receive(peer, HEADER_LEN + contents_len + CHACHA20POLY1305_EXPANSION) + plaintext = peer.recv_P.decrypt(aad, aead_ciphertext) + if plaintext is None: + disconnect(peer) + break + # Only the first packet is expected to have non-empty AAD. + aad = b'' + header = plaintext[:HEADER_LEN] + if not (header[0] & (1 << IGNORE_BIT_POS)): + return plaintext[HEADER_LEN:] +</pre> + +==== Performance ==== + +Each v1 P2P message uses a double-SHA256 checksum truncated to 4 bytes. Roughly the same amount of computation power is required for encrypting and authenticating a v2 P2P message as proposed. + +=== Application layer specification === +==== v2 Bitcoin P2P message structure ==== +v2 Bitcoin P2P transport layer packets use the encrypted message structure shown above. An unencrypted application layer '''contents''' is composed of: + +{|class="wikitable" +! Field !! Size in bytes !! Comments +|- +| <code>message_type</code> || 1 or 13 || either a one byte ID in range ''1..255'' or <code>b'\x00'</code> followed by a 12-byte ASCII message type (as in the v1 P2P protocol) +|- +| <code>message_payload</code> || <code>message_length</code> || message payload +|} + +If the first byte of <code>message_type</code> is <code>b'\x00'</code>, the following 12 bytes are interpreted as an ASCII message type (as in the v1 P2P protocol), trailing padded with <code>b'\x00'</code> as necessary. If the first byte of <code>message_type</code> is in the range ''1..255'', it is interpreted as a message type ID. This structure results in smaller messages than the v1 protocol, as most messages sent/received will have a message type ID. We recommend reserving 1-byte type IDs for message types that are sent more than once per direction per connection.<ref name="smaller_messages">'''How do the lengths between v1 and v2 compare?''' For messages that use the 1-byte short message type ID, v2 packets use 3 bytes less per message than v1.</ref><ref name"fixed_length_long_ids">'''Why not allow variable length long message type IDs?''' Allowing for variable length long IDs reduces the available 1-byte ID space by 12 (to encode the length itself) and incentivizes less descriptive message types. In addition, limiting message types to fixed lengths of 1 or 13 hampers traffic analysis.</ref> + +The following table lists currently defined message type IDs: + +{| class="wikitable" +|- +! +!0 +!1 +!2 +!3 +|- +!+0 +|(12 bytes follow)||<code>ADDR</code>||<code>BLOCK</code>||<code>BLOCKTXN</code> +|- +!+4 +|<code>CMPCTBLOCK</code>||<code>FEEFILTER</code>||<code>FILTERADD</code>||<code>FILTERCLEAR</code> +|- +!+8 +|<code>FILTERLOAD</code>||<code>GETBLOCKS</code>||<code>GETBLOCKTXN</code>||<code>GETDATA</code> +|- +!+12 +|<code>GETHEADERS</code>||<code>HEADERS</code>||<code>INV</code>||<code>MEMPOOL</code> +|- +!+16 +|<code>MERKLEBLOCK</code>||<code>NOTFOUND</code>||<code>PING</code>||<code>PONG</code> +|- +!+20 +|<code>SENDCMPCT</code>||<code>TX</code>||<code>GETCFILTERS</code>||<code>CFILTER</code> +|- +!+24 +|<code>GETCFHEADERS</code>||<code>CFHEADERS</code>||<code>GETCFCHECKPT</code>||<code>CFCHECKPT</code> +|- +!+28 +|<code>ADDRV2</code> +|- +!≥29 +|| colspan="4" | (undefined) +|} + + +Additional message types may be added separately after BIP finalization. + +=== Signaling specification === +==== Signaling v2 support ==== +Peers supporting the v2 transport protocol signal support by advertising the <code>NODE_P2P_V2 = (1 << 11)</code> service flag in addr relay. If met with immediate disconnection when establishing a v2 connection, clients implementing this proposal are encouraged to retry connecting using the v1 protocol.<ref>'''Why are v2 clients met with immediate disconnection encouraged to retry with a v1 connection?''' Service flags propagated through untrusted intermediaries using ADDR and ADDRV2 P2P messages and are OR'ed when received from multiple sources. An untrusted intermediary could falsely advertise a potential peer as supportive of v2 connections. Connection downgrades to v1 mitigate the risk of a network participant being blackholed via false advertising.</ref> + + +== Test Vectors == + +For development and testing purposes, we provide a collection of test vectors in CSV format, and a naive, highly inefficient, [[bip-0324/reference.py|reference implementation]] of the relevant algorithms. This code is for demonstration purposes only: +* [[bip-0324/ellswift_decode_test_vectors.csv|XElligatorSwift decoding vectors]] provide examples of ElligatorSwift-encoded public keys, and the X coordinate they map to. +* [[bip-0324/xswiftec_inv_test_vectors.csv|XSwiftECInv vectors]] provide examples of ''(u, x)'' pairs, and the various ''t'' values that ''xswiftec_inv'' maps them to. +* [[bip-0324/packet_encoding_test_vectors.csv|Packet encoding vectors]] illustrate the lifecycle of the authenticated encryption scheme proposed in this document. + +== Rationale and References == +<references/> + +== Acknowledgements == +Thanks to everyone (last name order) that helped invent and develop the ideas in this proposal: + +* Matt Corallo +* Lloyd Fournier +* Gregory Maxwell +* Anthony Towns diff --git a/bip-0324/ellswift_decode_test_vectors.csv b/bip-0324/ellswift_decode_test_vectors.csv new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1bab96b --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0324/ellswift_decode_test_vectors.csv @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +ellswift,x,comment
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diff --git a/bip-0324/garbage_terminator.png b/bip-0324/garbage_terminator.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..536763e --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0324/garbage_terminator.png diff --git a/bip-0324/gen_test_vectors.py b/bip-0324/gen_test_vectors.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05b30a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0324/gen_test_vectors.py @@ -0,0 +1,418 @@ +"""Generate the BIP-0324 test vectors.""" + +import csv +import hashlib +import os +import sys +from reference import ( + FE, + GE, + MINUS_3_SQRT, + hkdf_sha256, + SECP256K1_G, + ellswift_decode, + ellswift_ecdh_xonly, + xswiftec_inv, + xswiftec, + v2_ecdh, + initialize_v2_transport, + v2_enc_packet +) + +FILENAME_PACKET_TEST = os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'packet_encoding_test_vectors.csv') +FILENAME_XSWIFTEC_INV_TEST = os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'xswiftec_inv_test_vectors.csv') +FILENAME_ELLSWIFT_DECODE_TEST = os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'ellswift_decode_test_vectors.csv') + +def xswiftec_flagged(u, t, simplified=False): + """A variant of xswiftec which also returns 'flags', describing conditions encountered.""" + flags = [] + if u == 0: + flags.append("u%p=0") + u = FE(1) + if t == 0: + flags.append("t%p=0") + t = FE(1) + if u**3 + t**2 + 7 == 0: + flags.append("(u'^3+t'^2+7)%p=0") + t = 2 * t + X = (u**3 + 7 - t**2) / (2 * t) + Y = (X + t) / (MINUS_3_SQRT * u) + if X == 0: + if not simplified: + flags.append("(u'^3-t'^2+7)%p=0") + x3 = u + 4 * Y**2 + if GE.is_valid_x(x3): + flags.append("valid_x(x3)") + x2 = (-X / Y - u) / 2 + if GE.is_valid_x(x2): + flags.append("valid_x(x2)") + x1 = (X / Y - u) / 2 + if GE.is_valid_x(x1): + flags.append("valid_x(x1)") + for x in (x3, x2, x1): + if GE.is_valid_x(x): + break + return x, flags + + +def ellswift_create_deterministic(seed, features): + """This is a variant of ellswift_create which doesn't use randomness. + + features is an integer selecting some properties of the result: + - (f & 3) == 0: only x1 is valid on decoding (see xswiftec{_flagged}) + - (f & 3) == 1: only x2 is valid on decoding + - (f & 3) == 2: only x3 is valid on decoding + - (f & 3) == 3: x1,x2,x3 are all valid on decoding + - (f & 4) == 4: u >= p + - (f & 8) == 8: u mod n == 0 + + Returns privkey, ellswift + """ + + cnt = 0 + while True: + sec = hkdf_sha256(32, seed, (cnt).to_bytes(4, 'little'), b"sec") + xval = (int.from_bytes(sec, 'big') * SECP256K1_G).x + cnt += 1 + if features & 8: + u = 0 + if features & 4: + u += FE.SIZE + else: + udat = hkdf_sha256(64, seed, (cnt).to_bytes(4, 'little'), b"u") + if features & 4: + u = FE.SIZE + 1 + int.from_bytes(udat, 'big') % (2**256 - FE.SIZE - 1) + else: + u = 1 + int.from_bytes(udat, 'big') % (FE.SIZE - 1) + case = hkdf_sha256(1, seed, (cnt).to_bytes(4, 'little'), b"case")[0] & 7 + coru = FE(u) + ((features & 8) == 8) + t = xswiftec_inv(xval, coru, case) + if t is None: + continue + assert xswiftec(FE(u), t) == xval + x2, flags = xswiftec_flagged(FE(u), t) + assert x2 == xval + have_x1 = "valid_x(x1)" in flags + have_x2 = "valid_x(x2)" in flags + have_x3 = "valid_x(x3)" in flags + if (features & 4) == 0 and not (have_x1 and not have_x2 and not have_x3): + continue + if (features & 4) == 1 and not (not have_x1 and have_x2 and not have_x3): + continue + if (features & 4) == 2 and not (not have_x1 and not have_x2 and have_x3): + continue + if (features & 4) == 3 and not (have_x1 and have_x2 and have_x3): + continue + return sec, u.to_bytes(32, 'big') + t.to_bytes() + +def ellswift_decode_flagged(ellswift, simplified=False): + """Decode a 64-byte ElligatorSwift encoded coordinate, returning byte array + flag string.""" + uv = int.from_bytes(ellswift[:32], 'big') + tv = int.from_bytes(ellswift[32:], 'big') + x, flags = xswiftec_flagged(FE(uv), FE(tv)) + if not simplified: + if uv >= FE.SIZE: + flags.append("u>=p") + if tv >= FE.SIZE: + flags.append("t>=p") + return int(x).to_bytes(32, 'big'), ";".join(flags) + +def random_fe_int(_, seed, i, p): + """Function to use in tuple_expand, generating a random integer in 0..p-1.""" + rng_out = hkdf_sha256(64, seed, i.to_bytes(4, 'little'), b"v%i_fe" % p) + return int.from_bytes(rng_out, 'big') % FE.SIZE + +def random_fe_int_high(_, seed, i, p): + """Function to use in tuple_expand, generating a random integer in p..2^256-1.""" + rng_out = hkdf_sha256(64, seed, i.to_bytes(4, 'little'), b"v%i_fe_high" % p) + return FE.SIZE + int.from_bytes(rng_out, 'big') % (2**256 - FE.SIZE) + +def fn_of(p_in, fn): + """Function to use in tuple_expand, to pick one variable in function of another.""" + def inner(vs, _seed, _i, p): + assert p != p_in + if isinstance(vs[p_in], int): + return fn(vs[p_in]) + return None + return inner + +def tuple_expand(out, tuplespec, prio, seed=None, cnt=1): + """Given a tuple specification, expand it cnt times, and add results to out. + + Expansion is defined recursively: + - If any of the spec elements is a list, each element of the list results + in an expansion (by replacing the list with its element). + - If any of the spec elements is a function, that function is invoked with + (spec, seed, expansion count, index in spec) as arguments. If the function + needs to wait for other indices to be expanded, it can return None. + + The output consists of (prio, expansion count, SHA256(result), result, seed) + tuples.""" + + def recurse(vs, seed, i, change_pos=None, change=None): + if change_pos is not None: + vs = list(vs) + vs[change_pos] = change + for p, v in enumerate(vs): + if v is None: + return + if isinstance(v, list): + for ve in v: + recurse(vs, seed, i, p, ve) + return + if callable(v): + res = v(vs, seed, i, p) + if res is not None: + recurse(vs, seed, i, p, res) + return + h = hashlib.sha256() + for v in vs: + h.update(int(v).to_bytes(32, 'big')) + out.append((prio, i, h.digest(), vs, seed)) + for i in range(cnt): + recurse(tuplespec, seed, i) + +def gen_ellswift_decode_cases(seed, simplified=False): + """Generate a set of interesting (ellswift, x, flags) ellswift decoding cases.""" + inputs = [] + + # Aggregate for use in tuple_expand, expanding to int in 0..p-1, and one in p..2^256-1. + RANDOM_VAL = [random_fe_int, random_fe_int_high] + # Aggregate for use in tuple_expand, expanding to integers which %p equal 0. + ZERO_VAL = [0, FE.SIZE] + # Helpers for constructing u and t values such that u^3+t^2+7=0 or u^3-t^2+7=0. + T_FOR_SUM_ZERO = fn_of(0, lambda u: (-FE(u)**3 - 7).sqrts()) + T_FOR_DIFF_ZERO = fn_of(0, lambda u: (FE(u)**3 + 7).sqrts()) + U_FOR_SUM_ZERO = fn_of(1, lambda t: (-FE(t)**2 - 7).cbrts()) + U_FOR_DIFF_ZERO = fn_of(1, lambda t: (FE(t)**2 - 7).cbrts()) + + tuple_expand(inputs, [RANDOM_VAL, RANDOM_VAL], 0, seed + b"random", 64) + tuple_expand(inputs, [RANDOM_VAL, T_FOR_SUM_ZERO], 1, seed + b"t=sqrt(-u^3-7)", 64) + tuple_expand(inputs, [U_FOR_SUM_ZERO, RANDOM_VAL], 1, seed + b"u=cbrt(-t^2-7)", 64) + tuple_expand(inputs, [RANDOM_VAL, T_FOR_DIFF_ZERO], 1, seed + b"t=sqrt(u^3+7)", 64) + tuple_expand(inputs, [U_FOR_DIFF_ZERO, RANDOM_VAL], 1, seed + b"u=cbrt(t^2-7)", 64) + tuple_expand(inputs, [ZERO_VAL, RANDOM_VAL], 2, seed + b"u=0", 64) + tuple_expand(inputs, [RANDOM_VAL, ZERO_VAL], 2, seed + b"t=0", 64) + tuple_expand(inputs, [ZERO_VAL, FE(8).sqrts()], 3, seed + b"u=0;t=sqrt(8)") + tuple_expand(inputs, [FE(-8).cbrts(), ZERO_VAL], 3, seed + b"t=0;u=cbrt(-8)") + tuple_expand(inputs, [FE(-6).cbrts(), ZERO_VAL], 3, seed + b"t=0;u=cbrt(-6)") + tuple_expand(inputs, [ZERO_VAL, ZERO_VAL], 3, seed + b"u=0;t=0") + # Unused. + tuple_expand(inputs, [ZERO_VAL, FE(-8).sqrts()], 4, seed + b"u=0;t=sqrt(-8)") + + seen = set() + cases = [] + for _prio, _cnt, _hash, vs, _seed in sorted(inputs): + inp = int(vs[0]).to_bytes(32, 'big') + int(vs[1]).to_bytes(32, 'big') + outp, flags = ellswift_decode_flagged(inp, simplified) + if flags not in seen: + cases.append((inp, outp, flags)) + seen.add(flags) + + return cases + +def gen_all_ellswift_decode_vectors(fil): + """Generate all xelligatorswift decoding test vectors.""" + + cases = gen_ellswift_decode_cases(b"") + writer = csv.DictWriter(fil, ["ellswift", "x", "comment"]) + writer.writeheader() + for val, x, flags in sorted(cases): + writer.writerow({"ellswift": val.hex(), "x": x.hex(), "comment": flags}) + +def xswiftec_inv_flagged(x, u, case): + """A variant of xswiftec_inv which also returns flags, describing conditions encountered.""" + + flags = [] + + if case & 2 == 0: + if GE.is_valid_x(-x - u): + flags.append("bad[valid_x(-x-u)]") + return None, flags + v = x if case & 1 == 0 else -x - u + if v == 0: + flags.append("info[v=0]") + s = -(u**3 + 7) / (u**2 + u*v + v**2) + assert s != 0 # would imply X=0 on curve + else: + s = x - u + if s == 0: + flags.append("bad[s=0]") + return None, flags + q = (-s * (4 * (u**3 + 7) + 3 * s * u**2)) + if q == 0: + flags.append("info[q=0]") + r = q.sqrt() + if r is None: + flags.append("bad[non_square(q)]") + return None, flags + if case & 1: + if r == 0: + flags.append("bad[r=0]") + return None, flags + r = -r + v = (-u + r / s) / 2 + if v == 0: + flags.append("info[v=0]") + w = s.sqrt() + assert w != 0 + if w is None: + flags.append("bad[non_square(s)]") + return None, flags + if case & 4: + w = -w + Y = w / 2 + assert Y != 0 + X = 2 * Y * (v + u / 2) + if X == 0: + flags.append("info[X=0]") + flags.append("ok") + return w * (u * (MINUS_3_SQRT - 1) / 2 - v), flags + +def xswiftec_inv_combo_flagged(x, u): + """Compute the aggregate results and flags from xswiftec_inv_flagged for case=0..7.""" + ts = [] + allflags = [] + for case in range(8): + t, flags = xswiftec_inv_flagged(x, u, case) + if t is not None: + assert x == xswiftec(u, t) + ts.append(t) + allflags.append(f"case{case}:{'&'.join(flags)}") + return ts, ";".join(allflags) + +def gen_all_xswiftec_inv_vectors(fil): + """Generate all xswiftec_inv test vectors.""" + + # Two constants used below. Compute them only once. + C1 = (FE(MINUS_3_SQRT) - 1) / 2 + C2 = (-FE(MINUS_3_SQRT) - 1) / 2 + # Helper functions that pick x and u with special properties. + TRIGGER_Q_ZERO = fn_of(1, lambda u: (FE(u)**3 + 28) / (FE(-3) * FE(u)**2)) + TRIGGER_DIVZERO_A = fn_of(1, lambda u: FE(u) * C1) + TRIGGER_DIVZERO_B = fn_of(1, lambda u: FE(u) * C2) + TRIGGER_V_ZERO = fn_of(1, lambda u: FE(-7) / FE(u)**2) + TRIGGER_X_ZERO = fn_of(0, lambda x: FE(-2) * FE(x)) + + inputs = [] + tuple_expand(inputs, [random_fe_int, random_fe_int], 0, b"uniform", 256) + tuple_expand(inputs, [TRIGGER_Q_ZERO, random_fe_int], 1, b"x=-(u^3+28)/(3*u^2)", 64) + tuple_expand(inputs, [TRIGGER_V_ZERO, random_fe_int], 1, b"x=-7/u^2", 512) + tuple_expand(inputs, [random_fe_int, fn_of(0, lambda x: x)], 2, b"u=x", 64) + tuple_expand(inputs, [random_fe_int, fn_of(0, lambda x: -FE(x))], 2, b"u=-x", 64) + # Unused. + tuple_expand(inputs, [TRIGGER_DIVZERO_A, random_fe_int], 3, b"x=u*(sqrt(-3)-1)/2", 64) + tuple_expand(inputs, [TRIGGER_DIVZERO_B, random_fe_int], 3, b"x=u*(-sqrt(-3)-1)/2", 64) + tuple_expand(inputs, [random_fe_int, TRIGGER_X_ZERO], 3, b"u=-2x", 64) + + seen = set() + cases = [] + for _prio, _cnt, _hash, vs, _seed in sorted(inputs): + x, u = FE(vs[0]), FE(vs[1]) + if u == 0: + continue + if not GE.is_valid_x(x): + continue + ts, flags = xswiftec_inv_combo_flagged(x, u) + if flags not in seen: + cases.append((int(u), int(x), ts, flags)) + seen.add(flags) + + writer = csv.DictWriter(fil, ["u", "x"] + [f"case{c}_t" for c in range(8)] + ["comment"]) + writer.writeheader() + for u, x, ts, flags in sorted(cases): + row = {"u": FE(u), "x": FE(x), "comment": flags} + for c in range(8): + if ts[c] is not None: + row[f"case{c}_t"] = FE(ts[c]) + writer.writerow(row) + +def gen_packet_encoding_vector(case): + """Given a dict case with specs, construct a packet_encoding test vector as a CSV line.""" + ikm = str(case).encode('utf-8') + in_initiating = case["init"] + in_ignore = int(case["ignore"]) + in_priv_ours, in_ellswift_ours = ellswift_create_deterministic(ikm, case["features"]) + mid_x_ours = (int.from_bytes(in_priv_ours, 'big') * SECP256K1_G).x.to_bytes() + assert mid_x_ours == ellswift_decode(in_ellswift_ours) + in_ellswift_theirs = case["theirs"] + in_contents = hkdf_sha256(case["contentlen"], ikm, b"contents", b"") + contents = in_contents * case["multiply"] + in_aad = hkdf_sha256(case["aadlen"], ikm, b"aad", b"") + mid_shared_secret = v2_ecdh(in_priv_ours, in_ellswift_theirs, in_ellswift_ours, in_initiating) + + peer = initialize_v2_transport(mid_shared_secret, in_initiating) + for _ in range(case["idx"]): + v2_enc_packet(peer, b"") + ciphertext = v2_enc_packet(peer, contents, in_aad, case["ignore"]) + long_msg = len(ciphertext) > 128 + + return { + "in_idx": case['idx'], + "in_priv_ours": in_priv_ours.hex(), + "in_ellswift_ours": in_ellswift_ours.hex(), + "in_ellswift_theirs": in_ellswift_theirs.hex(), + "in_initiating": int(in_initiating), + "in_contents": in_contents.hex(), + "in_multiply": case['multiply'], + "in_aad": in_aad.hex(), + "in_ignore": in_ignore, + "mid_x_ours": mid_x_ours.hex(), + "mid_x_theirs": ellswift_decode(in_ellswift_theirs).hex(), + "mid_x_shared": ellswift_ecdh_xonly(in_ellswift_theirs, in_priv_ours).hex(), + "mid_shared_secret": mid_shared_secret.hex(), + "mid_initiator_l": peer['initiator_L'].hex(), + "mid_initiator_p": peer['initiator_P'].hex(), + "mid_responder_l": peer['responder_L'].hex(), + "mid_responder_p": peer['responder_P'].hex(), + "mid_send_garbage_terminator": peer["send_garbage_terminator"].hex(), + "mid_recv_garbage_terminator": peer["recv_garbage_terminator"].hex(), + "out_session_id": peer["session_id"].hex(), + "out_ciphertext": "" if long_msg else ciphertext.hex(), + "out_ciphertext_endswith": ciphertext[-128:].hex() if long_msg else "" + } + +def gen_all_packet_encoding_vectors(fil): + """Return a list of CSV lines, one for each packet encoding vector.""" + + ellswift = gen_ellswift_decode_cases(b"simplified_", simplified=True) + ellswift.sort(key=lambda x: hashlib.sha256(b"simplified:" + x[0]).digest()) + + fields = [ + "in_idx", "in_priv_ours", "in_ellswift_ours", "in_ellswift_theirs", "in_initiating", + "in_contents", "in_multiply", "in_aad", "in_ignore", "mid_x_ours", "mid_x_theirs", + "mid_x_shared", "mid_shared_secret", "mid_initiator_l", "mid_initiator_p", + "mid_responder_l", "mid_responder_p", "mid_send_garbage_terminator", + "mid_recv_garbage_terminator", "out_session_id", "out_ciphertext", "out_ciphertext_endswith" + ] + + writer = csv.DictWriter(fil, fields) + writer.writeheader() + for case in [ + {"init": True, "contentlen": 1, "multiply": 1, "aadlen": 0, "ignore": False, "idx": 1, + "theirs": ellswift[0][0], "features": 0}, + {"init": False, "contentlen": 17, "multiply": 1, "aadlen": 0, "ignore": False, "idx": 999, + "theirs": ellswift[1][0], "features": 1}, + {"init": True, "contentlen": 63, "multiply": 1, "aadlen": 4095, "ignore": False, "idx": 0, + "theirs": ellswift[2][0], "features": 2}, + {"init": False, "contentlen": 128, "multiply": 1, "aadlen": 0, "ignore": True, "idx": 223, + "theirs": ellswift[3][0], "features": 3}, + {"init": True, "contentlen": 193, "multiply": 1, "aadlen": 0, "ignore": False, "idx": 448, + "theirs": ellswift[4][0], "features": 4}, + {"init": False, "contentlen": 41, "multiply": 97561, "aadlen": 0, "ignore": False, + "idx": 673, "theirs": ellswift[5][0], "features": 5}, + {"init": True, "contentlen": 241, "multiply": 69615, "aadlen": 0, "ignore": True, + "idx": 1024, "theirs": ellswift[6][0], "features": 6}, + ]: + writer.writerow(gen_packet_encoding_vector(case)) + +if __name__ == "__main__": + print(f"Generating {FILENAME_PACKET_TEST}...") + with open(FILENAME_PACKET_TEST, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fil_packet: + gen_all_packet_encoding_vectors(fil_packet) + print(f"Generating {FILENAME_XSWIFTEC_INV_TEST}...") + with open(FILENAME_XSWIFTEC_INV_TEST, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fil_xswiftec_inv: + gen_all_xswiftec_inv_vectors(fil_xswiftec_inv) + print(f"Generating {FILENAME_ELLSWIFT_DECODE_TEST}...") + with open(FILENAME_ELLSWIFT_DECODE_TEST, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fil_ellswift_decode: + gen_all_ellswift_decode_vectors(fil_ellswift_decode) diff --git a/bip-0324/packet_encoding_test_vectors.csv b/bip-0324/packet_encoding_test_vectors.csv new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f70b92 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0324/packet_encoding_test_vectors.csv @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +in_idx,in_priv_ours,in_ellswift_ours,in_ellswift_theirs,in_initiating,in_contents,in_multiply,in_aad,in_ignore,mid_x_ours,mid_x_theirs,mid_x_shared,mid_shared_secret,mid_initiator_l,mid_initiator_p,mid_responder_l,mid_responder_p,mid_send_garbage_terminator,mid_recv_garbage_terminator,out_session_id,out_ciphertext,out_ciphertext_endswith
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diff --git a/bip-0324/reference.py b/bip-0324/reference.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f02c44a --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0324/reference.py @@ -0,0 +1,649 @@ +"""Reference implementation for the cryptographic aspects of BIP-324""" + +import sys +import random +import hashlib +import hmac + +### BIP-340 tagged hash + +def TaggedHash(tag, data): + """Compute BIP-340 tagged hash with specified tag string of data.""" + ss = hashlib.sha256(tag.encode('utf-8')).digest() + ss += ss + ss += data + return hashlib.sha256(ss).digest() + +### HKDF-SHA256 + +def hmac_sha256(key, data): + """Compute HMAC-SHA256 from specified byte arrays key and data.""" + return hmac.new(key, data, hashlib.sha256).digest() + +def hkdf_sha256(length, ikm, salt, info): + """Derive a key using HKDF-SHA256.""" + if len(salt) == 0: + salt = bytes([0] * 32) + prk = hmac_sha256(salt, ikm) + t = b"" + okm = b"" + for i in range((length + 32 - 1) // 32): + t = hmac_sha256(prk, t + info + bytes([i + 1])) + okm += t + return okm[:length] + +### secp256k1 field/group elements + +def modinv(a, n): + """Compute the modular inverse of a modulo n using the extended Euclidean + Algorithm. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Euclidean_algorithm#Modular_integers. + """ + a = a % n + if a == 0: + return 0 + if sys.hexversion >= 0x3080000: + # More efficient version available in Python 3.8. + return pow(a, -1, n) + t1, t2 = 0, 1 + r1, r2 = n, a + while r2 != 0: + q = r1 // r2 + t1, t2 = t2, t1 - q * t2 + r1, r2 = r2, r1 - q * r2 + if r1 > 1: + return None + if t1 < 0: + t1 += n + return t1 + +class FE: + """Objects of this class represent elements of the field GF(2**256 - 2**32 - 977). + + They are represented internally in numerator / denominator form, in order to delay inversions. + """ + + SIZE = 2**256 - 2**32 - 977 + + def __init__(self, a=0, b=1): + """Initialize an FE as a/b; both a and b can be ints or field elements.""" + if isinstance(b, FE): + if isinstance(a, FE): + self.num = (a.num * b.den) % FE.SIZE + self.den = (a.den * b.num) % FE.SIZE + else: + self.num = (a * b.den) % FE.SIZE + self.den = b.num + else: + b = b % FE.SIZE + assert b != 0 + if isinstance(a, FE): + self.num = a.num + self.den = (a.den * b) % FE.SIZE + else: + self.num = a % FE.SIZE + self.den = b + + def __add__(self, a): + """Compute the sum of two field elements (second may be int).""" + if isinstance(a, FE): + return FE(self.num * a.den + self.den * a.num, self.den * a.den) + return FE(self.num + self.den * a, self.den) + + def __radd__(self, a): + """Compute the sum of an integer and a field element.""" + return FE(self.num + self.den * a, self.den) + + def __sub__(self, a): + """Compute the difference of two field elements (second may be int).""" + if isinstance(a, FE): + return FE(self.num * a.den - self.den * a.num, self.den * a.den) + return FE(self.num - self.den * a, self.den) + + def __rsub__(self, a): + """Compute the difference between an integer and a field element.""" + return FE(self.den * a - self.num, self.den) + + def __mul__(self, a): + """Compute the product of two field elements (second may be int).""" + if isinstance(a, FE): + return FE(self.num * a.num, self.den * a.den) + return FE(self.num * a, self.den) + + def __rmul__(self, a): + """Compute the product of an integer with a field element.""" + return FE(self.num * a, self.den) + + def __truediv__(self, a): + """Compute the ratio of two field elements (second may be int).""" + return FE(self, a) + + def __rtruediv__(self, a): + """Compute the ratio of an integer and a field element.""" + return FE(a, self) + + def __pow__(self, a): + """Raise a field element to a (positive) integer power.""" + return FE(pow(self.num, a, FE.SIZE), pow(self.den, a, FE.SIZE)) + + def __neg__(self): + """Negate a field element.""" + return FE(-self.num, self.den) + + def __int__(self): + """Convert a field element to an integer. The result is cached.""" + if self.den != 1: + self.num = (self.num * modinv(self.den, FE.SIZE)) % FE.SIZE + self.den = 1 + return self.num + + def sqrt(self): + """Compute the square root of a field element. + + Due to the fact that our modulus p is of the form p = 3 (mod 4), the + Tonelli-Shanks algorithm (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonelli-Shanks_algorithm) + is simply raising the argument to the power (p + 1) / 4. + + To see why: p-1 = 0 (mod 2), so 2 divides the order of the multiplicative group, + and thus only half of the non-zero field elements are squares. An element a is + a (nonzero) square when Euler's criterion, a^((p-1)/2) = 1 (mod p), holds. We're + looking for x such that x^2 = a (mod p). Given a^((p-1)/2) = 1 (mod p), that is + equivalent to x^2 = a^(1 + (p-1)/2) (mod p). As (1 + (p-1)/2) is even, this is + equivalent to x = a^((1 + (p-1)/2)/2) (mod p), or x = a^((p+1)/4) (mod p).""" + v = int(self) + s = pow(v, (FE.SIZE + 1) // 4, FE.SIZE) + if s**2 % FE.SIZE == v: + return FE(s) + return None + + def sqrts(self): + """Compute all square roots of a field element, if any.""" + s = self.sqrt() + if s is None: + return [] + return [FE(s), -FE(s)] + + # The cube roots of 1 (mod p). + CBRT1 = [ + 1, + 0x851695d49a83f8ef919bb86153cbcb16630fb68aed0a766a3ec693d68e6afa40, + 0x7ae96a2b657c07106e64479eac3434e99cf0497512f58995c1396c28719501ee + ] + + + def cbrts(self): + """Compute all cube roots of a field element, if any. + + Due to the fact that our modulus p is of the form p = 7 (mod 9), one cube root + can always be computed by raising to the power (p + 2) / 9. The other roots + (if any) can be found by multiplying with the two non-trivial cube roots of 1. + + To see why: p-1 = 0 (mod 3), so 3 divides the order of the multiplicative group, + and thus only 1/3 of the non-zero field elements are cubes. An element a is a + (nonzero) cube when a^((p-1)/3) = 1 (mod p). We're looking for x such that + x^3 = a (mod p). Given a^((p-1)/3) = 1 (mod p), that is equivalent to + x^3 = a^(1 + (p-1)/3) (mod p). As (1 + (p-1)/3) is a multiple of 3, this is + equivalent to x = a^((1 + (p-1)/3)/3) (mod p), or x = a^((p+2)/9) (mod p).""" + v = int(self) + c = pow(v, (FE.SIZE + 2) // 9, FE.SIZE) + + if pow(c, 3, FE.SIZE) == v: + return [FE(c * f) for f in FE.CBRT1] + return [] + + def is_square(self): + """Determine if this field element has a square root.""" + # Compute the Jacobi symbol of (self / p). Since our modulus is prime, this + # is the same as the Legendre symbol, which determines quadratic residuosity. + # See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi_symbol for the algorithm. + n, k, t = (self.num * self.den) % FE.SIZE, FE.SIZE, 0 + if n == 0: + return True + while n != 0: + while n & 1 == 0: + n >>= 1 + r = k & 7 + t ^= (r in (3, 5)) + n, k = k, n + t ^= (n & k & 3 == 3) + n = n % k + assert k == 1 + return not t + + def __eq__(self, a): + """Check whether two field elements are equal (second may be an int).""" + if isinstance(a, FE): + return (self.num * a.den - self.den * a.num) % FE.SIZE == 0 + return (self.num - self.den * a) % FE.SIZE == 0 + + def to_bytes(self): + """Convert a field element to 32-byte big endian encoding.""" + return int(self).to_bytes(32, 'big') + + @staticmethod + def from_bytes(b): + """Convert a 32-byte big endian encoding of a field element to an FE.""" + v = int.from_bytes(b, 'big') + if v >= FE.SIZE: + return None + return FE(v) + + def __str__(self): + """Convert this field element to a string.""" + return f"{int(self):064x}" + + def __repr__(self): + """Get a string representation of this field element.""" + return f"FE(0x{int(self):x})" + +assert all(pow(c, 3, FE.SIZE) == 1 for c in FE.CBRT1) + +class GE: + """Objects of this class represent points (group elements) on the secp256k1 curve. + + The point at infinity is represented as None.""" + + ORDER = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141 + ORDER_HALF = ORDER // 2 + + def __init__(self, x, y): + """Initialize a group element with specified x and y coordinates (must be on curve).""" + fx = FE(x) + fy = FE(y) + assert fy**2 == fx**3 + 7 + self.x = fx + self.y = fy + + def double(self): + """Compute the double of a point.""" + l = 3 * self.x**2 / (2 * self.y) + x3 = l**2 - 2 * self.x + y3 = l * (self.x - x3) - self.y + return GE(x3, y3) + + def __add__(self, a): + """Add two points, or a point and infinity, together.""" + if a is None: + # Adding point at infinity + return self + if self.x != a.x: + # Adding distinct x coordinates + l = (a.y - self.y) / (a.x - self.x) + x3 = l**2 - self.x - a.x + y3 = l * (self.x - x3) - self.y + return GE(x3, y3) + if self.y == a.y: + # Adding point to itself + return self.double() + # Adding point to its negation + return None + + def __radd__(self, a): + """Add infinity to a point.""" + assert a is None + return self + + def __mul__(self, a): + """Multiply a point with an integer (scalar multiplication).""" + r = None + for i in range(a.bit_length() - 1, -1, -1): + if r is not None: + r = r.double() + if (a >> i) & 1: + r += self + return r + + def __rmul__(self, a): + """Multiply an integer with a point (scalar multiplication).""" + return self * a + + @staticmethod + def lift_x(x): + """Take an FE, and return the point with that as X coordinate, and square Y.""" + y = (FE(x)**3 + 7).sqrt() + if y is None: + return None + return GE(x, y) + + @staticmethod + def is_valid_x(x): + """Determine whether the provided field element is a valid X coordinate.""" + return (FE(x)**3 + 7).is_square() + + def __str__(self): + """Convert this group element to a string.""" + return f"({self.x},{self.y})" + + def __repr__(self): + """Get a string representation for this group element.""" + return f"GE(0x{int(self.x)},0x{int(self.y)})" + +SECP256K1_G = GE( + 0x79BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798, + 0x483ADA7726A3C4655DA4FBFC0E1108A8FD17B448A68554199C47D08FFB10D4B8) + +### ElligatorSwift + +# Precomputed constant square root of -3 (mod p). +MINUS_3_SQRT = FE(-3).sqrt() + +def xswiftec(u, t): + """Decode field elements (u, t) to an X coordinate on the curve.""" + if u == 0: + u = FE(1) + if t == 0: + t = FE(1) + if u**3 + t**2 + 7 == 0: + t = 2 * t + X = (u**3 + 7 - t**2) / (2 * t) + Y = (X + t) / (MINUS_3_SQRT * u) + for x in (u + 4 * Y**2, (-X / Y - u) / 2, (X / Y - u) / 2): + if GE.is_valid_x(x): + return x + assert False + +def xswiftec_inv(x, u, case): + """Given x and u, find t such that xswiftec(u, t) = x, or return None. + + Case selects which of the up to 8 results to return.""" + + if case & 2 == 0: + if GE.is_valid_x(-x - u): + return None + v = x + s = -(u**3 + 7) / (u**2 + u*v + v**2) + else: + s = x - u + if s == 0: + return None + r = (-s * (4 * (u**3 + 7) + 3 * s * u**2)).sqrt() + if r is None: + return None + if case & 1 and r == 0: + return None + v = (-u + r / s) / 2 + w = s.sqrt() + if w is None: + return None + if case & 5 == 0: return -w * (u * (1 - MINUS_3_SQRT) / 2 + v) + if case & 5 == 1: return w * (u * (1 + MINUS_3_SQRT) / 2 + v) + if case & 5 == 4: return w * (u * (1 - MINUS_3_SQRT) / 2 + v) + if case & 5 == 5: return -w * (u * (1 + MINUS_3_SQRT) / 2 + v) + +def xelligatorswift(x): + """Given a field element X on the curve, find (u, t) that encode them.""" + while True: + u = FE(random.randrange(1, GE.ORDER)) + case = random.randrange(0, 8) + t = xswiftec_inv(x, u, case) + if t is not None: + return u, t + +def ellswift_create(): + """Generate a (privkey, ellswift_pubkey) pair.""" + priv = random.randrange(1, GE.ORDER) + u, t = xelligatorswift((priv * SECP256K1_G).x) + return priv.to_bytes(32, 'big'), u.to_bytes() + t.to_bytes() + +def ellswift_decode(ellswift): + """Convert ellswift encoded X coordinate to 32-byte xonly format.""" + u = FE(int.from_bytes(ellswift[:32], 'big')) + t = FE(int.from_bytes(ellswift[32:], 'big')) + return xswiftec(u, t).to_bytes() + +def ellswift_ecdh_xonly(pubkey_theirs, privkey): + """Compute X coordinate of shared ECDH point between elswift pubkey and privkey.""" + d = int.from_bytes(privkey, 'big') + pub = ellswift_decode(pubkey_theirs) + return (d * GE.lift_x(FE.from_bytes(pub))).x.to_bytes() + +### Poly1305 + +class Poly1305: + """Class representing a running poly1305 computation.""" + MODULUS = 2**130 - 5 + + def __init__(self, key): + self.r = int.from_bytes(key[:16], 'little') & 0xffffffc0ffffffc0ffffffc0fffffff + self.s = int.from_bytes(key[16:], 'little') + self.acc = 0 + + def add(self, msg, length=None, pad=False): + """Add a message of any length. Input so far must be a multiple of 16 bytes.""" + length = len(msg) if length is None else length + for i in range((length + 15) // 16): + chunk = msg[i * 16:i * 16 + min(16, length - i * 16)] + val = int.from_bytes(chunk, 'little') + 256**(16 if pad else len(chunk)) + self.acc = (self.r * (self.acc + val)) % Poly1305.MODULUS + return self + + def tag(self): + """Compute the poly1305 tag.""" + return ((self.acc + self.s) & 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff).to_bytes(16, 'little') + +### ChaCha20 + +CHACHA20_INDICES = ( + (0, 4, 8, 12), (1, 5, 9, 13), (2, 6, 10, 14), (3, 7, 11, 15), + (0, 5, 10, 15), (1, 6, 11, 12), (2, 7, 8, 13), (3, 4, 9, 14) +) + +CHACHA20_CONSTANTS = (0x61707865, 0x3320646e, 0x79622d32, 0x6b206574) + +def rotl32(v, bits): + """Rotate the 32-bit value v left by bits bits.""" + return ((v << bits) & 0xffffffff) | (v >> (32 - bits)) + +def chacha20_doubleround(s): + """Apply a ChaCha20 double round to 16-element state array s. + + See https://cr.yp.to/chacha/chacha-20080128.pdf and https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8439 + """ + for a, b, c, d in CHACHA20_INDICES: + s[a] = (s[a] + s[b]) & 0xffffffff + s[d] = rotl32(s[d] ^ s[a], 16) + s[c] = (s[c] + s[d]) & 0xffffffff + s[b] = rotl32(s[b] ^ s[c], 12) + s[a] = (s[a] + s[b]) & 0xffffffff + s[d] = rotl32(s[d] ^ s[a], 8) + s[c] = (s[c] + s[d]) & 0xffffffff + s[b] = rotl32(s[b] ^ s[c], 7) + +def chacha20_block(key, nonce, cnt): + """Compute the 64-byte output of the ChaCha20 block function. + + Takes as input a 32-byte key, 12-byte nonce, and 32-bit integer counter. + """ + # Initial state. + init = [0 for _ in range(16)] + for i in range(4): + init[i] = CHACHA20_CONSTANTS[i] + for i in range(8): + init[4 + i] = int.from_bytes(key[4 * i:4 * (i+1)], 'little') + init[12] = cnt + for i in range(3): + init[13 + i] = int.from_bytes(nonce[4 * i:4 * (i+1)], 'little') + # Perform 20 rounds. + state = list(init) + for _ in range(10): + chacha20_doubleround(state) + # Add initial values back into state. + for i in range(16): + state[i] = (state[i] + init[i]) & 0xffffffff + # Produce byte output + return b''.join(state[i].to_bytes(4, 'little') for i in range(16)) + +### ChaCha20Poly1305 + +def aead_chacha20_poly1305_encrypt(key, nonce, aad, plaintext): + """Encrypt a plaintext using ChaCha20Poly1305.""" + ret = bytearray() + msg_len = len(plaintext) + for i in range((msg_len + 63) // 64): + now = min(64, msg_len - 64 * i) + keystream = chacha20_block(key, nonce, i + 1) + for j in range(now): + ret.append(plaintext[j + 64 * i] ^ keystream[j]) + poly1305 = Poly1305(chacha20_block(key, nonce, 0)[:32]) + poly1305.add(aad, pad=True).add(ret, pad=True) + poly1305.add(len(aad).to_bytes(8, 'little') + msg_len.to_bytes(8, 'little')) + ret += poly1305.tag() + return bytes(ret) + +def aead_chacha20_poly1305_decrypt(key, nonce, aad, ciphertext): + """Decrypt a ChaCha20Poly1305 ciphertext.""" + if len(ciphertext) < 16: + return None + msg_len = len(ciphertext) - 16 + poly1305 = Poly1305(chacha20_block(key, nonce, 0)[:32]) + poly1305.add(aad, pad=True) + poly1305.add(ciphertext, length=msg_len, pad=True) + poly1305.add(len(aad).to_bytes(8, 'little') + msg_len.to_bytes(8, 'little')) + if ciphertext[-16:] != poly1305.tag(): + return None + ret = bytearray() + for i in range((msg_len + 63) // 64): + now = min(64, msg_len - 64 * i) + keystream = chacha20_block(key, nonce, i + 1) + for j in range(now): + ret.append(ciphertext[j + 64 * i] ^ keystream[j]) + return bytes(ret) + +### FSChaCha20{,Poly1305} + +REKEY_INTERVAL = 224 # packets + +class FSChaCha20Poly1305: + """Rekeying wrapper AEAD around ChaCha20Poly1305.""" + + def __init__(self, initial_key): + self.key = initial_key + self.packet_counter = 0 + + def crypt(self, aad, text, is_decrypt): + """Encrypt or decrypt the specified (plain/cipher)text.""" + nonce = ((self.packet_counter % REKEY_INTERVAL).to_bytes(4, 'little') + + (self.packet_counter // REKEY_INTERVAL).to_bytes(8, 'little')) + if is_decrypt: + ret = aead_chacha20_poly1305_decrypt(self.key, nonce, aad, text) + else: + ret = aead_chacha20_poly1305_encrypt(self.key, nonce, aad, text) + if (self.packet_counter + 1) % REKEY_INTERVAL == 0: + rekey_nonce = b"\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF" + nonce[4:] + newkey1 = aead_chacha20_poly1305_encrypt(self.key, rekey_nonce, b"", b"\x00" * 32)[:32] + newkey2 = chacha20_block(self.key, rekey_nonce, 1)[:32] + assert newkey1 == newkey2 + self.key = newkey1 + self.packet_counter += 1 + return ret + + def encrypt(self, aad, plaintext): + """Encrypt the specified plaintext with provided AAD.""" + return self.crypt(aad, plaintext, False) + + def decrypt(self, aad, ciphertext): + """Decrypt the specified ciphertext with provided AAD.""" + return self.crypt(aad, ciphertext, True) + + +class FSChaCha20: + """Rekeying wrapper stream cipher around ChaCha20.""" + + def __init__(self, initial_key): + self.key = initial_key + self.block_counter = 0 + self.chunk_counter = 0 + self.keystream = b'' + + def get_keystream_bytes(self, nbytes): + """Generate nbytes keystream bytes.""" + while len(self.keystream) < nbytes: + nonce = ((0).to_bytes(4, 'little') + + (self.chunk_counter // REKEY_INTERVAL).to_bytes(8, 'little')) + self.keystream += chacha20_block(self.key, nonce, self.block_counter) + self.block_counter += 1 + ret = self.keystream[:nbytes] + self.keystream = self.keystream[nbytes:] + return ret + + def crypt(self, chunk): + """Encrypt or decypt chunk.""" + ks = self.get_keystream_bytes(len(chunk)) + ret = bytes([ks[i] ^ chunk[i] for i in range(len(chunk))]) + if ((self.chunk_counter + 1) % REKEY_INTERVAL) == 0: + self.key = self.get_keystream_bytes(32) + self.block_counter = 0 + self.chunk_counter += 1 + return ret + + def encrypt(self, chunk): + """Encrypt chunk.""" + return self.crypt(chunk) + + def decrypt(self, chunk): + """Decrypt chunk.""" + return self.crypt(chunk) + + +### Shared secret computation + +def v2_ecdh(priv, ellswift_theirs, ellswift_ours, initiating): + """Compute BIP324 shared secret.""" + + ecdh_point_x32 = ellswift_ecdh_xonly(ellswift_theirs, priv) + if initiating: + # Initiating, place our public key encoding first. + return TaggedHash("bip324_ellswift_xonly_ecdh", + ellswift_ours + ellswift_theirs + ecdh_point_x32) + # Responding, place their public key encoding first. + return TaggedHash("bip324_ellswift_xonly_ecdh", + ellswift_theirs + ellswift_ours + ecdh_point_x32) + +### Key derivation + +NETWORK_MAGIC = b'\xf9\xbe\xb4\xd9' + +def initialize_v2_transport(ecdh_secret, initiating): + """Return a peer object with various BIP324 derived keys and ciphers.""" + + peer = {} + salt = b'bitcoin_v2_shared_secret' + NETWORK_MAGIC + for name, length in ( + ('initiator_L', 32), ('initiator_P', 32), ('responder_L', 32), ('responder_P', 32), + ('garbage_terminators', 32), ('session_id', 32)): + peer[name] = hkdf_sha256( + salt=salt, ikm=ecdh_secret, info=name.encode('utf-8'), length=length) + peer['initiator_garbage_terminator'] = peer['garbage_terminators'][:16] + peer['responder_garbage_terminator'] = peer['garbage_terminators'][16:] + del peer['garbage_terminators'] + if initiating: + peer['send_L'] = FSChaCha20(peer['initiator_L']) + peer['send_P'] = FSChaCha20Poly1305(peer['initiator_P']) + peer['send_garbage_terminator'] = peer['initiator_garbage_terminator'] + peer['recv_L'] = FSChaCha20(peer['responder_L']) + peer['recv_P'] = FSChaCha20Poly1305(peer['responder_P']) + peer['recv_garbage_terminator'] = peer['responder_garbage_terminator'] + else: + peer['send_L'] = FSChaCha20(peer['responder_L']) + peer['send_P'] = FSChaCha20Poly1305(peer['responder_P']) + peer['send_garbage_terminator'] = peer['responder_garbage_terminator'] + peer['recv_L'] = FSChaCha20(peer['initiator_L']) + peer['recv_P'] = FSChaCha20Poly1305(peer['initiator_P']) + peer['recv_garbage_terminator'] = peer['initiator_garbage_terminator'] + + return peer + +### Packet encryption + +LENGTH_FIELD_LEN = 3 +HEADER_LEN = 1 +IGNORE_BIT_POS = 7 + +def v2_enc_packet(peer, contents, aad=b'', ignore=False): + """Encrypt a BIP324 packet.""" + + assert len(contents) <= 2**24 - 1 + header = (ignore << IGNORE_BIT_POS).to_bytes(HEADER_LEN, 'little') + plaintext = header + contents + aead_ciphertext = peer['send_P'].encrypt(aad, plaintext) + enc_plaintext_len = peer['send_L'].encrypt(len(contents).to_bytes(LENGTH_FIELD_LEN, 'little')) + return enc_plaintext_len + aead_ciphertext diff --git a/bip-0324/run_test_vectors.py b/bip-0324/run_test_vectors.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e4b8f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0324/run_test_vectors.py @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +"""Run the BIP-324 test vectors.""" + +import csv +import os +import sys + +import reference + +FILENAME_PACKET_TEST = os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'packet_encoding_test_vectors.csv') +FILENAME_XSWIFTEC_INV_TEST = os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'xswiftec_inv_test_vectors.csv') +FILENAME_ELLSWIFT_DECODE_TEST = os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'ellswift_decode_test_vectors.csv') + +with open(FILENAME_PACKET_TEST, newline='', encoding='utf-8') as csvfile: + print(f"Running {FILENAME_PACKET_TEST} tests...") + reader = csv.DictReader(csvfile) + for row in reader: + in_initiating = int(row['in_initiating']) + bytes_priv_ours = bytes.fromhex(row['in_priv_ours']) + int_priv_ours = int.from_bytes(bytes_priv_ours, 'big') + assert row['mid_x_ours'] == (int_priv_ours * reference.SECP256K1_G).x.to_bytes().hex() + bytes_ellswift_ours = bytes.fromhex(row['in_ellswift_ours']) + assert row['mid_x_ours'] == reference.ellswift_decode(bytes_ellswift_ours).hex() + bytes_ellswift_theirs = bytes.fromhex(row['in_ellswift_theirs']) + assert row['mid_x_theirs'] == reference.ellswift_decode(bytes_ellswift_theirs).hex() + x_shared = reference.ellswift_ecdh_xonly(bytes_ellswift_theirs, bytes_priv_ours) + assert row['mid_x_shared'] == x_shared.hex() + shared_secret = reference.v2_ecdh(bytes_priv_ours, bytes_ellswift_theirs, + bytes_ellswift_ours, in_initiating) + assert row['mid_shared_secret'] == shared_secret.hex() + + peer = reference.initialize_v2_transport(shared_secret, in_initiating) + assert row['mid_initiator_l'] == peer['initiator_L'].hex() + assert row['mid_initiator_p'] == peer['initiator_P'].hex() + assert row['mid_responder_l'] == peer['responder_L'].hex() + assert row['mid_responder_p'] == peer['responder_P'].hex() + assert row['mid_send_garbage_terminator'] == peer['send_garbage_terminator'].hex() + assert row['mid_recv_garbage_terminator'] == peer['recv_garbage_terminator'].hex() + assert row['out_session_id'] == peer['session_id'].hex() + for _ in range(int(row['in_idx'])): + reference.v2_enc_packet(peer, b"") + ciphertext = reference.v2_enc_packet( + peer, + bytes.fromhex(row['in_contents']) * int(row['in_multiply']), + bytes.fromhex(row['in_aad']), int(row['in_ignore'])) + if len(row['out_ciphertext']): + assert row['out_ciphertext'] == ciphertext.hex() + if len(row['out_ciphertext_endswith']): + assert ciphertext.hex().endswith(row['out_ciphertext_endswith']) + +with open(FILENAME_XSWIFTEC_INV_TEST, newline='', encoding='utf-8') as csvfile: + print(f"Running {FILENAME_XSWIFTEC_INV_TEST} tests...") + reader = csv.DictReader(csvfile) + for row in reader: + u = reference.FE.from_bytes(bytes.fromhex(row['u'])) + x = reference.FE.from_bytes(bytes.fromhex(row['x'])) + for case in range(8): + ret = reference.xswiftec_inv(x, u, case) + if ret is None: + assert row[f"case{case}_t"] == "" + else: + assert row[f"case{case}_t"] == ret.to_bytes().hex() + assert reference.xswiftec(u, ret) == x + +with open(FILENAME_ELLSWIFT_DECODE_TEST, newline='', encoding='utf-8') as csvfile: + print(f"Running {FILENAME_ELLSWIFT_DECODE_TEST} tests...") + reader = csv.DictReader(csvfile) + for row in reader: + ellswift = bytes.fromhex(row['ellswift']) + assert reference.ellswift_decode(ellswift).hex() == row['x'] diff --git a/bip-0324/secp256k1_test_vectors.py b/bip-0324/secp256k1_test_vectors.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..57ae801 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0324/secp256k1_test_vectors.py @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +"""Convert the BIP-324 test vectors to secp256k1 code.""" + +import csv +import reference +import os +import sys + +FILENAME_XSWIFTEC_INV_TEST = os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'xswiftec_inv_test_vectors.csv') +FILENAME_ELLSWIFT_DECODE_TEST = os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'ellswift_decode_test_vectors.csv') + +def format_int(v): + """Format 0 as "0", but other integers as 0x%08x.""" + if v == 0: + return "0" + return f"0x{v:08x}" + +def format_fe(fe): + """Format a field element constant as SECP256K1_FE_CONST code.""" + vals = [(int(fe) >> (32 * (7 - i))) & 0xffffffff for i in range(8)] + strs = ", ".join(format_int(v) for v in vals) + return f"SECP256K1_FE_CONST({strs})" + +def output_xswiftec_inv_cases(): + """Generate lines corresponding to the xswiftec_inv test cases.""" + with open(FILENAME_XSWIFTEC_INV_TEST, newline='', encoding='utf-8') as csvfile: + reader = csv.DictReader(csvfile) + print("xswiftec_inv cases:") + for row in reader: + u = int.from_bytes(bytes.fromhex(row['u']), 'big') + x = int.from_bytes(bytes.fromhex(row['x']), 'big') + pat = sum(1<<c for c in range(8) if row[f"case{c}_t"]) + tstrs = [] + for c in range(8): + tstrs.append(format_fe(int.from_bytes(bytes.fromhex(row[f"case{c}_t"]), 'big'))) + print(f" {{0x{pat:02x}, {format_fe(u)}, {format_fe(x)}, {{{', '.join(tstrs)}}}}},") + print() + +def output_ellswift_decode_cases(): + """Generate lines corresponding to the ellswift_decode test cases.""" + with open(FILENAME_ELLSWIFT_DECODE_TEST, newline='', encoding='utf-8') as csvfile: + reader = csv.DictReader(csvfile) + print("ellswift_decode cases:") + for row in reader: + enc = bytes.fromhex(row['ellswift']) + tval = int.from_bytes(enc[32:], 'big') % reference.FE.SIZE + x = int.from_bytes(bytes.fromhex(row['x']), 'big') + encstr = ", ".join(f"0x{b:02x}" for b in enc) + print(f" {{{{{encstr}}}, {format_fe(x)}, {tval & 1}}},") + print() + +output_xswiftec_inv_cases() +output_ellswift_decode_cases() diff --git a/bip-0324/test_sage_decoding.py b/bip-0324/test_sage_decoding.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c26c334 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0324/test_sage_decoding.py @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +"""Compare ellswift decoding in the BIP-324 test vectors against the SwiftEC reference code. + +Instructions: + +* Clone the SwiftEC repository, and enter the directory: + + git clone https://github.com/Jchavezsaab/SwiftEC + git checkout 5320a25035d91addde29d14164cce684b56a12ed + cd SwiftEC + +* Generate parameters for the secp256k1 curve: + + sage --python generate_parameters.py -p secp256k1 + +* Copy over this file and the CSV test vectors: + + cp PATH_TO_BIPS_REPO/bips/bip-0324/{*.csv,test_sage_decoding.py} . + +* Run the tests: + + sage --python test_sage_decoding.py -p secp256k1 + +No output = good. +""" + +import sys +import csv +from config import F +from Xencoding_0 import Xdecode + + +FILENAME_PACKET_TEST = 'packet_encoding_test_vectors.csv' +FILENAME_XSWIFTEC_INV_TEST = 'xswiftec_inv_test_vectors.csv' +FILENAME_ELLSWIFT_DECODE_TEST = 'ellswift_decode_test_vectors.csv' + +def ellswift_decode_sage(ellswift): + """Given a 64-byte ellswift encoded public key, get the 32-byte X coordinate.""" + + u = F(int.from_bytes(ellswift[:32], 'big')) + t = F(int.from_bytes(ellswift[32:], 'big')) + + # Reimplement the input correction step. + if u == F(0): + u = F(1) + if t == F(0): + t = F(1) + if u**3 + t**2 + 7 == F(0): + t = F(2) * t + + # Invoke reference code + x, z = Xdecode(u, t) + + # Convert to bytes. + return int(x / z).to_bytes(32, 'big') + +with open(FILENAME_PACKET_TEST, newline='', encoding='utf-8') as csvfile: + reader = csv.DictReader(csvfile) + for row in reader: + bytes_ellswift_ours = bytes.fromhex(row['in_ellswift_ours']) + bytes_ellswift_theirs = bytes.fromhex(row['in_ellswift_theirs']) + assert row['mid_x_ours'] == ellswift_decode_sage(bytes_ellswift_ours).hex() + assert 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diff --git a/bip-0324/xswiftec_test_vectors.csv b/bip-0324/xswiftec_test_vectors.csv new file mode 100644 index 0000000..985235f --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0324/xswiftec_test_vectors.csv @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +u,x,case0_t,case1_t,case2_t,case3_t,case4_t,case5_t,case6_t,case7_t +08da7c45cb204377e7e42249cda5713fa865116ddbb4cb5a1949b2e5b438a6ab,e087b707dabf2796b03b2fb4f976c3f2f5abb36110d00ef656432117f2c93f0a,,,,,,,, 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+ Author: Karl-Johan Alm <karljohan-alm@garage.co.jp> + Anthony Towns <aj@erisian.com.au> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0325 + Status: Proposed + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2019-03-20 + License: CC0-1.0 +</pre> + +== Abstract == + +A new type of test network where signatures are used in addition to proof of work for block progress, enabling much better coordination and robustness (be reliably unreliable), for persistent, longer-term testing scenarios involving multiple independent parties. + +== Motivation == + +Testnet is a great place to try out new things without risking real money, but it is notoriously unreliable. Huge block reorgs, long gaps in between blocks being mined or sudden bursts of blocks in rapid succession mean that realistic testing of software, especially involving multiple independent parties running software over an extended period of time, becomes infeasible in practice. + +A new type of test network would be more suitable for integration testing by organizations such as exchanges, or testing of next generation Layer-2 protocols like Eltoo or sidechain pegs. The goal is not to be perfectly reliable but rather to have a predictable amount of unreliability. You want a test network to behave like mainnet (i.e. no thousands of block reorgs) while also making it easier to trigger expected but rare events like a 6-block reorg. Regtest is not suitable for longer-term scenarios involving multiple independent parties because creating blocks costs nothing, so any party can completely control the test network. + +== Specification == + +A new type of network ("signet"), which takes an additional consensus parameter called the challenge (scriptPubKey). The challenge can be a simple pubkey (P2PKH style), or a k-of-n multisig, or any other script you would want. + +Signet requires all blocks to have a BIP 141 commitment in the coinbase transaction. In order to provide a non-empty solution to the block challenge the block's BIP 141 commitment's optional data must include an additional commitment of the signature/solution for the block: + + 1-5 bytes - Push the following (4 + x + y) bytes + 4 bytes - Signet header (0xecc7daa2) + x bytes - scriptSig + y bytes - scriptWitness + +In the special case where an empty solution is valid (ie scriptSig and scriptWitness are both empty) this additional commitment can optionally be left out. This special case is to allow non-signet-aware block generation code to be used to test a custom signet chain where the challenge is trivially true. + +The scriptSig is serialized by first encoding its length as CompactSize. The scriptWitness stack is serialized as described in BIP 141. + +Any push operations that do not start with the 4 byte Signet header are ignored. Multiple push operations with the 4 byte Signet header are ignored except for the first instance of the header. + +To sign the block or verify a block signature, two virtual transactions, each with a single input and output are constructed from the block as follows. + +The "to_spend" transaction is: + + nVersion = 0 + nLockTime = 0 + vin[0].prevout.hash = 0000...000 + vin[0].prevout.n = 0xFFFFFFFF + vin[0].nSequence = 0 + vin[0].scriptSig = OP_0 PUSH72[ block_data ] + vin[0].scriptWitness = [] + vout[0].nValue = 0 + vout[0].scriptPubKey = signet_challenge + +where block_data is the serialization of the block's nVersion, hashPrevBlock, signet_merkle_root, and nTime. The <code>signet_merkle_root</code> is obtained by generating the merkle root of the block transactions, after modifying the coinbase witness commitment by replacing the signet solution with an empty solution (that is, the witness commitment includes a four byte push of the Signet header with no additional solution data, and no prior pushes beginning with the Signet header). This means the merkle root of the block is different from the merkle root in the signet commitment. This is needed, because the signature can never be included in the very message (in this case, a block) that is being signed. + +The "to_sign" transaction is: + + nVersion = 0 + nLockTime = 0 + vin[0].prevout.hash = to_spend.txid + vin[0].prevout.n = 0 + vin[0].nSequence = 0 + vin[0].sigScript = [ signet_solution sigScript (x bytes), if any ] + vin[0].scriptWitness = [ signet_solution scriptWitness (y bytes), if any ] + vout[0].nValue = 0 + vout[0].scriptPubKey = OP_RETURN + +The scriptSig and/or scriptWitness for <code>vin[0]</code> are filled in from the Signet header push above. + +To simplify block generation (mining), the signature also does not commit to the block nonce value, so that rolling the nonce to generate proof-of-work does not also require regenerating signatures. When grinding proof of work, the extended nonce cannot be used as it would invalidate the signature. Instead, simply resigning the same (or an updated) block will give a new search space. + +A block is considered fully validated only if the to_sign transaction is a valid spend of the to_spend transaction. It is recommended that this verification is done directly before or after the witness commitment verification, as the data required to do both is approximately the same. + +There is one other acceptable special case: if a block's challenge is e.g. `OP_TRUE` (`0x51`), where an empty solution would result in success, the block is also considered valid if the signet commitment is absent. + +== Genesis Block and Message Start == + +The genesis block is the same for all signet networks, whereas the message start is defined as the first four bytes of the sha256d of the challenge script as a single data push (see below). + +=== Genesis Block === + +* Time stamp: 1598918400 +* Nonce: 52613770 +* Difficulty: 0x1e0377ae +* Version: 1 + +The resulting genesis block hash is 00000008819873e925422c1ff0f99f7cc9bbb232af63a077a480a3633bee1ef6, and the block hex is 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. + +=== Message Start === + +The message start is defined as the first four bytes of the sha256d of the challenge script, as a single push (i.e. prefixed with the challenge script length). Example: + +* Challenge script = 512103ad5e0edad18cb1f0fc0d28a3d4f1f3e445640337489abb10404f2d1e086be43051ae +* Sha256d(len || challenge script) = sha256d(25512103ad...51ae) = 7ec653a59b1912f9db10da2c461ed827d48f9404d5ef0346a6c94aadd4203646 +* First four bytes = the message start = 7ec653a5 + +== Compatibility == + +This specification is backwards compatible in the sense that existing software can use Signet out of the box. + +Simply by adding the network parameters for signet (magic number, etc), a client can connect to and use any signet network without further modifications. The block headers have valid proof of work, so clients can trivially check that blocks are "probably" valid. + +However, anyone can mine blocks that are accepted by the client for any given signet network. These blocks do not contain the required signatures, however, so any fully validating node will promptly reject them. As such, clients need to either validate the block signature inside the coinbase transaction, or connect to trusted peers. + +Other software need not add block signature validation code that they will not use in production. This is adequate for non-production test purposes where the goal is to have a network behave as much like mainnet as possible. + +== Reference implementation == + +Pull request at https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/18267 + +== References == + +# Original mailing list thread: https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2019-March/016734.html +# Bitcoin Wiki entry: https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Signet + +== Copyright == + +This document is licensed under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal license. diff --git a/bip-0326.mediawiki b/bip-0326.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..526ab5f --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0326.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 326 + Layer: Applications + Title: Anti-fee-sniping in taproot transactions + Author: Chris Belcher <belcher@riseup.net> + Status: Draft + Type: Informational + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0326 + Created: 2021-06-10 + License: CC0-1.0 + Post-History: 2021-6-10: https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2021-June/019048.html +</pre> + + +== Abstract == + +This document proposes a certain type of wallet behaviour which uses BIP341 taproot[1]. It provides a greater anonymity set for off-chain protocols which will make use of point-time-locked contracts (PTLCs) such as CoinSwap, Lightning and Discrete Log Contracts. + +== Motivation == + +With taproot recently added to bitcoin, and wallet software about to implement taproot wallets, we are in a unique position to improve the privacy of off-chain protocols if we act soon. + +Taproot allows for point-time-locked contracts (PTLCs) as a more private replacement for hash-time-locked contracts (HTLCs). If an off-chain contract (for example a Lightning channel) is closed using a PTLC instead of an HTLC, then the blockchain will just see a regular taproot script instead of a hash value and preimage. However, if a contract is closed using the timelock path, then the blockchain will either see a OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY opcode or a nSequence value in the transaction, neither of which are very common today, and this would mark the closing transaction as something special and unusual. + +This BIP proposes to improve the privacy and fungibility of off-chain protocols by having on-chain wallets like Bitcoin Core also set the nSequence field in their taproot transactions as in BIP68[5]. This would be in place of their regular nLockTime anti-fee-sniping protection. The end result is that, if an observer of the blockchain sees a taproot spend with an nSequence value, then that could be either: a regular spend from a wallet, or an off-chain settlement transaction spent with a timelock. The two cases would be indistinguishable, and this could greatly improve the privacy and fungibility of bitcoin. The community and wallet developers should act now to implement this so that the anonymity set of nSequence transactions starts to be built up as soon as taproot itself becomes adopted by wallets. + +== Background == + +=== Fee sniping === + +Fee sniping is a hypothetical outcome of bad incentives to bitcoin mining in the low-inflation future. For a large miner the value of the transactions in the best block and the mempool can be exceeded by the cost of deliberately attempting to mine two blocks to orphan the best block. However with anti-fee-sniping protection using nLockTime or nSequence the bad miner will soon run out of transactions that can be put in the first block, which means they now need to go in the second. Anti-fee-sniping adds to the incentive to move the blockchain forward. + +The nLockTime field is being used this way today. It is implemented in Bitcoin Core[2] and Electrum[3], and adopted by approximately 20% of all recent transactions[4]. + +=== Absolute vs relative locktime === + +nLockTime is an absolute lock time, it allows the transaction to only be mined after a certain block height or unix time. The widespread adoption of it might have provided a good anonymity set for off-chain protocols. Unfortunately those protocols also commonly use relative lock times, because it allows contracts (for example Lightning payment channels or CoinSwaps) to remain open indefinitely as the countdown clock only starts ticking when the closing transaction is confirmed. + +Absolute locktimes are also still used, so we should keep using nLockTime, but also often use nSequence. + +=== Transaction pinning === + +Transaction pinning[8] is a method for making fee bumping prohibitively expensive by abusing node protections against attacks that can waste bandwidth, CPU, and memory. This can make fee management more difficult in multipart contract protocols (such as Lightning Network or CoinSwap). One possible way of solving the problem is to include a 1-block relative timelock `1 OP_CSV` to all spend paths, making it impossible to spend the unconfirmed UTXO. Such a 1-block locktime can also be created with an nSequence value of 1. Many on-chain transactions in bitcoin spend inputs that were created just one or two blocks ago, following this BIP such transactions with `nSequence=1` would also provide cover traffic for off-chain transactions which disable transaction pinning. + +== Specifications == + +When wallets create transactions spending UTXOs protected by BIP341 taproot, they should set either an nLockTime value or nSequence values to discourage fee sniping, by allowing the transaction to only be mined in the next block after the tip, not the current block. This BIP suggests 50% probability for using nLockTime and 50% for nSequence. If nSequence is set it should apply to at least one of the inputs of the transaction, if it has multiple inputs. It is suggested that on-chain wallets pick an input randomly. + +Wallets should also have a second random branch which sets the nLockTime or nSequence value even further back, so that transactions that are delayed after signing for whatever reason (e.g. high-latency mix networks) have better privacy. Existing behaviour is that with a probability of 10%, choose a random number between 0 and 99, and subtract it from the current block height. See the Bitcoin Core and Electrum source codes linked in the references for an example. + +nSequence can only encode up to 65535 for the block distance[5] so if the UTXOs being spent have more than 65535 confirmations, then the wallet should use nLockTime instead. + +=== Pseudocode === + +<source> +def apply_anti_fee_sniping_fields(transaction, rbf_set): + # bip68 requires v=2 + transaction.version = 2 + # Initialize all nsequence to indicate the requested RBF state + # nsequence can not be 2**32 - 1 in order for nlocktime to take effect + for input in transaction.inputs: + if rbf_set: + input.nsequence = 2**32 - 3 + else: + input.nsequence = 2**32 - 2 + # always set nlocktime if any of the transaction inputs have more + # confirmations than 65535 or are not taproot inputs, or have + # unconfirmed inputs + # otherwise choose either nlocktime or nsequence with 50% probability + if not rbf_set || any(map(lambda input: input.confirmations() > 65535 + || !input.is_taproot() || input.confirmations() == 0, + transaction.inputs)) || randint(2) == 0: + transaction.nlocktime = blockchain.height() + if randint(10) == 0: + transaction.nlocktime = max(0, transaction.nlocktime + - randint(0, 99)) + # nsequence must be set in order for nlocktime to take effect + else: + transaction.nlocktime = 0 + input_index = randint(len(transaction.inputs)) + transaction.inputs[input_index].nsequence = transaction.inputs\ + [input_index].confirmations() + if randint(10) == 0: + transaction.inputs[input_index].nsequence = max(1, + transaction.inputs[input_index].nsequence - randint(0, 99)) +</source> + +== Compatibility == + +This BIP doesn't need any consensus changes. It can be adopted unilaterally and gradually by wallets. Although for greater privacy it would be good for software to adopt it as soon as possible. Ideally during the process of developers implementing their taproot wallets, so that when taproot starts to be used it will already include the nSequence code. + +All wallet software already keeps track of how many confirmations its UTXOs have, so the information required to set the nSequence field is already available. + +== Acknowledgements == + +Originally suggested by David Harding[6] and mentioned to me by ZmnSCPxj. + +Thanks to craigraw for suggesting a new value for input nsequence in the absolute locktime case[7]. + +== Copyright == + +This BIP is licensed under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal licence. + +== References == + +[1] https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0341.mediawiki + +[2] https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/2340 + +[3] +https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/blob/7e6d65ec11c0dccfc24478471c5951d3ae586937/electrum/wallet.py#L211-L224 + +[4] +https://txstats.com/dashboard/db/blocks-statistics?panelId=4&fullscreen&orgId=1 + +[5] https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0068.mediawiki + +[6] +https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/lightning-dev/2020-January/002412.html + +[7] https://github.com/sparrowwallet/sparrow/issues/161#issuecomment-925003231 + +[8] https://bitcoinops.org/en/topics/transaction-pinning/ diff --git a/bip-0327.mediawiki b/bip-0327.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b5600ab --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0327.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,829 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 327 + Title: MuSig2 for BIP340-compatible Multi-Signatures + Author: Jonas Nick <jonasd.nick@gmail.com> + Tim Ruffing <crypto@timruffing.de> + Elliott Jin <elliott.jin@gmail.com> + Status: Draft + License: BSD-3-Clause + Type: Informational + Created: 2022-03-22 + Post-History: 2022-04-05: https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2022-April/020198.html [bitcoin-dev] MuSig2 BIP + 2022-10-11: https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2022-October/021000.html [bitcoin-dev] MuSig2 BIP + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0327 +</pre> + +== Introduction == + +=== Abstract === + +This document proposes a standard for the [https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/1261.pdf MuSig2] multi-signature scheme. +The standard is compatible with [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0340.mediawiki BIP340] public keys and signatures. +It supports ''tweaking'', which allows deriving [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki BIP32] child keys from aggregate public keys and creating [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0341.mediawiki BIP341] Taproot outputs with key and script paths. + +=== Copyright === + +This document is licensed under the 3-clause BSD license. + +=== Motivation === + +MuSig2 is a multi-signature scheme that allows multiple signers to create a single aggregate public key and cooperatively create ordinary Schnorr signatures valid under the aggregate public key. +Signing requires interaction between ''all'' signers involved in key aggregation. +(MuSig2 is a ''n-of-n'' multi-signature scheme and not a ''t-of-n'' threshold-signature scheme.) + +The primary motivation is to create a standard that allows users of different software projects to jointly control Taproot outputs ([https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0341.mediawiki BIP341]). +Such an output contains a public key which, in this case, would be the aggregate of all users' individual public keys. +It can be spent using MuSig2 to produce a signature for the key-based spending path. + +The on-chain footprint of a MuSig2 Taproot output is essentially a single BIP340 public key, and a transaction spending the output only requires a single signature cooperatively produced by all signers. This is '''more compact''' and has '''lower verification cost''' than each signer providing an individual public key and signature, as would be required by an ''n-of-n'' policy implemented using <code>OP_CHECKSIGADD</code> as introduced in ([https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0342.mediawiki BIP342]). +As a side effect, the number ''n'' of signers is not limited by any consensus rules when using MuSig2. + +Moreover, MuSig2 offers a '''higher level of privacy''' than <code>OP_CHECKSIGADD</code>: MuSig2 Taproot outputs are indistinguishable for a blockchain observer from regular, single-signer Taproot outputs even though they are actually controlled by multiple signers. By tweaking an aggregate public key, the shared Taproot output can have script spending paths that are hidden unless used. + +There are multi-signature schemes other than MuSig2 that are fully compatible with Schnorr signatures. +The MuSig2 variant proposed below stands out by combining all the following features: +* '''Simple Key Setup''': Key aggregation is non-interactive and fully compatible with BIP340 public keys. +* '''Two Communication Rounds''': MuSig2 is faster in practice than previous three-round multi-signature schemes such as [https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/068.pdf MuSig1], particularly when signers are connected through high-latency anonymous links. Moreover, the need for fewer communication rounds simplifies the algorithms and reduces the probability that implementations and users make security-relevant mistakes. +* '''Provable security''': MuSig2 has been [https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/1261.pdf proven existentially unforgeable] under the algebraic one-more discrete logarithm (AOMDL) assumption (instead of the discrete logarithm assumption required for single-signer Schnorr signatures). AOMDL is a falsifiable and weaker variant of the well-studied OMDL problem. +* '''Low complexity''': MuSig2 has a substantially lower computational and implementation complexity than alternative schemes like [https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/1057 MuSig-DN]. However, this comes at the cost of having no ability to generate nonces deterministically and the requirement to securely handle signing state. + +=== Design === + +* '''Compatibility with BIP340''': In this proposal, the aggregate public key is a BIP340 X-only public key, and the signature output at the end of the signing protocol is a BIP340 signature that passes BIP340 verification for the aggregate public key and a message. The individual public keys that are input to the key aggregation algorithm are ''plain'' public keys in compressed format. +* '''Tweaking for BIP32 derivations and Taproot''': This proposal supports tweaking aggregate public keys and signing for tweaked aggregate public keys. We distinguish two modes of tweaking: ''Plain'' tweaking can be used to derive child aggregate public keys per [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki BIP32]. ''X-only'' tweaking, on the other hand, allows creating a [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0341.mediawiki BIP341] tweak to add script paths to a Taproot output. See [[#tweaking-the-aggregate-public-key|below]] for details. +* '''Non-interactive signing with preprocessing''': The first communication round, exchanging the nonces, can happen before the message or the exact set of signers is determined. Once the parameters of the signing session are finalized, the signers can send partial signatures without additional interaction. +* '''Key aggregation optionally independent of order''': The output of the key aggregation algorithm depends on the order in which the individual public keys are provided as input. Key aggregation does not sort the individual public keys by default because applications often already have a canonical order of signers. Nonetheless, applications can mandate sorting before aggregation,<ref>Applications that sort individual public keys before aggregation should ensure that the implementation of sorting is reasonably efficient, and in particular does not degenerate to quadratic runtime on pathological inputs.</ref> and this proposal specifies a canonical order to sort the individual public keys before key aggregation. Sorting will ensure the same output, independent of the initial order. +* '''Third-party nonce and partial signature aggregation''': Instead of every signer sending their nonce and partial signature to every other signer, it is possible to use an untrusted third-party ''aggregator'' in order to reduce the communication complexity from quadratic to linear in the number of signers. In each of the two rounds, the aggregator collects all signers' contributions (nonces or partial signatures), aggregates them, and broadcasts the aggregate back to the signers. A malicious aggregator can force the signing session to fail to produce a valid Schnorr signature but cannot negatively affect the unforgeability of the scheme. +* '''Partial signature verification''': If any signer sends a partial signature contribution that was not created by honestly following the signing protocol, the signing session will fail to produce a valid Schnorr signature. This proposal specifies a partial signature verification algorithm to identify disruptive signers. It is incompatible with third-party nonce aggregation because the individual nonce is required for partial verification. +* '''MuSig2* optimization''': This proposal uses an optimized scheme MuSig2*, which allows saving a point multiplication in key aggregation as compared to MuSig2. MuSig2* is proven secure in the appendix of the [https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/1261 MuSig2 paper]. The optimization consists of assigning the constant key aggregation coefficient ''1'' to the second distinct key in the list of individual public keys to be aggregated (as well as to any key identical to this key). +* '''Size of the nonce and security''': In this proposal, each signer's nonce consists of two elliptic curve points. The [https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/1261 MuSig2 paper] gives distinct security proofs depending on the number of points that constitute a nonce. See section [[#choosing-the-size-of-the-nonce|Choosing the Size of the Nonce]] for a discussion. + +== Overview == + +Implementers must make sure to understand this section thoroughly to avoid subtle mistakes that may lead to catastrophic failure. + +=== Optionality of Features === + +The goal of this proposal is to support a wide range of possible application scenarios. +Given a specific application scenario, some features may be unnecessary or not desirable, and implementers can choose not to support them. +Such optional features include: +* Applying plain tweaks after x-only tweaks. +* Applying tweaks at all. +* Dealing with messages that are not exactly 32 bytes. +* Identifying a disruptive signer after aborting (aborting itself remains mandatory). +* Dealing with duplicate individual public keys in key aggregation. +If applicable, the corresponding algorithms should simply fail when encountering inputs unsupported by a particular implementation. (For example, the signing algorithm may fail when given a message which is not 32 bytes.) +Similarly, the test vectors that exercise the unimplemented features should be re-interpreted to expect an error, or be skipped if appropriate. + +=== General Signing Flow === + +The signers start by exchanging their individual public keys and computing an aggregate public key using the ''KeyAgg'' algorithm. +Whenever they want to sign a message, the basic order of operations to create a multi-signature is as follows: + +'''First broadcast round:''' +The signers start the signing session by running ''NonceGen'' to compute ''secnonce'' and ''pubnonce''.<ref>We treat the ''secnonce'' and ''pubnonce'' as grammatically singular even though they include serializations of two scalars and two elliptic curve points, respectively. This treatment may be confusing for readers familiar with the MuSig2 paper. However, serialization is a technical detail that is irrelevant for users of MuSig2 interfaces.</ref> +Then, the signers broadcast their ''pubnonce'' to each other and run ''NonceAgg'' to compute an aggregate nonce. + +'''Second broadcast round:''' +At this point, every signer has the required data to sign, which, in the algorithms specified below, is stored in a data structure called [[#session-context|Session Context]]. +Every signer computes a partial signature by running ''Sign'' with the secret signing key, the ''secnonce'' and the session context. +Then, the signers broadcast their partial signatures to each other and run ''PartialSigAgg'' to obtain the final signature. +If all signers behaved honestly, the result passes [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0340.mediawiki BIP340] verification. + +Both broadcast rounds can be optimized by using an aggregator who collects all signers' nonces or partial signatures, aggregates them using ''NonceAgg'' or ''PartialSigAgg'', respectively, and broadcasts the aggregate result back to the signers. A malicious aggregator can force the signing session to fail to produce a valid Schnorr signature but cannot negatively affect the unforgeability of the scheme, i.e., even a malicious aggregator colluding with all but one signer cannot forge a signature. + +'''IMPORTANT''': The ''Sign'' algorithm must '''not''' be executed twice with the same ''secnonce''. +Otherwise, it is possible to extract the secret signing key from the two partial signatures output by the two executions of ''Sign''. +To avoid accidental reuse of ''secnonce'', an implementation may securely erase the ''secnonce'' argument by overwriting it with 64 zero bytes after it has been read by ''Sign''. +A ''secnonce'' consisting of only zero bytes is invalid for ''Sign'' and will cause it to fail. + +To simplify the specification of the algorithms, some intermediary values are unnecessarily recomputed from scratch, e.g., when executing ''GetSessionValues'' multiple times. +Actual implementations can cache these values. +As a result, the [[#session-context|Session Context]] may look very different in implementations or may not exist at all. +However, computation of ''GetSessionValues'' and storage of the result must be protected against modification from an untrusted third party. +This party would have complete control over the aggregate public key and message to be signed. + +=== Public Key Aggregation === + +We distinguish between two public key types, namely ''plain public keys'', the key type traditionally used in Bitcoin, and ''X-only public keys''. +Plain public keys are byte strings of length 33 (often called ''compressed'' format). +In contrast, X-only public keys are 32-byte strings defined in [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0340.mediawiki BIP340]. + +The individual public keys of signers as input to the key aggregation algorithm ''KeyAgg'' (and to ''GetSessionValues'' and ''PartialSigVerify'') are plain public keys. +The output of ''KeyAgg'' is a [[#keyagg-context|KeyAgg Context]] which stores information required for tweaking the aggregate public key (see [[#tweaking-the-aggregate-public-key|below]]), +and it can be used to produce an X-only aggregate public key, or a plain aggregate public key. +In order to obtain an X-only public key compatible with BIP340 verification, implementations call the ''GetXonlyPubkey'' function with the KeyAgg Context. +To get the plain aggregate public key, which is required for some applications of [[#tweaking-the-aggregate-public-key|tweaking]], implementations call ''GetPlainPubkey'' instead. + +The aggregate public key produced by ''KeyAgg'' (regardless of the type) depends on the order of the individual public keys. +If the application does not have a canonical order of the signers, the individual public keys can be sorted with the ''KeySort'' algorithm to ensure that the aggregate public key is independent of the order of signers. + +The same individual public key is allowed to occur more than once in the input of ''KeyAgg'' and ''KeySort''. +This is by design: All algorithms in this proposal handle multiple signers who (claim to) have identical individual public keys properly, +and applications are not required to check for duplicate individual public keys. +In fact, applications are recommended to omit checks for duplicate individual public keys in order to simplify error handling. +Moreover, it is often impossible to tell at key aggregation which signer is to blame for the duplicate, i.e., which signer came up with an individual public key honestly and which disruptive signer copied it. +In contrast, MuSig2 is designed to identify disruptive signers at signing time (see [[#identifying-disruptive-signers|Identifying Disruptive Signers]]). + +While the algorithms in this proposal are able to handle duplicate individual public keys, there are scenarios where applications may choose to abort when encountering duplicates. +For example, we can imagine a scenario where a single entity creates a MuSig2 setup with multiple signing devices. +In that case, duplicates may not result from a malicious signing device copying an individual public key of another signing device but from accidental initialization of two devices with the same seed. +Since MuSig2 key aggregation would accept the duplicate keys and not error out, which would in turn reduce the security compared to the intended key setup, applications may reject duplicate individual public keys before passing them to MuSig2 key aggregation and ask the user to investigate. + +=== Nonce Generation === + +'''IMPORTANT''': ''NonceGen'' must have access to a high-quality random generator to draw an unbiased, uniformly random value ''rand' ''. +In contrast to BIP340 signing, the values ''k<sub>1</sub>'' and ''k<sub>2</sub>'' '''must not be derived deterministically''' from the session parameters because otherwise active adversaries can [https://medium.com/blockstream/musig-dn-schnorr-multisignatures-with-verifiably-deterministic-nonces-27424b5df9d6#e3b6 trick the victim into reusing a nonce]. + +The optional arguments to ''NonceGen'' enable a defense-in-depth mechanism that may prevent secret key exposure if ''rand' '' is accidentally not drawn uniformly at random. +If the value ''rand' '' was identical in two ''NonceGen'' invocations, but any other argument was different, the ''secnonce'' would still be guaranteed to be different as well (with overwhelming probability), and thus accidentally using the same ''secnonce'' for ''Sign'' in both sessions would be avoided. +Therefore, it is recommended to provide the optional arguments ''sk'', ''aggpk'', and ''m'' if these session parameters are already determined during nonce generation. +The auxiliary input ''extra_in'' can contain additional contextual data that has a chance of changing between ''NonceGen'' runs, +e.g., a supposedly unique session id (taken from the application), a session counter wide enough not to repeat in practice, any nonces by other signers (if already known), or the serialization of a data structure containing multiple of the above. +However, the protection provided by the optional arguments should only be viewed as a last resort. +In most conceivable scenarios, the assumption that the arguments are different between two executions of ''NonceGen'' is relatively strong, particularly when facing an active adversary. + +In some applications, it is beneficial to generate and send a ''pubnonce'' before the other signers, their individual public keys, or the message to sign is known. +In this case, only the available arguments are provided to the ''NonceGen'' algorithm. +After this preprocessing phase, the ''Sign'' algorithm can be run immediately when the message and set of signers is determined. +This way, the final signature is created quicker and with fewer round trips. +However, applications that use this method presumably store the nonces for a longer time and must therefore be even more careful not to reuse them. +Moreover, this method is not compatible with the defense-in-depth mechanism described in the previous paragraph. + +Instead of every signer broadcasting their ''pubnonce'' to every other signer, the signers can send their ''pubnonce'' to a single aggregator node that runs ''NonceAgg'' and sends the ''aggnonce'' back to the signers. +This technique reduces the overall communication. +A malicious aggregator can force the signing session to fail to produce a valid Schnorr signature but cannot negatively affect the unforgeability of the scheme. + +In general, MuSig2 signers are stateful in the sense that they first generate ''secnonce'' and then need to store it until they receive the other signers' ''pubnonces'' or the ''aggnonce''. +However, it is possible for one of the signers to be stateless. +This signer waits until it receives the ''pubnonce'' of all the other signers and until session parameters such as a message to sign, individual public keys, and tweaks are determined. +Then, the signer can run ''NonceGen'', ''NonceAgg'' and ''Sign'' in sequence and send out its ''pubnonce'' along with its partial signature. +Stateless signers may want to consider signing deterministically (see [[#modifications-to-nonce-generation|Modifications to Nonce Generation]]) to remove the reliance on the random number generator in the ''NonceGen'' algorithm. + +=== Identifying Disruptive Signers === + +The signing protocol makes it possible to identify malicious signers who send invalid contributions to a signing session in order to make the signing session abort and prevent the honest signers from obtaining a valid signature. +This property is called "identifiable aborts" and ensures that honest parties can assign blame to malicious signers who cause an abort in the signing protocol. + +Aborts are identifiable for an honest party if the following conditions hold in a signing session: +* The contributions received from all signers have not been tampered with (e.g., because they were sent over authenticated connections). +* Nonce aggregation is performed honestly (e.g., because the honest signer performs nonce aggregation on its own or because the aggregator is trusted). +* The partial signatures received from all signers are verified using the algorithm ''PartialSigVerify''. + +If these conditions hold and an honest party (signer or aggregator) runs an algorithm that fails due to invalid protocol contributions from malicious signers, then the algorithm run by the honest party will output the index of exactly one malicious signer. +Additionally, if the honest parties agree on the contributions sent by all signers in the signing session, all the honest parties who run the aborting algorithm will identify the same malicious signer. + +==== Further Remarks ==== + +Some of the algorithms specified below may also assign blame to a malicious aggregator. +While this is possible for some particular misbehavior of the aggregator, it is not guaranteed that a malicious aggregator can be identified. +More specifically, a malicious aggregator (whose existence violates the second condition above) can always make signing abort and wrongly hold honest signers accountable for the abort (e.g., by claiming to have received an invalid contribution from a particular honest signer). + +The only purpose of the algorithm ''PartialSigVerify'' is to ensure identifiable aborts, and it is not necessary to use it when identifiable aborts are not desired. +In particular, partial signatures are ''not'' signatures. +An adversary can forge a partial signature, i.e., create a partial signature without knowing the secret key for the claimed individual public key.<ref>Assume an adversary wants to forge a partial signature for individual public key ''P''. It joins the signing session pretending to be two different signers, one with individual public key ''P'' and one with another individual public key. The adversary can then set the second signer's nonce such that it will be able to produce a partial signature for ''P'' but not for the other claimed signer. An explanation of the individual steps required to create a partial signature forgery can be found in [https://gist.github.com/AdamISZ/ca974ed67889cedc738c4a1f65ff620b a write up by Adam Gibson].</ref> +However, if ''PartialSigVerify'' succeeds for all partial signatures then ''PartialSigAgg'' will return a valid Schnorr signature.<ref>Given a list of individual public keys, it is an open question whether a BIP-340 signature valid under the corresponding aggregate public key is a proof of knowledge of all secret keys of the individual public keys.</ref> + +=== Tweaking the Aggregate Public Key === + +The aggregate public key can be ''tweaked'', which modifies the key as defined in the [[#tweaking-definition|Tweaking Definition]] subsection. +In order to apply a tweak, the KeyAgg Context output by ''KeyAgg'' is provided to the ''ApplyTweak'' algorithm with the ''is_xonly_t'' argument set to false for plain tweaking and true for X-only tweaking. +The resulting KeyAgg Context can be used to apply another tweak with ''ApplyTweak'' or obtain the aggregate public key with ''GetXonlyPubkey'' or ''GetPlainPubkey''. + +In addition to individual public keys, the ''KeyAgg'' algorithm accepts tweaks, which modify the aggregate public key as defined in the [[#tweaking-definition|Tweaking Definition]] subsection. +For example, if ''KeyAgg'' is run with ''v = 2'', ''is_xonly_t<sub>1</sub> = false'', ''is_xonly_t<sub>2</sub> = true'', then the aggregate key is first plain tweaked with ''tweak<sub>1</sub>'' and then X-only tweaked with ''tweak<sub>2</sub>''. + +The purpose of supporting tweaking is to ensure compatibility with existing uses of tweaking, i.e., that the result of signing is a valid signature for the tweaked public key. +The MuSig2 algorithms take arbitrary tweaks as input but accepting arbitrary tweaks may negatively affect the security of the scheme.<ref>It is an open question whether allowing arbitrary tweaks from an adversary affects the unforgeability of MuSig2.</ref> +Instead, signers should obtain the tweaks according to other specifications. +This typically involves deriving the tweaks from a hash of the aggregate public key and some other information. +Depending on the specific scheme that is used for tweaking, either the plain or the X-only aggregate public key is required. +For example, to do [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki BIP32] derivation, you call ''GetPlainPubkey'' to be able to compute the tweak, whereas [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0341.mediawiki BIP341] TapTweaks require X-only public keys that are obtained with ''GetXonlyPubkey''. + +The tweak mode provided to ''ApplyTweak'' depends on the application: +Plain tweaking can be used to derive child public keys from an aggregate public key using [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0032.mediawiki BIP32]. +On the other hand, X-only tweaking is required for Taproot tweaking per [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0341.mediawiki BIP341]. +A Taproot-tweaked public key commits to a ''script path'', allowing users to create transaction outputs that are spendable either with a MuSig2 multi-signature or by providing inputs that satisfy the script path. +Script path spends require a control block that contains a parity bit for the tweaked X-only public key. +The bit can be obtained with ''GetPlainPubkey(keyagg_ctx)[0] & 1''. + +== Algorithms == + +The following specification of the algorithms has been written with a focus on clarity. +As a result, the specified algorithms are not always optimal in terms of computation and space. +In particular, some values are recomputed but can be cached in actual implementations (see [[#general-signing-flow|General Signing Flow]]). + +=== Notation === + +The following conventions are used, with constants as defined for [https://www.secg.org/sec2-v2.pdf secp256k1]. We note that adapting this proposal to other elliptic curves is not straightforward and can result in an insecure scheme. +* Lowercase variables represent integers or byte arrays. +** The constant ''p'' refers to the field size, ''0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC2F''. +** The constant ''n'' refers to the curve order, ''0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141''. +* Uppercase variables refer to points on the curve with equation ''y<sup>2</sup> = x<sup>3</sup> + 7'' over the integers modulo ''p''. +** ''is_infinite(P)'' returns whether ''P'' is the point at infinity. +** ''x(P)'' and ''y(P)'' are integers in the range ''0..p-1'' and refer to the X and Y coordinates of a point ''P'' (assuming it is not infinity). +** The constant ''G'' refers to the base point, for which ''x(G) = 0x79BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798'' and ''y(G) = 0x483ADA7726A3C4655DA4FBFC0E1108A8FD17B448A68554199C47D08FFB10D4B8''. +** Addition of points refers to the usual [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve#The_group_law elliptic curve group operation]. +** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve_point_multiplication Multiplication (⋅) of an integer and a point] refers to the repeated application of the group operation. +* Functions and operations: +** ''||'' refers to byte array concatenation. +** The function ''x[i:j]'', where ''x'' is a byte array and ''i, j ≥ 0'', returns a ''(j - i)''-byte array with a copy of the ''i''-th byte (inclusive) to the ''j''-th byte (exclusive) of ''x''. +** The function ''bytes(n, x)'', where ''x'' is an integer, returns the n-byte encoding of ''x'', most significant byte first. +** The constant ''empty_bytestring'' refers to the empty byte array. It holds that ''len(empty_bytestring) = 0''. +** The function ''xbytes(P)'', where ''P'' is a point for which ''not is_infinite(P)'', returns ''bytes(32, x(P))''. +** The function ''len(x)'' where ''x'' is a byte array returns the length of the array. +** The function ''has_even_y(P)'', where ''P'' is a point for which ''not is_infinite(P)'', returns ''y(P) mod 2 == 0''. +** The function ''with_even_y(P)'', where ''P'' is a point, returns ''P'' if ''is_infinite(P)'' or ''has_even_y(P)''. Otherwise, ''with_even_y(P)'' returns ''-P''. +** The function ''cbytes(P)'', where ''P'' is a point for which ''not is_infinite(P)'', returns ''a || xbytes(P)'' where ''a'' is a byte that is ''2'' if ''has_even_y(P)'' and ''3'' otherwise. +** The function ''cbytes_ext(P)'', where ''P'' is a point, returns ''bytes(33, 0)'' if ''is_infinite(P)''. Otherwise, it returns ''cbytes(P)''. +** The function ''int(x)'', where ''x'' is a 32-byte array, returns the 256-bit unsigned integer whose most significant byte first encoding is ''x''. +** The function ''lift_x(x)'', where ''x'' is an integer in range ''0..2<sup>256</sup>-1'', returns the point ''P'' for which ''x(P) = x''<ref> + Given a candidate X coordinate ''x'' in the range ''0..p-1'', there exist either exactly two or exactly zero valid Y coordinates. If no valid Y coordinate exists, then ''x'' is not a valid X coordinate either, i.e., no point ''P'' exists for which ''x(P) = x''. The valid Y coordinates for a given candidate ''x'' are the square roots of ''c = x<sup>3</sup> + 7 mod p'' and they can be computed as ''y = ±c<sup>(p+1)/4</sup> mod p'' (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_residue#Prime_or_prime_power_modulus Quadratic residue]) if they exist, which can be checked by squaring and comparing with ''c''.</ref> and ''has_even_y(P)'', or fails if ''x'' is greater than ''p-1'' or no such point exists. The function ''lift_x(x)'' is equivalent to the following pseudocode: +*** Fail if ''x > p-1''. +*** Let ''c = x<sup>3</sup> + 7 mod p''. +*** Let ''y' = c<sup>(p+1)/4</sup> mod p''. +*** Fail if ''c ≠ y'<sup>2</sup> mod p''. +*** Let ''y = y' '' if ''y' mod 2 = 0'', otherwise let ''y = p - y' ''. +*** Return the unique point ''P'' such that ''x(P) = x'' and ''y(P) = y''. +** The function ''cpoint(x)'', where ''x'' is a 33-byte array (compressed serialization), sets ''P = lift_x(int(x[1:33]))'' and fails if that fails. If ''x[0] = 2'' it returns ''P'' and if ''x[0] = 3'' it returns ''-P''. Otherwise, it fails. +** The function ''cpoint_ext(x)'', where ''x'' is a 33-byte array (compressed serialization), returns the point at infinity if ''x = bytes(33, 0)''. Otherwise, it returns ''cpoint(x)'' and fails if that fails. +** The function ''hash<sub>tag</sub>(x)'' where ''tag'' is a UTF-8 encoded tag name and ''x'' is a byte array returns the 32-byte hash ''SHA256(SHA256(tag) || SHA256(tag) || x)''. +* Other: +** Tuples are written by listing the elements within parentheses and separated by commas. For example, ''(2, 3, 1)'' is a tuple. + +=== Key Generation and Aggregation === + +==== Key Generation of an Individual Signer ==== + +<div> +Algorithm ''IndividualPubkey(sk)'':<ref>The ''IndividualPubkey'' algorithm matches the key generation procedure traditionally used for ECDSA in Bitcoin</ref> +* Inputs: +** The secret key ''sk'': a 32-byte array, freshly generated uniformly at random +* Let ''d' = int(sk)''. +* Fail if ''d' = 0'' or ''d' ≥ n''. +* Return ''cbytes(d'⋅G)''. +</div> + +==== KeyAgg Context ==== + +The KeyAgg Context is a data structure consisting of the following elements: +* The point ''Q'' representing the potentially tweaked aggregate public key: an elliptic curve point +* The accumulated tweak ''tacc'': an integer with ''0 ≤ tacc < n'' +* The value ''gacc'' : 1 or -1 mod n + +We write "Let ''(Q, gacc, tacc) = keyagg_ctx''" to assign names to the elements of a KeyAgg Context. + +<div> +Algorithm ''GetXonlyPubkey(keyagg_ctx)'': +* Let ''(Q, _, _) = keyagg_ctx'' +* Return ''xbytes(Q)'' +</div> + +<div> +Algorithm ''GetPlainPubkey(keyagg_ctx)'': +* Let ''(Q, _, _) = keyagg_ctx'' +* Return ''cbytes(Q)'' +</div> + +==== Key Sorting ==== + +<div> +Algorithm ''KeySort(pk<sub>1..u</sub>)'': +* Inputs: +** The number ''u'' of individual public keys with ''0 < u < 2^32'' +** The individual public keys ''pk<sub>1..u</sub>'': ''u'' 33-byte arrays +* Return ''pk<sub>1..u</sub>'' sorted in lexicographical order. +</div> + +==== Key Aggregation ==== + +<div> +Algorithm ''KeyAgg(pk<sub>1..u</sub>)'': +* Inputs: +** The number ''u'' of individual public keys with ''0 < u < 2^32'' +** The individual public keys ''pk<sub>1..u</sub>'': ''u'' 33-byte arrays +* Let ''pk2 = GetSecondKey(pk<sub>1..u</sub>)'' +* For ''i = 1 .. u'': +** Let ''P<sub>i</sub> = cpoint(pk<sub>i</sub>)''; fail if that fails and blame signer ''i'' for invalid individual public key. +** Let ''a<sub>i</sub> = KeyAggCoeffInternal(pk<sub>1..u</sub>, pk<sub>i</sub>, pk2)''. +* Let ''Q = a<sub>1</sub>⋅P<sub>1</sub> + a<sub>2</sub>⋅P<sub>2</sub> + ... + a<sub>u</sub>⋅P<sub>u</sub>'' +* Fail if ''is_infinite(Q)''. +* Let ''gacc = 1'' +* Let ''tacc = 0'' +* Return ''keyagg_ctx = (Q, gacc, tacc)''. +</div> + +<div> +Internal Algorithm ''HashKeys(pk<sub>1..u</sub>)'': +* Return ''hash<sub>KeyAgg list</sub>(pk<sub>1</sub> || pk<sub>2</sub> || ... || pk<sub>u</sub>)'' +</div> + +<div> +Internal Algorithm ''GetSecondKey(pk<sub>1..u</sub>)'': +* For ''j = 1 .. u'': +** If ''pk<sub>j</sub> ≠ pk<sub>1</sub>'': +*** Return ''pk<sub>j</sub>'' +* Return ''bytes(33, 0)'' +</div> + +<div> +Internal Algorithm ''KeyAggCoeff(pk<sub>1..u</sub>, pk')'': +* Let ''pk2 = GetSecondKey(pk<sub>1..u</sub>)'': +* Return ''KeyAggCoeffInternal(pk<sub>1..u</sub>, pk', pk2)'' +</div> + +<div> +Internal Algorithm ''KeyAggCoeffInternal(pk<sub>1..u</sub>, pk', pk2)'': +* Let ''L = HashKeys(pk<sub>1..u</sub>)'' +* If ''pk' = pk2'': +** Return 1 +* Return ''int(hash<sub>KeyAgg coefficient</sub>(L || pk')) mod n''<ref>The key aggregation coefficient is computed by hashing the individual public key instead of its index, which requires one more invocation of the SHA-256 compression function. However, it results in significantly simpler implementations because signers do not need to translate between public key indices before and after sorting.</ref> +</div> + +==== Applying Tweaks ==== + +<div> +Algorithm ''ApplyTweak(keyagg_ctx, tweak, is_xonly_t)'': +* Inputs: +** The ''keyagg_ctx'': a [[#keyagg-context|KeyAgg Context]] data structure +** The ''tweak'': a 32-byte array +** The tweak mode ''is_xonly_t'': a boolean +* Let ''(Q, gacc, tacc) = keyagg_ctx'' +* If ''is_xonly_t'' and ''not has_even_y(Q)'': +** Let ''g = -1 mod n'' +* Else: +** Let ''g = 1'' +* Let ''t = int(tweak)''; fail if ''t ≥ n'' +* Let ''Q' = g⋅Q + t⋅G'' +** Fail if ''is_infinite(Q')'' +* Let ''gacc' = g⋅gacc mod n'' +* Let ''tacc' = t + g⋅tacc mod n'' +* Return ''keyagg_ctx' = (Q', gacc', tacc')'' +</div> + +=== Nonce Generation === + +<div> +Algorithm ''NonceGen(sk, pk, aggpk, m, extra_in)'': +* Inputs: +** The secret signing key ''sk'': a 32-byte array (optional argument) +** The individual public key ''pk'': a 33-byte array (see [[#signing-with-tweaked-individual-keys|Signing with Tweaked Individual Keys]] for the reason that this argument is mandatory) +** The x-only aggregate public key ''aggpk'': a 32-byte array (optional argument) +** The message ''m'': a byte array (optional argument)<ref name="mlen">In theory, the allowed message size is restricted because SHA256 accepts byte strings only up to size of 2^61-1 bytes (and because of the 8-byte length encoding).</ref> +** The auxiliary input ''extra_in'': a byte array with ''0 ≤ len(extra_in) ≤ 2<sup>32</sup>-1'' (optional argument) +* Let ''rand' '' be a 32-byte array freshly drawn uniformly at random +* If the optional argument ''sk'' is present: +** Let ''rand'' be the byte-wise xor of ''sk'' and ''hash<sub>MuSig/aux</sub>(rand')''<ref>The random data is hashed (with a unique tag) as a precaution against situations where the randomness may be correlated with the secret signing key itself. It is xored with the secret key (rather than combined with it in a hash) to reduce the number of operations exposed to the actual secret key.</ref> +* Else: +** Let ''rand = rand' '' +* If the optional argument ''aggpk'' is not present: +** Let ''aggpk = empty_bytestring'' +* If the optional argument ''m'' is not present: +** Let ''m_prefixed = bytes(1, 0)'' +* Else: +** Let ''m_prefixed = bytes(1, 1) || bytes(8, len(m)) || m'' +* If the optional argument ''extra_in'' is not present: +** Let ''extra_in = empty_bytestring'' +* Let ''k<sub>i</sub> = int(hash<sub>MuSig/nonce</sub>(rand || bytes(1, len(pk)) || pk || bytes(1, len(aggpk)) || aggpk || m_prefixed || bytes(4, len(extra_in)) || extra_in || bytes(1, i - 1))) mod n'' for ''i = 1,2'' +* Fail if ''k<sub>1</sub> = 0'' or ''k<sub>2</sub> = 0'' +* Let ''R<sub>⁎,1</sub> = k<sub>1</sub>⋅G, R<sub>⁎,2</sub> = k<sub>2</sub>⋅G'' +* Let ''pubnonce = cbytes(R<sub>⁎,1</sub>) || cbytes(R<sub>⁎,2</sub>)'' +* Let ''secnonce = bytes(32, k<sub>1</sub>) || bytes(32, k<sub>2</sub>) || pk''<ref name="secnonce">The algorithms as specified here assume that the ''secnonce'' is stored as a 97-byte array using the serialization ''secnonce = bytes(32, k<sub>1</sub>) || bytes(32, k<sub>2</sub>) || pk''. The same format is used in the reference implementation and in the test vectors. However, since the ''secnonce'' is (obviously) not meant to be sent over the wire, compatibility between implementations is not a concern, and this method of storing the ''secnonce'' is merely a suggestion.<br /> +The ''secnonce'' is effectively a local data structure of the signer which comprises the value triple ''(k<sub>1</sub>, k<sub>2</sub>, pk)'', and implementations may choose any suitable method to carry it from ''NonceGen'' (first communication round) to ''Sign'' (second communication round). In particular, implementations may choose to hide the ''secnonce'' in internal state without exposing it in an API explicitly, e.g., in an effort to prevent callers from reusing a ''secnonce'' accidentally.</ref> +* Return ''(secnonce, pubnonce)'' +</div> + +=== Nonce Aggregation === + +<div> +Algorithm ''NonceAgg(pubnonce<sub>1..u</sub>)'': +* Inputs: +** The number ''u'' of ''pubnonces'' with ''0 < u < 2^32'' +** The public nonces ''pubnonce<sub>1..u</sub>'': ''u'' 66-byte arrays +* For ''j = 1 .. 2'': +** For ''i = 1 .. u'': +*** Let ''R<sub>i,j</sub> = cpoint(pubnonce<sub>i</sub>[(j-1)*33:j*33])''; fail if that fails and blame signer ''i'' for invalid ''pubnonce''. +** Let ''R<sub>j</sub> = R<sub>1,j</sub> + R<sub>2,j</sub> + ... + R<sub>u,j</sub>'' +* Return ''aggnonce = cbytes_ext(R<sub>1</sub>) || cbytes_ext(R<sub>2</sub>)'' +</div> + +=== Session Context === + +The Session Context is a data structure consisting of the following elements: +* The aggregate public nonce ''aggnonce'': a 66-byte array +* The number ''u'' of individual public keys with ''0 < u < 2^32'' +* The individual public keys ''pk<sub>1..u</sub>'': ''u'' 33-byte arrays +* The number ''v'' of tweaks with ''0 ≤ v < 2^32'' +* The tweaks ''tweak<sub>1..v</sub>'': ''v'' 32-byte arrays +* The tweak modes ''is_xonly_t<sub>1..v</sub>'' : ''v'' booleans +* The message ''m'': a byte array<ref name="mlen" /> + +We write "Let ''(aggnonce, u, pk<sub>1..u</sub>, v, tweak<sub>1..v</sub>, is_xonly_t<sub>1..v</sub>, m) = session_ctx''" to assign names to the elements of a Session Context. + +<div> +Algorithm ''GetSessionValues(session_ctx)'': +* Let ''(aggnonce, u, pk<sub>1..u</sub>, v, tweak<sub>1..v</sub>, is_xonly_t<sub>1..v</sub>, m) = session_ctx'' +* Let ''keyagg_ctx<sub>0</sub> = KeyAgg(pk<sub>1..u</sub>)''; fail if that fails +* For ''i = 1 .. v'': +** Let ''keyagg_ctx<sub>i</sub> = ApplyTweak(keyagg_ctx<sub>i-1</sub>, tweak<sub>i</sub>, is_xonly_t<sub>i</sub>)''; fail if that fails +* Let ''(Q, gacc, tacc) = keyagg_ctx<sub>v</sub>'' +* Let ''b = int(hash<sub>MuSig/noncecoef</sub>(aggnonce || xbytes(Q) || m)) mod n'' +* Let ''R<sub>1</sub> = cpoint_ext(aggnonce[0:33]), R<sub>2</sub> = cpoint_ext(aggnonce[33:66])''; fail if that fails and blame nonce aggregator for invalid ''aggnonce''. +* Let ''R' = R<sub>1</sub> + b⋅R<sub>2</sub>'' +* If ''is_infinite(R'): +** Let final nonce ''R = G'' (see [[#dealing-with-infinity-in-nonce-aggregation|Dealing with Infinity in Nonce Aggregation]]) +* Else: +** Let final nonce ''R = R' '' +* Let ''e = int(hash<sub>BIP0340/challenge</sub>(xbytes(R) || xbytes(Q) || m)) mod n'' +* Return ''(Q, gacc, tacc, b, R, e)'' +</div> + +<div> +Algorithm ''GetSessionKeyAggCoeff(session_ctx, P)'': +* Let ''(_, u, pk<sub>1..u</sub>, _, _, _, _) = session_ctx'' +* Let ''pk = cbytes(P)'' +* Fail if ''pk'' not in ''pk<sub>1..u</sub>'' +* Return ''KeyAggCoeff(pk<sub>1..u</sub>, pk)'' +</div> + +=== Signing === + +<div> +Algorithm ''Sign(secnonce, sk, session_ctx)'': +* Inputs: +** The secret nonce ''secnonce'' that has never been used as input to ''Sign'' before: a 97-byte array<ref name="secnonce" /> +** The secret key ''sk'': a 32-byte array +** The ''session_ctx'': a [[#session-context|Session Context]] data structure +* Let ''(Q, gacc, _, b, R, e) = GetSessionValues(session_ctx)''; fail if that fails +* Let ''k<sub>1</sub>' = int(secnonce[0:32]), k<sub>2</sub>' = int(secnonce[32:64])'' +* Fail if ''k<sub>i</sub>' = 0'' or ''k<sub>i</sub>' ≥ n'' for ''i = 1..2'' +* Let ''k<sub>1</sub> = k<sub>1</sub>', k<sub>2</sub> = k<sub>2</sub>' '' if ''has_even_y(R)'', otherwise let ''k<sub>1</sub> = n - k<sub>1</sub>', k<sub>2</sub> = n - k<sub>2</sub>' '' +* Let ''d' = int(sk)'' +* Fail if ''d' = 0'' or ''d' ≥ n'' +* Let ''P = d'⋅G'' +* Let ''pk = cbytes(P)'' +* Fail if ''pk ≠ secnonce[64:97]'' +* Let ''a = GetSessionKeyAggCoeff(session_ctx, P)''; fail if that fails<ref>Failing ''Sign'' when ''GetSessionKeyAggCoeff(session_ctx, P)'' fails is not necessary for unforgeability. It merely indicates to the caller that the scheme is not being used correctly.</ref> +* Let ''g = 1'' if ''has_even_y(Q)'', otherwise let ''g = -1 mod n'' +* <div id="Sign negation"></div>Let ''d = g⋅gacc⋅d' mod n'' (See [[#negation-of-the-secret-key-when-signing|Negation Of The Secret Key When Signing]]) +* Let ''s = (k<sub>1</sub> + b⋅k<sub>2</sub> + e⋅a⋅d) mod n'' +* Let ''psig = bytes(32, s)'' +* Let ''pubnonce = cbytes(k<sub>1</sub>'⋅G) || cbytes(k<sub>2</sub>'⋅G)'' +* If ''PartialSigVerifyInternal(psig, pubnonce, pk, session_ctx)'' (see below) returns failure, fail<ref>Verifying the signature before leaving the signer prevents random or adversarially provoked computation errors. This prevents publishing invalid signatures which may leak information about the secret key. It is recommended but can be omitted if the computation cost is prohibitive.</ref> +* Return partial signature ''psig'' +</div> + +=== Partial Signature Verification === + +<div> +Algorithm ''PartialSigVerify(psig, pubnonce<sub>1..u</sub>, pk<sub>1..u</sub>, tweak<sub>1..v</sub>, is_xonly_t<sub>1..v</sub>, m, i)'': +* Inputs: +** The partial signature ''psig'': a 32-byte array +** The number ''u'' of public nonces and individual public keys with ''0 < u < 2^32'' +** The public nonces ''pubnonce<sub>1..u</sub>'': ''u'' 66-byte arrays +** The individual public keys ''pk<sub>1..u</sub>'': ''u'' 33-byte arrays +** The number ''v'' of tweaks with ''0 ≤ v < 2^32'' +** The tweaks ''tweak<sub>1..v</sub>'': ''v'' 32-byte arrays +** The tweak modes ''is_xonly_t<sub>1..v</sub>'' : ''v'' booleans +** The message ''m'': a byte array<ref name="mlen" /> +** The index of the signer ''i'' in the of public nonces and individual public keys with ''0 < i ≤ u'' +* Let ''aggnonce = NonceAgg(pubnonce<sub>1..u</sub>)''; fail if that fails +* Let ''session_ctx = (aggnonce, u, pk<sub>1..u</sub>, v, tweak<sub>1..v</sub>, is_xonly_t<sub>1..v</sub>, m)'' +* Run ''PartialSigVerifyInternal(psig, pubnonce<sub>i</sub>, pk<sub>i</sub>, session_ctx)'' +* Return success iff no failure occurred before reaching this point. +</div> + +<div> +Internal Algorithm ''PartialSigVerifyInternal(psig, pubnonce, pk, session_ctx)'': +* Let ''(Q, gacc, _, b, R, e) = GetSessionValues(session_ctx)''; fail if that fails +* Let ''s = int(psig)''; fail if ''s ≥ n'' +* Let ''R<sub>⁎,1</sub> = cpoint(pubnonce[0:33]), R<sub>⁎,2</sub> = cpoint(pubnonce[33:66])'' +* Let ''Re<sub>⁎</sub>' = R<sub>⁎,1</sub> + b⋅R<sub>⁎,2</sub>'' +* Let effective nonce ''Re<sub>⁎</sub> = Re<sub>⁎</sub>' '' if ''has_even_y(R)'', otherwise let ''Re<sub>⁎</sub> = -Re<sub>⁎</sub>' '' +* Let ''P = cpoint(pk)''; fail if that fails +* Let ''a = GetSessionKeyAggCoeff(session_ctx, P)''<ref>''GetSessionKeyAggCoeff(session_ctx, P)'' cannot fail when called from ''PartialSigVerifyInternal''.</ref> +* Let ''g = 1'' if ''has_even_y(Q)'', otherwise let ''g = -1 mod n'' +* <div id="SigVerify negation"></div>Let ''g' = g⋅gacc mod n'' (See [[#negation-of-the-individual-public-key-when-partially-verifying|Negation Of The Individual Public Key When Partially Verifying]]) +* Fail if ''s⋅G ≠ Re<sub>⁎</sub> + e⋅a⋅g'⋅P'' +* Return success iff no failure occurred before reaching this point. +</div> + +=== Partial Signature Aggregation === + +<div> +Algorithm ''PartialSigAgg(psig<sub>1..u</sub>, session_ctx)'': +* Inputs: +** The number ''u'' of signatures with ''0 < u < 2^32'' +** The partial signatures ''psig<sub>1..u</sub>'': ''u'' 32-byte arrays +** The ''session_ctx'': a [[#session-context|Session Context]] data structure +* Let ''(Q, _, tacc, _, _, R, e) = GetSessionValues(session_ctx)''; fail if that fails +* For ''i = 1 .. u'': +** Let ''s<sub>i</sub> = int(psig<sub>i</sub>)''; fail if ''s<sub>i</sub> ≥ n'' and blame signer ''i'' for invalid partial signature. +* Let ''g = 1'' if ''has_even_y(Q)'', otherwise let ''g = -1 mod n'' +* Let ''s = s<sub>1</sub> + ... + s<sub>u</sub> + e⋅g⋅tacc mod n'' +* Return ''sig = ''xbytes(R) || bytes(32, s)'' +</div> + +=== Test Vectors and Reference Code === + +We provide a naive, highly inefficient, and non-constant time [[bip-0327/reference.py|pure Python 3 reference implementation of the key aggregation, partial signing, and partial signature verification algorithms]]. + +Standalone JSON test vectors are also available in the [[bip-0327|same directory]], to facilitate porting the test vectors into other implementations. + +The reference implementation is for demonstration purposes only and not to be used in production environments. + +== Remarks on Security and Correctness == + +=== Signing with Tweaked Individual Keys === + +The scheme in this proposal has been designed to be secure +even if signers tweak their individual secret keys with tweaks known to the adversary (e.g., as in BIP32 unhardened derivation) +before providing the corresponding individual public keys as input to key aggregation. +In particular, the scheme as specified above requires each signer to provide a final individual public key ''pk'' already to ''NonceGen'', +which writes it into the ''secnonce'' array +so that it can be checked against ''IndividualPubkey(sk)'' in the ''Sign'' algorithm. +The purpose of this check in ''Sign'' is to ensure that ''pk'', +and thus the secret key ''sk'' that will be provided to ''Sign'', +is determined before the signer sends out the ''pubnonce''. + +If the check in ''Sign'' was omitted, +and a signer supported signing with at least two different secret keys ''sk<sub>1</sub>'' and ''sk<sub>2</sub>'' +which have been obtained via tweaking another secret key with tweaks known to the adversary, +then the adversary could, after having seen the ''pubnonce'', +influence whether ''sk<sub>1</sub>'' or ''sk<sub>2</sub>'' is provided to ''Sign''. +This degree of freedom may allow the adversary to perform a generalized birthday attack and thereby forge a signature +(see [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2022-October/021000.html bitcoin-dev mailing list post] and [https://github.com/jonasnick/musig2-tweaking writeup] for details). + +Checking ''pk'' against ''InvidualPubkey(sk)'' is a simple way to ensure +that the secret key provided to ''Sign'' is fully determined already when ''NonceGen'' is invoked. +This removes the adversary's ability to influence the secret key after having seen the ''pubnonce'' +and thus rules out the attack.<ref>Ensuring that the secret key provided to ''Sign'' is fully determined already when ''NonceGen'' is invoked is a simple policy to rule out the attack, +but more flexible polices are conceivable. +In fact, if the signer uses nothing but the message to be signed and the list of the individual public keys of all signers to decide which secret key to use, +then it is not a problem that the adversary can influence this decision after having seen the ''pubnonce''.<br /> +More formally, consider modified algorithms ''NonceGen' '' and ''Sign' '', where ''NonceGen' '' does not take the individual public key of the signer as input and does not store it in pubnonce, and Sign' does not check read the individual public key from pubnonce and does not check it against the secret key taken as input. +Then it suffices that for each invocation of ''NonceGen' '' with output ''(secnonce, pubnonce)'', +a function ''fsk'' is determined before sending out ''pubnonce'', +where ''fsk'' maps a pair consisting of a list of individual public keys and a message to a secret key, +such that the secret key ''sk'' and the session context ''session_ctx = (_, _, pk<sub>1..u</sub>, _, _, _, m)'' +provided to the corresponding invocation of ''Sign'(secnonce, sk, session_ctx)'', +adhere to the condition ''fsk(pk<sub>1..u</sub>, m) = sk''.<br /> +However, this requirement is complex and hard to enforce in implementations. +The algorithms ''NonceGen'' and ''Sign'' specified in this BIP are effectively restricted to constant functions ''fsk(_, _) = sk''. +In other words, their usage ensure that the secret key ''sk'' of the signers is determined entirely when invoking ''NonceGen'', +which is enforced easily by letting ''NonceGen'' take the corresponding individual public key ''pk'' as input and checking ''pk'' against ''IndividualPubKey(sk)'' in ''Sign''.</ref> +Note that the scheme as given in the [https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/1261 MuSig2 paper] does not perform the check in ''Sign''. +However, the security model in the paper does not cover tweaking at all and assumes a single fixed secret key. + +=== Modifications to Nonce Generation === + +Implementers must avoid modifying the ''NonceGen'' algorithm without being fully aware of the implications. +We provide two modifications to ''NonceGen'' that are secure when applied correctly and may be useful in special circumstances, summarized in the following table. + +{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto" +! !! needs secure randomness !! needs secure counter !! needs to keep state securely !! needs aggregate nonce of all other signers (only possible for one signer) +|- +! NonceGen || ✓ || || ✓ || +|- +! CounterNonceGen || || ✓ || ✓ || +|- +! DeterministicSign || || || || ✓ +|} + +First, on systems where obtaining uniformly random values is much harder than maintaining a global atomic counter, it can be beneficial to modify ''NonceGen''. +The resulting algorithm ''CounterNonceGen'' does not draw ''rand' '' uniformly at random but instead sets ''rand' '' to the value of an atomic counter that is incremented whenever it is read. +With this modification, the secret signing key ''sk'' of the signer generating the nonce is '''not''' an optional argument and must be provided to ''NonceGen''. +The security of the resulting scheme then depends on the requirement that reading the counter must never yield the same counter value in two ''NonceGen'' invocations with the same ''sk''. + +Second, if there is a unique signer who is supposed to send the ''pubnonce'' last, it is possible to modify nonce generation for this single signer to not require high-quality randomness. +Such a nonce generation algorithm ''DeterministicSign'' is specified below. +Note that the only optional argument is ''rand'', which can be omitted if randomness is entirely unavailable. +''DeterministicSign'' requires the argument ''aggothernonce'' which should be set to the output of ''NonceAgg'' run on the ''pubnonce'' value of '''all''' other signers (but can be provided by an untrusted party). +Hence, using ''DeterministicSign'' is only possible for the last signer to generate a nonce and makes the signer stateless, similar to the stateless signer described in the [[#nonce-generation|Nonce Generation]] section. + +==== Deterministic and Stateless Signing for a Single Signer ==== + +<div> +Algorithm ''DeterministicSign(sk, aggothernonce, pk<sub>1..u</sub>, tweak<sub>1..v</sub>, is_xonly_t<sub>1..v</sub>, m, rand)'': +* Inputs: +** The secret signing key ''sk'': a 32-byte array +** The aggregate public nonce ''aggothernonce'' (see [[#modifications-to-nonce-generation|above]]): a 66-byte array +** The number ''u'' of individual public keys with ''0 < u < 2^32'' +** The individual public keys ''pk<sub>1..u</sub>'': ''u'' 32-byte arrays +** The number ''v'' of tweaks with ''0 ≤ v < 2^32'' +** The tweaks ''tweak<sub>1..v</sub>'': ''v'' 32-byte arrays +** The tweak methods ''is_xonly_t<sub>1..v</sub>'': ''v'' booleans +** The message ''m'': a byte array<ref name="mlen" /> +** The auxiliary randomness ''rand'': a 32-byte array (optional argument) +* If the optional argument ''rand'' is present: +** Let ''sk' '' be the byte-wise xor of ''sk'' and ''hash<sub>MuSig/aux</sub>(rand)'' +* Else: +** Let ''sk' = sk'' +* Let ''keyagg_ctx<sub>0</sub> = KeyAgg(pk<sub>1..u</sub>)''; fail if that fails +* For ''i = 1 .. v'': +** Let ''keyagg_ctx<sub>i</sub> = ApplyTweak(keyagg_ctx<sub>i-1</sub>, tweak<sub>i</sub>, is_xonly_t<sub>i</sub>)''; fail if that fails +* Let ''aggpk = GetPubkey(keyagg_ctx<sub>v</sub>)'' +* Let ''k<sub>i</sub> = int(hash<sub>MuSig/deterministic/nonce</sub>(sk' || aggothernonce || aggpk || bytes(8, len(m)) || m || bytes(1, i - 1))) mod n'' for ''i = 1,2'' +* Fail if ''k<sub>1</sub> = 0'' or ''k<sub>2</sub> = 0'' +* Let ''R<sub>⁎,1</sub> = k<sub>1</sub>⋅G, R<sub>⁎,2</sub> = k<sub>2</sub>⋅G'' +* Let ''pubnonce = cbytes(R<sub>⁎,2</sub>) || cbytes(R<sub>⁎,2</sub>)'' +* Let ''d = int(sk)'' +* Fail if ''d = 0'' or ''d ≥ n'' +* Let ''pk = cbytes(d⋅G)'' +* Let ''secnonce = bytes(32, k<sub>1</sub>) || bytes(32, k<sub>2</sub>) || pk'' +* Let ''aggnonce = NonceAgg((pubnonce, aggothernonce))''; fail if that fails and blame nonce aggregator for invalid ''aggothernonce''. +* Let ''session_ctx = (aggnonce, u, pk<sub>1..u</sub>, v, tweak<sub>1..v</sub>, is_xonly_t<sub>1..v</sub>, m)'' +* Return ''(pubnonce, Sign(secnonce, sk, session_ctx))'' +</div> + +=== Tweaking Definition === + +Two modes of tweaking the aggregate public key are supported. They correspond to the following algorithms: + +<div> +Algorithm ''ApplyPlainTweak(P, t)'': +* Inputs: +** ''P'': a point +** The tweak ''t'': an integer with ''0 ≤ t < n '' +* Return ''P + t⋅G'' +</div> + +<div> +Algorithm ''ApplyXonlyTweak(P, t)'': +* Return ''with_even_y(P) + t⋅G'' +</div> + +=== Negation Of The Secret Key When Signing === + +In order to produce a partial signature for an X-only aggregate public key that is an aggregate of ''u'' individual public keys and tweaked ''v'' times (X-only or plain), the ''[[#Sign negation|Sign]]'' algorithm may need to negate the secret key during the signing process. + +<poem> +The following elliptic curve points arise as intermediate steps when creating a signature: +• ''P<sub>i</sub>'' as computed in ''KeyAgg'' is the point corresponding to the ''i''-th signer's individual public key. Defining ''d<sub>i</sub>' '' to be the ''i''-th signer's secret key as an integer, i.e., the ''d' '' value as computed in the ''Sign'' algorithm of the ''i''-th signer, we have + ''P<sub>i</sub> = d<sub>i</sub>'⋅G ''. +• ''Q<sub>0</sub>'' is the aggregate of the individual public keys. It is identical to value ''Q'' computed in ''KeyAgg'' and therefore defined as + ''Q<sub>0</sub> = a<sub>1</sub>⋅P<sub>1</sub> + a<sub>2</sub>⋅P<sub>2</sub> + ... + a<sub>u</sub>⋅P<sub>u</sub>''. +• ''Q<sub>i</sub>'' is the tweaked aggregate public key after the ''i''-th execution of ''ApplyTweak'' for ''1 ≤ i ≤ v''. It holds that + ''Q<sub>i</sub> = f(i-1) + t<sub>i</sub>⋅G'' for ''i = 1, ..., v'' where + ''f(i-1) := with_even_y(Q<sub>i-1</sub>)'' if ''is_xonly_t<sub>i</sub>'' and + ''f(i-1) := Q<sub>i-1</sub>'' otherwise. +• ''with_even_y(Q<sub>v</sub>)'' is the final result of the key aggregation and tweaking operations. It corresponds to the output of ''GetXonlyPubkey'' applied on the final KeyAgg Context. +</poem> + +The signer's goal is to produce a partial signature corresponding to the final result of key aggregation and tweaking, i.e., the X-only public key ''with_even_y(Q<sub>v</sub>)''. + +<poem> +For ''1 ≤ i ≤ v'', we denote the value ''g'' computed in the ''i''-th execution of ''ApplyTweak'' by ''g<sub>i-1</sub>''. Therefore, ''g<sub>i-1</sub>'' is ''-1 mod n'' if and only if ''is_xonly_t<sub>i</sub>'' is true and ''Q<sub>i-1</sub>'' has an odd Y coordinate. In other words, ''g<sub>i-1</sub>'' indicates whether ''Q<sub>i-1</sub>'' needed to be negated to apply an X-only tweak: + ''f(i-1) = g<sub>i-1</sub>⋅Q<sub>i-1</sub>'' for ''1 ≤ i ≤ v''. + +Furthermore, the ''Sign'' and ''PartialSigVerify'' algorithms set value ''g'' depending on whether ''Q<sub>v</sub>'' needed to be negated to produce the (X-only) final output. For consistency, this value ''g'' is referred to as ''g<sub>v</sub>'' in this section. + ''with_even_y(Q<sub>v</sub>) = g<sub>v</sub>⋅Q<sub>v</sub>''. +</poem> + +<poem> +So, the (X-only) final public key is + ''with_even_y(Q<sub>v</sub>) + = g<sub>v</sub>⋅Q<sub>v</sub> + = g<sub>v</sub>⋅(f(v-1) + t<sub>v</sub>⋅G) + = g<sub>v</sub>⋅(g<sub>v-1</sub>⋅(f(v-2) + t<sub>v-1</sub>⋅G) + t<sub>v</sub>⋅G) + = g<sub>v</sub>⋅g<sub>v-1</sub>⋅f(v-2) + g<sub>v</sub>⋅(t<sub>v</sub> + g<sub>v-1</sub>⋅t<sub>v-1</sub>)⋅G + = g<sub>v</sub>⋅g<sub>v-1</sub>⋅f(v-2) + (sum<sub>i=v-1..v</sub> t<sub>i</sub>⋅prod<sub>j=i..v</sub> g<sub>j</sub>)⋅G + = g<sub>v</sub>⋅g<sub>v-1</sub>⋅...⋅g<sub>1</sub>⋅f(0) + (sum<sub>i=1..v</sub> t<sub>i</sub>⋅prod<sub>j=i..v</sub> g<sub>j</sub>)⋅G + = g<sub>v</sub>⋅...⋅g<sub>0</sub>⋅Q<sub>0</sub> + g<sub>v</sub>⋅tacc<sub>v</sub>⋅G'' + where ''tacc<sub>i</sub>'' is computed by ''KeyAgg'' and ''ApplyTweak'' as follows: + ''tacc<sub>0</sub> = 0 + tacc<sub>i</sub> = t<sub>i</sub> + g<sub>i-1</sub>⋅tacc<sub>i-1</sub> for i=1..v mod n'' + for which it holds that ''g<sub>v</sub>⋅tacc<sub>v</sub> = sum<sub>i=1..v</sub> t<sub>i</sub>⋅prod<sub>j=i..v</sub> g<sub>j</sub>''. +</poem> + +<poem> +''KeyAgg'' and ''ApplyTweak'' compute + ''gacc<sub>0</sub> = 1 + gacc<sub>i</sub> = g<sub>i-1</sub>⋅gacc<sub>i-1</sub> for i=1..v mod n'' +So we can rewrite above equation for the final public key as + ''with_even_y(Q<sub>v</sub>) = g<sub>v</sub>⋅gacc<sub>v</sub>⋅Q<sub>0</sub> + g<sub>v</sub>⋅tacc<sub>v</sub>⋅G''. +</poem> + +<poem> +Then we have + ''with_even_y(Q<sub>v</sub>) - g<sub>v</sub>⋅tacc<sub>v</sub>⋅G + = g<sub>v</sub>⋅gacc<sub>v</sub>⋅Q<sub>0</sub> + = g<sub>v</sub>⋅gacc<sub>v</sub>⋅(a<sub>1</sub>⋅P<sub>1</sub> + ... + a<sub>u</sub>⋅P<sub>u</sub>) + = g<sub>v</sub>⋅gacc<sub>v</sub>⋅(a<sub>1</sub>⋅d<sub>1</sub>'⋅G + ... + a<sub>u</sub>⋅d<sub>u</sub>'⋅G) + = sum<sub>i=1..u</sub>(g<sub>v</sub>⋅gacc<sub>v</sub>⋅a<sub>i</sub>⋅d<sub>i</sub>')*G''. +</poem> + +Intuitively, ''gacc<sub>i</sub>'' tracks accumulated sign flipping and ''tacc<sub>i</sub>'' tracks the accumulated tweak value after applying the first ''i'' individual tweaks. Additionally, ''g<sub>v</sub>'' indicates whether ''Q<sub>v</sub>'' needed to be negated to produce the final X-only result. Thus, signer ''i'' multiplies its secret key ''d<sub>i</sub>' '' with ''g<sub>v</sub>⋅gacc<sub>v</sub>'' in the ''[[#Sign negation|Sign]]'' algorithm. + +==== Negation Of The Individual Public Key When Partially Verifying ==== + +<poem> +As explained in [[#negation-of-the-secret-key-when-signing|Negation Of The Secret Key When Signing]] the signer uses a possibly negated secret key + ''d = g<sub>v</sub>⋅gacc<sub>v</sub>⋅d' mod n'' +when producing a partial signature to ensure that the aggregate signature will correspond to an aggregate public key with even Y coordinate. +</poem> + +<poem> +The ''[[#SigVerify negation|PartialSigVerifyInternal]]'' algorithm is supposed to check + ''s⋅G = Re<sub>⁎</sub> + e⋅a⋅d⋅G''. +</poem> + +<poem> +The verifier doesn't have access to ''d⋅G'' but can construct it using the individual public key ''pk'' as follows: +''d⋅G + = g<sub>v</sub>⋅gacc<sub>v</sub>⋅d'⋅G + = g<sub>v</sub>⋅gacc<sub>v</sub>⋅cpoint(pk)'' +Note that the aggregate public key and list of tweaks are inputs to partial signature verification, so the verifier can also construct ''g<sub>v</sub>'' and ''gacc<sub>v</sub>''. +</poem> + +=== Dealing with Infinity in Nonce Aggregation === + +If the nonce aggregator provides ''aggnonce = bytes(33,0) || bytes(33,0)'', either the nonce aggregator is dishonest or there is at least one dishonest signer (except with negligible probability). +If signing aborted in this case, it would be impossible to determine who is dishonest. +Therefore, signing continues so that the culprit is revealed when collecting and verifying partial signatures. + +However, the final nonce ''R'' of a BIP340 Schnorr signature cannot be the point at infinity. +If we would nonetheless allow the final nonce to be the point at infinity, then the scheme would lose the following property: +if ''PartialSigVerify'' succeeds for all partial signatures, then ''PartialSigAgg'' will return a valid Schnorr signature. +Since this is a valuable feature, we modify MuSig2* (which is defined in the appendix of the [https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/1261 MuSig2 paper]) to avoid producing an invalid Schnorr signature while still allowing detection of the dishonest signer: In ''GetSessionValues'', if the final nonce ''R'' would be the point at infinity, set it to the generator instead (an arbitrary choice). + +This modification to ''GetSessionValues'' does not affect the unforgeability of the scheme. +Given a successful adversary against the unforgeability game (EUF-CMA) for the modified scheme, a reduction can win the unforgeability game for the original scheme by simulating the modification towards the adversary: +When the adversary provides ''aggnonce' = bytes(33, 0) || bytes(33, 0)'', the reduction sets ''aggnonce = cbytes_ext(G) || bytes(33, 0)''. +For any other ''aggnonce' '', the reduction sets ''aggnonce = aggnonce' ''. +(The case that the adversary provides an ''aggnonce' ≠ bytes(33, 0) || bytes(33, 0) '' but nevertheless ''R' '' in ''GetSessionValues'' is the point at infinity happens only with negligible probability.) + +=== Choosing the Size of the Nonce === + +The [https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/1261 MuSig2 paper] contains two security proofs that apply to different variants of the scheme. +The first proof relies on the random oracle model (ROM) and applies to a scheme variant where each signer's nonce consists of four elliptic curve points. +The second proof requires a stronger model, namely the combination of the ROM and the algebraic group model (AGM), +and applies to an optimized scheme variant where the signers' nonces consist of only two points. +This proposal uses the latter, optimized scheme variant. +Relying on the stronger model is a legitimate choice for the following reasons: + +First, an approach widely taken is interpreting a Forking Lemma proof in the ROM merely as design justification and ignoring the loss of security due to the Forking Lemma. +If one believes in this approach, then the ROM may not be the optimal model in the first place because some parts of the concrete security bound are arbitrarily ignored. +One may just as well move to the ROM+AGM model, which produces bounds close to the best-known attacks, e.g., for Schnorr signatures. + +Second, as of this writing, there is no instance of a serious cryptographic scheme with a security proof in the AGM that is not secure in practice. +There are, however, insecure toy schemes with AGM security proofs, but those explicitly violate the requirements of the AGM. +[https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/226.pdf Broken AGM proofs of toy schemes] provide group elements to the adversary without declaring them as group element inputs. +In contrast, in MuSig2, all group elements that arise in the scheme are known to the adversary and declared as group element inputs. +A scheme very similar to MuSig2 and with two-point nonces was independently proven secure in the ROM and AGM by [https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/1245 Alper and Burdges]. + +== Backwards Compatibility == + +This document proposes a standard for the MuSig2 multi-signature scheme that is compatible with [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0340.mediawiki BIP340]. +MuSig2 is ''not'' compatible with ECDSA signatures traditionally used in Bitcoin. + +== Change Log == + +To help implementers understand updates to this document, we attach a version number that resembles ''semantic versioning'' (<code>MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH</code>). +The <code>MAJOR</code> version is incremented if changes to the BIP are introduced that are incompatible with prior versions. +An exception to this rule is <code>MAJOR</code> version zero (0.y.z) which is for development and does not need to be incremented if backwards incompatible changes are introduced. +The <code>MINOR</code> version is incremented whenever the inputs or the output of an algorithm changes in a backward-compatible way or new backward-compatible functionality is added. +The <code>PATCH</code> version is incremented for other changes that are noteworthy (bug fixes, test vectors, important clarifications, etc.). + +* '''1.0.0''' (2023-03-26): +** Number 327 was assigned to this BIP. +* '''1.0.0-rc.4''' (2023-03-02): +** Add expected value of ''pubnonce'' to ''NonceGen'' test vectors. +* '''1.0.0-rc.3''' (2023-02-28): +** Improve ''NonceGen'' test vectors by not using an all-zero hex string as ''rand_'' values. This change addresses potential issues in some implementations that interpret this as a special value indicating uninitialized memory or a broken random number generator and therefore return an error. +** Fix invalid length of a ''pubnonce'' in the ''PartialSigVerify'' test vectors. +** Improve ''KeySort'' test vector. +** Add explicit ''IndividualPubkey'' algorithm. +** Rename KeyGen Context to KeyAgg Context. +* '''1.0.0-rc.2''' (2022-10-28): +** Fix vulnerability that can occur in certain unusual scenarios (see [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2022-October/021000.html bitcoin-dev mailing list]: Add mandatory ''pk'' argument to ''NonceGen'', append ''pk'' to ''secnonce'' and check in ''Sign'' that the ''pk'' in ''secnonce'' matches. Update test vectors. +** Make sure that signer's key is in list of individual public keys by adding failure case to ''GetSessionKeyAggCoeff'' and add test vectors. +* '''1.0.0-rc.1''' (2022-10-03): Submit draft BIP to the BIPs repository +* '''0.8.6''' (2022-09-15): Clarify that implementations do not need to support every feature and add a test vector for signing with a tweaked key +* '''0.8.5''' (2022-09-05): Rename some functions to improve clarity. +* '''0.8.4''' (2022-09-02): Make naming of nonce variants ''R'' in specifications of the algorithms and reference code easier to read and more consistent. +* '''0.8.3''' (2022-09-01): Overwrite ''secnonce'' in ''sign'' reference implementation to help prevent accidental reuse and add test vector for invalid ''secnonce''. +* '''0.8.2''' (2022-08-30): Fix ''KeySort'' input length and add test vectors +* '''0.8.1''' (2022-08-26): Add ''DeterministicSign'' algorithm +* '''0.8.0''' (2022-08-26): Switch from X-only to plain public key for individual public keys. This requires updating a large portion of the test vectors. +* '''0.7.2''' (2022-08-17): Add ''NonceGen'' and ''Sign/PartialSigVerify'' test vectors for messages longer than 32 bytes. +* '''0.7.1''' (2022-08-10): Extract test vectors into separate JSON file. +* '''0.7.0''' (2022-07-31): Change ''NonceGen'' such that output when message is not present is different from when message is present but has length 0. +* '''0.6.0''' (2022-07-31): Allow variable length messages, change serialization of the message in the ''NonceGen'' hash function, and add test vectors +* '''0.5.2''' (2022-06-26): Fix ''aggpk'' in ''NonceGen'' test vectors. +* '''0.5.1''' (2022-06-22): Rename "ordinary" tweaking to "plain" tweaking. +* '''0.5.0''' (2022-06-21): Separate ApplyTweak from KeyAgg and introduce KeyGen Context. +* '''0.4.0''' (2022-06-20): Allow the output of NonceAgg to be infinity and add test vectors +* '''0.3.2''' (2022-06-02): Add a lot of test vectors and improve handling of invalid contributions in reference code. +* '''0.3.1''' (2022-05-24): Add ''NonceGen'' test vectors +* '''0.3.0''' (2022-05-24): Hash ''i - 1'' instead of ''i'' in ''NonceGen'' +* '''0.2.0''' (2022-05-19): Change order of arguments in ''NonceGen'' hash function +* '''0.1.0''' (2022-05-19): Publication of draft BIP on the bitcoin-dev mailing list + +== Footnotes == + +<references /> + +== Acknowledgements == + +We thank Brandon Black, Riccardo Casatta, Lloyd Fournier, Russell O'Connor, and Pieter Wuille for their contributions to this document. diff --git a/bip-0327/gen_vectors_helper.py b/bip-0327/gen_vectors_helper.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a70bb6f --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0327/gen_vectors_helper.py @@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ +from reference import * + +def gen_key_agg_vectors(): + print("key_agg_vectors.json: Intermediate tweaking result is point at infinity") + sk = bytes.fromhex("7FB9E0E687ADA1EEBF7ECFE2F21E73EBDB51A7D450948DFE8D76D7F2D1007671") + pk = individual_pk(sk) + keygen_ctx = key_agg([pk]) + aggpoint, _, _ = keygen_ctx + aggsk = key_agg_coeff([pk], pk)*int_from_bytes(sk) % n + t = n - aggsk + assert point_add(point_mul(G, t), aggpoint) == None + is_xonly = False + tweak = bytes_from_int(t) + assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: apply_tweak(keygen_ctx, tweak, is_xonly), lambda e: True) + print(" pubkey:", pk.hex().upper()) + print(" tweak: ", tweak.hex().upper()) + +def check_sign_verify_vectors(): + with open(os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'vectors', 'sign_verify_vectors.json')) as f: + test_data = json.load(f) + X = fromhex_all(test_data["pubkeys"]) + pnonce = fromhex_all(test_data["pnonces"]) + aggnonces = fromhex_all(test_data["aggnonces"]) + msgs = fromhex_all(test_data["msgs"]) + + valid_test_cases = test_data["valid_test_cases"] + for (i, test_case) in enumerate(valid_test_cases): + pubkeys = [X[i] for i in test_case["key_indices"]] + pubnonces = [pnonce[i] for i in test_case["nonce_indices"]] + aggnonce = aggnonces[test_case["aggnonce_index"]] + assert nonce_agg(pubnonces) == aggnonce + msg = msgs[test_case["msg_index"]] + signer_index = test_case["signer_index"] + expected = bytes.fromhex(test_case["expected"]) + + session_ctx = SessionContext(aggnonce, pubkeys, [], [], msg) + (Q, _, _, _, R, _) = get_session_values(session_ctx) + # Make sure the vectors include tests for both variants of Q and R + if i == 0: + assert has_even_y(Q) and not has_even_y(R) + if i == 1: + assert not has_even_y(Q) and has_even_y(R) + if i == 2: + assert has_even_y(Q) and has_even_y(R) + +def check_tweak_vectors(): + with open(os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'vectors', 'tweak_vectors.json')) as f: + test_data = json.load(f) + + X = fromhex_all(test_data["pubkeys"]) + pnonce = fromhex_all(test_data["pnonces"]) + tweak = fromhex_all(test_data["tweaks"]) + valid_test_cases = test_data["valid_test_cases"] + + for (i, test_case) in enumerate(valid_test_cases): + pubkeys = [X[i] for i in test_case["key_indices"]] + tweaks = [tweak[i] for i in test_case["tweak_indices"]] + is_xonly = test_case["is_xonly"] + + _, gacc, _ = key_agg_and_tweak(pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly) + # Make sure the vectors include tests for gacc = 1 and -1 + if i == 0: + assert gacc == n - 1 + if i == 1: + assert gacc == 1 + +def sig_agg_vectors(): + print("sig_agg_vectors.json:") + sk = fromhex_all([ + "7FB9E0E687ADA1EEBF7ECFE2F21E73EBDB51A7D450948DFE8D76D7F2D1007671", + "3874D22DE7A7290C49CE7F1DC17D1A8CD8918E1F799055139D57FC0988D04D10", + "D0EA1B84481ED1BCFAA39D6775F97BDC9BF8D7C02FD0C009D6D85BAE5EC7B87A", + "FC2BF9E056B273AF0A8AABB815E541A3552C142AC10D4FE584F01D2CAB84F577"]) + pubkeys = list(map(lambda secret: individual_pk(secret), sk)) + indices32 = [i.to_bytes(32, 'big') for i in range(6)] + secnonces, pnonces = zip(*[nonce_gen_internal(r, None, pubkeys[0], None, None, None) for r in indices32]) + tweaks = fromhex_all([ + "B511DA492182A91B0FFB9A98020D55F260AE86D7ECBD0399C7383D59A5F2AF7C", + "A815FE049EE3C5AAB66310477FBC8BCCCAC2F3395F59F921C364ACD78A2F48DC", + "75448A87274B056468B977BE06EB1E9F657577B7320B0A3376EA51FD420D18A8"]) + msg = bytes.fromhex("599C67EA410D005B9DA90817CF03ED3B1C868E4DA4EDF00A5880B0082C237869") + + psigs = [None] * 9 + + valid_test_cases = [ + { + "aggnonce": None, + "nonce_indices": [0, 1], + "key_indices": [0, 1], + "tweak_indices": [], + "is_xonly": [], + "psig_indices": [0, 1], + }, { + "aggnonce": None, + "nonce_indices": [0, 2], + "key_indices": [0, 2], + "tweak_indices": [], + "is_xonly": [], + "psig_indices": [2, 3], + }, { + "aggnonce": None, + "nonce_indices": [0, 3], + "key_indices": [0, 2], + "tweak_indices": [0], + "is_xonly": [False], + "psig_indices": [4, 5], + }, { + "aggnonce": None, + "nonce_indices": [0, 4], + "key_indices": [0, 3], + "tweak_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "is_xonly": [True, False, True], + "psig_indices": [6, 7], + }, + ] + for (i, test_case) in enumerate(valid_test_cases): + is_xonly = test_case["is_xonly"] + nonce_indices = test_case["nonce_indices"] + key_indices = test_case["key_indices"] + psig_indices = test_case["psig_indices"] + vec_pnonces = [pnonces[i] for i in nonce_indices] + vec_pubkeys = [pubkeys[i] for i in key_indices] + vec_tweaks = [tweaks[i] for i in test_case["tweak_indices"]] + + aggnonce = nonce_agg(vec_pnonces) + test_case["aggnonce"] = aggnonce.hex().upper() + session_ctx = SessionContext(aggnonce, vec_pubkeys, vec_tweaks, is_xonly, msg) + + for j in range(len(key_indices)): + # WARNING: An actual implementation should _not_ copy the secnonce. + # Reusing the secnonce, as we do here for testing purposes, can leak the + # secret key. + secnonce_tmp = bytearray(secnonces[nonce_indices[j]][:64] + pubkeys[key_indices[j]]) + psigs[psig_indices[j]] = sign(secnonce_tmp, sk[key_indices[j]], session_ctx) + sig = partial_sig_agg([psigs[i] for i in psig_indices], session_ctx) + keygen_ctx = key_agg_and_tweak(vec_pubkeys, vec_tweaks, is_xonly) + # To maximize coverage of the sig_agg algorithm, we want one public key + # point with an even and one with an odd Y coordinate. + if i == 0: + assert(has_even_y(keygen_ctx[0])) + if i == 1: + assert(not has_even_y(keygen_ctx[0])) + aggpk = get_xonly_pk(keygen_ctx) + assert schnorr_verify(msg, aggpk, sig) + test_case["expected"] = sig.hex().upper() + + error_test_case = { + "aggnonce": None, + "nonce_indices": [0, 4], + "key_indices": [0, 3], + "tweak_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "is_xonly": [True, False, True], + "psig_indices": [7, 8], + "error": { + "type": "invalid_contribution", + "signer": 1 + }, + "comment": "Partial signature is invalid because it exceeds group size" + } + + psigs[8] = bytes.fromhex("FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141") + + vec_pnonces = [pnonces[i] for i in error_test_case["nonce_indices"]] + aggnonce = nonce_agg(vec_pnonces) + error_test_case["aggnonce"] = aggnonce.hex().upper() + + def tohex_all(l): + return list(map(lambda e: e.hex().upper(), l)) + + print(json.dumps({ + "pubkeys": tohex_all(pubkeys), + "pnonces": tohex_all(pnonces), + "tweaks": tohex_all(tweaks), + "psigs": tohex_all(psigs), + "msg": msg.hex().upper(), + "valid_test_cases": valid_test_cases, + "error_test_cases": [error_test_case] + }, indent=4)) + +gen_key_agg_vectors() +check_sign_verify_vectors() +check_tweak_vectors() +print() +sig_agg_vectors() diff --git a/bip-0327/reference.py b/bip-0327/reference.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..edf6e76 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0327/reference.py @@ -0,0 +1,880 @@ +# BIP327 reference implementation +# +# WARNING: This implementation is for demonstration purposes only and _not_ to +# be used in production environments. The code is vulnerable to timing attacks, +# for example. + +from typing import Any, List, Optional, Tuple, NewType, NamedTuple +import hashlib +import secrets +import time + +# +# The following helper functions were copied from the BIP-340 reference implementation: +# https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0340/reference.py +# + +p = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC2F +n = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141 + +# Points are tuples of X and Y coordinates and the point at infinity is +# represented by the None keyword. +G = (0x79BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798, 0x483ADA7726A3C4655DA4FBFC0E1108A8FD17B448A68554199C47D08FFB10D4B8) + +Point = Tuple[int, int] + +# This implementation can be sped up by storing the midstate after hashing +# tag_hash instead of rehashing it all the time. +def tagged_hash(tag: str, msg: bytes) -> bytes: + tag_hash = hashlib.sha256(tag.encode()).digest() + return hashlib.sha256(tag_hash + tag_hash + msg).digest() + +def is_infinite(P: Optional[Point]) -> bool: + return P is None + +def x(P: Point) -> int: + assert not is_infinite(P) + return P[0] + +def y(P: Point) -> int: + assert not is_infinite(P) + return P[1] + +def point_add(P1: Optional[Point], P2: Optional[Point]) -> Optional[Point]: + if P1 is None: + return P2 + if P2 is None: + return P1 + if (x(P1) == x(P2)) and (y(P1) != y(P2)): + return None + if P1 == P2: + lam = (3 * x(P1) * x(P1) * pow(2 * y(P1), p - 2, p)) % p + else: + lam = ((y(P2) - y(P1)) * pow(x(P2) - x(P1), p - 2, p)) % p + x3 = (lam * lam - x(P1) - x(P2)) % p + return (x3, (lam * (x(P1) - x3) - y(P1)) % p) + +def point_mul(P: Optional[Point], n: int) -> Optional[Point]: + R = None + for i in range(256): + if (n >> i) & 1: + R = point_add(R, P) + P = point_add(P, P) + return R + +def bytes_from_int(x: int) -> bytes: + return x.to_bytes(32, byteorder="big") + +def lift_x(b: bytes) -> Optional[Point]: + x = int_from_bytes(b) + if x >= p: + return None + y_sq = (pow(x, 3, p) + 7) % p + y = pow(y_sq, (p + 1) // 4, p) + if pow(y, 2, p) != y_sq: + return None + return (x, y if y & 1 == 0 else p-y) + +def int_from_bytes(b: bytes) -> int: + return int.from_bytes(b, byteorder="big") + +def has_even_y(P: Point) -> bool: + assert not is_infinite(P) + return y(P) % 2 == 0 + +def schnorr_verify(msg: bytes, pubkey: bytes, sig: bytes) -> bool: + if len(msg) != 32: + raise ValueError('The message must be a 32-byte array.') + if len(pubkey) != 32: + raise ValueError('The public key must be a 32-byte array.') + if len(sig) != 64: + raise ValueError('The signature must be a 64-byte array.') + P = lift_x(pubkey) + r = int_from_bytes(sig[0:32]) + s = int_from_bytes(sig[32:64]) + if (P is None) or (r >= p) or (s >= n): + return False + e = int_from_bytes(tagged_hash("BIP0340/challenge", sig[0:32] + pubkey + msg)) % n + R = point_add(point_mul(G, s), point_mul(P, n - e)) + if (R is None) or (not has_even_y(R)) or (x(R) != r): + return False + return True + +# +# End of helper functions copied from BIP-340 reference implementation. +# + +PlainPk = NewType('PlainPk', bytes) +XonlyPk = NewType('XonlyPk', bytes) + +# There are two types of exceptions that can be raised by this implementation: +# - ValueError for indicating that an input doesn't conform to some function +# precondition (e.g. an input array is the wrong length, a serialized +# representation doesn't have the correct format). +# - InvalidContributionError for indicating that a signer (or the +# aggregator) is misbehaving in the protocol. +# +# Assertions are used to (1) satisfy the type-checking system, and (2) check for +# inconvenient events that can't happen except with negligible probability (e.g. +# output of a hash function is 0) and can't be manually triggered by any +# signer. + +# This exception is raised if a party (signer or nonce aggregator) sends invalid +# values. Actual implementations should not crash when receiving invalid +# contributions. Instead, they should hold the offending party accountable. +class InvalidContributionError(Exception): + def __init__(self, signer, contrib): + self.signer = signer + # contrib is one of "pubkey", "pubnonce", "aggnonce", or "psig". + self.contrib = contrib + +infinity = None + +def xbytes(P: Point) -> bytes: + return bytes_from_int(x(P)) + +def cbytes(P: Point) -> bytes: + a = b'\x02' if has_even_y(P) else b'\x03' + return a + xbytes(P) + +def cbytes_ext(P: Optional[Point]) -> bytes: + if is_infinite(P): + return (0).to_bytes(33, byteorder='big') + assert P is not None + return cbytes(P) + +def point_negate(P: Optional[Point]) -> Optional[Point]: + if P is None: + return P + return (x(P), p - y(P)) + +def cpoint(x: bytes) -> Point: + if len(x) != 33: + raise ValueError('x is not a valid compressed point.') + P = lift_x(x[1:33]) + if P is None: + raise ValueError('x is not a valid compressed point.') + if x[0] == 2: + return P + elif x[0] == 3: + P = point_negate(P) + assert P is not None + return P + else: + raise ValueError('x is not a valid compressed point.') + +def cpoint_ext(x: bytes) -> Optional[Point]: + if x == (0).to_bytes(33, 'big'): + return None + else: + return cpoint(x) + +# Return the plain public key corresponding to a given secret key +def individual_pk(seckey: bytes) -> PlainPk: + d0 = int_from_bytes(seckey) + if not (1 <= d0 <= n - 1): + raise ValueError('The secret key must be an integer in the range 1..n-1.') + P = point_mul(G, d0) + assert P is not None + return PlainPk(cbytes(P)) + +def key_sort(pubkeys: List[PlainPk]) -> List[PlainPk]: + pubkeys.sort() + return pubkeys + +KeyAggContext = NamedTuple('KeyAggContext', [('Q', Point), + ('gacc', int), + ('tacc', int)]) + +def get_xonly_pk(keyagg_ctx: KeyAggContext) -> XonlyPk: + Q, _, _ = keyagg_ctx + return XonlyPk(xbytes(Q)) + +def key_agg(pubkeys: List[PlainPk]) -> KeyAggContext: + pk2 = get_second_key(pubkeys) + u = len(pubkeys) + Q = infinity + for i in range(u): + try: + P_i = cpoint(pubkeys[i]) + except ValueError: + raise InvalidContributionError(i, "pubkey") + a_i = key_agg_coeff_internal(pubkeys, pubkeys[i], pk2) + Q = point_add(Q, point_mul(P_i, a_i)) + # Q is not the point at infinity except with negligible probability. + assert(Q is not None) + gacc = 1 + tacc = 0 + return KeyAggContext(Q, gacc, tacc) + +def hash_keys(pubkeys: List[PlainPk]) -> bytes: + return tagged_hash('KeyAgg list', b''.join(pubkeys)) + +def get_second_key(pubkeys: List[PlainPk]) -> PlainPk: + u = len(pubkeys) + for j in range(1, u): + if pubkeys[j] != pubkeys[0]: + return pubkeys[j] + return PlainPk(b'\x00'*33) + +def key_agg_coeff(pubkeys: List[PlainPk], pk_: PlainPk) -> int: + pk2 = get_second_key(pubkeys) + return key_agg_coeff_internal(pubkeys, pk_, pk2) + +def key_agg_coeff_internal(pubkeys: List[PlainPk], pk_: PlainPk, pk2: PlainPk) -> int: + L = hash_keys(pubkeys) + if pk_ == pk2: + return 1 + return int_from_bytes(tagged_hash('KeyAgg coefficient', L + pk_)) % n + +def apply_tweak(keyagg_ctx: KeyAggContext, tweak: bytes, is_xonly: bool) -> KeyAggContext: + if len(tweak) != 32: + raise ValueError('The tweak must be a 32-byte array.') + Q, gacc, tacc = keyagg_ctx + if is_xonly and not has_even_y(Q): + g = n - 1 + else: + g = 1 + t = int_from_bytes(tweak) + if t >= n: + raise ValueError('The tweak must be less than n.') + Q_ = point_add(point_mul(Q, g), point_mul(G, t)) + if Q_ is None: + raise ValueError('The result of tweaking cannot be infinity.') + gacc_ = g * gacc % n + tacc_ = (t + g * tacc) % n + return KeyAggContext(Q_, gacc_, tacc_) + +def bytes_xor(a: bytes, b: bytes) -> bytes: + return bytes(x ^ y for x, y in zip(a, b)) + +def nonce_hash(rand: bytes, pk: PlainPk, aggpk: XonlyPk, i: int, msg_prefixed: bytes, extra_in: bytes) -> int: + buf = b'' + buf += rand + buf += len(pk).to_bytes(1, 'big') + buf += pk + buf += len(aggpk).to_bytes(1, 'big') + buf += aggpk + buf += msg_prefixed + buf += len(extra_in).to_bytes(4, 'big') + buf += extra_in + buf += i.to_bytes(1, 'big') + return int_from_bytes(tagged_hash('MuSig/nonce', buf)) + +def nonce_gen_internal(rand_: bytes, sk: Optional[bytes], pk: PlainPk, aggpk: Optional[XonlyPk], msg: Optional[bytes], extra_in: Optional[bytes]) -> Tuple[bytearray, bytes]: + if sk is not None: + rand = bytes_xor(sk, tagged_hash('MuSig/aux', rand_)) + else: + rand = rand_ + if aggpk is None: + aggpk = XonlyPk(b'') + if msg is None: + msg_prefixed = b'\x00' + else: + msg_prefixed = b'\x01' + msg_prefixed += len(msg).to_bytes(8, 'big') + msg_prefixed += msg + if extra_in is None: + extra_in = b'' + k_1 = nonce_hash(rand, pk, aggpk, 0, msg_prefixed, extra_in) % n + k_2 = nonce_hash(rand, pk, aggpk, 1, msg_prefixed, extra_in) % n + # k_1 == 0 or k_2 == 0 cannot occur except with negligible probability. + assert k_1 != 0 + assert k_2 != 0 + R_s1 = point_mul(G, k_1) + R_s2 = point_mul(G, k_2) + assert R_s1 is not None + assert R_s2 is not None + pubnonce = cbytes(R_s1) + cbytes(R_s2) + secnonce = bytearray(bytes_from_int(k_1) + bytes_from_int(k_2) + pk) + return secnonce, pubnonce + +def nonce_gen(sk: Optional[bytes], pk: PlainPk, aggpk: Optional[XonlyPk], msg: Optional[bytes], extra_in: Optional[bytes]) -> Tuple[bytearray, bytes]: + if sk is not None and len(sk) != 32: + raise ValueError('The optional byte array sk must have length 32.') + if aggpk is not None and len(aggpk) != 32: + raise ValueError('The optional byte array aggpk must have length 32.') + rand_ = secrets.token_bytes(32) + return nonce_gen_internal(rand_, sk, pk, aggpk, msg, extra_in) + +def nonce_agg(pubnonces: List[bytes]) -> bytes: + u = len(pubnonces) + aggnonce = b'' + for j in (1, 2): + R_j = infinity + for i in range(u): + try: + R_ij = cpoint(pubnonces[i][(j-1)*33:j*33]) + except ValueError: + raise InvalidContributionError(i, "pubnonce") + R_j = point_add(R_j, R_ij) + aggnonce += cbytes_ext(R_j) + return aggnonce + +SessionContext = NamedTuple('SessionContext', [('aggnonce', bytes), + ('pubkeys', List[PlainPk]), + ('tweaks', List[bytes]), + ('is_xonly', List[bool]), + ('msg', bytes)]) + +def key_agg_and_tweak(pubkeys: List[PlainPk], tweaks: List[bytes], is_xonly: List[bool]): + if len(tweaks) != len(is_xonly): + raise ValueError('The `tweaks` and `is_xonly` arrays must have the same length.') + keyagg_ctx = key_agg(pubkeys) + v = len(tweaks) + for i in range(v): + keyagg_ctx = apply_tweak(keyagg_ctx, tweaks[i], is_xonly[i]) + return keyagg_ctx + +def get_session_values(session_ctx: SessionContext) -> Tuple[Point, int, int, int, Point, int]: + (aggnonce, pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly, msg) = session_ctx + Q, gacc, tacc = key_agg_and_tweak(pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly) + b = int_from_bytes(tagged_hash('MuSig/noncecoef', aggnonce + xbytes(Q) + msg)) % n + try: + R_1 = cpoint_ext(aggnonce[0:33]) + R_2 = cpoint_ext(aggnonce[33:66]) + except ValueError: + # Nonce aggregator sent invalid nonces + raise InvalidContributionError(None, "aggnonce") + R_ = point_add(R_1, point_mul(R_2, b)) + R = R_ if not is_infinite(R_) else G + assert R is not None + e = int_from_bytes(tagged_hash('BIP0340/challenge', xbytes(R) + xbytes(Q) + msg)) % n + return (Q, gacc, tacc, b, R, e) + +def get_session_key_agg_coeff(session_ctx: SessionContext, P: Point) -> int: + (_, pubkeys, _, _, _) = session_ctx + pk = PlainPk(cbytes(P)) + if pk not in pubkeys: + raise ValueError('The signer\'s pubkey must be included in the list of pubkeys.') + return key_agg_coeff(pubkeys, pk) + +def sign(secnonce: bytearray, sk: bytes, session_ctx: SessionContext) -> bytes: + (Q, gacc, _, b, R, e) = get_session_values(session_ctx) + k_1_ = int_from_bytes(secnonce[0:32]) + k_2_ = int_from_bytes(secnonce[32:64]) + # Overwrite the secnonce argument with zeros such that subsequent calls of + # sign with the same secnonce raise a ValueError. + secnonce[:64] = bytearray(b'\x00'*64) + if not 0 < k_1_ < n: + raise ValueError('first secnonce value is out of range.') + if not 0 < k_2_ < n: + raise ValueError('second secnonce value is out of range.') + k_1 = k_1_ if has_even_y(R) else n - k_1_ + k_2 = k_2_ if has_even_y(R) else n - k_2_ + d_ = int_from_bytes(sk) + if not 0 < d_ < n: + raise ValueError('secret key value is out of range.') + P = point_mul(G, d_) + assert P is not None + pk = cbytes(P) + if not pk == secnonce[64:97]: + raise ValueError('Public key does not match nonce_gen argument') + a = get_session_key_agg_coeff(session_ctx, P) + g = 1 if has_even_y(Q) else n - 1 + d = g * gacc * d_ % n + s = (k_1 + b * k_2 + e * a * d) % n + psig = bytes_from_int(s) + R_s1 = point_mul(G, k_1_) + R_s2 = point_mul(G, k_2_) + assert R_s1 is not None + assert R_s2 is not None + pubnonce = cbytes(R_s1) + cbytes(R_s2) + # Optional correctness check. The result of signing should pass signature verification. + assert partial_sig_verify_internal(psig, pubnonce, pk, session_ctx) + return psig + +def det_nonce_hash(sk_: bytes, aggothernonce: bytes, aggpk: bytes, msg: bytes, i: int) -> int: + buf = b'' + buf += sk_ + buf += aggothernonce + buf += aggpk + buf += len(msg).to_bytes(8, 'big') + buf += msg + buf += i.to_bytes(1, 'big') + return int_from_bytes(tagged_hash('MuSig/deterministic/nonce', buf)) + +def deterministic_sign(sk: bytes, aggothernonce: bytes, pubkeys: List[PlainPk], tweaks: List[bytes], is_xonly: List[bool], msg: bytes, rand: Optional[bytes]) -> Tuple[bytes, bytes]: + if rand is not None: + sk_ = bytes_xor(sk, tagged_hash('MuSig/aux', rand)) + else: + sk_ = sk + aggpk = get_xonly_pk(key_agg_and_tweak(pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly)) + + k_1 = det_nonce_hash(sk_, aggothernonce, aggpk, msg, 0) % n + k_2 = det_nonce_hash(sk_, aggothernonce, aggpk, msg, 1) % n + # k_1 == 0 or k_2 == 0 cannot occur except with negligible probability. + assert k_1 != 0 + assert k_2 != 0 + + R_s1 = point_mul(G, k_1) + R_s2 = point_mul(G, k_2) + assert R_s1 is not None + assert R_s2 is not None + pubnonce = cbytes(R_s1) + cbytes(R_s2) + secnonce = bytearray(bytes_from_int(k_1) + bytes_from_int(k_2) + individual_pk(sk)) + try: + aggnonce = nonce_agg([pubnonce, aggothernonce]) + except Exception: + raise InvalidContributionError(None, "aggothernonce") + session_ctx = SessionContext(aggnonce, pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly, msg) + psig = sign(secnonce, sk, session_ctx) + return (pubnonce, psig) + +def partial_sig_verify(psig: bytes, pubnonces: List[bytes], pubkeys: List[PlainPk], tweaks: List[bytes], is_xonly: List[bool], msg: bytes, i: int) -> bool: + if len(pubnonces) != len(pubkeys): + raise ValueError('The `pubnonces` and `pubkeys` arrays must have the same length.') + if len(tweaks) != len(is_xonly): + raise ValueError('The `tweaks` and `is_xonly` arrays must have the same length.') + aggnonce = nonce_agg(pubnonces) + session_ctx = SessionContext(aggnonce, pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly, msg) + return partial_sig_verify_internal(psig, pubnonces[i], pubkeys[i], session_ctx) + +def partial_sig_verify_internal(psig: bytes, pubnonce: bytes, pk: bytes, session_ctx: SessionContext) -> bool: + (Q, gacc, _, b, R, e) = get_session_values(session_ctx) + s = int_from_bytes(psig) + if s >= n: + return False + R_s1 = cpoint(pubnonce[0:33]) + R_s2 = cpoint(pubnonce[33:66]) + Re_s_ = point_add(R_s1, point_mul(R_s2, b)) + Re_s = Re_s_ if has_even_y(R) else point_negate(Re_s_) + P = cpoint(pk) + if P is None: + return False + a = get_session_key_agg_coeff(session_ctx, P) + g = 1 if has_even_y(Q) else n - 1 + g_ = g * gacc % n + return point_mul(G, s) == point_add(Re_s, point_mul(P, e * a * g_ % n)) + +def partial_sig_agg(psigs: List[bytes], session_ctx: SessionContext) -> bytes: + (Q, _, tacc, _, R, e) = get_session_values(session_ctx) + s = 0 + u = len(psigs) + for i in range(u): + s_i = int_from_bytes(psigs[i]) + if s_i >= n: + raise InvalidContributionError(i, "psig") + s = (s + s_i) % n + g = 1 if has_even_y(Q) else n - 1 + s = (s + e * g * tacc) % n + return xbytes(R) + bytes_from_int(s) +# +# The following code is only used for testing. +# + +import json +import os +import sys + +def fromhex_all(l): + return [bytes.fromhex(l_i) for l_i in l] + +# Check that calling `try_fn` raises a `exception`. If `exception` is raised, +# examine it with `except_fn`. +def assert_raises(exception, try_fn, except_fn): + raised = False + try: + try_fn() + except exception as e: + raised = True + assert(except_fn(e)) + except BaseException: + raise AssertionError("Wrong exception raised in a test.") + if not raised: + raise AssertionError("Exception was _not_ raised in a test where it was required.") + +def get_error_details(test_case): + error = test_case["error"] + if error["type"] == "invalid_contribution": + exception = InvalidContributionError + if "contrib" in error: + except_fn = lambda e: e.signer == error["signer"] and e.contrib == error["contrib"] + else: + except_fn = lambda e: e.signer == error["signer"] + elif error["type"] == "value": + exception = ValueError + except_fn = lambda e: str(e) == error["message"] + else: + raise RuntimeError(f"Invalid error type: {error['type']}") + return exception, except_fn + +def test_key_sort_vectors() -> None: + with open(os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'vectors', 'key_sort_vectors.json')) as f: + test_data = json.load(f) + + X = fromhex_all(test_data["pubkeys"]) + X_sorted = fromhex_all(test_data["sorted_pubkeys"]) + + assert key_sort(X) == X_sorted + +def test_key_agg_vectors() -> None: + with open(os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'vectors', 'key_agg_vectors.json')) as f: + test_data = json.load(f) + + X = fromhex_all(test_data["pubkeys"]) + T = fromhex_all(test_data["tweaks"]) + valid_test_cases = test_data["valid_test_cases"] + error_test_cases = test_data["error_test_cases"] + + for test_case in valid_test_cases: + pubkeys = [X[i] for i in test_case["key_indices"]] + expected = bytes.fromhex(test_case["expected"]) + + assert get_xonly_pk(key_agg(pubkeys)) == expected + + for i, test_case in enumerate(error_test_cases): + exception, except_fn = get_error_details(test_case) + + pubkeys = [X[i] for i in test_case["key_indices"]] + tweaks = [T[i] for i in test_case["tweak_indices"]] + is_xonly = test_case["is_xonly"] + + assert_raises(exception, lambda: key_agg_and_tweak(pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly), except_fn) + +def test_nonce_gen_vectors() -> None: + with open(os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'vectors', 'nonce_gen_vectors.json')) as f: + test_data = json.load(f) + + for test_case in test_data["test_cases"]: + def get_value(key) -> bytes: + return bytes.fromhex(test_case[key]) + + def get_value_maybe(key) -> Optional[bytes]: + if test_case[key] is not None: + return get_value(key) + else: + return None + + rand_ = get_value("rand_") + sk = get_value_maybe("sk") + pk = PlainPk(get_value("pk")) + aggpk = get_value_maybe("aggpk") + if aggpk is not None: + aggpk = XonlyPk(aggpk) + msg = get_value_maybe("msg") + extra_in = get_value_maybe("extra_in") + expected_secnonce = get_value("expected_secnonce") + expected_pubnonce = get_value("expected_pubnonce") + + assert nonce_gen_internal(rand_, sk, pk, aggpk, msg, extra_in) == (expected_secnonce, expected_pubnonce) + +def test_nonce_agg_vectors() -> None: + with open(os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'vectors', 'nonce_agg_vectors.json')) as f: + test_data = json.load(f) + + pnonce = fromhex_all(test_data["pnonces"]) + valid_test_cases = test_data["valid_test_cases"] + error_test_cases = test_data["error_test_cases"] + + for test_case in valid_test_cases: + pubnonces = [pnonce[i] for i in test_case["pnonce_indices"]] + expected = bytes.fromhex(test_case["expected"]) + assert nonce_agg(pubnonces) == expected + + for i, test_case in enumerate(error_test_cases): + exception, except_fn = get_error_details(test_case) + pubnonces = [pnonce[i] for i in test_case["pnonce_indices"]] + assert_raises(exception, lambda: nonce_agg(pubnonces), except_fn) + +def test_sign_verify_vectors() -> None: + with open(os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'vectors', 'sign_verify_vectors.json')) as f: + test_data = json.load(f) + + sk = bytes.fromhex(test_data["sk"]) + X = fromhex_all(test_data["pubkeys"]) + # The public key corresponding to sk is at index 0 + assert X[0] == individual_pk(sk) + + secnonces = fromhex_all(test_data["secnonces"]) + pnonce = fromhex_all(test_data["pnonces"]) + # The public nonce corresponding to secnonces[0] is at index 0 + k_1 = int_from_bytes(secnonces[0][0:32]) + k_2 = int_from_bytes(secnonces[0][32:64]) + R_s1 = point_mul(G, k_1) + R_s2 = point_mul(G, k_2) + assert R_s1 is not None and R_s2 is not None + assert pnonce[0] == cbytes(R_s1) + cbytes(R_s2) + + aggnonces = fromhex_all(test_data["aggnonces"]) + # The aggregate of the first three elements of pnonce is at index 0 + assert(aggnonces[0] == nonce_agg([pnonce[0], pnonce[1], pnonce[2]])) + + msgs = fromhex_all(test_data["msgs"]) + + valid_test_cases = test_data["valid_test_cases"] + sign_error_test_cases = test_data["sign_error_test_cases"] + verify_fail_test_cases = test_data["verify_fail_test_cases"] + verify_error_test_cases = test_data["verify_error_test_cases"] + + for test_case in valid_test_cases: + pubkeys = [X[i] for i in test_case["key_indices"]] + pubnonces = [pnonce[i] for i in test_case["nonce_indices"]] + aggnonce = aggnonces[test_case["aggnonce_index"]] + # Make sure that pubnonces and aggnonce in the test vector are + # consistent + assert nonce_agg(pubnonces) == aggnonce + msg = msgs[test_case["msg_index"]] + signer_index = test_case["signer_index"] + expected = bytes.fromhex(test_case["expected"]) + + session_ctx = SessionContext(aggnonce, pubkeys, [], [], msg) + # WARNING: An actual implementation should _not_ copy the secnonce. + # Reusing the secnonce, as we do here for testing purposes, can leak the + # secret key. + secnonce_tmp = bytearray(secnonces[0]) + assert sign(secnonce_tmp, sk, session_ctx) == expected + assert partial_sig_verify(expected, pubnonces, pubkeys, [], [], msg, signer_index) + + for i, test_case in enumerate(sign_error_test_cases): + exception, except_fn = get_error_details(test_case) + + pubkeys = [X[i] for i in test_case["key_indices"]] + aggnonce = aggnonces[test_case["aggnonce_index"]] + msg = msgs[test_case["msg_index"]] + secnonce = bytearray(secnonces[test_case["secnonce_index"]]) + + session_ctx = SessionContext(aggnonce, pubkeys, [], [], msg) + assert_raises(exception, lambda: sign(secnonce, sk, session_ctx), except_fn) + + for test_case in verify_fail_test_cases: + sig = bytes.fromhex(test_case["sig"]) + pubkeys = [X[i] for i in test_case["key_indices"]] + pubnonces = [pnonce[i] for i in test_case["nonce_indices"]] + msg = msgs[test_case["msg_index"]] + signer_index = test_case["signer_index"] + + assert not partial_sig_verify(sig, pubnonces, pubkeys, [], [], msg, signer_index) + + for i, test_case in enumerate(verify_error_test_cases): + exception, except_fn = get_error_details(test_case) + + sig = bytes.fromhex(test_case["sig"]) + pubkeys = [X[i] for i in test_case["key_indices"]] + pubnonces = [pnonce[i] for i in test_case["nonce_indices"]] + msg = msgs[test_case["msg_index"]] + signer_index = test_case["signer_index"] + + assert_raises(exception, lambda: partial_sig_verify(sig, pubnonces, pubkeys, [], [], msg, signer_index), except_fn) + +def test_tweak_vectors() -> None: + with open(os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'vectors', 'tweak_vectors.json')) as f: + test_data = json.load(f) + + sk = bytes.fromhex(test_data["sk"]) + X = fromhex_all(test_data["pubkeys"]) + # The public key corresponding to sk is at index 0 + assert X[0] == individual_pk(sk) + + secnonce = bytearray(bytes.fromhex(test_data["secnonce"])) + pnonce = fromhex_all(test_data["pnonces"]) + # The public nonce corresponding to secnonce is at index 0 + k_1 = int_from_bytes(secnonce[0:32]) + k_2 = int_from_bytes(secnonce[32:64]) + R_s1 = point_mul(G, k_1) + R_s2 = point_mul(G, k_2) + assert R_s1 is not None and R_s2 is not None + assert pnonce[0] == cbytes(R_s1) + cbytes(R_s2) + + aggnonce = bytes.fromhex(test_data["aggnonce"]) + # The aggnonce is the aggregate of the first three elements of pnonce + assert(aggnonce == nonce_agg([pnonce[0], pnonce[1], pnonce[2]])) + + tweak = fromhex_all(test_data["tweaks"]) + msg = bytes.fromhex(test_data["msg"]) + + valid_test_cases = test_data["valid_test_cases"] + error_test_cases = test_data["error_test_cases"] + + for test_case in valid_test_cases: + pubkeys = [X[i] for i in test_case["key_indices"]] + pubnonces = [pnonce[i] for i in test_case["nonce_indices"]] + tweaks = [tweak[i] for i in test_case["tweak_indices"]] + is_xonly = test_case["is_xonly"] + signer_index = test_case["signer_index"] + expected = bytes.fromhex(test_case["expected"]) + + session_ctx = SessionContext(aggnonce, pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly, msg) + secnonce_tmp = bytearray(secnonce) + # WARNING: An actual implementation should _not_ copy the secnonce. + # Reusing the secnonce, as we do here for testing purposes, can leak the + # secret key. + assert sign(secnonce_tmp, sk, session_ctx) == expected + assert partial_sig_verify(expected, pubnonces, pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly, msg, signer_index) + + for i, test_case in enumerate(error_test_cases): + exception, except_fn = get_error_details(test_case) + + pubkeys = [X[i] for i in test_case["key_indices"]] + pubnonces = [pnonce[i] for i in test_case["nonce_indices"]] + tweaks = [tweak[i] for i in test_case["tweak_indices"]] + is_xonly = test_case["is_xonly"] + signer_index = test_case["signer_index"] + + session_ctx = SessionContext(aggnonce, pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly, msg) + assert_raises(exception, lambda: sign(secnonce, sk, session_ctx), except_fn) + +def test_det_sign_vectors() -> None: + with open(os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'vectors', 'det_sign_vectors.json')) as f: + test_data = json.load(f) + + sk = bytes.fromhex(test_data["sk"]) + X = fromhex_all(test_data["pubkeys"]) + # The public key corresponding to sk is at index 0 + assert X[0] == individual_pk(sk) + + msgs = fromhex_all(test_data["msgs"]) + + valid_test_cases = test_data["valid_test_cases"] + error_test_cases = test_data["error_test_cases"] + + for test_case in valid_test_cases: + pubkeys = [X[i] for i in test_case["key_indices"]] + aggothernonce = bytes.fromhex(test_case["aggothernonce"]) + tweaks = fromhex_all(test_case["tweaks"]) + is_xonly = test_case["is_xonly"] + msg = msgs[test_case["msg_index"]] + signer_index = test_case["signer_index"] + rand = bytes.fromhex(test_case["rand"]) if test_case["rand"] is not None else None + expected = fromhex_all(test_case["expected"]) + + pubnonce, psig = deterministic_sign(sk, aggothernonce, pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly, msg, rand) + assert pubnonce == expected[0] + assert psig == expected[1] + + pubnonces = [aggothernonce, pubnonce] + aggnonce = nonce_agg(pubnonces) + session_ctx = SessionContext(aggnonce, pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly, msg) + assert partial_sig_verify_internal(psig, pubnonce, pubkeys[signer_index], session_ctx) + + for i, test_case in enumerate(error_test_cases): + exception, except_fn = get_error_details(test_case) + + pubkeys = [X[i] for i in test_case["key_indices"]] + aggothernonce = bytes.fromhex(test_case["aggothernonce"]) + tweaks = fromhex_all(test_case["tweaks"]) + is_xonly = test_case["is_xonly"] + msg = msgs[test_case["msg_index"]] + signer_index = test_case["signer_index"] + rand = bytes.fromhex(test_case["rand"]) if test_case["rand"] is not None else None + + try_fn = lambda: deterministic_sign(sk, aggothernonce, pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly, msg, rand) + assert_raises(exception, try_fn, except_fn) + +def test_sig_agg_vectors() -> None: + with open(os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'vectors', 'sig_agg_vectors.json')) as f: + test_data = json.load(f) + + X = fromhex_all(test_data["pubkeys"]) + + # These nonces are only required if the tested API takes the individual + # nonces and not the aggregate nonce. + pnonce = fromhex_all(test_data["pnonces"]) + + tweak = fromhex_all(test_data["tweaks"]) + psig = fromhex_all(test_data["psigs"]) + + msg = bytes.fromhex(test_data["msg"]) + + valid_test_cases = test_data["valid_test_cases"] + error_test_cases = test_data["error_test_cases"] + + for test_case in valid_test_cases: + pubnonces = [pnonce[i] for i in test_case["nonce_indices"]] + aggnonce = bytes.fromhex(test_case["aggnonce"]) + assert aggnonce == nonce_agg(pubnonces) + + pubkeys = [X[i] for i in test_case["key_indices"]] + tweaks = [tweak[i] for i in test_case["tweak_indices"]] + is_xonly = test_case["is_xonly"] + psigs = [psig[i] for i in test_case["psig_indices"]] + expected = bytes.fromhex(test_case["expected"]) + + session_ctx = SessionContext(aggnonce, pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly, msg) + sig = partial_sig_agg(psigs, session_ctx) + assert sig == expected + aggpk = get_xonly_pk(key_agg_and_tweak(pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly)) + assert schnorr_verify(msg, aggpk, sig) + + for i, test_case in enumerate(error_test_cases): + exception, except_fn = get_error_details(test_case) + + pubnonces = [pnonce[i] for i in test_case["nonce_indices"]] + aggnonce = nonce_agg(pubnonces) + + pubkeys = [X[i] for i in test_case["key_indices"]] + tweaks = [tweak[i] for i in test_case["tweak_indices"]] + is_xonly = test_case["is_xonly"] + psigs = [psig[i] for i in test_case["psig_indices"]] + + session_ctx = SessionContext(aggnonce, pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly, msg) + assert_raises(exception, lambda: partial_sig_agg(psigs, session_ctx), except_fn) + +def test_sign_and_verify_random(iters: int) -> None: + for i in range(iters): + sk_1 = secrets.token_bytes(32) + sk_2 = secrets.token_bytes(32) + pk_1 = individual_pk(sk_1) + pk_2 = individual_pk(sk_2) + pubkeys = [pk_1, pk_2] + + # In this example, the message and aggregate pubkey are known + # before nonce generation, so they can be passed into the nonce + # generation function as a defense-in-depth measure to protect + # against nonce reuse. + # + # If these values are not known when nonce_gen is called, empty + # byte arrays can be passed in for the corresponding arguments + # instead. + msg = secrets.token_bytes(32) + v = secrets.randbelow(4) + tweaks = [secrets.token_bytes(32) for _ in range(v)] + is_xonly = [secrets.choice([False, True]) for _ in range(v)] + aggpk = get_xonly_pk(key_agg_and_tweak(pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly)) + + # Use a non-repeating counter for extra_in + secnonce_1, pubnonce_1 = nonce_gen(sk_1, pk_1, aggpk, msg, i.to_bytes(4, 'big')) + + # On even iterations use regular signing algorithm for signer 2, + # otherwise use deterministic signing algorithm + if i % 2 == 0: + # Use a clock for extra_in + t = time.clock_gettime_ns(time.CLOCK_MONOTONIC) + secnonce_2, pubnonce_2 = nonce_gen(sk_2, pk_2, aggpk, msg, t.to_bytes(8, 'big')) + else: + aggothernonce = nonce_agg([pubnonce_1]) + rand = secrets.token_bytes(32) + pubnonce_2, psig_2 = deterministic_sign(sk_2, aggothernonce, pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly, msg, rand) + + pubnonces = [pubnonce_1, pubnonce_2] + aggnonce = nonce_agg(pubnonces) + + session_ctx = SessionContext(aggnonce, pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly, msg) + psig_1 = sign(secnonce_1, sk_1, session_ctx) + assert partial_sig_verify(psig_1, pubnonces, pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly, msg, 0) + # An exception is thrown if secnonce_1 is accidentally reused + assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: sign(secnonce_1, sk_1, session_ctx), lambda e: True) + + # Wrong signer index + assert not partial_sig_verify(psig_1, pubnonces, pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly, msg, 1) + + # Wrong message + assert not partial_sig_verify(psig_1, pubnonces, pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly, secrets.token_bytes(32), 0) + + if i % 2 == 0: + psig_2 = sign(secnonce_2, sk_2, session_ctx) + assert partial_sig_verify(psig_2, pubnonces, pubkeys, tweaks, is_xonly, msg, 1) + + sig = partial_sig_agg([psig_1, psig_2], session_ctx) + assert schnorr_verify(msg, aggpk, sig) + +if __name__ == '__main__': + test_key_sort_vectors() + test_key_agg_vectors() + test_nonce_gen_vectors() + test_nonce_agg_vectors() + test_sign_verify_vectors() + test_tweak_vectors() + test_det_sign_vectors() + test_sig_agg_vectors() + test_sign_and_verify_random(6) diff --git a/bip-0327/tests.sh b/bip-0327/tests.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000..b363f40 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0327/tests.sh @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +#!/bin/sh + +set -e + +cd "$(dirname "$0")" +mypy --no-error-summary reference.py +python3 reference.py +python3 gen_vectors_helper.py > /dev/null diff --git a/bip-0327/vectors/det_sign_vectors.json b/bip-0327/vectors/det_sign_vectors.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..261669c --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0327/vectors/det_sign_vectors.json @@ -0,0 +1,144 @@ +{ + "sk": "7FB9E0E687ADA1EEBF7ECFE2F21E73EBDB51A7D450948DFE8D76D7F2D1007671", + "pubkeys": [ + "03935F972DA013F80AE011890FA89B67A27B7BE6CCB24D3274D18B2D4067F261A9", + "02F9308A019258C31049344F85F89D5229B531C845836F99B08601F113BCE036F9", + "02DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659", + "020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007" + ], + "msgs": [ + "F95466D086770E689964664219266FE5ED215C92AE20BAB5C9D79ADDDDF3C0CF", + "2626262626262626262626262626262626262626262626262626262626262626262626262626" + ], + "valid_test_cases": [ + { + "rand": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", + "aggothernonce": "0337C87821AFD50A8644D820A8F3E02E499C931865C2360FB43D0A0D20DAFE07EA0287BF891D2A6DEAEBADC909352AA9405D1428C15F4B75F04DAE642A95C2548480", + "key_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "tweaks": [], + "is_xonly": [], + "msg_index": 0, + "signer_index": 0, + "expected": [ + "03D96275257C2FCCBB6EEB77BDDF51D3C88C26EE1626C6CDA8999B9D34F4BA13A60309BE2BF883C6ABE907FA822D9CA166D51A3DCC28910C57528F6983FC378B7843", + "41EA65093F71D084785B20DC26A887CD941C9597860A21660CBDB9CC2113CAD3" + ] + }, + { + "rand": null, + "aggothernonce": "0337C87821AFD50A8644D820A8F3E02E499C931865C2360FB43D0A0D20DAFE07EA0287BF891D2A6DEAEBADC909352AA9405D1428C15F4B75F04DAE642A95C2548480", + "key_indices": [1, 0, 2], + "tweaks": [], + "is_xonly": [], + "msg_index": 0, + "signer_index": 1, + "expected": [ + "028FBCCF5BB73A7B61B270BAD15C0F9475D577DD85C2157C9D38BEF1EC922B48770253BE3638C87369BC287E446B7F2C8CA5BEB9FFBD1EA082C62913982A65FC214D", + "AEAA31262637BFA88D5606679018A0FEEEC341F3107D1199857F6C81DE61B8DD" + ] + }, + { + "rand": "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", + "aggothernonce": "0279BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F817980279BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798", + "key_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "tweaks": [], + "is_xonly": [], + "msg_index": 1, + "signer_index": 2, + "expected": [ + "024FA8D774F0C8743FAA77AFB4D08EE5A013C2E8EEAD8A6F08A77DDD2D28266DB803050905E8C994477F3F2981861A2E3791EF558626E645FBF5AA131C5D6447C2C2", + "FEE28A56B8556B7632E42A84122C51A4861B1F2DEC7E81B632195E56A52E3E13" + ], + "comment": "Message longer than 32 bytes" + }, + { + "rand": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", + "aggothernonce": "032DE2662628C90B03F5E720284EB52FF7D71F4284F627B68A853D78C78E1FFE9303E4C5524E83FFE1493B9077CF1CA6BEB2090C93D930321071AD40B2F44E599046", + "key_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "tweaks": ["E8F791FF9225A2AF0102AFFF4A9A723D9612A682A25EBE79802B263CDFCD83BB"], + "is_xonly": [true], + "msg_index": 0, + "signer_index": 0, + "expected": [ + "031E07C0D11A0134E55DB1FC16095ADCBD564236194374AA882BFB3C78273BF673039D0336E8CA6288C00BFC1F8B594563529C98661172B9BC1BE85C23A4CE1F616B", + "7B1246C5889E59CB0375FA395CC86AC42D5D7D59FD8EAB4FDF1DCAB2B2F006EA" + ], + "comment": "Tweaked public key" + } + ], + "error_test_cases": [ + { + "rand": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", + "aggothernonce": "0337C87821AFD50A8644D820A8F3E02E499C931865C2360FB43D0A0D20DAFE07EA0287BF891D2A6DEAEBADC909352AA9405D1428C15F4B75F04DAE642A95C2548480", + "key_indices": [1, 0, 3], + "tweaks": [], + "is_xonly": [], + "msg_index": 0, + "signer_index": 1, + "error": { + "type": "invalid_contribution", + "signer": 2, + "contrib": "pubkey" + }, + "comment": "Signer 2 provided an invalid public key" + }, + { + "rand": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", + "aggothernonce": "0337C87821AFD50A8644D820A8F3E02E499C931865C2360FB43D0A0D20DAFE07EA0287BF891D2A6DEAEBADC909352AA9405D1428C15F4B75F04DAE642A95C2548480", + "key_indices": [1, 2], + "tweaks": [], + "is_xonly": [], + "msg_index": 0, + "signer_index": 1, + "error": { + "type": "value", + "message": "The signer's pubkey must be included in the list of pubkeys." + }, + "comment": "The signers pubkey is not in the list of pubkeys" + }, + { + "rand": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", + "aggothernonce": "0437C87821AFD50A8644D820A8F3E02E499C931865C2360FB43D0A0D20DAFE07EA0287BF891D2A6DEAEBADC909352AA9405D1428C15F4B75F04DAE642A95C2548480", + "key_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "tweaks": [], + "is_xonly": [], + "msg_index": 0, + "signer_index": 2, + "error": { + "type": "invalid_contribution", + "signer": null, + "contrib": "aggothernonce" + }, + "comment": "aggothernonce is invalid due wrong tag, 0x04, in the first half" + }, + { + "rand": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", + "aggothernonce": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000287BF891D2A6DEAEBADC909352AA9405D1428C15F4B75F04DAE642A95C2548480", + "key_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "tweaks": [], + "is_xonly": [], + "msg_index": 0, + "signer_index": 2, + "error": { + "type": "invalid_contribution", + "signer": null, + "contrib": "aggothernonce" + }, + "comment": "aggothernonce is invalid because first half corresponds to point at infinity" + }, + { + "rand": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", + "aggothernonce": "0337C87821AFD50A8644D820A8F3E02E499C931865C2360FB43D0A0D20DAFE07EA0287BF891D2A6DEAEBADC909352AA9405D1428C15F4B75F04DAE642A95C2548480", + "key_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "tweaks": ["FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141"], + "is_xonly": [false], + "msg_index": 0, + "signer_index": 2, + "error": { + "type": "value", + "message": "The tweak must be less than n." + }, + "comment": "Tweak is invalid because it exceeds group size" + } + ] +} diff --git a/bip-0327/vectors/key_agg_vectors.json b/bip-0327/vectors/key_agg_vectors.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2e623d --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0327/vectors/key_agg_vectors.json @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +{ + "pubkeys": [ + "02F9308A019258C31049344F85F89D5229B531C845836F99B08601F113BCE036F9", + "03DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659", + "023590A94E768F8E1815C2F24B4D80A8E3149316C3518CE7B7AD338368D038CA66", + "020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005", + "02FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC30", + "04F9308A019258C31049344F85F89D5229B531C845836F99B08601F113BCE036F9", + "03935F972DA013F80AE011890FA89B67A27B7BE6CCB24D3274D18B2D4067F261A9" + ], + "tweaks": [ + "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141", + "252E4BD67410A76CDF933D30EAA1608214037F1B105A013ECCD3C5C184A6110B" + ], + "valid_test_cases": [ + { + "key_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "expected": "90539EEDE565F5D054F32CC0C220126889ED1E5D193BAF15AEF344FE59D4610C" + }, + { + "key_indices": [2, 1, 0], + "expected": "6204DE8B083426DC6EAF9502D27024D53FC826BF7D2012148A0575435DF54B2B" + }, + { + "key_indices": [0, 0, 0], + "expected": "B436E3BAD62B8CD409969A224731C193D051162D8C5AE8B109306127DA3AA935" + }, + { + "key_indices": [0, 0, 1, 1], + "expected": "69BC22BFA5D106306E48A20679DE1D7389386124D07571D0D872686028C26A3E" + } + ], + "error_test_cases": [ + { + "key_indices": [0, 3], + "tweak_indices": [], + "is_xonly": [], + "error": { + "type": "invalid_contribution", + "signer": 1, + "contrib": "pubkey" + }, + "comment": "Invalid public key" + }, + { + "key_indices": [0, 4], + "tweak_indices": [], + "is_xonly": [], + "error": { + "type": "invalid_contribution", + "signer": 1, + "contrib": "pubkey" + }, + "comment": "Public key exceeds field size" + }, + { + "key_indices": [5, 0], + "tweak_indices": [], + "is_xonly": [], + "error": { + "type": "invalid_contribution", + "signer": 0, + "contrib": "pubkey" + }, + "comment": "First byte of public key is not 2 or 3" + }, + { + "key_indices": [0, 1], + "tweak_indices": [0], + "is_xonly": [true], + "error": { + "type": "value", + "message": "The tweak must be less than n." + }, + "comment": "Tweak is out of range" + }, + { + "key_indices": [6], + "tweak_indices": [1], + "is_xonly": [false], + "error": { + "type": "value", + "message": "The result of tweaking cannot be infinity." + }, + "comment": "Intermediate tweaking result is point at infinity" + } + ] +} diff --git a/bip-0327/vectors/key_sort_vectors.json b/bip-0327/vectors/key_sort_vectors.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de088a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0327/vectors/key_sort_vectors.json @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +{ + "pubkeys": [ + "02DD308AFEC5777E13121FA72B9CC1B7CC0139715309B086C960E18FD969774EB8", + "02F9308A019258C31049344F85F89D5229B531C845836F99B08601F113BCE036F9", + "03DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659", + "023590A94E768F8E1815C2F24B4D80A8E3149316C3518CE7B7AD338368D038CA66", + "02DD308AFEC5777E13121FA72B9CC1B7CC0139715309B086C960E18FD969774EFF", + "02DD308AFEC5777E13121FA72B9CC1B7CC0139715309B086C960E18FD969774EB8" + ], + "sorted_pubkeys": [ + "023590A94E768F8E1815C2F24B4D80A8E3149316C3518CE7B7AD338368D038CA66", + "02DD308AFEC5777E13121FA72B9CC1B7CC0139715309B086C960E18FD969774EB8", + "02DD308AFEC5777E13121FA72B9CC1B7CC0139715309B086C960E18FD969774EB8", + "02DD308AFEC5777E13121FA72B9CC1B7CC0139715309B086C960E18FD969774EFF", + "02F9308A019258C31049344F85F89D5229B531C845836F99B08601F113BCE036F9", + "03DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659" + ] +} diff --git a/bip-0327/vectors/nonce_agg_vectors.json b/bip-0327/vectors/nonce_agg_vectors.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c04b88 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0327/vectors/nonce_agg_vectors.json @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +{ + "pnonces": [ + "020151C80F435648DF67A22B749CD798CE54E0321D034B92B709B567D60A42E66603BA47FBC1834437B3212E89A84D8425E7BF12E0245D98262268EBDCB385D50641", + "03FF406FFD8ADB9CD29877E4985014F66A59F6CD01C0E88CAA8E5F3166B1F676A60248C264CDD57D3C24D79990B0F865674EB62A0F9018277A95011B41BFC193B833", + "020151C80F435648DF67A22B749CD798CE54E0321D034B92B709B567D60A42E6660279BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798", + "03FF406FFD8ADB9CD29877E4985014F66A59F6CD01C0E88CAA8E5F3166B1F676A60379BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798", + "04FF406FFD8ADB9CD29877E4985014F66A59F6CD01C0E88CAA8E5F3166B1F676A60248C264CDD57D3C24D79990B0F865674EB62A0F9018277A95011B41BFC193B833", + "03FF406FFD8ADB9CD29877E4985014F66A59F6CD01C0E88CAA8E5F3166B1F676A60248C264CDD57D3C24D79990B0F865674EB62A0F9018277A95011B41BFC193B831", + "03FF406FFD8ADB9CD29877E4985014F66A59F6CD01C0E88CAA8E5F3166B1F676A602FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC30" + ], + "valid_test_cases": [ + { + "pnonce_indices": [0, 1], + "expected": "035FE1873B4F2967F52FEA4A06AD5A8ECCBE9D0FD73068012C894E2E87CCB5804B024725377345BDE0E9C33AF3C43C0A29A9249F2F2956FA8CFEB55C8573D0262DC8" + }, + { + "pnonce_indices": [2, 3], + "expected": "035FE1873B4F2967F52FEA4A06AD5A8ECCBE9D0FD73068012C894E2E87CCB5804B000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", + "comment": "Sum of second points encoded in the nonces is point at infinity which is serialized as 33 zero bytes" + } + ], + "error_test_cases": [ + { + "pnonce_indices": [0, 4], + "error": { + "type": "invalid_contribution", + "signer": 1, + "contrib": "pubnonce" + }, + "comment": "Public nonce from signer 1 is invalid due wrong tag, 0x04, in the first half" + }, + { + "pnonce_indices": [5, 1], + "error": { + "type": "invalid_contribution", + "signer": 0, + "contrib": "pubnonce" + }, + "comment": "Public nonce from signer 0 is invalid because the second half does not correspond to an X coordinate" + }, + { + "pnonce_indices": [6, 1], + "error": { + "type": "invalid_contribution", + "signer": 0, + "contrib": "pubnonce" + }, + "comment": "Public nonce from signer 0 is invalid because second half exceeds field size" + } + ] +} diff --git a/bip-0327/vectors/nonce_gen_vectors.json b/bip-0327/vectors/nonce_gen_vectors.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ced946f --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0327/vectors/nonce_gen_vectors.json @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +{ + "test_cases": [ + { + "rand_": "0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F", + "sk": "0202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202", + "pk": "024D4B6CD1361032CA9BD2AEB9D900AA4D45D9EAD80AC9423374C451A7254D0766", + "aggpk": "0707070707070707070707070707070707070707070707070707070707070707", + "msg": "0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101", + "extra_in": "0808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808", + "expected_secnonce": "B114E502BEAA4E301DD08A50264172C84E41650E6CB726B410C0694D59EFFB6495B5CAF28D045B973D63E3C99A44B807BDE375FD6CB39E46DC4A511708D0E9D2024D4B6CD1361032CA9BD2AEB9D900AA4D45D9EAD80AC9423374C451A7254D0766", + "expected_pubnonce": "02F7BE7089E8376EB355272368766B17E88E7DB72047D05E56AA881EA52B3B35DF02C29C8046FDD0DED4C7E55869137200FBDBFE2EB654267B6D7013602CAED3115A" + }, + { + "rand_": "0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F", + "sk": "0202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202", + "pk": "024D4B6CD1361032CA9BD2AEB9D900AA4D45D9EAD80AC9423374C451A7254D0766", + "aggpk": "0707070707070707070707070707070707070707070707070707070707070707", + "msg": "", + "extra_in": "0808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808", + "expected_secnonce": "E862B068500320088138468D47E0E6F147E01B6024244AE45EAC40ACE5929B9F0789E051170B9E705D0B9EB49049A323BBBBB206D8E05C19F46C6228742AA7A9024D4B6CD1361032CA9BD2AEB9D900AA4D45D9EAD80AC9423374C451A7254D0766", + "expected_pubnonce": "023034FA5E2679F01EE66E12225882A7A48CC66719B1B9D3B6C4DBD743EFEDA2C503F3FD6F01EB3A8E9CB315D73F1F3D287CAFBB44AB321153C6287F407600205109" + }, + { + "rand_": "0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F", + "sk": "0202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202", + "pk": "024D4B6CD1361032CA9BD2AEB9D900AA4D45D9EAD80AC9423374C451A7254D0766", + "aggpk": "0707070707070707070707070707070707070707070707070707070707070707", + "msg": "2626262626262626262626262626262626262626262626262626262626262626262626262626", + "extra_in": "0808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808", + "expected_secnonce": "3221975ACBDEA6820EABF02A02B7F27D3A8EF68EE42787B88CBEFD9AA06AF3632EE85B1A61D8EF31126D4663A00DD96E9D1D4959E72D70FE5EBB6E7696EBA66F024D4B6CD1361032CA9BD2AEB9D900AA4D45D9EAD80AC9423374C451A7254D0766", + "expected_pubnonce": "02E5BBC21C69270F59BD634FCBFA281BE9D76601295345112C58954625BF23793A021307511C79F95D38ACACFF1B4DA98228B77E65AA216AD075E9673286EFB4EAF3" + }, + { + "rand_": "0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0F", + "sk": null, + "pk": "02F9308A019258C31049344F85F89D5229B531C845836F99B08601F113BCE036F9", + "aggpk": null, + "msg": null, + "extra_in": null, + "expected_secnonce": "89BDD787D0284E5E4D5FC572E49E316BAB7E21E3B1830DE37DFE80156FA41A6D0B17AE8D024C53679699A6FD7944D9C4A366B514BAF43088E0708B1023DD289702F9308A019258C31049344F85F89D5229B531C845836F99B08601F113BCE036F9", + "expected_pubnonce": "02C96E7CB1E8AA5DAC64D872947914198F607D90ECDE5200DE52978AD5DED63C000299EC5117C2D29EDEE8A2092587C3909BE694D5CFF0667D6C02EA4059F7CD9786" + } + ] +} diff --git a/bip-0327/vectors/sig_agg_vectors.json b/bip-0327/vectors/sig_agg_vectors.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..04a7bc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0327/vectors/sig_agg_vectors.json @@ -0,0 +1,151 @@ +{ + "pubkeys": [ + "03935F972DA013F80AE011890FA89B67A27B7BE6CCB24D3274D18B2D4067F261A9", + "02D2DC6F5DF7C56ACF38C7FA0AE7A759AE30E19B37359DFDE015872324C7EF6E05", + "03C7FB101D97FF930ACD0C6760852EF64E69083DE0B06AC6335724754BB4B0522C", + "02352433B21E7E05D3B452B81CAE566E06D2E003ECE16D1074AABA4289E0E3D581" + ], + "pnonces": [ + "036E5EE6E28824029FEA3E8A9DDD2C8483F5AF98F7177C3AF3CB6F47CAF8D94AE902DBA67E4A1F3680826172DA15AFB1A8CA85C7C5CC88900905C8DC8C328511B53E", + "03E4F798DA48A76EEC1C9CC5AB7A880FFBA201A5F064E627EC9CB0031D1D58FC5103E06180315C5A522B7EC7C08B69DCD721C313C940819296D0A7AB8E8795AC1F00", + "02C0068FD25523A31578B8077F24F78F5BD5F2422AFF47C1FADA0F36B3CEB6C7D202098A55D1736AA5FCC21CF0729CCE852575C06C081125144763C2C4C4A05C09B6", + "031F5C87DCFBFCF330DEE4311D85E8F1DEA01D87A6F1C14CDFC7E4F1D8C441CFA40277BF176E9F747C34F81B0D9F072B1B404A86F402C2D86CF9EA9E9C69876EA3B9", + "023F7042046E0397822C4144A17F8B63D78748696A46C3B9F0A901D296EC3406C302022B0B464292CF9751D699F10980AC764E6F671EFCA15069BBE62B0D1C62522A", + "02D97DDA5988461DF58C5897444F116A7C74E5711BF77A9446E27806563F3B6C47020CBAD9C363A7737F99FA06B6BE093CEAFF5397316C5AC46915C43767AE867C00" + ], + "tweaks": [ + "B511DA492182A91B0FFB9A98020D55F260AE86D7ECBD0399C7383D59A5F2AF7C", + "A815FE049EE3C5AAB66310477FBC8BCCCAC2F3395F59F921C364ACD78A2F48DC", + "75448A87274B056468B977BE06EB1E9F657577B7320B0A3376EA51FD420D18A8" + ], + "psigs": [ + "B15D2CD3C3D22B04DAE438CE653F6B4ECF042F42CFDED7C41B64AAF9B4AF53FB", + "6193D6AC61B354E9105BBDC8937A3454A6D705B6D57322A5A472A02CE99FCB64", + "9A87D3B79EC67228CB97878B76049B15DBD05B8158D17B5B9114D3C226887505", + "66F82EA90923689B855D36C6B7E032FB9970301481B99E01CDB4D6AC7C347A15", + "4F5AEE41510848A6447DCD1BBC78457EF69024944C87F40250D3EF2C25D33EFE", + "DDEF427BBB847CC027BEFF4EDB01038148917832253EBC355FC33F4A8E2FCCE4", + "97B890A26C981DA8102D3BC294159D171D72810FDF7C6A691DEF02F0F7AF3FDC", + "53FA9E08BA5243CBCB0D797C5EE83BC6728E539EB76C2D0BF0F971EE4E909971", + "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141" + ], + "msg": "599C67EA410D005B9DA90817CF03ED3B1C868E4DA4EDF00A5880B0082C237869", + "valid_test_cases": [ + { + "aggnonce": "0341432722C5CD0268D829C702CF0D1CBCE57033EED201FD335191385227C3210C03D377F2D258B64AADC0E16F26462323D701D286046A2EA93365656AFD9875982B", + "nonce_indices": [ + 0, + 1 + ], + "key_indices": [ + 0, + 1 + ], + "tweak_indices": [], + "is_xonly": [], + "psig_indices": [ + 0, + 1 + ], + "expected": "041DA22223CE65C92C9A0D6C2CAC828AAF1EEE56304FEC371DDF91EBB2B9EF0912F1038025857FEDEB3FF696F8B99FA4BB2C5812F6095A2E0004EC99CE18DE1E" + }, + { + "aggnonce": "0224AFD36C902084058B51B5D36676BBA4DC97C775873768E58822F87FE437D792028CB15929099EEE2F5DAE404CD39357591BA32E9AF4E162B8D3E7CB5EFE31CB20", + "nonce_indices": [ + 0, + 2 + ], + "key_indices": [ + 0, + 2 + ], + "tweak_indices": [], + "is_xonly": [], + "psig_indices": [ + 2, + 3 + ], + "expected": "1069B67EC3D2F3C7C08291ACCB17A9C9B8F2819A52EB5DF8726E17E7D6B52E9F01800260A7E9DAC450F4BE522DE4CE12BA91AEAF2B4279219EF74BE1D286ADD9" + }, + { + "aggnonce": "0208C5C438C710F4F96A61E9FF3C37758814B8C3AE12BFEA0ED2C87FF6954FF186020B1816EA104B4FCA2D304D733E0E19CEAD51303FF6420BFD222335CAA402916D", + "nonce_indices": [ + 0, + 3 + ], + "key_indices": [ + 0, + 2 + ], + "tweak_indices": [ + 0 + ], + "is_xonly": [ + false + ], + "psig_indices": [ + 4, + 5 + ], + "expected": "5C558E1DCADE86DA0B2F02626A512E30A22CF5255CAEA7EE32C38E9A71A0E9148BA6C0E6EC7683B64220F0298696F1B878CD47B107B81F7188812D593971E0CC" + }, + { + "aggnonce": "02B5AD07AFCD99B6D92CB433FBD2A28FDEB98EAE2EB09B6014EF0F8197CD58403302E8616910F9293CF692C49F351DB86B25E352901F0E237BAFDA11F1C1CEF29FFD", + "nonce_indices": [ + 0, + 4 + ], + "key_indices": [ + 0, + 3 + ], + "tweak_indices": [ + 0, + 1, + 2 + ], + "is_xonly": [ + true, + false, + true + ], + "psig_indices": [ + 6, + 7 + ], + "expected": "839B08820B681DBA8DAF4CC7B104E8F2638F9388F8D7A555DC17B6E6971D7426CE07BF6AB01F1DB50E4E33719295F4094572B79868E440FB3DEFD3FAC1DB589E" + } + ], + "error_test_cases": [ + { + "aggnonce": "02B5AD07AFCD99B6D92CB433FBD2A28FDEB98EAE2EB09B6014EF0F8197CD58403302E8616910F9293CF692C49F351DB86B25E352901F0E237BAFDA11F1C1CEF29FFD", + "nonce_indices": [ + 0, + 4 + ], + "key_indices": [ + 0, + 3 + ], + "tweak_indices": [ + 0, + 1, + 2 + ], + "is_xonly": [ + true, + false, + true + ], + "psig_indices": [ + 7, + 8 + ], + "error": { + "type": "invalid_contribution", + "signer": 1 + }, + "comment": "Partial signature is invalid because it exceeds group size" + } + ] +} diff --git a/bip-0327/vectors/sign_verify_vectors.json b/bip-0327/vectors/sign_verify_vectors.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b467640 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0327/vectors/sign_verify_vectors.json @@ -0,0 +1,212 @@ +{ + "sk": "7FB9E0E687ADA1EEBF7ECFE2F21E73EBDB51A7D450948DFE8D76D7F2D1007671", + "pubkeys": [ + "03935F972DA013F80AE011890FA89B67A27B7BE6CCB24D3274D18B2D4067F261A9", + "02F9308A019258C31049344F85F89D5229B531C845836F99B08601F113BCE036F9", + "02DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA661", + "020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007" + ], + "secnonces": [ + "508B81A611F100A6B2B6B29656590898AF488BCF2E1F55CF22E5CFB84421FE61FA27FD49B1D50085B481285E1CA205D55C82CC1B31FF5CD54A489829355901F703935F972DA013F80AE011890FA89B67A27B7BE6CCB24D3274D18B2D4067F261A9", + "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003935F972DA013F80AE011890FA89B67A27B7BE6CCB24D3274D18B2D4067F261A9" + ], + "pnonces": [ + "0337C87821AFD50A8644D820A8F3E02E499C931865C2360FB43D0A0D20DAFE07EA0287BF891D2A6DEAEBADC909352AA9405D1428C15F4B75F04DAE642A95C2548480", + "0279BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F817980279BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798", + "032DE2662628C90B03F5E720284EB52FF7D71F4284F627B68A853D78C78E1FFE9303E4C5524E83FFE1493B9077CF1CA6BEB2090C93D930321071AD40B2F44E599046", + "0237C87821AFD50A8644D820A8F3E02E499C931865C2360FB43D0A0D20DAFE07EA0387BF891D2A6DEAEBADC909352AA9405D1428C15F4B75F04DAE642A95C2548480", + "0200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000090287BF891D2A6DEAEBADC909352AA9405D1428C15F4B75F04DAE642A95C2548480" + ], + "aggnonces": [ + "028465FCF0BBDBCF443AABCCE533D42B4B5A10966AC09A49655E8C42DAAB8FCD61037496A3CC86926D452CAFCFD55D25972CA1675D549310DE296BFF42F72EEEA8C9", + "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", + "048465FCF0BBDBCF443AABCCE533D42B4B5A10966AC09A49655E8C42DAAB8FCD61037496A3CC86926D452CAFCFD55D25972CA1675D549310DE296BFF42F72EEEA8C9", + "028465FCF0BBDBCF443AABCCE533D42B4B5A10966AC09A49655E8C42DAAB8FCD61020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009", + "028465FCF0BBDBCF443AABCCE533D42B4B5A10966AC09A49655E8C42DAAB8FCD6102FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC30" + ], + "msgs": [ + "F95466D086770E689964664219266FE5ED215C92AE20BAB5C9D79ADDDDF3C0CF", + "", + "2626262626262626262626262626262626262626262626262626262626262626262626262626" + ], + "valid_test_cases": [ + { + "key_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "nonce_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "aggnonce_index": 0, + "msg_index": 0, + "signer_index": 0, + "expected": "012ABBCB52B3016AC03AD82395A1A415C48B93DEF78718E62A7A90052FE224FB" + }, + { + "key_indices": [1, 0, 2], + "nonce_indices": [1, 0, 2], + "aggnonce_index": 0, + "msg_index": 0, + "signer_index": 1, + "expected": "9FF2F7AAA856150CC8819254218D3ADEEB0535269051897724F9DB3789513A52" + }, + { + "key_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "nonce_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "aggnonce_index": 0, + "msg_index": 0, + "signer_index": 2, + "expected": "FA23C359F6FAC4E7796BB93BC9F0532A95468C539BA20FF86D7C76ED92227900" + }, + { + "key_indices": [0, 1], + "nonce_indices": [0, 3], + "aggnonce_index": 1, + "msg_index": 0, + "signer_index": 0, + "expected": "AE386064B26105404798F75DE2EB9AF5EDA5387B064B83D049CB7C5E08879531", + "comment": "Both halves of aggregate nonce correspond to point at infinity" + }, + { + "key_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "nonce_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "aggnonce_index": 0, + "msg_index": 1, + "signer_index": 0, + "expected": "D7D63FFD644CCDA4E62BC2BC0B1D02DD32A1DC3030E155195810231D1037D82D", + "comment": "Empty message" + }, + { + "key_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "nonce_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "aggnonce_index": 0, + "msg_index": 2, + "signer_index": 0, + "expected": "E184351828DA5094A97C79CABDAAA0BFB87608C32E8829A4DF5340A6F243B78C", + "comment": "38-byte message" + } + ], + "sign_error_test_cases": [ + { + "key_indices": [1, 2], + "aggnonce_index": 0, + "msg_index": 0, + "secnonce_index": 0, + "error": { + "type": "value", + "message": "The signer's pubkey must be included in the list of pubkeys." + }, + "comment": "The signers pubkey is not in the list of pubkeys. This test case is optional: it can be skipped by implementations that do not check that the signer's pubkey is included in the list of pubkeys." + }, + { + "key_indices": [1, 0, 3], + "aggnonce_index": 0, + "msg_index": 0, + "secnonce_index": 0, + "error": { + "type": "invalid_contribution", + "signer": 2, + "contrib": "pubkey" + }, + "comment": "Signer 2 provided an invalid public key" + }, + { + "key_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "aggnonce_index": 2, + "msg_index": 0, + "secnonce_index": 0, + "error": { + "type": "invalid_contribution", + "signer": null, + "contrib": "aggnonce" + }, + "comment": "Aggregate nonce is invalid due wrong tag, 0x04, in the first half" + }, + { + "key_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "aggnonce_index": 3, + "msg_index": 0, + "secnonce_index": 0, + "error": { + "type": "invalid_contribution", + "signer": null, + "contrib": "aggnonce" + }, + "comment": "Aggregate nonce is invalid because the second half does not correspond to an X coordinate" + }, + { + "key_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "aggnonce_index": 4, + "msg_index": 0, + "secnonce_index": 0, + "error": { + "type": "invalid_contribution", + "signer": null, + "contrib": "aggnonce" + }, + "comment": "Aggregate nonce is invalid because second half exceeds field size" + }, + { + "key_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "aggnonce_index": 0, + "msg_index": 0, + "signer_index": 0, + "secnonce_index": 1, + "error": { + "type": "value", + "message": "first secnonce value is out of range." + }, + "comment": "Secnonce is invalid which may indicate nonce reuse" + } + ], + "verify_fail_test_cases": [ + { + "sig": "97AC833ADCB1AFA42EBF9E0725616F3C9A0D5B614F6FE283CEAAA37A8FFAF406", + "key_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "nonce_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "msg_index": 0, + "signer_index": 0, + "comment": "Wrong signature (which is equal to the negation of valid signature)" + }, + { + "sig": "68537CC5234E505BD14061F8DA9E90C220A181855FD8BDB7F127BB12403B4D3B", + "key_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "nonce_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "msg_index": 0, + "signer_index": 1, + "comment": "Wrong signer" + }, + { + "sig": "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141", + "key_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "nonce_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "msg_index": 0, + "signer_index": 0, + "comment": "Signature exceeds group size" + } + ], + "verify_error_test_cases": [ + { + "sig": "68537CC5234E505BD14061F8DA9E90C220A181855FD8BDB7F127BB12403B4D3B", + "key_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "nonce_indices": [4, 1, 2], + "msg_index": 0, + "signer_index": 0, + "error": { + "type": "invalid_contribution", + "signer": 0, + "contrib": "pubnonce" + }, + "comment": "Invalid pubnonce" + }, + { + "sig": "68537CC5234E505BD14061F8DA9E90C220A181855FD8BDB7F127BB12403B4D3B", + "key_indices": [3, 1, 2], + "nonce_indices": [0, 1, 2], + "msg_index": 0, + "signer_index": 0, + "error": { + "type": "invalid_contribution", + "signer": 0, + "contrib": "pubkey" + }, + "comment": "Invalid pubkey" + } + ] +} diff --git a/bip-0327/vectors/tweak_vectors.json b/bip-0327/vectors/tweak_vectors.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d0a7cfe --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0327/vectors/tweak_vectors.json @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +{ + "sk": "7FB9E0E687ADA1EEBF7ECFE2F21E73EBDB51A7D450948DFE8D76D7F2D1007671", + "pubkeys": [ + "03935F972DA013F80AE011890FA89B67A27B7BE6CCB24D3274D18B2D4067F261A9", + "02F9308A019258C31049344F85F89D5229B531C845836F99B08601F113BCE036F9", + "02DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659" + ], + "secnonce": "508B81A611F100A6B2B6B29656590898AF488BCF2E1F55CF22E5CFB84421FE61FA27FD49B1D50085B481285E1CA205D55C82CC1B31FF5CD54A489829355901F703935F972DA013F80AE011890FA89B67A27B7BE6CCB24D3274D18B2D4067F261A9", + "pnonces": [ + "0337C87821AFD50A8644D820A8F3E02E499C931865C2360FB43D0A0D20DAFE07EA0287BF891D2A6DEAEBADC909352AA9405D1428C15F4B75F04DAE642A95C2548480", + "0279BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F817980279BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798", + "032DE2662628C90B03F5E720284EB52FF7D71F4284F627B68A853D78C78E1FFE9303E4C5524E83FFE1493B9077CF1CA6BEB2090C93D930321071AD40B2F44E599046" + ], + "aggnonce": "028465FCF0BBDBCF443AABCCE533D42B4B5A10966AC09A49655E8C42DAAB8FCD61037496A3CC86926D452CAFCFD55D25972CA1675D549310DE296BFF42F72EEEA8C9", + "tweaks": [ + "E8F791FF9225A2AF0102AFFF4A9A723D9612A682A25EBE79802B263CDFCD83BB", + "AE2EA797CC0FE72AC5B97B97F3C6957D7E4199A167A58EB08BCAFFDA70AC0455", + "F52ECBC565B3D8BEA2DFD5B75A4F457E54369809322E4120831626F290FA87E0", + "1969AD73CC177FA0B4FCED6DF1F7BF9907E665FDE9BA196A74FED0A3CF5AEF9D", + "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141" + ], + "msg": "F95466D086770E689964664219266FE5ED215C92AE20BAB5C9D79ADDDDF3C0CF", + "valid_test_cases": [ + { + "key_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "nonce_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "tweak_indices": [0], + "is_xonly": [true], + "signer_index": 2, + "expected": "E28A5C66E61E178C2BA19DB77B6CF9F7E2F0F56C17918CD13135E60CC848FE91", + "comment": "A single x-only tweak" + }, + { + "key_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "nonce_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "tweak_indices": [0], + "is_xonly": [false], + "signer_index": 2, + "expected": "38B0767798252F21BF5702C48028B095428320F73A4B14DB1E25DE58543D2D2D", + "comment": "A single plain tweak" + }, + { + "key_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "nonce_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "tweak_indices": [0, 1], + "is_xonly": [false, true], + "signer_index": 2, + "expected": "408A0A21C4A0F5DACAF9646AD6EB6FECD7F7A11F03ED1F48DFFF2185BC2C2408", + "comment": "A plain tweak followed by an x-only tweak" + }, + { + "key_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "nonce_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "tweak_indices": [0, 1, 2, 3], + "is_xonly": [false, false, true, true], + "signer_index": 2, + "expected": "45ABD206E61E3DF2EC9E264A6FEC8292141A633C28586388235541F9ADE75435", + "comment": "Four tweaks: plain, plain, x-only, x-only." + }, + { + "key_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "nonce_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "tweak_indices": [0, 1, 2, 3], + "is_xonly": [true, false, true, false], + "signer_index": 2, + "expected": "B255FDCAC27B40C7CE7848E2D3B7BF5EA0ED756DA81565AC804CCCA3E1D5D239", + "comment": "Four tweaks: x-only, plain, x-only, plain. If an implementation prohibits applying plain tweaks after x-only tweaks, it can skip this test vector or return an error." + } + ], + "error_test_cases": [ + { + "key_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "nonce_indices": [1, 2, 0], + "tweak_indices": [4], + "is_xonly": [false], + "signer_index": 2, + "error": { + "type": "value", + "message": "The tweak must be less than n." + }, + "comment": "Tweak is invalid because it exceeds group size" + } + ] +} diff --git a/bip-0329.mediawiki b/bip-0329.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc5da42 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0329.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 329 + Layer: Applications + Title: Wallet Labels Export Format + Author: Craig Raw <craig@sparrowwallet.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0329 + Status: Draft + Type: Informational + Created: 2022-08-23 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This document specifies a format for the export of labels that may be attached to various common types of records in a wallet. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license. + +==Motivation== + +The export and import of funds across different Bitcoin wallet applications is well defined through standards such as BIP39, BIP32, BIP44 etc. +These standards are well supported and allow users to move easily between different wallets. +There is, however, no defined standard to transfer any labels the user may have applied to the transactions, addresses, public keys, inputs, outputs or xpubs in their wallet. +The UTXO model that Bitcoin uses makes these labels particularly valuable as they may indicate the source of funds, whether received externally or as a result of change from a prior transaction. +In both cases, care must be taken when spending to avoid undesirable leaks of private information. + +Labels provide valuable guidance in this regard, and have even become mandatory when spending in several Bitcoin wallets. +Allowing users to import and export their labels in a standardized way ensures that they do not experience lock-in to a particular wallet application. +In addition, many wallets allow unspent outputs to be frozen or made unspendable within the wallet. Since this wallet-related metadata is similar to labels and not captured elsewhere, it is also included in this format. + +==Rationale== + +While there is currently no widely accepted format for exporting and importing labels, there are existing formats in use. +SLIP-0015<ref>[https://github.com/satoshilabs/slips/blob/master/slip-0015.md SLIP-0015]</ref> defines a format for exporting address and output labels, but requires encryption using a private key associated with the wallet seed, and thus cannot be used independently by coordinator wallets which cannot access private keys. +The Electrum wallet imports and exports address and transaction labels in a JSON format which could be used with other record types, but the format used is not self describing making record type identification difficult. + +==Specification== + +In order to be lightweight, human readable and well structured, this BIP uses a JSON format. +Further, the JSON Lines format is used (also called newline-delimited JSON)<ref>[https://jsonlines.org/ jsonlines.org]</ref>. +This allows a document to be split, streamed, or incrementally added to, and limits the potential for formatting errors to invalidate an entire import. +It is also a convenient format for command-line processing, which is often line-oriented. + +Further to the JSON Lines specification, an export of labels from a wallet must be a UTF-8 encoded text file, containing one record per line consisting of a valid JSON object. +Lines are separated by <tt>\n</tt>. Multiline values are not permitted. +Each JSON object must contain 3 or 4 key/value pairs, defined as follows: + +{| class="wikitable" +|- +! Key +! Description +|- +| <tt>type</tt> +| One of <tt>tx</tt>, <tt>addr</tt>, <tt>pubkey</tt>, <tt>input</tt>, <tt>output</tt> or <tt>xpub</tt> +|- +| <tt>ref</tt> +| Reference to the transaction, address, public key, input, output or extended public key +|- +| <tt>label</tt> +| The label applied to the reference +|- +| <tt>origin</tt> +| Optional key origin information referencing the wallet associated with the label +|- +| <tt>spendable</tt> +| One of <tt>true</tt> or <tt>false</tt>, denoting if an output should be spendable by the wallet +|} + +The reference is defined for each <tt>type</tt> as follows: + +{| class="wikitable" +|- +! Type +! Description +! Example +|- +| <tt>tx</tt> +| Transaction id in hexadecimal format +| <tt>f91d0a8a78462bc59398f2c5d7a84fcff491c26ba54c4833478b202796c8aafd</tt> +|- +| <tt>addr</tt> +| Address in base58 or bech32 format +| <tt>bc1q34aq5drpuwy3wgl9lhup9892qp6svr8ldzyy7c</tt> +|- +| <tt>pubkey</tt> +| 32, 33 or 65 byte public key in hexadecimal format +| <tt>0283409659355b6d1cc3c32decd5d561abaac86c37a353b52895a5e6c196d6f448</tt> +|- +| <tt>input</tt> +| Transaction id and input index separated by a colon +| <tt>f91d0a8a78462bc59398f2c5d7a84fcff491c26ba54c4833478b202796c8aafd:0</tt> +|- +| <tt>output</tt> +| Transaction id and output index separated by a colon +| <tt>f91d0a8a78462bc59398f2c5d7a84fcff491c26ba54c4833478b202796c8aafd:1</tt> +|- +| <tt>xpub</tt> +| Extended public key as defined by BIP32 +| <tt>xpub661MyMwAqRbcFtXgS5sYJABqqG9YLmC4Q1Rdap9gSE8Nq...</tt> +|} + +Each JSON object must contain both <tt>type</tt> and <tt>ref</tt> properties. The <tt>label</tt>, <tt>origin</tt> and <tt>spendable</tt> properties are optional. If the <tt>label</tt> or <tt>spendable</tt> properties are omitted, the importing wallet should not alter these values. The <tt>origin</tt> property should only appear where type is <tt>tx</tt>, and the <tt>spendable</tt> property only where type is <tt>output</tt>. + +If present, the optional <tt>origin</tt> property must contain an abbreviated output descriptor (as defined by BIP380<ref>[https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0380.mediawiki BIP-0380]</ref>) describing a BIP32 compatible originating wallet, including all key origin information but excluding any actual keys, any child path elements, or a checksum. +This property should be used to disambiguate transaction labels from different wallets contained in the same export, particularly when exporting multiple accounts derived from the same seed. + +Care should be taken when exporting due to the privacy sensitive nature of the data. +Encryption in transit over untrusted networks is highly recommended, and encryption at rest should also be considered. +Unencrypted exports should be deleted as soon as possible. +For security reasons no private key types are defined. + +==Importing== + +* An importing wallet may ignore records it does not store, and truncate labels if necessary. A suggested default for maximum label length is 255 characters, and an importing wallet should consider warning the user if truncation is applied. +* Wallets importing public key records may derive addresses from them to match against known wallet addresses. +* Wallets importing extended public keys may match them against signers, for example in a multisig setup. + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +The nature of this format makes it naturally extensible to handle other record types. +However, importing wallets complying to this specification may ignore types not defined here. + +==Test Vectors== + +The following fragment represents a wallet label export: +<pre> +{ "type": "tx", "ref": "f91d0a8a78462bc59398f2c5d7a84fcff491c26ba54c4833478b202796c8aafd", "label": "Transaction", "origin": "wpkh([d34db33f/84'/0'/0'])" } +{ "type": "addr", "ref": "bc1q34aq5drpuwy3wgl9lhup9892qp6svr8ldzyy7c", "label": "Address" } +{ "type": "pubkey", "ref": "0283409659355b6d1cc3c32decd5d561abaac86c37a353b52895a5e6c196d6f448", "label": "Public Key" } +{ "type": "input", "ref": "f91d0a8a78462bc59398f2c5d7a84fcff491c26ba54c4833478b202796c8aafd:0", "label": "Input" } +{ "type": "output", "ref": "f91d0a8a78462bc59398f2c5d7a84fcff491c26ba54c4833478b202796c8aafd:1", "label": "Output" , "spendable" : "false" } +{ "type": "xpub", "ref": "xpub661MyMwAqRbcFtXgS5sYJABqqG9YLmC4Q1Rdap9gSE8NqtwybGhePY2gZ29ESFjqJoCu1Rupje8YtGqsefD265TMg7usUDFdp6W1EGMcet8", "label": "Extended Public Key" } +{ "type": "tx", "ref": "f546156d9044844e02b181026a1a407abfca62e7ea1159f87bbeaa77b4286c74", "label": "Account #1 Transaction", "origin": "wpkh([d34db33f/84'/0'/1'])" } +</pre> + +==Reference Implementation== + +TBD + +==References== + +<references /> diff --git a/bip-0330.mediawiki b/bip-0330.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c24ea42 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0330.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,301 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 330 + Layer: Peer Services + Title: Transaction announcements reconciliation + Author: Gleb Naumenko <naumenko.gs@gmail.com> + Pieter Wuille <pieter.wuille@gmail.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0330 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2019-09-25 + License: CC0-1.0 + License-Code: MIT +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This document specifies a P2P protocol extension for reconciliation of transaction announcements <b>between 2 nodes</b>, which is a building block for efficient transaction relay protocols (e.g., [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.10518.pdf Erlay]). This is a step towards increasing the connectivity of the network for almost no bandwidth cost. + +==Motivation== + +Currently in the Bitcoin network, every 32-byte transaction ID is announced in at least one direction between every pair of connected peers, via INV messages. This results in high cost of announcing transactions: ''O(nodes * connections_per_node)''. + +A <b>reconciliation-based protocol</b> which uses the technique suggested in this document can have better scaling properties than INV-based flooding. + +Increasing the connectivity of the network makes the network more robust to partitioning attacks; thus, improving the bandwidth scaling of transaction relay to ''O(nodes)'' (and without a high constant overhead) would allow us to improve the security of the network by increasing connectivity. It would also reduce the bandwidth required to run a Bitcoin node and potentially enable more users to run full nodes. + +===Erlay=== + +[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.10518.pdf Erlay] is an example of a high-level transaction relay protocol which employs set reconciliation for bandwidth efficiency. + +Note that what we are going to describe here is a modified version from the protocol (it is different from what is presented in the paper). + +Erlay uses both flooding (announcing using INV messages to all peers) and reconciliation to announce transactions. +Flooding is expensive, so Erlay seeks to use it only when necessary to facilitate rapid relay over a small subset of connections. + +Efficient set reconciliation is meant to deliver transactions to those nodes which didn't receive a transaction via flooding, and also just make sure remaining connections are in sync (directly connected pairs of nodes are aware they have nothing to learn from each other). + +Efficient set reconciliation works as follows: +1) every node keeps a reconciliation set for each peer, in which transactions are placed which would have been announced using INV messages absent this protocol +2) once in a while every node chooses a peer from its reconciliation queue to reconcile with, resulting in both sides learning the transactions known to the other side +3) after every reconciliation round, the corresponding reconciliation set is cleared + +A more detailed description of a set reconciliation round can be found below. + +Erlay allows us to: +* save a significant portion of the bandwidth consumed by a node +* increase network connectivity for almost no bandwidth or latency cost +* keep transaction propagation latency at the same level + +This document proposes a P2P-layer extension which is required to enable efficient reconciliation-based protocols (like Erlay) for transaction relay. + +==Specification== + +===New data structures=== + +Several new data structures are introduced to the P2P protocol first, to aid with efficient transaction relay. + +====32-bit short transaction IDs==== += +Short IDs are computed as follows: +* Let ''salt<sub>1</sub>'' and ''salt<sub>2</sub>'' be the entropy contributed by both sides; see the "sendtxrcncl" message further for details how they are exchanged. +* Sort the two salts such that ''salt<sub>1</sub> ≤ salt<sub>2</sub>'' (which side sent what doesn't matter). +* Compute ''h = TaggedHash("Tx Relay Salting", salt<sub>1</sub>, salt<sub>2</sub>)'', where the two salts are encoded in 64-bit little-endian byte order, and TaggedHash is specified by [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0340.mediawiki BIP-340]. +* Let ''k<sub>0</sub>'' be the 64-bit integer obtained by interpreting the first 8 bytes of ''h'' in little-endian byte order. +* Let ''k<sub>1</sub>'' be the 64-bit integer obtained by interpreting the second 8 bytes of ''h'' in little-endian byte order. +* Let ''s = SipHash-2-4((k<sub>0</sub>,k<sub>1</sub>),wtxid)'', where ''wtxid'' is the transaction hash including witness data as defined by BIP141. +* The short ID is equal to ''1 + (s mod 0xFFFFFFFF)''. + +This results in approximately uniformly distributed IDs in the range ''[1..0xFFFFFFFF]'', which is a requirement for using them as elements in 32-bit sketches. See the next paragraph for details. + +====Short transaction ID sketches==== + +Reconciliation-based relay uses [https://www.cs.bu.edu/~reyzin/code/fuzzy.html PinSketch] BCH-based secure sketches as introduced by the [https://www.cs.bu.edu/~reyzin/fuzzy.html Fuzzy Extractors paper]. They are a form of set checksums with the following properties: +* Sketches have a predetermined capacity, and when the number of elements in the set does not exceed the capacity, it is always possible to recover the entire set from the sketch by decoding the sketch. A sketch of nonzero b-bit elements with capacity c can be stored in bc bits. +* A sketch of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_difference symmetric difference] between the two sets (i.e., all elements that occur in one but not both input sets), can be obtained by combining the sketches of those sets. + +The sketches used here consists of elements of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_field finite field] ''GF(2<sup>32</sup>)''. Specifically, we represent finite field elements as polynomials in ''x'' over ''GF(2)'' modulo ''x<sup>32</sup + x<sup>7</sup> + x<sup>3</sup> + x<sup>2</sup> + 1''. To map integers to finite field elements, simply treat each bit ''i'' (with value ''2<sup>i</sup>'') in the integer as the coefficient of ''x<sup>i</sup>'' in the polynomial representation. For example the integer ''101 = 2<sup>6</sup> + 2<sup>5</sup> + 2<sup>2</sup> + 1'' is mapped to field element ''x<sup>6</sup> + x<sup>5</sup> + x<sup>2</sup> + 1''. These field elements can be added and multiplied together, but the specifics of that are out of scope for this document. + +A short ID sketch with capacity ''c'' consists of a sequence of ''c'' field elements. The first is the sum of all short IDs in the set, the second is the sum of the 3rd powers of all short IDs, the third is the sum of the 5th powers etc., up to the last element with is the sum of the ''(2c-1)''th powers. These elements are then encoded as 32-bit integers in little endian byte order, resulting in a ''4c''-byte serialization. + +The following Python 3.2+ code implements the creation of sketches: <pre> +FIELD_BITS = 32 +FIELD_MODULUS = (1 << FIELD_BITS) + 0b10001101 + +def mul2(x): + """Compute 2*x in GF(2^FIELD_BITS)""" + return (x << 1) ^ (FIELD_MODULUS if x.bit_length() >= FIELD_BITS else 0) + +def mul(x, y): + """Compute x*y in GF(2^FIELD_BITS)""" + ret = 0 + for bit in [(x >> i) & 1 for i in range(x.bit_length())]: + ret, y = ret ^ bit * y, mul2(y) + return ret + +def create_sketch(shortids, capacity): + """Compute the bytes of a sketch for given shortids and given capacity.""" + odd_sums = [0 for _ in range(capacity)] + for shortid in shortids: + squared = mul(shortid, shortid) + for i in range(capacity): + odd_sums[i] ^= shortid + shortid = mul(shortid, squared) + return b''.join(elem.to_bytes(4, 'little') for elem in odd_sums) +</pre> + +The [https://github.com/sipa/minisketch/ minisketch] library implements the construction, merging, and decoding of these sketches efficiently. + +===Intended Protocol Flow=== + +Set reconciliation primarily consists of the transmission and decoding of a reconciliation set sketch upon request. + +Since sketches are based on the WTXIDs, the negotiation and support of Erlay should be enabled only if both peers signal [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0339.mediawiki BIP-339] support. + +[[File:bip-0330/recon_scheme_merged.png|framed|center|Protocol flow]] + +====Sketch extension==== + +If a node is unable to reconstruct the set difference from the received sketch, the node then makes a request for sketch extension. The peer would then send an extension, which is a sketch of a higher capacity (allowing to decode more differences) over the same transactions minus the sketch part which was already sent initially (to save bandwidth). +To allow this optimization, the initiator is supposed to locally store a sketch received initially. +This optimization is possible because extending a sketch is just concatenating new elements to an array. + +===New messages=== +Several new protocol messages are added: sendtxrcncl, reqrecon, sketch, reqsketchext, reconcildiff. This section describes their serialization, contents, and semantics. + +In what follows, all integers are serialized in little-endian byte order. Boolean values are encoded as a single byte that must be 0 or 1 exactly. Arrays are serialized with the CompactSize prefix that encodes their length, as is common in other P2P messages. + +====sendtxrcncl==== +The sendtxrcncl message announces support for the reconciliation protocol. It is expected to be only sent once, and ignored by nodes that don't support it. + +Should be sent before "verack" and accompanied by "wtxidrelay" (in any order). + +If "sendtxrcncl" was sent after "verack", the sender should be disconnected. + +If "sendtxrcncl" was sent before "verack", but by "verack" the "wtxidrelay" message was not received, +"sendtxrcncl" should be ignored. The connection should proceed normally, but as if reconciliation +was not supported. + +Must not be sent if peer specified no support for transaction relay (fRelay=0) in "version". +Otherwise, the sender should be disconnected. + +Its payload consists of: +{|class="wikitable" +! Data type !! Name !! Description +|- +| uint32 || version || Sender must set this to 1 currently, otherwise receiver should ignore the message. v1 is the lowest protocol version, everything below that is a protocol violation. +|- +| uint64 || salt || The salt used in the short transaction ID computation. +|} + +After both peers have confirmed support by sending "sendtxrcncl", the initiator of the P2P connection assumes the role of reconciliation initiator (will send "reqrecon" messages) and the other peer assumes the role of reconciliation responder (will respond to "reqrecon" messages). +"reqrecon" messages can only be sent by the reconciliation initiator. + +====reqrecon==== +The reqrecon message initiates a reconciliation round. + +{|class="wikitable" +! Data type !! Name !! Description +|- +| uint16 || set_size || Size of the sender's reconciliation set, used to estimate set difference. +|- +| uint16 || q || Coefficient used to estimate set difference. Multiplied by PRECISION=(2^15) - 1 and rounded up by the sender and divided by PRECISION by the receiver. +|} + +Upon receipt of a "reqrecon" message, the receiver: +* Constructs and sends a "sketch" message (see below), with a sketch of certain ''capacity=f(set_size, local_set_size, q)'' (the exact function is suggested below), where ''local_set_size'' represents size of the receiver's reconciliation set. +* Makes a snapshot of their current reconciliation set, and clears the set itself. The snapshot is kept until a "reconcildiff" message is received by the node. + +No new "reqrecon" message can be sent until a "reconcildiff" message is sent. + +====sketch==== +The sketch message is used to communicate a sketch required to perform set reconciliation. + +{|class="wikitable" +! Data type !! Name !! Description +|- +| byte[] || skdata || The sketch of the sender's reconciliation snapshot +|} + +The sketch message may be received in two cases. + +1. Initial sketch. Upon receipt of a "sketch" message, a node computes the difference sketch by combining the received sketch with a sketch computed locally for a corresponding reconciliation set. The receiving node then tries to decode the difference sketch and based on the result: +* If the decoding failed, the receiving node requests an extension sketch by sending a "reqsketchext" message. Alternatively, the node may terminate the reconciliation right away by sending a "reconcildiff" message is sent with the failure flag set (success=false). +* If the decoding succeeded, a "reconcildiff" message with success=true. +The receiver also makes snapshot of their current reconciliation set, and clears the set itself. The snapshot is kept until a "reconcildiff" message is sent by the node. It is needed to enable sketch extension. + +2. Sketch extension. By combining the sketch extension with the initially received sketch, an extended sketch is obtained. The receiving node then computes the extended difference sketch by combining the received extended sketch with an extended sketch computed locally over a corresponding reconciliation set snapshot. The receiving node then tries to decode the extended difference sketch and based on the result: +* If the decoding failed, the receiving node terminates the reconciliation right away by sending a "reconcildiff" message is sent with the failure flag set (success=false). +* If the decoding succeeded, a "reconcildiff" message with success=true. + +In either cases, a "reconcildiff" with success=false should also be accompanied with announcing all transactions from the reconciliation set (or set snapshot if failed after extension) as a fallback to flooding. +A "reconcildiff" with success=true should contain unknown short IDs of the transactions from the decoded difference, corresponding to the transactions missing on the sender's side. Known short IDs from the difference correspond to what the receiver of the message is missing, and they should be announced via an "inv" message. + +====reqsketchext==== +The reqsketchext message is used by reconciliation initiator to signal that initial set reconciliation has failed and a sketch extension is needed to find set difference. + +It has an empty payload. + +Upon receipt of a "reqsketchext" message, a node responds to it with a "sketch" message, which contains a sketch extension: a sketch (of the same transactions sketched initially) of higher capacity without the part sent initially. + +====reconcildiff==== +The reconcildiff message is used by reconciliation initiator to announce transactions which are found to be missing during set reconciliation on the sender's side. + +{|class="wikitable" +! Data type !! Name !! Description +|- +| uint8 || success || Indicates whether sender of the message succeeded at set difference decoding. +|- +| uint32[] || ask_shortids || The short IDs that the sender did not have. +|} + +Upon receipt a "reconcildiff" message with ''success=1'' (reconciliation success), a node sends an "inv" message for the transactions requested by 32-bit IDs (first vector) containing their wtxids (with parent transactions occuring before their dependencies). +If ''success=0'' (reconciliation failure), receiver should announce all transactions from the reconciliation set via an "inv" message. +In both cases, transactions the sender of the message thinks the receiver is missing are announced via an "inv" message. +The regular "inv" deduplication should apply. + +The <b>snapshot</b> of the corresponding reconciliation set is cleared by the sender and the receiver of the message. + +The sender should also send their own "inv" message along with the reconcildiff message to announce transactions which are missing on the receiver's side. + +==Local state== + +This BIP suggests a stateful protocol and it requires storing several variables at every node to operate properly. + +====Reconciliation salt==== +When negotiating reconciliation support, peers send each other their contribution to the reconciliation salt (see how we construct short IDs above). These salts (or just the resulting salt) should be stored on both sides of the connection. + +====Reconciliation sets==== +Every node stores a set of wtxids for every peer which supports transaction reconciliation, representing the transactions which would have been sent according to the regular flooding protocol. +Incoming transactions are added to sets when those transactions are received (if they satisfy the policies such as minimum fee set by a peer). +A reconciliation set is moved to the corresponding set snapshot after the transmission of the initial sketch. + +====Reconciliation set snapshot==== +After transmitting the initial sketch (either sending or receiving of the reconcildiff message), every node should store the snapshot of the current reconciliation set, and clear the set. +This is important to make sketch extension more stable (extension should be computed over the set snapshot). Otherwise, extension would contain transactions received after sending out the initial sketch. +The snapshot is cleared after the end of the reconciliation round (sending or receiving of the reconcildiff message). + +====Sketch capacity estimation and q-coefficient==== + +Earlier we suggested that upon receiving a reconciliation request, a node should estimate the sketch capacity it should send: ''capacity=f(set_size, local_set_size, q)''. + +We suggest the following function: ''capacity=|set_size - local_set_size| + q * min(set_size, local_set_size) + c''. + +Intuitively, ''q'' represents the discrepancy in sets: the closer the sets are, the lower optimal ''q'' is. +Per the Erlay paper, ''q'' should be derived as an optimal ''q'' value for the previous reconciliation with a given peer, once the actual set sizes and set difference are known. +For example, if in previous round ''set_size=30'' and ''local_set_size=20'', and the *actual* difference was ''12'', then a node should compute ''q'' as following: +''q=(12 - |30-20|) / min(30, 20)=0.1'' + +The derivation of ''q'' can be changed according to the version of the protocol. For example, a static value could be chosen for simplicity. However, we suggest that ''q'' remains a parameter sent in every reconciliation request to enable future compatibility with more sophisticated (non-static) choices of this parameter. + +As for the ''c'' parameter, it is suggested to use ''c=1'' to avoid sending empty sketches and reduce the overhead caused by under-estimations. + +==Backward compatibility== + +Older clients remain fully compatible and interoperable after this change. + +Clients which do not implement this protocol remain fully compatible after this change using existing protocols, because transaction announcement reconciliation is used only for peers that negotiate support for it. + +==Rationale== + +====Why use PinSketch for set reconciliation?==== + +PinSketch is more bandwidth efficient than IBLT, especially for the small differences in sets we expect to operate over. +PinSketch is as bandwidth efficient as CPISync, but PinSketch has quadratic decoding complexity, while CPISync have cubic decoding complexity. This makes PinSketch significantly faster. + +====Why use 32-bit short transaction IDs?==== + +To use Minisketch in practice, transaction IDs should be shortened (ideally, not more than 64 bits per element). +A small number of bits per transaction also allows saving extra bandwidth and make operations over sketches faster. +According to our estimates, 32 bits provides low collision rate in a non-adversarial model (which is enabled by using independent salts per-link). + +====Why use sketch extensions instead of bisection?==== + +Bisection is an alternative to sketch extensions, per which a second sketch with the same initial capacity is computed over half of the txID space. +Due to the linearity of sketches, transmitting just this one allows a reconciliation initiator to compute the sketch of the same capacity of another half. Two sketches allow the initiator to reconstruct twice as many differences as was allowed by an initial sketch. + +In practice this allows the initiator to amortize the bandwidth overhead of initial reconciliation failure, similarly to extension sketches, making the overhead negligible. + +The main benefit of sketch extensions is a much simpler implementation. Implementing bisection is hard (see [https://github.com/naumenkogs/bitcoin/commit/b5c92a41e4cc0599504cf838d20212f1a403e573 implementation]) because, in the end, we have to operate with two sketches and handle scenarios where one sketch decoded and another sketch failed. + +It becomes even more difficult if in the future we decide to allow more than one extension/bisection. Bisection in this case have to be recursive (and spawn 4/8/16/... sketches), while for extensions we always end up with one extended sketch. + +Sketch extensions are also more flexible: extending a sketch of capacity 10 with 4 more means just computing a sketch of capacity 14 and sending the extension, while for bisection increasing the capacity to something different than 10*2/10*4/10*8/... is sophisticated implementation-wise. + +The only advantage of bisection is that it doesn't require computing sketches of higher capacities (exponential cost). We believe that since +the protocol is currently designed to operate in the conditions where sketches usually have at most the capacity of 20, this efficiency is not crucial. + +==Implementation== + +https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/21515 + +==Acknowledgments== + +A large fraction of this proposal was done during designing Erlay with Gregory Maxwell, Sasha Fedorova and Ivan Beschastnikh. +We would like to thank Suhas Daftuar for contributions to the design and BIP structure. +We would like to thank Ben Woosley for contributions to the high-level description of the idea. + +==Copyright== + +This document is licensed under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal license. diff --git a/bip-0330/minisketch.py b/bip-0330/minisketch.py new file mode 100755 index 0000000..f64286f --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0330/minisketch.py @@ -0,0 +1,157 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 + +######## ENCODING and DECODING ######## + +FIELD_BITS = 32 +FIELD_MODULUS = (1 << FIELD_BITS) + 0b10001101 + +def mul2(x): + """Compute 2*x in GF(2^FIELD_BITS)""" + return (x << 1) ^ (FIELD_MODULUS if x.bit_length() >= FIELD_BITS else 0) + +def mul(x, y): + """Compute x*y in GF(2^FIELD_BITS)""" + ret = 0 + for bit in [(x >> i) & 1 for i in range(x.bit_length())]: + ret ^= bit * y + y = mul2(y) + return ret + +######## ENCODING only ######## + +def sketch(shortids, capacity): + """Compute the bytes of a sketch for given shortids and given capacity.""" + odd_sums = [0 for _ in range(capacity)] + for shortid in shortids: + squared = mul(shortid, shortid) + for i in range(capacity): + odd_sums[i] ^= shortid + shortid = mul(shortid, squared) + return b''.join(elem.to_bytes(4, 'little') for elem in odd_sums) + +######## DECODING only ######## + +import random + +def inv(x): + """Compute 1/x in GF(2^FIELD_BITS)""" + t = x + for i in range(FIELD_BITS - 2): + t = mul(mul(t, t), x) + return mul(t, t) + + +def berlekamp_massey(s): + """Given a sequence of LFSR outputs, find the coefficients of the LFSR.""" + C, B, L, m, b = [1], [1], 0, 1, 1 + for n in range(len(s)): + d = s[n] + for i in range(1, L + 1): + d ^= mul(C[i], s[n - i]) + if d == 0: + m += 1 + else: + T = list(C) + while len(C) <= len(B) + m: + C += [0] + t = mul(d, inv(b)) + for i in range(len(B)): + C[i + m] ^= mul(t, B[i]) + if 2 * L <= n: + L, B, b, m = n + 1 - L, T, d, 1 + else: + m += 1 + return C[0:L + 1] + +def poly_monic(p): + """Return the monic multiple of p, or 0 if the input is 0.""" + if len(p) == 0: + return [] + i = inv(p[-1]) + return [mul(v, i) for v in p] + +def poly_divmod(m, p): + """Compute the polynomial quotient p/m, and replace p with p mod m.""" + assert(len(m) > 0 and m[-1] == 1) + div = [0 for _ in range(len(p) - len(m) + 1)] + while len(p) >= len(m): + div[len(p) - len(m)] = p[-1] + for i in range(len(m)): + p[len(p) - len(m) + i] ^= mul(p[-1], m[i]) + assert(p[-1] == 0) + p.pop() + while (len(p) > 0 and p[-1] == 0): + p.pop() + return div + +def poly_gcd(a, b): + """Compute the GCD of a and b (destroys the inputs).""" + if len(a) < len(b): + a, b = b, a + while len(b): + if len(b) == 1: + return [1] + b = poly_monic(b) + poly_divmod(b, a) + a, b = b, a + return a + +def poly_sqr(p): + """Compute the coefficients of the square of polynomial with coefficients p.""" + return [0 if i & 1 else mul(p[i // 2], p[i // 2]) for i in range(2 * len(p))] + +def poly_trace(m, a): + """Compute the coefficients of the trace polynomial of (a*x) mod m.""" + out = [0, a] + for i in range(FIELD_BITS - 1): + out = poly_sqr(out) + while len(out) < 2: + out += [0] + out[1] = a + poly_divmod(m, out) + return out + +def find_roots_inner(p, a): + """Recursive helper function for find_roots (destroys p). a is randomizer.""" + # p must be monic + assert(len(p) > 0 and p[-1] == 1) + # Deal with degree 0 and degree 1 inputs + if len(p) == 1: + return [] + elif len(p) == 2: + return [p[0]] + # Otherwise, split p in left*right using paramater a_vals[0]. + t = poly_monic(poly_trace(p, a)) + left = poly_gcd(list(p), t) + right = poly_divmod(list(left), p) + # Invoke recursion with the remaining a_vals. + ret_right = find_roots_inner(right, mul2(a)) + ret_left = find_roots_inner(left, mul2(a)) + # Concatenate roots + return ret_left + ret_right + +def find_roots(p): + """Find the roots of polynomial with coefficients p.""" + # Compute x^(2^FIELD_BITS)+x mod p in a roundabout way. + t = poly_trace(p, 1) + t2 = poly_sqr(t) + for i in range(len(t)): + t2[i] ^= t[i] + poly_divmod(p, t2) + # If distinct from 0, p is not fully factorizable into non-repeating roots. + if len(t2): + return None + # Invoke the recursive splitting algorithm + return find_roots_inner(list(p), random.randrange(1, 2**32-1)) + +def decode(sketch): + """Recover the shortids from a sketch.""" + odd_sums = [int.from_bytes(sketch[i*4:(i+1)*4], 'little') for i in range(len(sketch) // 4)] + sums = [] + for i in range(len(odd_sums) * 2): + if i & 1: + sums.append(mul(sums[(i-1)//2], sums[(i-1)//2])) + else: + sums.append(odd_sums[(i+1)//2]) + return find_roots(list(reversed(berlekamp_massey(sums)))) + diff --git a/bip-0330/recon_scheme_merged.png b/bip-0330/recon_scheme_merged.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..546b417 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0330/recon_scheme_merged.png diff --git a/bip-0338.mediawiki b/bip-0338.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..65ab616 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0338.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 338 + Layer: Peer Services + Title: Disable transaction relay message + Author: Suhas Daftuar <sdaftuar@chaincode.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0338 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2020-09-03 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This BIP describes a change to the p2p protocol to allow a node to tell a peer +that a connection will not be used for transaction relay, to support +block-relay-only connections that are currently in use on the network. + +==Motivation== + +This proposal is part of an effort to increase the number of inbound +connections that a peer can service, by distinguishing peers which will not +relay transactions from those that do. + +Since 2019, software has been deployed[1] which initiates +connections on the Bitcoin network and sets the transaction relay field +(introduced by BIP 37 and also defined in BIP 60) to false, to prevent +transaction relay from occurring on the connection. Additionally, addr messages +received from the peer are ignored by this software. + +The purpose of these connections is two-fold: by making additional +low-bandwidth connections on which blocks can propagate, the robustness of a +node to network partitioning attacks is strengthened. Additionally, by not +relaying transactions and ignoring received addresses, the ability of an +adversary to learn the complete network graph (or a subgraph) is reduced[2], +which in turn increases the cost or difficulty to an attacker seeking to carry +out a network partitioning attack (when compared with having such knowledge). + +The low-bandwidth / minimal-resource nature of these connections is currently +known only by the initiator of the connection; this is because the transaction +relay field in the version message is not a permanent setting for the lifetime +of the connection. Consequently, a node receiving an inbound connection with +transaction relay disabled cannot distinguish between a peer that will never +enable transaction relay (as described in BIP 37) and one that will. Moreover, +the node also cannot determine that the incoming connection will ignore relayed +addresses; with that knowledge a node would likely choose other peers to +receive announced addresses instead. + +This proposal adds a new, optional message that a node can send a peer when +initiating a connection to that peer, to indicate that connection should not be +used for transaction relay for the connection's lifetime. In addition, without +a current mechanism to negotiate whether addresses should be relayed on a +connection, this BIP suggests that address messages not be sent on links where +transaction relay has been disabled. + +After this BIP is deployed, nodes could more easily implement inbound +connection limiting that differentiates low-resource nodes (such as those +sending disabletx) from full-relay peers, potentially allowing for an increase +in the number of block-relay-only connections that can be made on the network. + +==Specification== + +# A new disabletx message is added, which is defined as an empty message with message type set to "disabletx". +# The protocol version of nodes implementing this BIP must be set to 70017 or higher. +# If a node sets the transaction relay field in the version message to a peer to false, then the disabletx message MAY also be sent in response to a version message from that peer if the peer's protocol version is >= 70017. If sent, the disabletx message MUST be sent prior to sending a verack. +# A node MUST NOT send the disabletx message if the transaction relay field in the version message is omitted or set to true. +# A node that has sent or received a disabletx message to/from a peer MUST NOT send any of these messages to the peer: +## inv messages for transactions +## notfound messages for transactions +## getdata messages for transactions +## getdata messages for merkleblock (BIP 37) +## filteradd/filterload/filterclear (BIP 37) +## feefilter (BIP 133) +## mempool (BIP 35) +## tx message +# It is RECOMMENDED that a node that has sent or received a disabletx message to/from a peer not send any of these messages to the peer: +## addr/getaddr +## addrv2 (BIP 155) +# The behavior regarding sending or processing other message types is not specified by this BIP. +# Nodes MAY decide to not remain connected to peers that send this message (for example, if trying to find a peer that will relay transactions). + +==Compatibility== + +Nodes with protocol version >= 70017 that do not implement this BIP, and nodes +with protocol version < 70017, will continue to remain compatible with +implementing software: transactions would not be relayed to peers sending the +disabletx message (provided that BIP 37 or BIP 60 has been implemented), and while +periodic address relay may still take place, software implementing this BIP +should not be disconnecting such peers solely for that reason. + +Disabling address relay is suggested but not required by this BIP, to allow for +future protocol extensions that might specify more carefully how address relay +is to be negotiated. This BIP's recommendations for software to not relay +addresses is intended to be interpreted as guidance in the absence of any such +future protocol extension, to accommodate existing software behavior. + +Note that all messages specified in BIP 152, including blocktxn and +getblocktxn, are permitted between peers that have sent/received a disabletx +message, subject to the feature negotiation of BIP 152. + +This proposal is compatible with, but independent of, BIP 37. + +==Implementation== + +https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/20726 + +==References== + +# Bitcoin Core has [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/15759 implemented this functionality] since version 0.19.0.1, released in November 2019. +# For example, see https://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/coinscope/coinscope.pdf and https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.00942.pdf. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. diff --git a/bip-0339.mediawiki b/bip-0339.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..806ba1c --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0339.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 339 + Layer: Peer Services + Title: WTXID-based transaction relay + Author: Suhas Daftuar <sdaftuar@chaincode.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0339 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2020-02-03 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This BIP describes two changes to the p2p protocol to support transaction relay +based on the BIP 141 wtxid of a transaction, rather than its txid. + +==Motivation== + +Historically, the inv messages sent on the Bitcoin peer-to-peer network to +announce transactions refer to transactions by their txid, which is a hash of +the transaction that does not include the witness (see BIP 141). This has been +the case even since Segregated Witness (BIP 141/143/144) has been adopted by +the network. + +Not committing to the witness in transaction announcements creates +inefficiencies: because a transaction's witness can be malleated without +altering the txid, a node in receipt of a witness transaction that the node +does not accept will generally still download that same transaction when +announced by other peers. This is because the alternative -- of not downloading +a given txid after rejecting a transaction with that txid -- would allow a +third party to interfere with transaction relay by malleating a transaction's +witness and announcing the resulting invalid transaction to nodes, preventing +relay of the valid version of the transaction as well. + +We can eliminate this concern by using the wtxid in place of the txid when +announcing and fetching transactions. + +==Specification== + +# A new wtxidrelay message is added, which is defined as an empty message where pchCommand == "wtxidrelay". +# The protocol version of nodes implementing this BIP must be set to 70016 or higher. +# The wtxidrelay message MUST be sent in response to a version message from a peer whose protocol version is >= 70016 and prior to sending a verack. A wtxidrelay message received after a verack message MUST be ignored or treated as invalid. +# A new inv type MSG_WTX (0x00000005) is added, for use in both inv messages and getdata requests, indicating that the hash being referenced is a transaction's wtxid. In the case of getdata requests, MSG_WTX implies that the transaction being requested should be serialized with witness as well, as described in BIP 144. +# After a node has received a wtxidrelay message from a peer, the node MUST use the MSG_WTX inv type when announcing transactions to that peer. +# After a node has received a wtxidrelay message from a peer, the node SHOULD use a MSG_WTX getdata message to request any announced transactions. A node MAY still request transactions from that peer using MSG_TX getdata messages, such as for transactions not recently announced by that peer (like the parents of recently announced transactions). + +==Backward compatibility== + +As wtxid-based transaction relay is only enabled between peers that both support it, older clients remain fully compatible and interoperable after this change. + +==Implementation== + +https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/18044 + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. diff --git a/bip-0340.mediawiki b/bip-0340.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c941916 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0340.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,303 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 340 + Title: Schnorr Signatures for secp256k1 + Author: Pieter Wuille <pieter.wuille@gmail.com> + Jonas Nick <jonasd.nick@gmail.com> + Tim Ruffing <crypto@timruffing.de> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0340 + Status: Final + Type: Standards Track + License: BSD-2-Clause + Created: 2020-01-19 + Post-History: 2018-07-06: https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2018-July/016203.html [bitcoin-dev] Schnorr signatures BIP +</pre> + +== Introduction == + +=== Abstract === + +This document proposes a standard for 64-byte Schnorr signatures over the elliptic curve ''secp256k1''. + +=== Copyright === + +This document is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. + +=== Motivation === + +Bitcoin has traditionally used +[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm ECDSA] signatures over the [https://www.secg.org/sec2-v2.pdf secp256k1 curve] with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2 SHA256] hashes for authenticating +transactions. These are [https://www.secg.org/sec1-v2.pdf standardized], but have a number of downsides +compared to [http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/opus4/files/4280/schnorr.pdf Schnorr signatures] over the same curve: + +* '''Provable security''': Schnorr signatures are provably secure. In more detail, they are ''strongly unforgeable under chosen message attack (SUF-CMA)''<ref>Informally, this means that without knowledge of the secret key but given valid signatures of arbitrary messages, it is not possible to come up with further valid signatures.</ref> [https://www.di.ens.fr/~pointche/Documents/Papers/2000_joc.pdf in the random oracle model assuming the hardness of the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP)] and [http://www.neven.org/papers/schnorr.pdf in the generic group model assuming variants of preimage and second preimage resistance of the used hash function]<ref>A detailed security proof in the random oracle model, which essentially restates [https://www.di.ens.fr/~pointche/Documents/Papers/2000_joc.pdf the original security proof by Pointcheval and Stern] more explicitly, can be found in [https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/191 a paper by Kiltz, Masny and Pan]. All these security proofs assume a variant of Schnorr signatures that use ''(e,s)'' instead of ''(R,s)'' (see Design above). Since we use a unique encoding of ''R'', there is an efficiently computable bijection that maps ''(R,s)'' to ''(e,s)'', which allows to convert a successful SUF-CMA attacker for the ''(e,s)'' variant to a successful SUF-CMA attacker for the ''(R,s)'' variant (and vice-versa). Furthermore, the proofs consider a variant of Schnorr signatures without key prefixing (see Design above), but it can be verified that the proofs are also correct for the variant with key prefixing. As a result, all the aforementioned security proofs apply to the variant of Schnorr signatures proposed in this document.</ref>. In contrast, the [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:294-60803 best known results for the provable security of ECDSA] rely on stronger assumptions. +* '''Non-malleability''': The SUF-CMA security of Schnorr signatures implies that they are non-malleable. On the other hand, ECDSA signatures are inherently malleable<ref>If ''(r,s)'' is a valid ECDSA signature for a given message and key, then ''(r,n-s)'' is also valid for the same message and key. If ECDSA is restricted to only permit one of the two variants (as Bitcoin does through a policy rule on the network), it can be [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:294-60803 proven] non-malleable under stronger than usual assumptions.</ref>; a third party without access to the secret key can alter an existing valid signature for a given public key and message into another signature that is valid for the same key and message. This issue is discussed in [[bip-0062.mediawiki|BIP62]] and [[bip-0146.mediawiki|BIP146]]. +* '''Linearity''': Schnorr signatures provide a simple and efficient method that enables multiple collaborating parties to produce a signature that is valid for the sum of their public keys. This is the building block for various higher-level constructions that improve efficiency and privacy, such as multisignatures and others (see Applications below). + +For all these advantages, there are virtually no disadvantages, apart +from not being standardized. This document seeks to change that. As we +propose a new standard, a number of improvements not specific to Schnorr signatures can be +made: + +* '''Signature encoding''': Instead of using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.690#DER_encoding DER]-encoding for signatures (which are variable size, and up to 72 bytes), we can use a simple fixed 64-byte format. +* '''Public key encoding''': Instead of using [https://www.secg.org/sec1-v2.pdf ''compressed''] 33-byte encodings of elliptic curve points which are common in Bitcoin today, public keys in this proposal are encoded as 32 bytes. +* '''Batch verification''': The specific formulation of ECDSA signatures that is standardized cannot be verified more efficiently in batch compared to individually, unless additional witness data is added. Changing the signature scheme offers an opportunity to address this. +* '''Completely specified''': To be safe for usage in consensus systems, the verification algorithm must be completely specified at the byte level. This guarantees that nobody can construct a signature that is valid to some verifiers but not all. This is traditionally not a requirement for digital signature schemes, and the lack of exact specification for the DER parsing of ECDSA signatures has caused problems for Bitcoin [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2015-July/009697.html in the past], needing [[bip-0066.mediawiki|BIP66]] to address it. In this document we aim to meet this property by design. For batch verification, which is inherently non-deterministic as the verifier can choose their batches, this property implies that the outcome of verification may only differ from individual verifications with negligible probability, even to an attacker who intentionally tries to make batch- and non-batch verification differ. + +By reusing the same curve and hash function as Bitcoin uses for ECDSA, we are able to retain existing mechanisms for choosing secret and public keys, and we avoid introducing new assumptions about the security of elliptic curves and hash functions. + +== Description == + +We first build up the algebraic formulation of the signature scheme by +going through the design choices. Afterwards, we specify the exact +encodings and operations. + +=== Design === + +'''Schnorr signature variant''' Elliptic Curve Schnorr signatures for message ''m'' and public key ''P'' generally involve a point ''R'', integers ''e'' and ''s'' picked by the signer, and the base point ''G'' which satisfy ''e = hash(R || m)'' and ''s⋅G = R + e⋅P''. Two formulations exist, depending on whether the signer reveals ''e'' or ''R'': +# Signatures are pairs ''(e, s)'' that satisfy ''e = hash(s⋅G - e⋅P || m)''. This variant avoids minor complexity introduced by the encoding of the point ''R'' in the signature (see paragraphs "Encoding R and public key point P" and "Implicit Y coordinates" further below in this subsection). Moreover, revealing ''e'' instead of ''R'' allows for potentially shorter signatures: Whereas an encoding of ''R'' inherently needs about 32 bytes, the hash ''e'' can be tuned to be shorter than 32 bytes, and [http://www.neven.org/papers/schnorr.pdf a short hash of only 16 bytes suffices to provide SUF-CMA security at the target security level of 128 bits]. However, a major drawback of this optimization is that finding collisions in a short hash function is easy. This complicates the implementation of secure signing protocols in scenarios in which a group of mutually distrusting signers work together to produce a single joint signature (see Applications below). In these scenarios, which are not captured by the SUF-CMA model due its assumption of a single honest signer, a promising attack strategy for malicious co-signers is to find a collision in the hash function in order to obtain a valid signature on a message that an honest co-signer did not intend to sign. +# Signatures are pairs ''(R, s)'' that satisfy ''s⋅G = R + hash(R || m)⋅P''. This supports batch verification, as there are no elliptic curve operations inside the hashes. Batch verification enables significant speedups.<ref>The speedup that results from batch verification can be demonstrated with the cryptography library [https://github.com/jonasnick/secp256k1/blob/schnorrsig-batch-verify/doc/speedup-batch.md libsecp256k1].</ref> + +Since we would like to avoid the fragility that comes with short hashes, the ''e'' variant does not provide significant advantages. We choose the ''R''-option, which supports batch verification. + +'''Key prefixing''' Using the verification rule above directly makes Schnorr signatures vulnerable to "related-key attacks" in which a third party can convert a signature ''(R, s)'' for public key ''P'' into a signature ''(R, s + a⋅hash(R || m))'' for public key ''P + a⋅G'' and the same message ''m'', for any given additive tweak ''a'' to the signing key. This would render signatures insecure when keys are generated using [[bip-0032.mediawiki#public-parent-key--public-child-key|BIP32's unhardened derivation]] and other methods that rely on additive tweaks to existing keys such as Taproot. + +To protect against these attacks, we choose ''key prefixed''<ref>A limitation of committing to the public key (rather than to a short hash of it, or not at all) is that it removes the ability for public key recovery or verifying signatures against a short public key hash. These constructions are generally incompatible with batch verification.</ref> Schnorr signatures which means that the public key is prefixed to the message in the challenge hash input. This changes the equation to ''s⋅G = R + hash(R || P || m)⋅P''. [https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/1135.pdf It can be shown] that key prefixing protects against related-key attacks with additive tweaks. In general, key prefixing increases robustness in multi-user settings, e.g., it seems to be a requirement for proving the MuSig multisignature scheme secure (see Applications below). + +We note that key prefixing is not strictly necessary for transaction signatures as used in Bitcoin currently, because signed transactions indirectly commit to the public keys already, i.e., ''m'' contains a commitment to ''pk''. However, this indirect commitment should not be relied upon because it may change with proposals such as SIGHASH_NOINPUT ([[bip-0118.mediawiki|BIP118]]), and would render the signature scheme unsuitable for other purposes than signing transactions, e.g., [https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#signmessage signing ordinary messages]. + +'''Encoding R and public key point P''' There exist several possibilities for encoding elliptic curve points: +# Encoding the full X and Y coordinates of ''P'' and ''R'', resulting in a 64-byte public key and a 96-byte signature. +# Encoding the full X coordinate and one bit of the Y coordinate to determine one of the two possible Y coordinates. This would result in 33-byte public keys and 65-byte signatures. +# Encoding only the X coordinate, resulting in 32-byte public keys and 64-byte signatures. + +Using the first option would be slightly more efficient for verification (around 10%), but we prioritize compactness, and therefore choose option 3. + +'''Implicit Y coordinates''' In order to support efficient verification and batch verification, the Y coordinate of ''P'' and of ''R'' cannot be ambiguous (every valid X coordinate has two possible Y coordinates). We have a choice between several options for symmetry breaking: +# Implicitly choosing the Y coordinate that is in the lower half. +# Implicitly choosing the Y coordinate that is even<ref>Since ''p'' is odd, negation modulo ''p'' will map even numbers to odd numbers and the other way around. This means that for a valid X coordinate, one of the corresponding Y coordinates will be even, and the other will be odd.</ref>. +# Implicitly choosing the Y coordinate that is a quadratic residue (i.e. has a square root modulo ''p''). + +The second option offers the greatest compatibility with existing key generation systems, where the standard 33-byte compressed public key format consists of a byte indicating the oddness of the Y coordinate, plus the full X coordinate. To avoid gratuitous incompatibilities, we pick that option for ''P'', and thus our X-only public keys become equivalent to a compressed public key that is the X-only key prefixed by the byte 0x02. For consistency, the same is done for ''R''<ref>An earlier version of this draft used the third option instead, based on a belief that this would in general trade signing efficiency for verification efficiency. When using Jacobian coordinates, a common optimization in ECC implementations, it is possible to determine if a Y coordinate is a quadratic residue by computing the Legendre symbol, without converting to affine coordinates first (which needs a modular inversion). As modular inverses and Legendre symbols have similar [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2020-August/018081.html performance] in practice, this trade-off is not worth it.</ref>. + +Despite halving the size of the set of valid public keys, implicit Y coordinates are not a reduction in security. Informally, if a fast algorithm existed to compute the discrete logarithm of an X-only public key, then it could also be used to compute the discrete logarithm of a full public key: apply it to the X coordinate, and then optionally negate the result. This shows that breaking an X-only public key can be at most a small constant term faster than breaking a full one.<ref>This can be formalized by a simple reduction that reduces an attack on Schnorr signatures with implicit Y coordinates to an attack to Schnorr signatures with explicit Y coordinates. The reduction works by reencoding public keys and negating the result of the hash function, which is modeled as random oracle, whenever the challenge public key has an explicit Y coordinate that is odd. A proof sketch can be found [https://medium.com/blockstream/reducing-bitcoin-transaction-sizes-with-x-only-pubkeys-f86476af05d7 here].</ref>. + +'''Tagged Hashes''' Cryptographic hash functions are used for multiple purposes in the specification below and in Bitcoin in general. To make sure hashes used in one context can't be reinterpreted in another one, hash functions can be tweaked with a context-dependent tag name, in such a way that collisions across contexts can be assumed to be infeasible. Such collisions obviously can not be ruled out completely, but only for schemes using tagging with a unique name. As for other schemes collisions are at least less likely with tagging than without. + +For example, without tagged hashing a BIP340 signature could also be valid for a signature scheme where the only difference is that the arguments to the hash function are reordered. Worse, if the BIP340 nonce derivation function was copied or independently created, then the nonce could be accidentally reused in the other scheme leaking the secret key. + +This proposal suggests to include the tag by prefixing the hashed data with ''SHA256(tag) || SHA256(tag)''. Because this is a 64-byte long context-specific constant and the ''SHA256'' block size is also 64 bytes, optimized implementations are possible (identical to SHA256 itself, but with a modified initial state). Using SHA256 of the tag name itself is reasonably simple and efficient for implementations that don't choose to use the optimization. In general, tags can be arbitrary byte arrays, but are suggested to be textual descriptions in UTF-8 encoding. + +'''Final scheme''' As a result, our final scheme ends up using public key ''pk'' which is the X coordinate of a point ''P'' on the curve whose Y coordinate is even and signatures ''(r,s)'' where ''r'' is the X coordinate of a point ''R'' whose Y coordinate is even. The signature satisfies ''s⋅G = R + tagged_hash(r || pk || m)⋅P''. + +=== Specification === + +The following conventions are used, with constants as defined for [https://www.secg.org/sec2-v2.pdf secp256k1]. We note that adapting this specification to other elliptic curves is not straightforward and can result in an insecure scheme<ref>Among other pitfalls, using the specification with a curve whose order is not close to the size of the range of the nonce derivation function is insecure.</ref>. +* Lowercase variables represent integers or byte arrays. +** The constant ''p'' refers to the field size, ''0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC2F''. +** The constant ''n'' refers to the curve order, ''0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141''. +* Uppercase variables refer to points on the curve with equation ''y<sup>2</sup> = x<sup>3</sup> + 7'' over the integers modulo ''p''. +** ''is_infinite(P)'' returns whether or not ''P'' is the point at infinity. +** ''x(P)'' and ''y(P)'' are integers in the range ''0..p-1'' and refer to the X and Y coordinates of a point ''P'' (assuming it is not infinity). +** The constant ''G'' refers to the base point, for which ''x(G) = 0x79BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798'' and ''y(G) = 0x483ADA7726A3C4655DA4FBFC0E1108A8FD17B448A68554199C47D08FFB10D4B8''. +** Addition of points refers to the usual [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve#The_group_law elliptic curve group operation]. +** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve_point_multiplication Multiplication (⋅) of an integer and a point] refers to the repeated application of the group operation. +* Functions and operations: +** ''||'' refers to byte array concatenation. +** The function ''x[i:j]'', where ''x'' is a byte array and ''i, j ≥ 0'', returns a ''(j - i)''-byte array with a copy of the ''i''-th byte (inclusive) to the ''j''-th byte (exclusive) of ''x''. +** The function ''bytes(x)'', where ''x'' is an integer, returns the 32-byte encoding of ''x'', most significant byte first. +** The function ''bytes(P)'', where ''P'' is a point, returns ''bytes(x(P))''. +** The function ''int(x)'', where ''x'' is a 32-byte array, returns the 256-bit unsigned integer whose most significant byte first encoding is ''x''. +** The function ''has_even_y(P)'', where ''P'' is a point for which ''not is_infinite(P)'', returns ''y(P) mod 2 = 0''. +** The function ''lift_x(x)'', where ''x'' is a 256-bit unsigned integer, returns the point ''P'' for which ''x(P) = x''<ref> + Given a candidate X coordinate ''x'' in the range ''0..p-1'', there exist either exactly two or exactly zero valid Y coordinates. If no valid Y coordinate exists, then ''x'' is not a valid X coordinate either, i.e., no point ''P'' exists for which ''x(P) = x''. The valid Y coordinates for a given candidate ''x'' are the square roots of ''c = x<sup>3</sup> + 7 mod p'' and they can be computed as ''y = ±c<sup>(p+1)/4</sup> mod p'' (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_residue#Prime_or_prime_power_modulus Quadratic residue]) if they exist, which can be checked by squaring and comparing with ''c''.</ref> and ''has_even_y(P)'', or fails if ''x'' is greater than ''p-1'' or no such point exists. The function ''lift_x(x)'' is equivalent to the following pseudocode: +*** Fail if ''x ≥ p''. +*** Let ''c = x<sup>3</sup> + 7 mod p''. +*** Let ''y = c<sup>(p+1)/4</sup> mod p''. +*** Fail if ''c ≠ y<sup>2</sup> mod p''. +*** Return the unique point ''P'' such that ''x(P) = x'' and ''y(P) = y'' if ''y mod 2 = 0'' or ''y(P) = p-y'' otherwise. +** The function ''hash<sub>name</sub>(x)'' where ''x'' is a byte array returns the 32-byte hash ''SHA256(SHA256(tag) || SHA256(tag) || x)'', where ''tag'' is the UTF-8 encoding of ''name''. + +==== Public Key Generation ==== + +Input: +* The secret key ''sk'': a 32-byte array, freshly generated uniformly at random + +The algorithm ''PubKey(sk)'' is defined as: +* Let ''d' = int(sk)''. +* Fail if ''d' = 0'' or ''d' ≥ n''. +* Return ''bytes(d'⋅G)''. + +Note that we use a very different public key format (32 bytes) than the ones used by existing systems (which typically use elliptic curve points as public keys, or 33-byte or 65-byte encodings of them). A side effect is that ''PubKey(sk) = PubKey(bytes(n - int(sk))'', so every public key has two corresponding secret keys. + +==== Public Key Conversion ==== + +As an alternative to generating keys randomly, it is also possible and safe to repurpose existing key generation algorithms for ECDSA in a compatible way. The secret keys constructed by such an algorithm can be used as ''sk'' directly. The public keys constructed by such an algorithm (assuming they use the 33-byte compressed encoding) need to be converted by dropping the first byte. Specifically, [[bip-0032.mediawiki|BIP32]] and schemes built on top of it remain usable. + +==== Default Signing ==== + +Input: +* The secret key ''sk'': a 32-byte array +* The message ''m'': a byte array +* Auxiliary random data ''a'': a 32-byte array + +The algorithm ''Sign(sk, m)'' is defined as: +* Let ''d' = int(sk)'' +* Fail if ''d' = 0'' or ''d' ≥ n'' +* Let ''P = d'⋅G'' +* Let ''d = d' '' if ''has_even_y(P)'', otherwise let ''d = n - d' ''. +* Let ''t'' be the byte-wise xor of ''bytes(d)'' and ''hash<sub>BIP0340/aux</sub>(a)''<ref>The auxiliary random data is hashed (with a unique tag) as a precaution against situations where the randomness may be correlated with the private key itself. It is xored with the private key (rather than combined with it in a hash) to reduce the number of operations exposed to the actual secret key.</ref>. +* Let ''rand = hash<sub>BIP0340/nonce</sub>(t || bytes(P) || m)''<ref>Including the [https://moderncrypto.org/mail-archive/curves/2020/001012.html public key as input to the nonce hash] helps ensure the robustness of the signing algorithm by preventing leakage of the secret key if the calculation of the public key ''P'' is performed incorrectly or maliciously, for example if it is left to the caller for performance reasons.</ref>. +* Let ''k' = int(rand) mod n''<ref>Note that in general, taking a uniformly random 256-bit integer modulo the curve order will produce an unacceptably biased result. However, for the secp256k1 curve, the order is sufficiently close to ''2<sup>256</sup>'' that this bias is not observable (''1 - n / 2<sup>256</sup>'' is around ''1.27 * 2<sup>-128</sup>'').</ref>. +* Fail if ''k' = 0''. +* Let ''R = k'⋅G''. +* Let ''k = k' '' if ''has_even_y(R)'', otherwise let ''k = n - k' ''. +* Let ''e = int(hash<sub>BIP0340/challenge</sub>(bytes(R) || bytes(P) || m)) mod n''. +* Let ''sig = bytes(R) || bytes((k + ed) mod n)''. +* If ''Verify(bytes(P), m, sig)'' (see below) returns failure, abort<ref>Verifying the signature before leaving the signer prevents random or attacker provoked computation errors. This prevents publishing invalid signatures which may leak information about the secret key. It is recommended, but can be omitted if the computation cost is prohibitive.</ref>. +* Return the signature ''sig''. + +The auxiliary random data should be set to fresh randomness generated at signing time, resulting in what is called a ''synthetic nonce''. Using 32 bytes of randomness is optimal. If obtaining randomness is expensive, 16 random bytes can be padded with 16 null bytes to obtain a 32-byte array. If randomness is not available at all at signing time, a simple counter wide enough to not repeat in practice (e.g., 64 bits or wider) and padded with null bytes to a 32 byte-array can be used, or even the constant array with 32 null bytes. Using any non-repeating value increases protection against [https://moderncrypto.org/mail-archive/curves/2017/000925.html fault injection attacks]. Using unpredictable randomness additionally increases protection against other side-channel attacks, and is '''recommended whenever available'''. Note that while this means the resulting nonce is not deterministic, the randomness is only supplemental to security. The normal security properties (excluding side-channel attacks) do not depend on the quality of the signing-time RNG. + +==== Alternative Signing ==== + +It should be noted that various alternative signing algorithms can be used to produce equally valid signatures. The 32-byte ''rand'' value may be generated in other ways, producing a different but still valid signature (in other words, this is not a ''unique'' signature scheme). '''No matter which method is used to generate the ''rand'' value, the value must be a fresh uniformly random 32-byte string which is not even partially predictable for the attacker.''' For nonces without randomness this implies that the same inputs must not be presented in another context. This can be most reliably accomplished by not reusing the same private key across different signing schemes. For example, if the ''rand'' value was computed as per RFC6979 and the same secret key is used in deterministic ECDSA with RFC6979, the signatures can leak the secret key through nonce reuse. + +'''Nonce exfiltration protection''' It is possible to strengthen the nonce generation algorithm using a second device. In this case, the second device contributes randomness which the actual signer provably incorporates into its nonce. This prevents certain attacks where the signer device is compromised and intentionally tries to leak the secret key through its nonce selection. + +'''Multisignatures''' This signature scheme is compatible with various types of multisignature and threshold schemes such as [https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/068 MuSig], where a single public key requires holders of multiple secret keys to participate in signing (see Applications below). +'''It is important to note that multisignature signing schemes in general are insecure with the ''rand'' generation from the default signing algorithm above (or any other deterministic method).''' + +'''Precomputed public key data''' For many uses the compressed 33-byte encoding of the public key corresponding to the secret key may already be known, making it easy to evaluate ''has_even_y(P)'' and ''bytes(P)''. As such, having signers supply this directly may be more efficient than recalculating the public key from the secret key. However, if this optimization is used and additionally the signature verification at the end of the signing algorithm is dropped for increased efficiency, signers must ensure the public key is correctly calculated and not taken from untrusted sources. + +==== Verification ==== + +Input: +* The public key ''pk'': a 32-byte array +* The message ''m'': a byte array +* A signature ''sig'': a 64-byte array + +The algorithm ''Verify(pk, m, sig)'' is defined as: +* Let ''P = lift_x(int(pk))''; fail if that fails. +* Let ''r = int(sig[0:32])''; fail if ''r ≥ p''. +* Let ''s = int(sig[32:64])''; fail if ''s ≥ n''. +* Let ''e = int(hash<sub>BIP0340/challenge</sub>(bytes(r) || bytes(P) || m)) mod n''. +* Let ''R = s⋅G - e⋅P''. +* Fail if ''is_infinite(R)''. +* Fail if ''not has_even_y(R)''. +* Fail if ''x(R) ≠ r''. +* Return success iff no failure occurred before reaching this point. + +For every valid secret key ''sk'' and message ''m'', ''Verify(PubKey(sk),m,Sign(sk,m))'' will succeed. + +Note that the correctness of verification relies on the fact that ''lift_x'' always returns a point with an even Y coordinate. A hypothetical verification algorithm that treats points as public keys, and takes the point ''P'' directly as input would fail any time a point with odd Y is used. While it is possible to correct for this by negating points with odd Y coordinate before further processing, this would result in a scheme where every (message, signature) pair is valid for two public keys (a type of malleability that exists for ECDSA as well, but we don't wish to retain). We avoid these problems by treating just the X coordinate as public key. + +==== Batch Verification ==== + +Input: +* The number ''u'' of signatures +* The public keys ''pk<sub>1..u</sub>'': ''u'' 32-byte arrays +* The messages ''m<sub>1..u</sub>'': ''u'' byte arrays +* The signatures ''sig<sub>1..u</sub>'': ''u'' 64-byte arrays + +The algorithm ''BatchVerify(pk<sub>1..u</sub>, m<sub>1..u</sub>, sig<sub>1..u</sub>)'' is defined as: +* Generate ''u-1'' random integers ''a<sub>2...u</sub>'' in the range ''1...n-1''. They are generated deterministically using a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator CSPRNG] seeded by a cryptographic hash of all inputs of the algorithm, i.e. ''seed = seed_hash(pk<sub>1</sub>..pk<sub>u</sub> || m<sub>1</sub>..m<sub>u</sub> || sig<sub>1</sub>..sig<sub>u</sub> )''. A safe choice is to instantiate ''seed_hash'' with SHA256 and use [https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8439 ChaCha20] with key ''seed'' as a CSPRNG to generate 256-bit integers, skipping integers not in the range ''1...n-1''. +* For ''i = 1 .. u'': +** Let ''P<sub>i</sub> = lift_x(int(pk<sub>i</sub>))''; fail if it fails. +** Let ''r<sub>i</sub> = int(sig<sub>i</sub>[0:32])''; fail if ''r<sub>i</sub> ≥ p''. +** Let ''s<sub>i</sub> = int(sig<sub>i</sub>[32:64])''; fail if ''s<sub>i</sub> ≥ n''. +** Let ''e<sub>i</sub> = int(hash<sub>BIP0340/challenge</sub>(bytes(r<sub>i</sub>) || bytes(P<sub>i</sub>) || m<sub>i</sub>)) mod n''. +** Let ''R<sub>i</sub> = lift_x(r<sub>i</sub>)''; fail if ''lift_x(r<sub>i</sub>)'' fails. +* Fail if ''(s<sub>1</sub> + a<sub>2</sub>s<sub>2</sub> + ... + a<sub>u</sub>s<sub>u</sub>)⋅G ≠ R<sub>1</sub> + a<sub>2</sub>⋅R<sub>2</sub> + ... + a<sub>u</sub>⋅R<sub>u</sub> + e<sub>1</sub>⋅P<sub>1</sub> + (a<sub>2</sub>e<sub>2</sub>)⋅P<sub>2</sub> + ... + (a<sub>u</sub>e<sub>u</sub>)⋅P<sub>u</sub>''. +* Return success iff no failure occurred before reaching this point. + +If all individual signatures are valid (i.e., ''Verify'' would return success for them), ''BatchVerify'' will always return success. If at least one signature is invalid, ''BatchVerify'' will return success with at most a negligible probability. + +=== Usage Considerations === + +==== Messages of Arbitrary Size ==== + +The signature scheme specified in this BIP accepts byte strings of arbitrary size as input messages.<ref>In theory, the message size is restricted due to the fact that SHA256 accepts byte strings only up to size of 2^61-1 bytes.</ref> +It is understood that implementations may reject messages which are too large in their environment or application context, +e.g., messages which exceed predefined buffers or would otherwise cause resource exhaustion. + +Earlier revisions of this BIP required messages to be exactly 32 bytes. +This restriction puts a burden on callers +who typically need to perform pre-hashing of the actual input message by feeding it through SHA256 (or another collision-resistant cryptographic hash function) +to create a 32-byte digest which can be passed to signing or verification +(as for example done in [[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP341]].) + +Since pre-hashing may not always be desirable, +e.g., when actual messages are shorter than 32 bytes,<ref>Another reason to omit pre-hashing is to protect against certain types of cryptanalytic advances against the hash function used for pre-hashing: If pre-hashing is used, an attacker that can find collisions in the pre-hashing function can necessarily forge signatures under chosen-message attacks. If pre-hashing is not used, an attacker that can find collisions in SHA256 (as used inside the signature scheme) may not be able to forge signatures. However, this seeming advantage is mostly irrelevant in the context of Bitcoin, which already relies on collision resistance of SHA256 in other places, e.g., for transaction hashes.</ref> +the restriction to 32-byte messages has been lifted. +We note that pre-hashing is recommended for performance reasons in applications that deal with large messages. +If large messages are not pre-hashed, +the algorithms of the signature scheme will perform more hashing internally. +In particular, the signing algorithm needs two sequential hashing passes over the message, +which means that the full message must necessarily be kept in memory during signing, +and large messages entail a runtime penalty.<ref>Typically, messages of 56 bytes or longer enjoy a performance benefit from pre-hashing, assuming the speed of SHA256 inside the signing algorithm matches that of the pre-hashing done by the calling application.</ref> + +==== Domain Separation ==== + +It is good cryptographic practice to use a key pair only for a single purpose. +Nevertheless, there may be situations in which it may be desirable to use the same key pair in multiple contexts, +i.e., to sign different types of messages within the same application +or even messages in entirely different applications +(e.g., a secret key may be used to sign Bitcoin transactions as well plain text messages). + +As a consequence, applications should ensure that a signed application message intended for one context is never deemed valid in a different context +(e.g., a signed plain text message should never be misinterpreted as a signed Bitcoin transaction, because this could cause unintended loss of funds). +This is called "domain separation" and it is typically realized by partitioning the message space. +Even if key pairs are intended to be used only within a single context, +domain separation is a good idea because it makes it easy to add more contexts later. + +As a best practice, we recommend applications to use exactly one of the following methods to pre-process application messages before passing it to the signature scheme: +* Either, pre-hash the application message using ''hash<sub>name</sub>'', where ''name'' identifies the context uniquely (e.g., "foo-app/signed-bar"), +* or prefix the actual message with a 33-byte string that identifies the context uniquely (e.g., the UTF-8 encoding of "foo-app/signed-bar", padded with null bytes to 33 bytes). + +As the two pre-processing methods yield different message sizes (32 bytes vs. at least 33 bytes), there is no risk of collision between them. + +== Applications == + +There are several interesting applications beyond simple signatures. +While recent academic papers claim that they are also possible with ECDSA, consensus support for Schnorr signature verification would significantly simplify the constructions. + +=== Multisignatures and Threshold Signatures === + +By means of an interactive scheme such as [https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/068 MuSig], participants can aggregate their public keys into a single public key which they can jointly sign for. This allows ''n''-of-''n'' multisignatures which, from a verifier's perspective, are no different from ordinary signatures, giving improved privacy and efficiency versus ''CHECKMULTISIG'' or other means. + +Moreover, Schnorr signatures are compatible with [https://web.archive.org/web/20031003232851/http://www.research.ibm.com/security/dkg.ps distributed key generation], which enables interactive threshold signatures schemes, e.g., the schemes described by [http://cacr.uwaterloo.ca/techreports/2001/corr2001-13.ps Stinson and Strobl (2001)] or [https://web.archive.org/web/20060911151529/http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~stasio/Papers/gjkr03.pdf Gennaro, Jarecki and Krawczyk (2003)]. These protocols make it possible to realize ''k''-of-''n'' threshold signatures, which ensure that any subset of size ''k'' of the set of ''n'' signers can sign but no subset of size less than ''k'' can produce a valid Schnorr signature. However, the practicality of the existing schemes is limited: most schemes in the literature have been proven secure only for the case ''k-1 < n/2'', are not secure when used concurrently in multiple sessions, or require a reliable broadcast mechanism to be secure. Further research is necessary to improve this situation. + +=== Adaptor Signatures === + +[https://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/wizardry/mw-slides/2018-05-18-l2/slides.pdf Adaptor signatures] can be produced by a signer by offsetting his public nonce ''R'' with a known point ''T = t⋅G'', but not offsetting the signature's ''s'' value. +A correct signature (or partial signature, as individual signers' contributions to a multisignature are called) on the same message with same nonce will then be equal to the adaptor signature offset by ''t'', meaning that learning ''t'' is equivalent to learning a correct signature. +This can be used to enable atomic swaps or even [https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/472 general payment channels] in which the atomicity of disjoint transactions is ensured using the signatures themselves, rather than Bitcoin script support. The resulting transactions will appear to verifiers to be no different from ordinary single-signer transactions, except perhaps for the inclusion of locktime refund logic. + +Adaptor signatures, beyond the efficiency and privacy benefits of encoding script semantics into constant-sized signatures, have additional benefits over traditional hash-based payment channels. Specifically, the secret values ''t'' may be reblinded between hops, allowing long chains of transactions to be made atomic while even the participants cannot identify which transactions are part of the chain. Also, because the secret values are chosen at signing time, rather than key generation time, existing outputs may be repurposed for different applications without recourse to the blockchain, even multiple times. + +=== Blind Signatures === + +A blind signature protocol is an interactive protocol that enables a signer to sign a message at the behest of another party without learning any information about the signed message or the signature. Schnorr signatures admit a very [http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/files/4292/schnorr.blind_sigs_attack.2001.pdf simple blind signature scheme] which is however insecure because it's vulnerable to [https://www.iacr.org/archive/crypto2002/24420288/24420288.pdf Wagner's attack]. A known mitigation is to let the signer abort a signing session with a certain probability, and the resulting scheme can be [https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/877 proven secure under non-standard cryptographic assumptions]. + +Blind Schnorr signatures could for example be used in [https://github.com/ElementsProject/scriptless-scripts/blob/master/md/partially-blind-swap.md Partially Blind Atomic Swaps], a construction to enable transferring of coins, mediated by an untrusted escrow agent, without connecting the transactors in the public blockchain transaction graph. + +== Test Vectors and Reference Code == + +For development and testing purposes, we provide a [[bip-0340/test-vectors.csv|collection of test vectors in CSV format]] and a naive, highly inefficient, and non-constant time [[bip-0340/reference.py|pure Python 3.7 reference implementation of the signing and verification algorithm]]. +The reference implementation is for demonstration purposes only and not to be used in production environments. + +== Changelog == + +To help implementors understand updates to this BIP, we keep a list of substantial changes. + +* 2022-08: Fix function signature of lift_x in reference code +* 2023-04: Allow messages of arbitrary size + +== Footnotes == + +<references /> + +== Acknowledgements == + +This document is the result of many discussions around Schnorr based signatures over the years, and had input from Johnson Lau, Greg Maxwell, Andrew Poelstra, Rusty Russell, and Anthony Towns. The authors further wish to thank all those who provided valuable feedback and reviews, including the participants of the [https://github.com/ajtowns/taproot-review structured reviews]. diff --git a/bip-0340/reference.py b/bip-0340/reference.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b327e0a --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0340/reference.py @@ -0,0 +1,221 @@ +from typing import Tuple, Optional, Any +import hashlib +import binascii + +# Set DEBUG to True to get a detailed debug output including +# intermediate values during key generation, signing, and +# verification. This is implemented via calls to the +# debug_print_vars() function. +# +# If you want to print values on an individual basis, use +# the pretty() function, e.g., print(pretty(foo)). +DEBUG = False + +p = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC2F +n = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141 + +# Points are tuples of X and Y coordinates and the point at infinity is +# represented by the None keyword. +G = (0x79BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798, 0x483ADA7726A3C4655DA4FBFC0E1108A8FD17B448A68554199C47D08FFB10D4B8) + +Point = Tuple[int, int] + +# This implementation can be sped up by storing the midstate after hashing +# tag_hash instead of rehashing it all the time. +def tagged_hash(tag: str, msg: bytes) -> bytes: + tag_hash = hashlib.sha256(tag.encode()).digest() + return hashlib.sha256(tag_hash + tag_hash + msg).digest() + +def is_infinite(P: Optional[Point]) -> bool: + return P is None + +def x(P: Point) -> int: + assert not is_infinite(P) + return P[0] + +def y(P: Point) -> int: + assert not is_infinite(P) + return P[1] + +def point_add(P1: Optional[Point], P2: Optional[Point]) -> Optional[Point]: + if P1 is None: + return P2 + if P2 is None: + return P1 + if (x(P1) == x(P2)) and (y(P1) != y(P2)): + return None + if P1 == P2: + lam = (3 * x(P1) * x(P1) * pow(2 * y(P1), p - 2, p)) % p + else: + lam = ((y(P2) - y(P1)) * pow(x(P2) - x(P1), p - 2, p)) % p + x3 = (lam * lam - x(P1) - x(P2)) % p + return (x3, (lam * (x(P1) - x3) - y(P1)) % p) + +def point_mul(P: Optional[Point], n: int) -> Optional[Point]: + R = None + for i in range(256): + if (n >> i) & 1: + R = point_add(R, P) + P = point_add(P, P) + return R + +def bytes_from_int(x: int) -> bytes: + return x.to_bytes(32, byteorder="big") + +def bytes_from_point(P: Point) -> bytes: + return bytes_from_int(x(P)) + +def xor_bytes(b0: bytes, b1: bytes) -> bytes: + return bytes(x ^ y for (x, y) in zip(b0, b1)) + +def lift_x(x: int) -> Optional[Point]: + if x >= p: + return None + y_sq = (pow(x, 3, p) + 7) % p + y = pow(y_sq, (p + 1) // 4, p) + if pow(y, 2, p) != y_sq: + return None + return (x, y if y & 1 == 0 else p-y) + +def int_from_bytes(b: bytes) -> int: + return int.from_bytes(b, byteorder="big") + +def hash_sha256(b: bytes) -> bytes: + return hashlib.sha256(b).digest() + +def has_even_y(P: Point) -> bool: + assert not is_infinite(P) + return y(P) % 2 == 0 + +def pubkey_gen(seckey: bytes) -> bytes: + d0 = int_from_bytes(seckey) + if not (1 <= d0 <= n - 1): + raise ValueError('The secret key must be an integer in the range 1..n-1.') + P = point_mul(G, d0) + assert P is not None + return bytes_from_point(P) + +def schnorr_sign(msg: bytes, seckey: bytes, aux_rand: bytes) -> bytes: + d0 = int_from_bytes(seckey) + if not (1 <= d0 <= n - 1): + raise ValueError('The secret key must be an integer in the range 1..n-1.') + if len(aux_rand) != 32: + raise ValueError('aux_rand must be 32 bytes instead of %i.' % len(aux_rand)) + P = point_mul(G, d0) + assert P is not None + d = d0 if has_even_y(P) else n - d0 + t = xor_bytes(bytes_from_int(d), tagged_hash("BIP0340/aux", aux_rand)) + k0 = int_from_bytes(tagged_hash("BIP0340/nonce", t + bytes_from_point(P) + msg)) % n + if k0 == 0: + raise RuntimeError('Failure. This happens only with negligible probability.') + R = point_mul(G, k0) + assert R is not None + k = n - k0 if not has_even_y(R) else k0 + e = int_from_bytes(tagged_hash("BIP0340/challenge", bytes_from_point(R) + bytes_from_point(P) + msg)) % n + sig = bytes_from_point(R) + bytes_from_int((k + e * d) % n) + debug_print_vars() + if not schnorr_verify(msg, bytes_from_point(P), sig): + raise RuntimeError('The created signature does not pass verification.') + return sig + +def schnorr_verify(msg: bytes, pubkey: bytes, sig: bytes) -> bool: + if len(pubkey) != 32: + raise ValueError('The public key must be a 32-byte array.') + if len(sig) != 64: + raise ValueError('The signature must be a 64-byte array.') + P = lift_x(int_from_bytes(pubkey)) + r = int_from_bytes(sig[0:32]) + s = int_from_bytes(sig[32:64]) + if (P is None) or (r >= p) or (s >= n): + debug_print_vars() + return False + e = int_from_bytes(tagged_hash("BIP0340/challenge", sig[0:32] + pubkey + msg)) % n + R = point_add(point_mul(G, s), point_mul(P, n - e)) + if (R is None) or (not has_even_y(R)) or (x(R) != r): + debug_print_vars() + return False + debug_print_vars() + return True + +# +# The following code is only used to verify the test vectors. +# +import csv +import os +import sys + +def test_vectors() -> bool: + all_passed = True + with open(os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'test-vectors.csv'), newline='') as csvfile: + reader = csv.reader(csvfile) + reader.__next__() + for row in reader: + (index, seckey_hex, pubkey_hex, aux_rand_hex, msg_hex, sig_hex, result_str, comment) = row + pubkey = bytes.fromhex(pubkey_hex) + msg = bytes.fromhex(msg_hex) + sig = bytes.fromhex(sig_hex) + result = result_str == 'TRUE' + print('\nTest vector', ('#' + index).rjust(3, ' ') + ':') + if seckey_hex != '': + seckey = bytes.fromhex(seckey_hex) + pubkey_actual = pubkey_gen(seckey) + if pubkey != pubkey_actual: + print(' * Failed key generation.') + print(' Expected key:', pubkey.hex().upper()) + print(' Actual key:', pubkey_actual.hex().upper()) + aux_rand = bytes.fromhex(aux_rand_hex) + try: + sig_actual = schnorr_sign(msg, seckey, aux_rand) + if sig == sig_actual: + print(' * Passed signing test.') + else: + print(' * Failed signing test.') + print(' Expected signature:', sig.hex().upper()) + print(' Actual signature:', sig_actual.hex().upper()) + all_passed = False + except RuntimeError as e: + print(' * Signing test raised exception:', e) + all_passed = False + result_actual = schnorr_verify(msg, pubkey, sig) + if result == result_actual: + print(' * Passed verification test.') + else: + print(' * Failed verification test.') + print(' Expected verification result:', result) + print(' Actual verification result:', result_actual) + if comment: + print(' Comment:', comment) + all_passed = False + print() + if all_passed: + print('All test vectors passed.') + else: + print('Some test vectors failed.') + return all_passed + +# +# The following code is only used for debugging +# +import inspect + +def pretty(v: Any) -> Any: + if isinstance(v, bytes): + return '0x' + v.hex() + if isinstance(v, int): + return pretty(bytes_from_int(v)) + if isinstance(v, tuple): + return tuple(map(pretty, v)) + return v + +def debug_print_vars() -> None: + if DEBUG: + current_frame = inspect.currentframe() + assert current_frame is not None + frame = current_frame.f_back + assert frame is not None + print(' Variables in function ', frame.f_code.co_name, ' at line ', frame.f_lineno, ':', sep='') + for var_name, var_val in frame.f_locals.items(): + print(' ' + var_name.rjust(11, ' '), '==', pretty(var_val)) + +if __name__ == '__main__': + test_vectors() diff --git a/bip-0340/test-vectors.csv b/bip-0340/test-vectors.csv new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6723391 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0340/test-vectors.csv @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +index,secret key,public key,aux_rand,message,signature,verification result,comment
+0,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003,F9308A019258C31049344F85F89D5229B531C845836F99B08601F113BCE036F9,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,E907831F80848D1069A5371B402410364BDF1C5F8307B0084C55F1CE2DCA821525F66A4A85EA8B71E482A74F382D2CE5EBEEE8FDB2172F477DF4900D310536C0,TRUE,
+1,B7E151628AED2A6ABF7158809CF4F3C762E7160F38B4DA56A784D9045190CFEF,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,6896BD60EEAE296DB48A229FF71DFE071BDE413E6D43F917DC8DCF8C78DE33418906D11AC976ABCCB20B091292BFF4EA897EFCB639EA871CFA95F6DE339E4B0A,TRUE,
+2,C90FDAA22168C234C4C6628B80DC1CD129024E088A67CC74020BBEA63B14E5C9,DD308AFEC5777E13121FA72B9CC1B7CC0139715309B086C960E18FD969774EB8,C87AA53824B4D7AE2EB035A2B5BBBCCC080E76CDC6D1692C4B0B62D798E6D906,7E2D58D8B3BCDF1ABADEC7829054F90DDA9805AAB56C77333024B9D0A508B75C,5831AAEED7B44BB74E5EAB94BA9D4294C49BCF2A60728D8B4C200F50DD313C1BAB745879A5AD954A72C45A91C3A51D3C7ADEA98D82F8481E0E1E03674A6F3FB7,TRUE,
+3,0B432B2677937381AEF05BB02A66ECD012773062CF3FA2549E44F58ED2401710,25D1DFF95105F5253C4022F628A996AD3A0D95FBF21D468A1B33F8C160D8F517,FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF,FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF,7EB0509757E246F19449885651611CB965ECC1A187DD51B64FDA1EDC9637D5EC97582B9CB13DB3933705B32BA982AF5AF25FD78881EBB32771FC5922EFC66EA3,TRUE,test fails if msg is reduced modulo p or n
+4,,D69C3509BB99E412E68B0FE8544E72837DFA30746D8BE2AA65975F29D22DC7B9,,4DF3C3F68FCC83B27E9D42C90431A72499F17875C81A599B566C9889B9696703,00000000000000000000003B78CE563F89A0ED9414F5AA28AD0D96D6795F9C6376AFB1548AF603B3EB45C9F8207DEE1060CB71C04E80F593060B07D28308D7F4,TRUE,
+5,,EEFDEA4CDB677750A420FEE807EACF21EB9898AE79B9768766E4FAA04A2D4A34,,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,6CFF5C3BA86C69EA4B7376F31A9BCB4F74C1976089B2D9963DA2E5543E17776969E89B4C5564D00349106B8497785DD7D1D713A8AE82B32FA79D5F7FC407D39B,FALSE,public key not on the curve
+6,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,FFF97BD5755EEEA420453A14355235D382F6472F8568A18B2F057A14602975563CC27944640AC607CD107AE10923D9EF7A73C643E166BE5EBEAFA34B1AC553E2,FALSE,has_even_y(R) is false
+7,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,1FA62E331EDBC21C394792D2AB1100A7B432B013DF3F6FF4F99FCB33E0E1515F28890B3EDB6E7189B630448B515CE4F8622A954CFE545735AAEA5134FCCDB2BD,FALSE,negated message
+8,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,6CFF5C3BA86C69EA4B7376F31A9BCB4F74C1976089B2D9963DA2E5543E177769961764B3AA9B2FFCB6EF947B6887A226E8D7C93E00C5ED0C1834FF0D0C2E6DA6,FALSE,negated s value
+9,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123DDA8328AF9C23A94C1FEECFD123BA4FB73476F0D594DCB65C6425BD186051,FALSE,sG - eP is infinite. Test fails in single verification if has_even_y(inf) is defined as true and x(inf) as 0
+10,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000017615FBAF5AE28864013C099742DEADB4DBA87F11AC6754F93780D5A1837CF197,FALSE,sG - eP is infinite. Test fails in single verification if has_even_y(inf) is defined as true and x(inf) as 1
+11,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,4A298DACAE57395A15D0795DDBFD1DCB564DA82B0F269BC70A74F8220429BA1D69E89B4C5564D00349106B8497785DD7D1D713A8AE82B32FA79D5F7FC407D39B,FALSE,sig[0:32] is not an X coordinate on the curve
+12,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC2F69E89B4C5564D00349106B8497785DD7D1D713A8AE82B32FA79D5F7FC407D39B,FALSE,sig[0:32] is equal to field size
+13,,DFF1D77F2A671C5F36183726DB2341BE58FEAE1DA2DECED843240F7B502BA659,,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,6CFF5C3BA86C69EA4B7376F31A9BCB4F74C1976089B2D9963DA2E5543E177769FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141,FALSE,sig[32:64] is equal to curve order
+14,,FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC30,,243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89,6CFF5C3BA86C69EA4B7376F31A9BCB4F74C1976089B2D9963DA2E5543E17776969E89B4C5564D00349106B8497785DD7D1D713A8AE82B32FA79D5F7FC407D39B,FALSE,public key is not a valid X coordinate because it exceeds the field size
+15,0340034003400340034003400340034003400340034003400340034003400340,778CAA53B4393AC467774D09497A87224BF9FAB6F6E68B23086497324D6FD117,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,,71535DB165ECD9FBBC046E5FFAEA61186BB6AD436732FCCC25291A55895464CF6069CE26BF03466228F19A3A62DB8A649F2D560FAC652827D1AF0574E427AB63,TRUE,message of size 0 (added 2022-12)
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+18,0340034003400340034003400340034003400340034003400340034003400340,778CAA53B4393AC467774D09497A87224BF9FAB6F6E68B23086497324D6FD117,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999,403B12B0D8555A344175EA7EC746566303321E5DBFA8BE6F091635163ECA79A8585ED3E3170807E7C03B720FC54C7B23897FCBA0E9D0B4A06894CFD249F22367,TRUE,message of size 100 (added 2022-12)
diff --git a/bip-0340/test-vectors.py b/bip-0340/test-vectors.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..317f2ec --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0340/test-vectors.py @@ -0,0 +1,300 @@ +import sys +from reference import * + +def is_square(x): + return int(pow(x, (p - 1) // 2, p)) == 1 + +def has_square_y(P): + """Determine if P has a square Y coordinate. Used in an earlier draft of BIP340.""" + assert not is_infinite(P) + return is_square(P[1]) + +def vector0(): + seckey = bytes_from_int(3) + msg = bytes_from_int(0) + aux_rand = bytes_from_int(0) + sig = schnorr_sign(msg, seckey, aux_rand) + pubkey = pubkey_gen(seckey) + + # We should have at least one test vector where the seckey needs to be + # negated and one where it doesn't. In this one the seckey doesn't need to + # be negated. + x = int_from_bytes(seckey) + P = point_mul(G, x) + assert(y(P) % 2 == 0) + + # For historical reasons (pubkey tiebreaker was squareness and not evenness) + # we should have at least one test vector where the the point reconstructed + # from the public key has a square and one where it has a non-square Y + # coordinate. In this one Y is non-square. + pubkey_point = lift_x(pubkey) + assert(not has_square_y(pubkey_point)) + + # For historical reasons (R tiebreaker was squareness and not evenness) + # we should have at least one test vector where the the point reconstructed + # from the R.x coordinate has a square and one where it has a non-square Y + # coordinate. In this one Y is non-square. + R = lift_x(sig[0:32]) + assert(not has_square_y(R)) + + return (seckey, pubkey, aux_rand, msg, sig, "TRUE", None) + +def vector1(): + seckey = bytes_from_int(0xB7E151628AED2A6ABF7158809CF4F3C762E7160F38B4DA56A784D9045190CFEF) + msg = bytes_from_int(0x243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89) + aux_rand = bytes_from_int(1) + + sig = schnorr_sign(msg, seckey, aux_rand) + + # The point reconstructed from the R.x coordinate has a square Y coordinate. + R = lift_x(sig[0:32]) + assert(has_square_y(R)) + + return (seckey, pubkey_gen(seckey), aux_rand, msg, sig, "TRUE", None) + +def vector2(): + seckey = bytes_from_int(0xC90FDAA22168C234C4C6628B80DC1CD129024E088A67CC74020BBEA63B14E5C9) + msg = bytes_from_int(0x7E2D58D8B3BCDF1ABADEC7829054F90DDA9805AAB56C77333024B9D0A508B75C) + aux_rand = bytes_from_int(0xC87AA53824B4D7AE2EB035A2B5BBBCCC080E76CDC6D1692C4B0B62D798E6D906) + sig = schnorr_sign(msg, seckey, aux_rand) + + # The point reconstructed from the public key has a square Y coordinate. + pubkey = pubkey_gen(seckey) + pubkey_point = lift_x(pubkey) + assert(has_square_y(pubkey_point)) + + # This signature vector would not verify if the implementer checked the + # evenness of the X coordinate of R instead of the Y coordinate. + R = lift_x(sig[0:32]) + assert(R[0] % 2 == 1) + + return (seckey, pubkey, aux_rand, msg, sig, "TRUE", None) + +def vector3(): + seckey = bytes_from_int(0x0B432B2677937381AEF05BB02A66ECD012773062CF3FA2549E44F58ED2401710) + + # Need to negate this seckey before signing + x = int_from_bytes(seckey) + P = point_mul(G, x) + assert(y(P) % 2 != 0) + + msg = bytes_from_int(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) + aux_rand = bytes_from_int(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) + + sig = schnorr_sign(msg, seckey, aux_rand) + return (seckey, pubkey_gen(seckey), aux_rand, msg, sig, "TRUE", "test fails if msg is reduced modulo p or n") + +# Signs with a given nonce. This can be INSECURE and is only INTENDED FOR +# GENERATING TEST VECTORS. Results in an invalid signature if y(kG) is not +# even. +def insecure_schnorr_sign_fixed_nonce(msg, seckey0, k): + if len(msg) != 32: + raise ValueError('The message must be a 32-byte array.') + seckey0 = int_from_bytes(seckey0) + if not (1 <= seckey0 <= n - 1): + raise ValueError('The secret key must be an integer in the range 1..n-1.') + P = point_mul(G, seckey0) + seckey = seckey0 if has_even_y(P) else n - seckey0 + R = point_mul(G, k) + e = int_from_bytes(tagged_hash("BIP0340/challenge", bytes_from_point(R) + bytes_from_point(P) + msg)) % n + return bytes_from_point(R) + bytes_from_int((k + e * seckey) % n) + +# Creates a singature with a small x(R) by using k = -1/2 +def vector4(): + one_half = n - 0x7fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff5d576e7357a4501ddfe92f46681b20a0 + seckey = bytes_from_int(0x763758E5CBEEDEE4F7D3FC86F531C36578933228998226672F13C4F0EBE855EB) + msg = bytes_from_int(0x4DF3C3F68FCC83B27E9D42C90431A72499F17875C81A599B566C9889B9696703) + sig = insecure_schnorr_sign_fixed_nonce(msg, seckey, one_half) + return (None, pubkey_gen(seckey), None, msg, sig, "TRUE", None) + +default_seckey = bytes_from_int(0xB7E151628AED2A6ABF7158809CF4F3C762E7160F38B4DA56A784D9045190CFEF) +default_msg = bytes_from_int(0x243F6A8885A308D313198A2E03707344A4093822299F31D0082EFA98EC4E6C89) +default_aux_rand = bytes_from_int(0xC87AA53824B4D7AE2EB035A2B5BBBCCC080E76CDC6D1692C4B0B62D798E6D906) + +# Public key is not on the curve +def vector5(): + # This creates a dummy signature that doesn't have anything to do with the + # public key. + seckey = default_seckey + msg = default_msg + sig = schnorr_sign(msg, seckey, default_aux_rand) + + pubkey = bytes_from_int(0xEEFDEA4CDB677750A420FEE807EACF21EB9898AE79B9768766E4FAA04A2D4A34) + assert(lift_x(pubkey) is None) + + return (None, pubkey, None, msg, sig, "FALSE", "public key not on the curve") + +def vector6(): + seckey = default_seckey + msg = default_msg + k = 6 + sig = insecure_schnorr_sign_fixed_nonce(msg, seckey, k) + + # Y coordinate of R is not even + R = point_mul(G, k) + assert(not has_even_y(R)) + + return (None, pubkey_gen(seckey), None, msg, sig, "FALSE", "has_even_y(R) is false") + +def vector7(): + seckey = default_seckey + msg = int_from_bytes(default_msg) + neg_msg = bytes_from_int(n - msg) + sig = schnorr_sign(neg_msg, seckey, default_aux_rand) + return (None, pubkey_gen(seckey), None, bytes_from_int(msg), sig, "FALSE", "negated message") + +def vector8(): + seckey = default_seckey + msg = default_msg + sig = schnorr_sign(msg, seckey, default_aux_rand) + sig = sig[0:32] + bytes_from_int(n - int_from_bytes(sig[32:64])) + return (None, pubkey_gen(seckey), None, msg, sig, "FALSE", "negated s value") + +def bytes_from_point_inf0(P): + if P == None: + return bytes_from_int(0) + return bytes_from_int(P[0]) + +def vector9(): + seckey = default_seckey + msg = default_msg + + # Override bytes_from_point in schnorr_sign to allow creating a signature + # with k = 0. + k = 0 + bytes_from_point_tmp = bytes_from_point.__code__ + bytes_from_point.__code__ = bytes_from_point_inf0.__code__ + sig = insecure_schnorr_sign_fixed_nonce(msg, seckey, k) + bytes_from_point.__code__ = bytes_from_point_tmp + + return (None, pubkey_gen(seckey), None, msg, sig, "FALSE", "sG - eP is infinite. Test fails in single verification if has_even_y(inf) is defined as true and x(inf) as 0") + +def bytes_from_point_inf1(P): + if P == None: + return bytes_from_int(1) + return bytes_from_int(P[0]) + +def vector10(): + seckey = default_seckey + msg = default_msg + + # Override bytes_from_point in schnorr_sign to allow creating a signature + # with k = 0. + k = 0 + bytes_from_point_tmp = bytes_from_point.__code__ + bytes_from_point.__code__ = bytes_from_point_inf1.__code__ + sig = insecure_schnorr_sign_fixed_nonce(msg, seckey, k) + bytes_from_point.__code__ = bytes_from_point_tmp + + return (None, pubkey_gen(seckey), None, msg, sig, "FALSE", "sG - eP is infinite. Test fails in single verification if has_even_y(inf) is defined as true and x(inf) as 1") + +# It's cryptographically impossible to create a test vector that fails if run +# in an implementation which merely misses the check that sig[0:32] is an X +# coordinate on the curve. This test vector just increases test coverage. +def vector11(): + seckey = default_seckey + msg = default_msg + sig = schnorr_sign(msg, seckey, default_aux_rand) + + # Replace R's X coordinate with an X coordinate that's not on the curve + x_not_on_curve = bytes_from_int(0x4A298DACAE57395A15D0795DDBFD1DCB564DA82B0F269BC70A74F8220429BA1D) + assert(lift_x(x_not_on_curve) is None) + sig = x_not_on_curve + sig[32:64] + + return (None, pubkey_gen(seckey), None, msg, sig, "FALSE", "sig[0:32] is not an X coordinate on the curve") + +# It's cryptographically impossible to create a test vector that fails if run +# in an implementation which merely misses the check that sig[0:32] is smaller +# than the field size. This test vector just increases test coverage. +def vector12(): + seckey = default_seckey + msg = default_msg + sig = schnorr_sign(msg, seckey, default_aux_rand) + + # Replace R's X coordinate with an X coordinate that's equal to field size + sig = bytes_from_int(p) + sig[32:64] + + return (None, pubkey_gen(seckey), None, msg, sig, "FALSE", "sig[0:32] is equal to field size") + +# It's cryptographically impossible to create a test vector that fails if run +# in an implementation which merely misses the check that sig[32:64] is smaller +# than the curve order. This test vector just increases test coverage. +def vector13(): + seckey = default_seckey + msg = default_msg + sig = schnorr_sign(msg, seckey, default_aux_rand) + + # Replace s with a number that's equal to the curve order + sig = sig[0:32] + bytes_from_int(n) + + return (None, pubkey_gen(seckey), None, msg, sig, "FALSE", "sig[32:64] is equal to curve order") + +# Test out of range pubkey +# It's cryptographically impossible to create a test vector that fails if run +# in an implementation which accepts out of range pubkeys because we can't find +# a secret key for such a public key and therefore can not create a signature. +# This test vector just increases test coverage. +def vector14(): + # This creates a dummy signature that doesn't have anything to do with the + # public key. + seckey = default_seckey + msg = default_msg + sig = schnorr_sign(msg, seckey, default_aux_rand) + pubkey_int = p + 1 + pubkey = bytes_from_int(pubkey_int) + assert(lift_x(pubkey) is None) + # If an implementation would reduce a given public key modulo p then the + # pubkey would be valid + assert(lift_x(bytes_from_int(pubkey_int % p)) is not None) + + return (None, pubkey, None, msg, sig, "FALSE", "public key is not a valid X coordinate because it exceeds the field size") + +def varlen_vector(msg_int): + seckey = bytes_from_int(int(16 * "0340", 16)) + pubkey = pubkey_gen(seckey) + aux_rand = bytes_from_int(0) + msg = msg_int.to_bytes((msg_int.bit_length() + 7) // 8, "big") + sig = schnorr_sign(msg, seckey, aux_rand) + comment = "message of size %d (added 2022-12)" + return (seckey, pubkey, aux_rand, msg, sig, "TRUE", comment % len(msg)) + +vector15 = lambda : varlen_vector(0) +vector16 = lambda : varlen_vector(0x11) +vector17 = lambda : varlen_vector(0x0102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F1011) +vector18 = lambda : varlen_vector(int(100 * "99", 16)) + +vectors = [ + vector0(), + vector1(), + vector2(), + vector3(), + vector4(), + vector5(), + vector6(), + vector7(), + vector8(), + vector9(), + vector10(), + vector11(), + vector12(), + vector13(), + vector14(), + vector15(), + vector16(), + vector17(), + vector18(), + ] + +# Converts the byte strings of a test vector into hex strings +def bytes_to_hex(seckey, pubkey, aux_rand, msg, sig, result, comment): + return (seckey.hex().upper() if seckey is not None else None, pubkey.hex().upper(), aux_rand.hex().upper() if aux_rand is not None else None, msg.hex().upper(), sig.hex().upper(), result, comment) + +vectors = list(map(lambda vector: bytes_to_hex(vector[0], vector[1], vector[2], vector[3], vector[4], vector[5], vector[6]), vectors)) + +def print_csv(vectors): + writer = csv.writer(sys.stdout) + writer.writerow(("index", "secret key", "public key", "aux_rand", "message", "signature", "verification result", "comment")) + for (i,v) in enumerate(vectors): + writer.writerow((i,)+v) + +print_csv(vectors) diff --git a/bip-0341.mediawiki b/bip-0341.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..639cec6 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0341.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,362 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 341 + Layer: Consensus (soft fork) + Title: Taproot: SegWit version 1 spending rules + Author: Pieter Wuille <pieter.wuille@gmail.com> + Jonas Nick <jonasd.nick@gmail.com> + Anthony Towns <aj@erisian.com.au> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0341 + Status: Final + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2020-01-19 + License: BSD-3-Clause + Requires: 340 + Post-History: 2019-05-06: https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2019-May/016914.html [bitcoin-dev] Taproot proposal + 2019-10-09: https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2019-October/017378.html [bitcoin-dev] Taproot updates +</pre> + +==Introduction== + +===Abstract=== + +This document proposes a new SegWit version 1 output type, with spending rules based on Taproot, Schnorr signatures, and Merkle branches. + +===Copyright=== + +This document is licensed under the 3-clause BSD license. + +===Motivation=== + +This proposal aims to improve privacy, efficiency, and flexibility of Bitcoin's scripting capabilities without adding new security assumptions<ref>'''What does not adding security assumptions mean?''' Unforgeability of signatures is a necessary requirement to prevent theft. At least when treating script execution as a digital signature scheme itself, unforgeability can be [https://github.com/apoelstra/taproot proven] in the Random Oracle Model assuming the Discrete Logarithm problem is hard. A [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:294-60803 proof] for unforgeability of ECDSA in the current script system needs non-standard assumptions on top of that. Note that it is hard in general to model exactly what security for script means, as it depends on the policies and protocols used by wallet software.</ref>. Specifically, it seeks to minimize how much information about the spendability conditions of a transaction output is revealed on chain at creation or spending time and to add a number of upgrade mechanisms, while fixing a few minor but long-standing issues. + +==Design== + +A number of related ideas for improving Bitcoin's scripting capabilities have been previously proposed: Schnorr signatures ([[bip-0340.mediawiki|BIP340]]), Merkle branches ("MAST", [[bip-0114.mediawiki|BIP114]], [[bip-0117.mediawiki|BIP117]]), new sighash modes ([[bip-0118.mediawiki|BIP118]]), new opcodes like CHECKSIGFROMSTACK, [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2018-January/015614.html Taproot], [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2018-February/015700.html Graftroot], [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2018-July/016249.html G'root], and [https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1377298.0 cross-input aggregation]. + +Combining all these ideas in a single proposal would be an extensive change, be hard to review, and likely miss new discoveries that otherwise could have been made along the way. Not all are equally mature as well. For example, cross-input aggregation [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2018-March/015838.html interacts] in complex ways with upgrade mechanisms, and solutions to that are still [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2018-October/016461.html in flux]. On the other hand, separating them all into independent upgrades would reduce the efficiency and privacy gains to be had, and wallet and service providers may not be inclined to go through many incremental updates. Therefore, we're faced with a tradeoff between functionality and scope creep. In this design we strike a balance by focusing on the structural script improvements offered by Taproot and Merkle branches, as well as changes necessary to make them usable and efficient. For things like sighashes and opcodes we include fixes for known problems, but exclude new features that can be added independently with no downsides. + +As a result we choose this combination of technologies: +* '''Merkle branches''' let us only reveal the actually executed part of the script to the blockchain, as opposed to all possible ways a script can be executed. Among the various known mechanisms for implementing this, one where the Merkle tree becomes part of the script's structure directly maximizes the space savings, so that approach is chosen. +* '''Taproot''' on top of that lets us merge the traditionally separate pay-to-pubkey and pay-to-scripthash policies, making all outputs spendable by either a key or (optionally) a script, and indistinguishable from each other. As long as the key-based spending path is used for spending, it is not revealed whether a script path was permitted as well, resulting in space savings and an increase in scripting privacy at spending time. +* Taproot's advantages become apparent under the assumption that most applications involve outputs that could be spent by all parties agreeing. That's where '''Schnorr''' signatures come in, as they permit [https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/068 key aggregation]: a public key can be constructed from multiple participant public keys, and which requires cooperation between all participants to sign for. Such multi-party public keys and signatures are indistinguishable from their single-party equivalents. This means that with taproot most applications can use the key-based spending path, which is both efficient and private. This can be generalized to arbitrary M-of-N policies, as Schnorr signatures support threshold signing, at the cost of more complex setup protocols. +* As Schnorr signatures also permit '''batch validation''', allowing multiple signatures to be validated together more efficiently than validating each one independently, we make sure all parts of the design are compatible with this. +* Where unused bits appear as a result of the above changes, they are reserved for mechanisms for '''future extensions'''. As a result, every script in the Merkle tree has an associated version such that new script versions can be introduced with a soft fork while remaining compatible with BIP 341. Additionally, future soft forks can make use of the currently unused <code>annex</code> in the witness (see [[bip-0341.mediawiki#Rationale|BIP341]]). +* While the core semantics of the '''signature hashing algorithm''' are not changed, a number of improvements are included in this proposal. The new signature hashing algorithm fixes the verification capabilities of offline signing devices by including amount and scriptPubKey in the signature message, avoids unnecessary hashing, uses '''tagged hashes''' and defines a default sighash byte. +* The '''public key is directly included in the output''' in contrast to typical earlier constructions which store a hash of the public key or script in the output. This has the same cost for senders and is more space efficient overall if the key-based spending path is taken. <ref>'''Why is the public key directly included in the output?''' While typical earlier constructions store a hash of a script or a public key in the output, this is rather wasteful when a public key is always involved. To guarantee batch verifiability, the public key must be known to every verifier, and thus only revealing its hash as an output would imply adding an additional 32 bytes to the witness. Furthermore, to maintain [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2016-January/012198.html 128-bit collision security] for outputs, a 256-bit hash would be required anyway, which is comparable in size (and thus in cost for senders) to revealing the public key directly. While the usage of public key hashes is often said to protect against ECDLP breaks or quantum computers, this protection is very weak at best: transactions are not protected while being confirmed, and a very [https://twitter.com/pwuille/status/1108097835365339136 large portion] of the currency's supply is not under such protection regardless. Actual resistance to such systems can be introduced by relying on different cryptographic assumptions, but this proposal focuses on improvements that do not change the security model.</ref> + +Informally, the resulting design is as follows: a new witness version is added (version 1), whose programs consist of 32-byte encodings of points ''Q''. ''Q'' is computed as ''P + hash(P||m)G'' for a public key ''P'', and the root ''m'' of a Merkle tree whose leaves consist of a version number and a script. These outputs can be spent directly by providing a signature for ''Q'', or indirectly by revealing ''P'', the script and leaf version, inputs that satisfy the script, and a Merkle path that proves ''Q'' committed to that leaf. All hashes in this construction (the hash for computing ''Q'' from ''P'', the hashes inside the Merkle tree's inner nodes, and the signature hashes used) are tagged to guarantee domain separation. + +== Specification == + +This section specifies the Taproot consensus rules. Validity is defined by exclusion: a block or transaction is valid if no condition exists that marks it failed. + +The notation below follows that of [[bip-0340.mediawiki#design|BIP340]]. This includes the ''hash<sub>tag</sub>(x)'' notation to refer to ''SHA256(SHA256(tag) || SHA256(tag) || x)''. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no existing use of SHA256 in Bitcoin feeds it a message that starts with two single SHA256 outputs, making collisions between ''hash<sub>tag</sub>'' with other hashes extremely unlikely. + +=== Script validation rules === + +A Taproot output is a native SegWit output (see [[bip-0141.mediawiki|BIP141]]) with version number 1, and a 32-byte witness program. +The following rules only apply when such an output is being spent. Any other outputs, including version 1 outputs with lengths other than 32 bytes, or P2SH-wrapped version 1 outputs<ref>'''Why is P2SH-wrapping not supported?''' Using P2SH-wrapped outputs only provides 80-bit collision security due to the use of a 160-bit hash. This is considered low, and becomes a security risk whenever the output includes data from more than a single party (public keys, hashes, ...).</ref>, remain unencumbered. + +* Let ''q'' be the 32-byte array containing the witness program (the second push in the scriptPubKey) which represents a public key according to [[bip-0340.mediawiki#design|BIP340]]. +* Fail if the witness stack has 0 elements. +* If there are at least two witness elements, and the first byte of the last element is 0x50<ref>'''Why is the first byte of the annex <code>0x50</code>?''' The <code>0x50</code> is chosen as it could not be confused with a valid P2WPKH or P2WSH spending. As the control block's initial byte's lowest bit is used to indicate the parity of the public key's Y coordinate, each leaf version needs an even byte value and the immediately following odd byte value that are both not yet used in P2WPKH or P2WSH spending. To indicate the annex, only an "unpaired" available byte is necessary like <code>0x50</code>. This choice maximizes the available options for future script versions.</ref>, this last element is called ''annex'' ''a''<ref>'''What is the purpose of the annex?''' The annex is a reserved space for future extensions, such as indicating the validation costs of computationally expensive new opcodes in a way that is recognizable without knowing the scriptPubKey of the output being spent. Until the meaning of this field is defined by another softfork, users SHOULD NOT include <code>annex</code> in transactions, or it may lead to PERMANENT FUND LOSS.</ref> and is removed from the witness stack. The annex (or the lack of thereof) is always covered by the signature and contributes to transaction weight, but is otherwise ignored during taproot validation. +* If there is exactly one element left in the witness stack, key path spending is used: +** The single witness stack element is interpreted as the signature and must be valid (see the next section) for the public key ''q'' (see the next subsection). +* If there are at least two witness elements left, script path spending is used: +** Call the second-to-last stack element ''s'', the script. +** The last stack element is called the control block ''c'', and must have length ''33 + 32m'', for a value of ''m'' that is an integer between 0 and 128<ref>'''Why is the Merkle path length limited to 128?''' The optimally space-efficient Merkle tree can be constructed based on the probabilities of the scripts in the leaves, using the Huffman algorithm. This algorithm will construct branches with lengths approximately equal to ''log<sub>2</sub>(1/probability)'', but to have branches longer than 128 you would need to have scripts with an execution chance below 1 in ''2<sup>128</sup>''. As that is our security bound, scripts that truly have such a low chance can probably be removed entirely.</ref>, inclusive. Fail if it does not have such a length. +** Let ''p = c[1:33]'' and let ''P = lift_x(int(p))'' where ''lift_x'' and ''[:]'' are defined as in [[bip-0340.mediawiki#design|BIP340]]. Fail if this point is not on the curve. +** Let ''v = c[0] & 0xfe'' and call it the ''leaf version''<ref>'''What constraints are there on the leaf version?''' First, the leaf version cannot be odd as ''c[0] & 0xfe'' will always be even, and cannot be ''0x50'' as that would result in ambiguity with the annex. In addition, in order to support some forms of static analysis that rely on being able to identify script spends without access to the output being spent, it is recommended to avoid using any leaf versions that would conflict with a valid first byte of either a valid P2WPKH pubkey or a valid P2WSH script (that is, both ''v'' and ''v | 1'' should be an undefined, invalid or disabled opcode or an opcode that is not valid as the first opcode). The values that comply to this rule are the 32 even values between ''0xc0'' and ''0xfe'' and also ''0x66'', ''0x7e'', ''0x80'', ''0x84'', ''0x96'', ''0x98'', ''0xba'', ''0xbc'', ''0xbe''. Note also that this constraint implies that leaf versions should be shared amongst different witness versions, as knowing the witness version requires access to the output being spent.</ref>. +** Let ''k<sub>0</sub> = hash<sub>TapLeaf</sub>(v || compact_size(size of s) || s)''; also call it the ''tapleaf hash''. +** For ''j'' in ''[0,1,...,m-1]'': +*** Let ''e<sub>j</sub> = c[33+32j:65+32j]''. +*** Let ''k<sub>j+1</sub> depend on whether ''k<sub>j</sub> < e<sub>j</sub>'' (lexicographically)<ref>'''Why are child elements sorted before hashing in the Merkle tree?''' By doing so, it is not necessary to reveal the left/right directions along with the hashes in revealed Merkle branches. This is possible because we do not actually care about the position of specific scripts in the tree; only that they are actually committed to.</ref>: +**** If ''k<sub>j</sub> < e<sub>j</sub>'': ''k<sub>j+1</sub> = hash<sub>TapBranch</sub>(k<sub>j</sub> || e<sub>j</sub>)''<ref>'''Why not use a more efficient hash construction for inner Merkle nodes?''' The chosen construction does require two invocations of the SHA256 compression functions, one of which can be avoided in theory (see [[bip-0098.mediawiki|BIP98]]). However, it seems preferable to stick to constructions that can be implemented using standard cryptographic primitives, both for implementation simplicity and analyzability. If necessary, a significant part of the second compression function can be optimized out by [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/13191 specialization] for 64-byte inputs.</ref>. +**** If ''k<sub>j</sub> ≥ e<sub>j</sub>'': ''k<sub>j+1</sub> = hash<sub>TapBranch</sub>(e<sub>j</sub> || k<sub>j</sub>)''. +** Let ''t = hash<sub>TapTweak</sub>(p || k<sub>m</sub>)''. +** If ''t ≥ 0xFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFE BAAEDCE6 AF48A03B BFD25E8C D0364141'' (order of secp256k1), fail. +** Let ''Q = P + int(t)G''. +** If ''q ≠ x(Q)'' or ''c[0] & 1 ≠ y(Q) mod 2'', fail<ref>'''Why is it necessary to reveal a bit in a script path spend and check that it matches the parity of the Y coordinate of ''Q''?''' The parity of the Y coordinate is necessary to lift the X coordinate ''q'' to a unique point. While this is not strictly necessary for verifying the taproot commitment as described above, it is necessary to allow batch verification. Alternatively, ''Q'' could be forced to have an even Y coordinate, but that would require retrying with different internal public keys (or different messages) until ''Q'' has that property. There is no downside to adding the parity bit because otherwise the control block bit would be unused.</ref>. +** Execute the script, according to the applicable script rules<ref>'''What are the applicable script rules in script path spends?''' [[bip-0342.mediawiki|BIP342]] specifies validity rules that apply for leaf version 0xc0, but future proposals can introduce rules for other leaf versions.</ref>, using the witness stack elements excluding the script ''s'', the control block ''c'', and the annex ''a'' if present, as initial stack. This implies that for the future leaf versions (non-''0xC0'') the execution must succeed.<ref>'''Why we need to success on future leaf version validation''' This is required to enable future leaf versions as soft forks</ref>. + +''q'' is referred to as ''taproot output key'' and ''p'' as ''taproot internal key''. + +=== Signature validation rules === + +We first define a reusable common signature message calculation function, followed by the actual signature validation as it's used in key path spending. + +==== Common signature message ==== + +The function ''SigMsg(hash_type, ext_flag)'' computes the common portion of the message being signed as a byte array. It is implicitly also a function of the spending transaction and the outputs it spends, but these are not listed to keep notation simple. + +The parameter ''hash_type'' is an 8-bit unsigned value. The <code>SIGHASH</code> encodings from the legacy script system are reused, including <code>SIGHASH_ALL</code>, <code>SIGHASH_NONE</code>, <code>SIGHASH_SINGLE</code>, and <code>SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY</code>. We define a new ''hashtype'' <code>SIGHASH_DEFAULT</code> (value ''0x00'') which results in signing over the whole transaction just as for <code>SIGHASH_ALL</code>. The following restrictions apply, which cause validation failure if violated: +* Using any undefined ''hash_type'' (not ''0x00'', ''0x01'', ''0x02'', ''0x03'', ''0x81'', ''0x82'', or ''0x83''<ref>'''Why reject unknown ''hash_type'' values?''' By doing so, it is easier to reason about the worst case amount of signature hashing an implementation with adequate caching must perform.</ref>). +* Using <code>SIGHASH_SINGLE</code> without a "corresponding output" (an output with the same index as the input being verified). + +The parameter ''ext_flag'' is an integer in range 0-127, and is used for indicating (in the message) that extensions are appended to the output of ''SigMsg()''<ref>'''What extensions use the ''ext_flag'' mechanism?''' [[bip-0342.mediawiki#common-signature-message-extension|BIP342]] reuses the same common signature message algorithm, but adds BIP342-specific data at the end, which is indicated using ''ext_flag = 1''.</ref>. + +If the parameters take acceptable values, the message is the concatenation of the following data, in order (with byte size of each item listed in parentheses). Numerical values in 2, 4, or 8-byte are encoded in little-endian. + +* Control: +** ''hash_type'' (1). +* Transaction data: +** ''nVersion'' (4): the ''nVersion'' of the transaction. +** ''nLockTime'' (4): the ''nLockTime'' of the transaction. +** If the ''hash_type & 0x80'' does not equal <code>SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY</code>: +*** ''sha_prevouts'' (32): the SHA256 of the serialization of all input outpoints. +*** ''sha_amounts'' (32): the SHA256 of the serialization of all input amounts. +*** ''sha_scriptpubkeys'' (32): the SHA256 of all spent outputs' ''scriptPubKeys'', serialized as script inside <code>CTxOut</code>. +*** ''sha_sequences'' (32): the SHA256 of the serialization of all input ''nSequence''. +** If ''hash_type & 3'' does not equal <code>SIGHASH_NONE</code> or <code>SIGHASH_SINGLE</code>: +*** ''sha_outputs'' (32): the SHA256 of the serialization of all outputs in <code>CTxOut</code> format. +* Data about this input: +** ''spend_type'' (1): equal to ''(ext_flag * 2) + annex_present'', where ''annex_present'' is 0 if no annex is present, or 1 otherwise (the original witness stack has two or more witness elements, and the first byte of the last element is ''0x50'') +** If ''hash_type & 0x80'' equals <code>SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY</code>: +*** ''outpoint'' (36): the <code>COutPoint</code> of this input (32-byte hash + 4-byte little-endian). +*** ''amount'' (8): value of the previous output spent by this input. +*** ''scriptPubKey'' (35): ''scriptPubKey'' of the previous output spent by this input, serialized as script inside <code>CTxOut</code>. Its size is always 35 bytes. +*** ''nSequence'' (4): ''nSequence'' of this input. +** If ''hash_type & 0x80'' does not equal <code>SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY</code>: +*** ''input_index'' (4): index of this input in the transaction input vector. Index of the first input is 0. +** If an annex is present (the lowest bit of ''spend_type'' is set): +*** ''sha_annex'' (32): the SHA256 of ''(compact_size(size of annex) || annex)'', where ''annex'' includes the mandatory ''0x50'' prefix. +* Data about this output: +** If ''hash_type & 3'' equals <code>SIGHASH_SINGLE</code>: +*** ''sha_single_output'' (32): the SHA256 of the corresponding output in <code>CTxOut</code> format. + +The total length of ''SigMsg()'' is at most ''206'' bytes<ref>'''What is the output length of ''SigMsg()''?''' The total length of ''SigMsg()'' can be computed using the following formula: ''174 - is_anyonecanpay * 49 - is_none * 32 + has_annex * 32''.</ref>. Note that this does not include the size of sub-hashes such as ''sha_prevouts'', which may be cached across signatures of the same transaction. + +In summary, the semantics of the [[bip-0143.mediawiki|BIP143]] sighash types remain unchanged, except the following: +# The way and order of serialization is changed.<ref>'''Why is the serialization in the signature message changed?''' Hashes that go into the signature message and the message itself are now computed with a single SHA256 invocation instead of double SHA256. There is no expected security improvement by doubling SHA256 because this only protects against length-extension attacks against SHA256 which are not a concern for signature messages because there is no secret data. Therefore doubling SHA256 is a waste of resources. The message computation now follows a logical order with transaction level data first, then input data and output data. This allows to efficiently cache the transaction part of the message across different inputs using the SHA256 midstate. Additionally, sub-hashes can be skipped when calculating the message (for example `sha_prevouts` if <code>SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY</code> is set) instead of setting them to zero and then hashing them as in BIP143. Despite that, collisions are made impossible by committing to the length of the data (implicit in ''hash_type'' and ''spend_type'') before the variable length data.</ref> +# The signature message commits to the ''scriptPubKey'' of the spent output and if the <code>SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY</code> flag is not set, the message commits to the ''scriptPubKey''s of ''all'' outputs spent by the transaction. <ref>'''Why does the signature message commit to the ''scriptPubKey''?''' This prevents lying to offline signing devices about output being spent, even when the actually executed script (''scriptCode'' in BIP143) is correct. This means it's possible to compactly prove to a hardware wallet what (unused) execution paths existed. Moreover, committing to all spent ''scriptPubKey''s helps offline signing devices to determine the subset that belong to its own wallet. This is useful in [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2020-April/017801.html automated coinjoins].</ref>. +# If the <code>SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY</code> flag is not set, the message commits to the amounts of ''all'' transaction inputs.<ref>'''Why does the signature message commit to the amounts of all transaction inputs?''' This eliminates the possibility to lie to offline signing devices about the fee of a transaction.</ref> +# The signature message commits to all input ''nSequence'' if <code>SIGHASH_NONE</code> or <code>SIGHASH_SINGLE</code> are set (unless <code>SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY</code> is set as well).<ref>'''Why does the signature message commit to all input ''nSequence'' if <code>SIGHASH_SINGLE</code> or <code>SIGHASH_NONE</code> are set?''' Because setting them already makes the message commit to the <code>prevouts</code> part of all transaction inputs, it is not useful to treat the ''nSequence'' any different. Moreover, this change makes ''nSequence'' consistent with the view that <code>SIGHASH_SINGLE</code> and <code>SIGHASH_NONE</code> only modify the signature message with respect to transaction outputs and not inputs.</ref> +# The signature message includes commitments to the taproot-specific data ''spend_type'' and ''annex'' (if present). + +==== Taproot key path spending signature validation ==== + +To validate a signature ''sig'' with public key ''q'': +* If the ''sig'' is 64 bytes long, return ''Verify(q, hash<sub>TapSighash</sub>(0x00 || SigMsg(0x00, 0)), sig)''<ref>'''Why is the input to ''hash<sub>TapSighash</sub>'' prefixed with 0x00?''' This prefix is called the sighash epoch, and allows reusing the ''hash<sub>TapSighash</sub>'' tagged hash in future signature algorithms that make invasive changes to how hashing is performed (as opposed to the ''ext_flag'' mechanism that is used for incremental extensions). An alternative is having them use a different tag, but supporting a growing number of tags may become undesirable.</ref>, where ''Verify'' is defined in [[bip-0340.mediawiki#design|BIP340]]. +* If the ''sig'' is 65 bytes long, return ''sig[64] ≠ 0x00<ref>'''Why can the <code>hash_type</code> not be <code>0x00</code> in 65-byte signatures?''' Permitting that would enable malleating (by third parties, including miners) 64-byte signatures into 65-byte ones, resulting in a different `wtxid` and a different fee rate than the creator intended.</ref> and Verify(q, hash<sub>TapSighash</sub>(0x00 || SigMsg(sig[64], 0)), sig[0:64])''. +* Otherwise, fail<ref>'''Why permit two signature lengths?''' By making the most common type of <code>hash_type</code> implicit, a byte can often be saved.</ref>. + +== Constructing and spending Taproot outputs == + +This section discusses how to construct and spend Taproot outputs. It only affects wallet software that chooses to implement receiving and spending, +and is not consensus critical in any way. + +Conceptually, every Taproot output corresponds to a combination of a single public key condition (the internal key), and zero or more general conditions encoded in scripts organized in a tree. +Satisfying any of these conditions is sufficient to spend the output. + +'''Initial steps''' The first step is determining what the internal key and the organization of the rest of the scripts should be. The specifics are likely application dependent, but here are some general guidelines: +* When deciding between scripts with conditionals (<code>OP_IF</code> etc.) and splitting them up into multiple scripts (each corresponding to one execution path through the original script), it is generally preferable to pick the latter. +* When a single condition requires signatures with multiple keys, key aggregation techniques like MuSig can be used to combine them into a single key. The details are out of scope for this document, but note that this may complicate the signing procedure. +* If one or more of the spending conditions consist of just a single key (after aggregation), the most likely one should be made the internal key. If no such condition exists, it may be worthwhile adding one that consists of an aggregation of all keys participating in all scripts combined; effectively adding an "everyone agrees" branch. If that is inacceptable, pick as internal key a "Nothing Up My Sleeve" (NUMS) point, i.e., a point with unknown discrete logarithm. One example of such a point is ''H = lift_x(0x50929b74c1a04954b78b4b6035e97a5e078a5a0f28ec96d547bfee9ace803ac0)'' which is [https://github.com/ElementsProject/secp256k1-zkp/blob/11af7015de624b010424273be3d91f117f172c82/src/modules/rangeproof/main_impl.h#L16 constructed] by taking the hash of the standard uncompressed encoding of the [https://www.secg.org/sec2-v2.pdf secp256k1] base point ''G'' as X coordinate. In order to avoid leaking the information that key path spending is not possible it is recommended to pick a fresh integer ''r'' in the range ''0...n-1'' uniformly at random and use ''H + rG'' as internal key. It is possible to prove that this internal key does not have a known discrete logarithm with respect to ''G'' by revealing ''r'' to a verifier who can then reconstruct how the internal key was created. +* If the spending conditions do not require a script path, the output key should commit to an unspendable script path instead of having no script path. This can be achieved by computing the output key point as ''Q = P + int(hash<sub>TapTweak</sub>(bytes(P)))G''. <ref>'''Why should the output key always have a taproot commitment, even if there is no script path?''' +If the taproot output key is an aggregate of keys, there is the possibility for a malicious party to add a script path without being noticed by the other parties. +This allows to bypass the multiparty policy and to steal the coin. +MuSig key aggregation does not have this issue because it already causes the internal key to be randomized. + +The attack works as follows: Assume Alice and Mallory want to aggregate their keys into a taproot output key without a script path. +In order to prevent key cancellation and related attacks they use [https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/483.pdf MSDL-pop] instead of MuSig. +The MSDL-pop protocol requires all parties to provide a proof of possession of their corresponding secret key and the aggregated key is just the sum of the individual keys. +After Mallory receives Alice's key ''A'', Mallory creates ''M = M<sub>0</sub> + int(t)G'' where ''M<sub>0</sub>'' is Mallory's original key and ''t'' allows a script path spend with internal key ''P = A + M<sub>0</sub>'' and a script that only contains Mallory's key. +Mallory sends a proof of possession of ''M'' to Alice and both parties compute output key ''Q = A + M = P + int(t)G''. +Alice will not be able to notice the script path, but Mallory can unilaterally spend any coin with output key ''Q''. +</ref> +* The remaining scripts should be organized into the leaves of a binary tree. This can be a balanced tree if each of the conditions these scripts correspond to are equally likely. If probabilities for each condition are known, consider constructing the tree as a Huffman tree. + +'''Computing the output script''' Once the spending conditions are split into an internal key <code>internal_pubkey</code> and a binary tree whose leaves are (leaf_version, script) tuples, the output script can be computed using the Python3 algorithms below. These algorithms take advantage of helper functions from the [[bip-0340/reference.py|BIP340 reference code]] for integer conversion, point multiplication, and tagged hashes. + +First, we define <code>taproot_tweak_pubkey</code> for 32-byte [[bip-0340.mediawiki|BIP340]] public key arrays. +The function returns a bit indicating the tweaked public key's Y coordinate as well as the public key byte array. +The parity bit will be required for spending the output with a script path. +In order to allow spending with the key path, we define <code>taproot_tweak_seckey</code> to compute the secret key for a tweaked public key. +For any byte string <code>h</code> it holds that <code>taproot_tweak_pubkey(pubkey_gen(seckey), h)[1] == pubkey_gen(taproot_tweak_seckey(seckey, h))</code>. + +Note that because tweaks are applied to 32-byte public keys, `taproot_tweak_seckey` may need to negate the secret key before applying the tweak. + +<source lang="python"> +def taproot_tweak_pubkey(pubkey, h): + t = int_from_bytes(tagged_hash("TapTweak", pubkey + h)) + if t >= SECP256K1_ORDER: + raise ValueError + P = lift_x(int_from_bytes(pubkey)) + if P is None: + raise ValueError + Q = point_add(P, point_mul(G, t)) + return 0 if has_even_y(Q) else 1, bytes_from_int(x(Q)) + +def taproot_tweak_seckey(seckey0, h): + seckey0 = int_from_bytes(seckey0) + P = point_mul(G, seckey0) + seckey = seckey0 if has_even_y(P) else SECP256K1_ORDER - seckey0 + t = int_from_bytes(tagged_hash("TapTweak", bytes_from_int(x(P)) + h)) + if t >= SECP256K1_ORDER: + raise ValueError + return bytes_from_int((seckey + t) % SECP256K1_ORDER) +</source> + +The following function, <code>taproot_output_script</code>, returns a byte array with the scriptPubKey (see [[bip-0141.mediawiki|BIP141]]). +<code>ser_script</code> refers to a function that prefixes its input with a CompactSize-encoded length. + +<source lang="python"> +def taproot_tree_helper(script_tree): + if isinstance(script_tree, tuple): + leaf_version, script = script_tree + h = tagged_hash("TapLeaf", bytes([leaf_version]) + ser_script(script)) + return ([((leaf_version, script), bytes())], h) + left, left_h = taproot_tree_helper(script_tree[0]) + right, right_h = taproot_tree_helper(script_tree[1]) + ret = [(l, c + right_h) for l, c in left] + [(l, c + left_h) for l, c in right] + if right_h < left_h: + left_h, right_h = right_h, left_h + return (ret, tagged_hash("TapBranch", left_h + right_h)) + +def taproot_output_script(internal_pubkey, script_tree): + """Given a internal public key and a tree of scripts, compute the output script. + script_tree is either: + - a (leaf_version, script) tuple (leaf_version is 0xc0 for [[bip-0342.mediawiki|BIP342]] scripts) + - a list of two elements, each with the same structure as script_tree itself + - None + """ + if script_tree is None: + h = bytes() + else: + _, h = taproot_tree_helper(script_tree) + _, output_pubkey = taproot_tweak_pubkey(internal_pubkey, h) + return bytes([0x51, 0x20]) + output_pubkey +</source> + +[[File:bip-0341/tree.png|frame|This diagram shows the hashing structure to obtain the tweak from an internal key ''P'' and a Merkle tree consisting of 5 script leaves. ''A'', ''B'', ''C'' and ''E'' are ''TapLeaf'' hashes similar to ''D'' and ''AB'' is a ''TapBranch'' hash. Note that when ''CDE'' is computed ''E'' is hashed first because ''E'' is less than ''CD''.]] + +To spend this output using script ''D'', the control block would contain the following data in this order: + + <control byte with leaf version and parity bit> <internal key p> <C> <E> <AB> + +The TapTweak would then be computed as described [[bip-0341.mediawiki#script-validation-rules|above]] like so: + +<source> +D = tagged_hash("TapLeaf", bytes([leaf_version]) + ser_script(script)) +CD = tagged_hash("TapBranch", C + D) +CDE = tagged_hash("TapBranch", E + CD) +ABCDE = tagged_hash("TapBranch", AB + CDE) +TapTweak = tagged_hash("TapTweak", p + ABCDE) +</source> + +'''Spending using the key path''' A Taproot output can be spent with the secret key corresponding to the <code>internal_pubkey</code>. To do so, a witness stack consists of a single element: a [[bip-0340.mediawiki|BIP340]] signature on the signature hash as defined above, with the secret key tweaked by the same <code>h</code> as in the above snippet. See the code below: + +<source lang="python"> +def taproot_sign_key(script_tree, internal_seckey, hash_type, bip340_aux_rand): + if script_tree is None: + h = bytes() + else: + _, h = taproot_tree_helper(script_tree) + output_seckey = taproot_tweak_seckey(internal_seckey, h) + sig = schnorr_sign(sighash(hash_type), output_seckey, bip340_aux_rand) + if hash_type != 0: + sig += bytes([hash_type]) + return [sig] +</source> + +This function returns the witness stack necessary and a <code>sighash</code> function to compute the signature hash as defined above (for simplicity, the snippet above ignores passing information like the transaction, the input position, ... to the sighashing code). + +'''Spending using one of the scripts''' A Taproot output can be spent by satisfying any of the scripts used in its construction. To do so, a witness stack consisting of the script's inputs, plus the script itself and the control block are necessary. See the code below: + +<source lang="python"> +def taproot_sign_script(internal_pubkey, script_tree, script_num, inputs): + info, h = taproot_tree_helper(script_tree) + (leaf_version, script), path = info[script_num] + output_pubkey_y_parity, _ = taproot_tweak_pubkey(internal_pubkey, h) + pubkey_data = bytes([output_pubkey_y_parity + leaf_version]) + internal_pubkey + return inputs + [script, pubkey_data + path] +</source> + +== Security == + +Taproot improves the privacy of Bitcoin because instead of revealing all possible conditions for spending an output, only the satisfied spending condition has to be published. +Ideally, outputs are spent using the key path which prevents observers from learning the spending conditions of a coin. +A key path spend could be a "normal" payment from a single- or multi-signature wallet or the cooperative settlement of hidden multiparty contract. + +A script path spend leaks that there is a script path and that the key path was not applicable - for example because the involved parties failed to reach agreement. +Moreover, the depth of a script in the Merkle root leaks information including the minimum depth of the tree, which suggests specific wallet software that created the output and helps clustering. +Therefore, the privacy of script spends can be improved by deviating from the optimal tree determined by the probability distribution over the leaves. + +Just like other existing output types, taproot outputs should never reuse keys, for privacy reasons. +This does not only apply to the particular leaf that was used to spend an output but to all leaves committed to in the output. +If leaves were reused, it could happen that spending a different output would reuse the same Merkle branches in the Merkle proof. +Using fresh keys implies that taproot output construction does not need to take special measures to randomizing leaf positions because they are already randomized due to the branch-sorting Merkle tree construction used in taproot. +This does not avoid leaking information through the leaf depth and therefore only applies to balanced (sub-) trees. +In addition, every leaf should have a set of keys distinct from every other leaf. +The reason for this is to increase leaf entropy and prevent an observer from learning an undisclosed script using brute-force search. + +== Test vectors == + +Test vectors for wallet operation (scriptPubKey computation, key path spending, control block construction) can be found [[bip-0341/wallet-test-vectors.json|here]]. +It consists of two sets of vectors. +* The first "scriptPubKey" tests concern computing the scriptPubKey and (mainnet) BIP350 address given an internal public key, and a script tree. The script tree is encoded as <code>null</code> to represent no scripts, a JSON object to represent a leaf node, or a 2-element array to represent an inner node. The control blocks needed for script path spending are also provided for each of the script leaves. +* The second "keyPathSpending" tests consists of a list of test cases, each of which provides an unsigned transaction and the UTXOs it spends. For each of its BIP341 inputs, the internal private key and the Merkle root it was derived from is given, as well as the expected witness to spend it. All signatures are created with an all-zero (0x0000...0000) BIP340 auxiliary randomness array. +* In all cases, hexadecimal values represent byte arrays, not numbers. In particular, that means that provided hash values have the hex digits corresponding to the first bytes first. This differs from the convention used for txids and block hashes, where the hex strings represent numbers, resulting in a reversed order. + +Validation test vectors used in the [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/3820090bd619ac85ab35eff376c03136fe4a9f04/src/test/script_tests.cpp#L1718 Bitcoin Core unit test framework] can be found [https://github.com/bitcoin-core/qa-assets/blob/main/unit_test_data/script_assets_test.json?raw=true here]. + +== Rationale == + +<references /> + +== Deployment == + +This BIP is deployed concurrently with [[bip-0342.mediawiki|BIP342]]. + +For Bitcoin signet, these BIPs are always active. + +For Bitcoin mainnet and testnet3, these BIPs are deployed by "version bits" with the name "taproot" and bit 2, using [[bip-0009.mediawiki|BIP9]] modified to use a lower threshold, with an additional ''min_activation_height'' parameter and replacing the state transition logic for the DEFINED, STARTED and LOCKED_IN states as follows: + + case DEFINED: + if (GetMedianTimePast(block.parent) >= starttime) { + return STARTED; + } + return DEFINED; + + case STARTED: + int count = 0; + walk = block; + for (i = 0; i < 2016; i++) { + walk = walk.parent; + if ((walk.nVersion & 0xE0000000) == 0x20000000 && ((walk.nVersion >> bit) & 1) == 1) { + count++; + } + } + if (count >= threshold) { + return LOCKED_IN; + } else if (GetMedianTimePast(block.parent) >= timeout) { + return FAILED; + } + return STARTED; + + case LOCKED_IN: + if (block.nHeight < min_activation_height) { + return LOCKED_IN; + } + return ACTIVE; + +For Bitcoin mainnet, the starttime is epoch timestamp 1619222400 (midnight 24 April 2021 UTC), timeout is epoch timestamp 1628640000 (midnight 11 August 2021 UTC), the threshold is 1815 blocks (90%) instead of 1916 blocks (95%), and the min_activation_height is block 709632. +The deployment did activate at height 709632 on Bitcoin mainnet. + +For Bitcoin testnet3, the starttime is epoch timestamp 1619222400 (midnight 24 April 2021 UTC), timeout is epoch timestamp 1628640000 (midnight 11 August 2021 UTC), the threshold is 1512 blocks (75%), and the min_activation_height is block 0. +The deployment did activate at height 2011968 on Bitcoin testnet3. + +== Backwards compatibility == +As a soft fork, older software will continue to operate without modification. +Non-upgraded nodes, however, will consider all SegWit version 1 witness programs as anyone-can-spend scripts. +They are strongly encouraged to upgrade in order to fully validate the new programs. + +Non-upgraded wallets can receive and send bitcoin from non-upgraded and upgraded wallets using SegWit version 0 programs, traditional pay-to-pubkey-hash, etc. +Depending on the implementation non-upgraded wallets may be able to send to Segwit version 1 programs if they support sending to [[bip-0350.mediawiki|BIP350]] Bech32m addresses. + +== Acknowledgements == + +This document is the result of discussions around script and signature improvements with many people, and had direct contributions from Greg Maxwell and others. It further builds on top of earlier published proposals such as Taproot by Greg Maxwell, and Merkle branch constructions by Russell O'Connor, Johnson Lau, and Mark Friedenbach. + +The authors wish the thank Arik Sosman for suggesting to sort Merkle node children before hashes, removing the need to transfer the position in the tree, as well as all those who provided valuable feedback and reviews, including the participants of the [https://github.com/ajtowns/taproot-review structured reviews]. diff --git a/bip-0341/tree.png b/bip-0341/tree.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..af56eda --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0341/tree.png diff --git a/bip-0341/wallet-test-vectors.json b/bip-0341/wallet-test-vectors.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..11261b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0341/wallet-test-vectors.json @@ -0,0 +1,452 @@ +{ + "version": 1, + "scriptPubKey": [ + { + "given": { + "internalPubkey": "d6889cb081036e0faefa3a35157ad71086b123b2b144b649798b494c300a961d", + "scriptTree": null + }, + "intermediary": { + "merkleRoot": null, + "tweak": "b86e7be8f39bab32a6f2c0443abbc210f0edac0e2c53d501b36b64437d9c6c70", + "tweakedPubkey": "53a1f6e454df1aa2776a2814a721372d6258050de330b3c6d10ee8f4e0dda343" + }, + "expected": { + "scriptPubKey": "512053a1f6e454df1aa2776a2814a721372d6258050de330b3c6d10ee8f4e0dda343", + "bip350Address": "bc1p2wsldez5mud2yam29q22wgfh9439spgduvct83k3pm50fcxa5dps59h4z5" + } + }, + { + "given": { + "internalPubkey": "187791b6f712a8ea41c8ecdd0ee77fab3e85263b37e1ec18a3651926b3a6cf27", + "scriptTree": { + "id": 0, + "script": "20d85a959b0290bf19bb89ed43c916be835475d013da4b362117393e25a48229b8ac", + "leafVersion": 192 + } + }, + "intermediary": { + "leafHashes": [ + "5b75adecf53548f3ec6ad7d78383bf84cc57b55a3127c72b9a2481752dd88b21" + ], + "merkleRoot": "5b75adecf53548f3ec6ad7d78383bf84cc57b55a3127c72b9a2481752dd88b21", + "tweak": "cbd8679ba636c1110ea247542cfbd964131a6be84f873f7f3b62a777528ed001", + "tweakedPubkey": "147c9c57132f6e7ecddba9800bb0c4449251c92a1e60371ee77557b6620f3ea3" + }, + "expected": { + "scriptPubKey": "5120147c9c57132f6e7ecddba9800bb0c4449251c92a1e60371ee77557b6620f3ea3", + "bip350Address": "bc1pz37fc4cn9ah8anwm4xqqhvxygjf9rjf2resrw8h8w4tmvcs0863sa2e586", + "scriptPathControlBlocks": [ + "c1187791b6f712a8ea41c8ecdd0ee77fab3e85263b37e1ec18a3651926b3a6cf27" + ] + } + }, + { + "given": { + "internalPubkey": "93478e9488f956df2396be2ce6c5cced75f900dfa18e7dabd2428aae78451820", + "scriptTree": { + "id": 0, + "script": "20b617298552a72ade070667e86ca63b8f5789a9fe8731ef91202a91c9f3459007ac", + "leafVersion": 192 + } + }, + "intermediary": { + "leafHashes": [ + "c525714a7f49c28aedbbba78c005931a81c234b2f6c99a73e4d06082adc8bf2b" + ], + "merkleRoot": "c525714a7f49c28aedbbba78c005931a81c234b2f6c99a73e4d06082adc8bf2b", + "tweak": "6af9e28dbf9d6aaf027696e2598a5b3d056f5fd2355a7fd5a37a0e5008132d30", + "tweakedPubkey": "e4d810fd50586274face62b8a807eb9719cef49c04177cc6b76a9a4251d5450e" + }, + "expected": { + "scriptPubKey": "5120e4d810fd50586274face62b8a807eb9719cef49c04177cc6b76a9a4251d5450e", + "bip350Address": "bc1punvppl2stp38f7kwv2u2spltjuvuaayuqsthe34hd2dyy5w4g58qqfuag5", + "scriptPathControlBlocks": [ + "c093478e9488f956df2396be2ce6c5cced75f900dfa18e7dabd2428aae78451820" + ] + } + }, + { + "given": { + "internalPubkey": "ee4fe085983462a184015d1f782d6a5f8b9c2b60130aff050ce221ecf3786592", + "scriptTree": [ + { + "id": 0, + "script": "20387671353e273264c495656e27e39ba899ea8fee3bb69fb2a680e22093447d48ac", + "leafVersion": 192 + }, + { + "id": 1, + "script": "06424950333431", + "leafVersion": 250 + } + ] + }, + "intermediary": { + "leafHashes": [ + "8ad69ec7cf41c2a4001fd1f738bf1e505ce2277acdcaa63fe4765192497f47a7", + "f224a923cd0021ab202ab139cc56802ddb92dcfc172b9212261a539df79a112a" + ], + "merkleRoot": "6c2dc106ab816b73f9d07e3cd1ef2c8c1256f519748e0813e4edd2405d277bef", + "tweak": "9e0517edc8259bb3359255400b23ca9507f2a91cd1e4250ba068b4eafceba4a9", + "tweakedPubkey": "712447206d7a5238acc7ff53fbe94a3b64539ad291c7cdbc490b7577e4b17df5" + }, + "expected": { + "scriptPubKey": "5120712447206d7a5238acc7ff53fbe94a3b64539ad291c7cdbc490b7577e4b17df5", + "bip350Address": "bc1pwyjywgrd0ffr3tx8laflh6228dj98xkjj8rum0zfpd6h0e930h6saqxrrm", + "scriptPathControlBlocks": [ + "c0ee4fe085983462a184015d1f782d6a5f8b9c2b60130aff050ce221ecf3786592f224a923cd0021ab202ab139cc56802ddb92dcfc172b9212261a539df79a112a", + "faee4fe085983462a184015d1f782d6a5f8b9c2b60130aff050ce221ecf37865928ad69ec7cf41c2a4001fd1f738bf1e505ce2277acdcaa63fe4765192497f47a7" + ] + } + }, + { + "given": { + "internalPubkey": "f9f400803e683727b14f463836e1e78e1c64417638aa066919291a225f0e8dd8", + "scriptTree": [ + { + "id": 0, + "script": "2044b178d64c32c4a05cc4f4d1407268f764c940d20ce97abfd44db5c3592b72fdac", + "leafVersion": 192 + }, + { + "id": 1, + "script": "07546170726f6f74", + "leafVersion": 192 + } + ] + }, + "intermediary": { + "leafHashes": [ + "64512fecdb5afa04f98839b50e6f0cb7b1e539bf6f205f67934083cdcc3c8d89", + "2cb2b90daa543b544161530c925f285b06196940d6085ca9474d41dc3822c5cb" + ], + "merkleRoot": "ab179431c28d3b68fb798957faf5497d69c883c6fb1e1cd9f81483d87bac90cc", + "tweak": "639f0281b7ac49e742cd25b7f188657626da1ad169209078e2761cefd91fd65e", + "tweakedPubkey": "77e30a5522dd9f894c3f8b8bd4c4b2cf82ca7da8a3ea6a239655c39c050ab220" + }, + "expected": { + "scriptPubKey": "512077e30a5522dd9f894c3f8b8bd4c4b2cf82ca7da8a3ea6a239655c39c050ab220", + "bip350Address": "bc1pwl3s54fzmk0cjnpl3w9af39je7pv5ldg504x5guk2hpecpg2kgsqaqstjq", + "scriptPathControlBlocks": [ + "c1f9f400803e683727b14f463836e1e78e1c64417638aa066919291a225f0e8dd82cb2b90daa543b544161530c925f285b06196940d6085ca9474d41dc3822c5cb", + "c1f9f400803e683727b14f463836e1e78e1c64417638aa066919291a225f0e8dd864512fecdb5afa04f98839b50e6f0cb7b1e539bf6f205f67934083cdcc3c8d89" + ] + } + }, + { + "given": { + "internalPubkey": "e0dfe2300b0dd746a3f8674dfd4525623639042569d829c7f0eed9602d263e6f", + "scriptTree": [ + { + "id": 0, + "script": "2072ea6adcf1d371dea8fba1035a09f3d24ed5a059799bae114084130ee5898e69ac", + "leafVersion": 192 + }, + [ + { + "id": 1, + "script": "202352d137f2f3ab38d1eaa976758873377fa5ebb817372c71e2c542313d4abda8ac", + "leafVersion": 192 + }, + { + "id": 2, + "script": "207337c0dd4253cb86f2c43a2351aadd82cccb12a172cd120452b9bb8324f2186aac", + "leafVersion": 192 + } + ] + ] + }, + "intermediary": { + "leafHashes": [ + "2645a02e0aac1fe69d69755733a9b7621b694bb5b5cde2bbfc94066ed62b9817", + "ba982a91d4fc552163cb1c0da03676102d5b7a014304c01f0c77b2b8e888de1c", + "9e31407bffa15fefbf5090b149d53959ecdf3f62b1246780238c24501d5ceaf6" + ], + "merkleRoot": "ccbd66c6f7e8fdab47b3a486f59d28262be857f30d4773f2d5ea47f7761ce0e2", + "tweak": "b57bfa183d28eeb6ad688ddaabb265b4a41fbf68e5fed2c72c74de70d5a786f4", + "tweakedPubkey": "91b64d5324723a985170e4dc5a0f84c041804f2cd12660fa5dec09fc21783605" + }, + "expected": { + "scriptPubKey": "512091b64d5324723a985170e4dc5a0f84c041804f2cd12660fa5dec09fc21783605", + "bip350Address": "bc1pjxmy65eywgafs5tsunw95ruycpqcqnev6ynxp7jaasylcgtcxczs6n332e", + "scriptPathControlBlocks": [ + "c0e0dfe2300b0dd746a3f8674dfd4525623639042569d829c7f0eed9602d263e6fffe578e9ea769027e4f5a3de40732f75a88a6353a09d767ddeb66accef85e553", + "c0e0dfe2300b0dd746a3f8674dfd4525623639042569d829c7f0eed9602d263e6f9e31407bffa15fefbf5090b149d53959ecdf3f62b1246780238c24501d5ceaf62645a02e0aac1fe69d69755733a9b7621b694bb5b5cde2bbfc94066ed62b9817", + "c0e0dfe2300b0dd746a3f8674dfd4525623639042569d829c7f0eed9602d263e6fba982a91d4fc552163cb1c0da03676102d5b7a014304c01f0c77b2b8e888de1c2645a02e0aac1fe69d69755733a9b7621b694bb5b5cde2bbfc94066ed62b9817" + ] + } + }, + { + "given": { + "internalPubkey": "55adf4e8967fbd2e29f20ac896e60c3b0f1d5b0efa9d34941b5958c7b0a0312d", + "scriptTree": [ + { + "id": 0, + "script": "2071981521ad9fc9036687364118fb6ccd2035b96a423c59c5430e98310a11abe2ac", + "leafVersion": 192 + }, + [ + { + "id": 1, + "script": "20d5094d2dbe9b76e2c245a2b89b6006888952e2faa6a149ae318d69e520617748ac", + "leafVersion": 192 + }, + { + "id": 2, + "script": "20c440b462ad48c7a77f94cd4532d8f2119dcebbd7c9764557e62726419b08ad4cac", + "leafVersion": 192 + } + ] + ] + }, + "intermediary": { + "leafHashes": [ + "f154e8e8e17c31d3462d7132589ed29353c6fafdb884c5a6e04ea938834f0d9d", + "737ed1fe30bc42b8022d717b44f0d93516617af64a64753b7a06bf16b26cd711", + "d7485025fceb78b9ed667db36ed8b8dc7b1f0b307ac167fa516fe4352b9f4ef7" + ], + "merkleRoot": "2f6b2c5397b6d68ca18e09a3f05161668ffe93a988582d55c6f07bd5b3329def", + "tweak": "6579138e7976dc13b6a92f7bfd5a2fc7684f5ea42419d43368301470f3b74ed9", + "tweakedPubkey": "75169f4001aa68f15bbed28b218df1d0a62cbbcf1188c6665110c293c907b831" + }, + "expected": { + "scriptPubKey": "512075169f4001aa68f15bbed28b218df1d0a62cbbcf1188c6665110c293c907b831", + "bip350Address": "bc1pw5tf7sqp4f50zka7629jrr036znzew70zxyvvej3zrpf8jg8hqcssyuewe", + "scriptPathControlBlocks": [ + "c155adf4e8967fbd2e29f20ac896e60c3b0f1d5b0efa9d34941b5958c7b0a0312d3cd369a528b326bc9d2133cbd2ac21451acb31681a410434672c8e34fe757e91", + "c155adf4e8967fbd2e29f20ac896e60c3b0f1d5b0efa9d34941b5958c7b0a0312dd7485025fceb78b9ed667db36ed8b8dc7b1f0b307ac167fa516fe4352b9f4ef7f154e8e8e17c31d3462d7132589ed29353c6fafdb884c5a6e04ea938834f0d9d", + "c155adf4e8967fbd2e29f20ac896e60c3b0f1d5b0efa9d34941b5958c7b0a0312d737ed1fe30bc42b8022d717b44f0d93516617af64a64753b7a06bf16b26cd711f154e8e8e17c31d3462d7132589ed29353c6fafdb884c5a6e04ea938834f0d9d" + ] + } + } + ], + "keyPathSpending": [ + { + "given": { + "rawUnsignedTx": "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", + "utxosSpent": [ + { + "scriptPubKey": "512053a1f6e454df1aa2776a2814a721372d6258050de330b3c6d10ee8f4e0dda343", + "amountSats": 420000000 + }, + { + "scriptPubKey": "5120147c9c57132f6e7ecddba9800bb0c4449251c92a1e60371ee77557b6620f3ea3", + "amountSats": 462000000 + }, + { + "scriptPubKey": "76a914751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd688ac", + "amountSats": 294000000 + }, + { + "scriptPubKey": "5120e4d810fd50586274face62b8a807eb9719cef49c04177cc6b76a9a4251d5450e", + "amountSats": 504000000 + }, + { + "scriptPubKey": "512091b64d5324723a985170e4dc5a0f84c041804f2cd12660fa5dec09fc21783605", + "amountSats": 630000000 + }, + { + "scriptPubKey": "00147dd65592d0ab2fe0d0257d571abf032cd9db93dc", + "amountSats": 378000000 + }, + { + "scriptPubKey": "512075169f4001aa68f15bbed28b218df1d0a62cbbcf1188c6665110c293c907b831", + "amountSats": 672000000 + }, + { + "scriptPubKey": "5120712447206d7a5238acc7ff53fbe94a3b64539ad291c7cdbc490b7577e4b17df5", + "amountSats": 546000000 + }, + { + "scriptPubKey": 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+ } + } + ] +} diff --git a/bip-0342.mediawiki b/bip-0342.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..64d07cc --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0342.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 342 + Layer: Consensus (soft fork) + Title: Validation of Taproot Scripts + Author: Pieter Wuille <pieter.wuille@gmail.com> + Jonas Nick <jonasd.nick@gmail.com> + Anthony Towns <aj@erisian.com.au> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0342 + Status: Final + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2020-01-19 + License: BSD-3-Clause + Requires: 340, 341 + Post-History: 2019-05-06: https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2019-May/016914.html [bitcoin-dev] Taproot proposal +</pre> + +==Introduction== + +===Abstract=== + +This document specifies the semantics of the initial scripting system under [[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP341]]. + +===Copyright=== + +This document is licensed under the 3-clause BSD license. + +===Motivation=== + +[[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP341]] proposes improvements to just the script structure, but some of its goals are incompatible with the semantics of certain opcodes within the scripting language itself. +While it is possible to deal with these in separate optional improvements, their impact is not guaranteed unless they are addressed simultaneously with [[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP341]] itself. + +Specifically, the goal is making '''Schnorr signatures''', '''batch validation''', and '''signature hash''' improvements available to spends that use the script system as well. + +==Design== + +In order to achieve these goals, signature opcodes <code>OP_CHECKSIG</code> and <code>OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY</code> are modified to verify Schnorr signatures as specified in [[bip-0340.mediawiki|BIP340]] and to use a signature message algorithm based on the common message calculation in [[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP341]]. +The tapscript signature message also simplifies <code>OP_CODESEPARATOR</code> handling and makes it more efficient. + +The inefficient <code>OP_CHECKMULTISIG</code> and <code>OP_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY</code> opcodes are disabled. +Instead, a new opcode <code>OP_CHECKSIGADD</code> is introduced to allow creating the same multisignature policies in a batch-verifiable way. +Tapscript uses a new, simpler signature opcode limit fixing complicated interactions with transaction weight. +Furthermore, a potential malleability vector is eliminated by requiring MINIMALIF. + +Tapscript can be upgraded through soft forks by defining unknown key types, for example to add new <code>hash_types</code> or signature algorithms. +Additionally, the new tapscript <code>OP_SUCCESS</code> opcodes allow introducing new opcodes more cleanly than through <code>OP_NOP</code>. + +==Specification== + +The rules below only apply when validating a transaction input for which all of the conditions below are true: +* The transaction input is a '''segregated witness spend''' (i.e., the scriptPubKey contains a witness program as defined in [[bip-0141.mediawiki|BIP141]]). +* It is a '''taproot spend''' as defined in [[bip-0341.mediawiki#design|BIP341]] (i.e., the witness version is 1, the witness program is 32 bytes, and it is not P2SH wrapped). +* It is a '''script path spend''' as defined in [[bip-0341.mediawiki#design|BIP341]] (i.e., after removing the optional annex from the witness stack, two or more stack elements remain). +* The leaf version is ''0xc0'' (i.e. the first byte of the last witness element after removing the optional annex is ''0xc0'' or ''0xc1''), marking it as a '''tapscript spend'''. + +Validation of such inputs must be equivalent to performing the following steps in the specified order. +# If the input is invalid due to BIP141 or BIP341, fail. +# The script as defined in BIP341 (i.e., the penultimate witness stack element after removing the optional annex) is called the '''tapscript''' and is decoded into opcodes, one by one: +## If any opcode numbered ''80, 98, 126-129, 131-134, 137-138, 141-142, 149-153, 187-254'' is encountered, validation succeeds (none of the rules below apply). This is true even if later bytes in the tapscript would fail to decode otherwise. These opcodes are renamed to <code>OP_SUCCESS80</code>, ..., <code>OP_SUCCESS254</code>, and collectively known as <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code><ref>'''<code>OP_SUCCESSx</code>''' <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code> is a mechanism to upgrade the Script system. Using an <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code> before its meaning is defined by a softfork is insecure and leads to fund loss. The inclusion of <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code> in a script will pass it unconditionally. It precedes any script execution rules to avoid the difficulties in specifying various edge cases, for example: <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code> in a script with an input stack larger than 1000 elements, <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code> after too many signature opcodes, or even scripts with conditionals lacking <code>OP_ENDIF</code>. The mere existence of an <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code> anywhere in the script will guarantee a pass for all such cases. <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code> are similar to the <code>OP_RETURN</code> in very early bitcoin versions (v0.1 up to and including v0.3.5). The original <code>OP_RETURN</code> terminates script execution immediately, and return pass or fail based on the top stack element at the moment of termination. This was one of a major design flaws in the original bitcoin protocol as it permitted unconditional third party theft by placing an <code>OP_RETURN</code> in <code>scriptSig</code>. This is not a concern in the present proposal since it is not possible for a third party to inject an <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code> to the validation process, as the <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code> is part of the script (and thus committed to by the taproot output), implying the consent of the coin owner. <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code> can be used for a variety of upgrade possibilities: +* An <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code> could be turned into a functional opcode through a softfork. Unlike <code>OP_NOPx</code>-derived opcodes which only have read-only access to the stack, <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code> may also write to the stack. Any rule changes to an <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code>-containing script may only turn a valid script into an invalid one, and this is always achievable with softforks. +* Since <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code> precedes size check of initial stack and push opcodes, an <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code>-derived opcode requiring stack elements bigger than 520 bytes may uplift the limit in a softfork. +* <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code> may also redefine the behavior of existing opcodes so they could work together with the new opcode. For example, if an <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code>-derived opcode works with 64-bit integers, it may also allow the existing arithmetic opcodes in the ''same script'' to do the same. +* Given that <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code> even causes potentially unparseable scripts to pass, it can be used to introduce multi-byte opcodes, or even a completely new scripting language when prefixed with a specific <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code> opcode.</ref>. +## If any push opcode fails to decode because it would extend past the end of the tapscript, fail. +# If the '''initial stack''' as defined in BIP341 (i.e., the witness stack after removing both the optional annex and the two last stack elements after that) violates any resource limits (stack size, and size of the elements in the stack; see "Resource Limits" below), fail. Note that this check can be bypassed using <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code>. +# The tapscript is executed according to the rules in the following section, with the initial stack as input. +## If execution fails for any reason, fail. +## If the execution results in anything but exactly one element on the stack which evaluates to true with <code>CastToBool()</code>, fail. +# If this step is reached without encountering a failure, validation succeeds. + +===Script execution=== + +The execution rules for tapscript are based on those for P2WSH according to BIP141, including the <code>OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY</code> and <code>OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY</code> opcodes defined in [[bip-0065.mediawiki|BIP65]] and [[bip-0112.mediawiki|BIP112]], but with the following modifications: +* '''Disabled script opcodes''' The following script opcodes are disabled in tapscript: <code>OP_CHECKMULTISIG</code> and <code>OP_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY</code><ref>'''Why are <code>OP_CHECKMULTISIG</code> and <code>OP_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY</code> disabled, and not turned into OP_SUCCESSx?''' This is a precaution to make sure people who accidentally keep using <code>OP_CHECKMULTISIG</code> in Tapscript notice a problem immediately. It also avoids the complication of script disassemblers needing to become context-dependent.</ref>. The disabled opcodes behave in the same way as <code>OP_RETURN</code>, by failing and terminating the script immediately when executed, and being ignored when found in unexecuted branch of the script. +* '''Consensus-enforced MINIMALIF''' The MINIMALIF rules, which are only a standardness rule in P2WSH, are consensus enforced in tapscript. This means that the input argument to the <code>OP_IF</code> and <code>OP_NOTIF</code> opcodes must be either exactly 0 (the empty vector) or exactly 1 (the one-byte vector with value 1)<ref>'''Why make MINIMALIF consensus?''' This makes it considerably easier to write non-malleable scripts that take branch information from the stack.</ref>. +* '''OP_SUCCESSx opcodes''' As listed above, some opcodes are renamed to <code>OP_SUCCESSx</code>, and make the script unconditionally valid. +* '''Signature opcodes'''. The <code>OP_CHECKSIG</code> and <code>OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY</code> are modified to operate on Schnorr public keys and signatures (see [[bip-0340.mediawiki|BIP340]]) instead of ECDSA, and a new opcode <code>OP_CHECKSIGADD</code> is added. +** The opcode 186 (<code>0xba</code>) is named as <code>OP_CHECKSIGADD</code>. <ref>'''<code>OP_CHECKSIGADD</code>''' This opcode is added to compensate for the loss of <code>OP_CHECKMULTISIG</code>-like opcodes, which are incompatible with batch verification. <code>OP_CHECKSIGADD</code> is functionally equivalent to <code>OP_ROT OP_SWAP OP_CHECKSIG OP_ADD</code>, but only takes 1 byte. All <code>CScriptNum</code>-related behaviours of <code>OP_ADD</code> are also applicable to <code>OP_CHECKSIGADD</code>.</ref><ref>'''Alternatives to <code>CHECKMULTISIG</code>''' There are multiple ways of implementing a threshold ''k''-of-''n'' policy using Taproot and Tapscript: +* '''Using a single <code>OP_CHECKSIGADD</code>-based script''' A <code>CHECKMULTISIG</code> script <code>m <pubkey_1> ... <pubkey_n> n CHECKMULTISIG</code> with witness <code>0 <signature_1> ... <signature_m></code> can be rewritten as script <code><pubkey_1> CHECKSIG <pubkey_2> CHECKSIGADD ... <pubkey_n> CHECKSIGADD m NUMEQUAL</code> with witness <code><w_n> ... <w_1></code>. Every witness element <code>w_i</code> is either a signature corresponding to <code>pubkey_i</code> or an empty vector. A similar <code>CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY</code> script can be translated to BIP342 by replacing <code>NUMEQUAL</code> with <code>NUMEQUALVERIFY</code>. This approach has very similar characteristics to the existing <code>OP_CHECKMULTISIG</code>-based scripts. +* '''Using a ''k''-of-''k'' script for every combination''' A ''k''-of-''n'' policy can be implemented by splitting the script into several leaves of the Merkle tree, each implementing a ''k''-of-''k'' policy using <code><pubkey_1> CHECKSIGVERIFY ... <pubkey_(n-1)> CHECKSIGVERIFY <pubkey_n> CHECKSIG</code>. This may be preferable for privacy reasons over the previous approach, as it only exposes the participating public keys, but it is only more cost effective for small values of ''k'' (1-of-''n'' for any ''n'', 2-of-''n'' for ''n ≥ 6'', 3-of-''n'' for ''n ≥ 9'', ...). Furthermore, the signatures here commit to the branch used, which means signers need to be aware of which other signers will be participating, or produce signatures for each of the tree leaves. +* '''Using an aggregated public key for every combination''' Instead of building a tree where every leaf consists of ''k'' public keys, it is possible instead build a tree where every leaf contains a single ''aggregate'' of those ''k'' keys using [https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/068 MuSig]. This approach is far more efficient, but does require a 3-round interactive signing protocol to jointly produce the (single) signature. +* '''Native Schnorr threshold signatures''' Multisig policies can also be realized with [http://cacr.uwaterloo.ca/techreports/2001/corr2001-13.ps threshold signatures] using verifiable secret sharing. This results in outputs and inputs that are indistinguishable from single-key payments, but at the cost of needing an interactive protocol (and associated backup procedures) before determining the address to send to.</ref> + +===Rules for signature opcodes=== + +The following rules apply to <code>OP_CHECKSIG</code>, <code>OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY</code>, and <code>OP_CHECKSIGADD</code>. + +* For <code>OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY</code> and <code>OP_CHECKSIG</code>, the public key (top element) and a signature (second to top element) are popped from the stack. +** If fewer than 2 elements are on the stack, the script MUST fail and terminate immediately. +* For <code>OP_CHECKSIGADD</code>, the public key (top element), a <code>CScriptNum</code> <code>n</code> (second to top element), and a signature (third to top element) are popped from the stack. +** If fewer than 3 elements are on the stack, the script MUST fail and terminate immediately. +** If <code>n</code> is larger than 4 bytes, the script MUST fail and terminate immediately. +* If the public key size is zero, the script MUST fail and terminate immediately. +* If the public key size is 32 bytes, it is considered to be a public key as described in BIP340: +** If the signature is not the empty vector, the signature is validated against the public key (see the next subsection). Validation failure in this case immediately terminates script execution with failure. +* If the public key size is not zero and not 32 bytes, the public key is of an ''unknown public key type''<ref>'''Unknown public key types''' allow adding new signature validation rules through softforks. A softfork could add actual signature validation which either passes or makes the script fail and terminate immediately. This way, new <code>SIGHASH</code> modes can be added, as well as [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2018-December/016549.html NOINPUT-tagged public keys] and a public key constant which is replaced by the taproot internal key for signature validation.</ref> and no actual signature verification is applied. During script execution of signature opcodes they behave exactly as known public key types except that signature validation is considered to be successful. +* If the script did not fail and terminate before this step, regardless of the public key type: +** If the signature is the empty vector: +*** For <code>OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY</code>, the script MUST fail and terminate immediately. +*** For <code>OP_CHECKSIG</code>, an empty vector is pushed onto the stack, and execution continues with the next opcode. +*** For <code>OP_CHECKSIGADD</code>, a <code>CScriptNum</code> with value <code>n</code> is pushed onto the stack, and execution continues with the next opcode. +** If the signature is not the empty vector, the opcode is counted towards the sigops budget (see further). +*** For <code>OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY</code>, execution continues without any further changes to the stack. +*** For <code>OP_CHECKSIG</code>, a 1-byte value <code>0x01</code> is pushed onto the stack. +*** For <code>OP_CHECKSIGADD</code>, a <code>CScriptNum</code> with value of <code>n + 1</code> is pushed onto the stack. + +===Common Signature Message Extension=== + +We define the tapscript message extension ''ext'' to [[bip-0341.mediawiki#common-signature-message|BIP341 Common Signature Message]], indicated by ''ext_flag = 1'': +* ''tapleaf_hash'' (32): the tapleaf hash as defined in [[bip-0341.mediawiki#design|BIP341]] +* ''key_version'' (1): a constant value ''0x00'' representing the current version of public keys in the tapscript signature opcode execution. +* ''codesep_pos'' (4): the opcode position of the last executed <code>OP_CODESEPARATOR</code> before the currently executed signature opcode, with the value in little endian (or ''0xffffffff'' if none executed). The first opcode in a script has a position of 0. A multi-byte push opcode is counted as one opcode, regardless of the size of data being pushed. Opcodes in parsed but unexecuted branches count towards this value as well. + +===Signature validation=== + +To validate a signature ''sig'' with public key ''p'': +* Compute the tapscript message extension ''ext'' described above. +* If the ''sig'' is 64 bytes long, return ''Verify(p, hash<sub>TapSighash</sub>(0x00 || SigMsg(0x00, 1) || ext), sig)'', where ''Verify'' is defined in [[bip-0340.mediawiki#design|BIP340]]. +* If the ''sig'' is 65 bytes long, return ''sig[64] ≠ 0x00 and Verify(p, hash<sub>TapSighash</sub>(0x00 || SigMsg(sig[64], 1) || ext), sig[0:64])''. +* Otherwise, fail. + +In summary, the semantics of signature validation is identical to BIP340, except the following: +# The signature message includes the tapscript-specific data ''key_version''.<ref>'''Why does the signature message commit to the ''key_version''?''' This is for future extensions that define unknown public key types, making sure signatures can't be moved from one key type to another.</ref> +# The signature message commits to the executed script through the ''tapleaf_hash'' which includes the leaf version and script instead of ''scriptCode''. This implies that this commitment is unaffected by <code>OP_CODESEPARATOR</code>. +# The signature message includes the opcode position of the last executed <code>OP_CODESEPARATOR</code>.<ref>'''Why does the signature message include the position of the last executed <code>OP_CODESEPARATOR</code>?''' This allows continuing to use <code>OP_CODESEPARATOR</code> to sign the executed path of the script. Because the <code>codeseparator_position</code> is the last input to the hash, the SHA256 midstate can be efficiently cached for multiple <code>OP_CODESEPARATOR</code>s in a single script. In contrast, the BIP143 handling of <code>OP_CODESEPARATOR</code> is to commit to the executed script only from the last executed <code>OP_CODESEPARATOR</code> onwards which requires unnecessary rehashing of the script. It should be noted that the one known <code>OP_CODESEPARATOR</code> use case of saving a second public key push in a script by sharing the first one between two code branches can be most likely expressed even cheaper by moving each branch into a separate taproot leaf.</ref> + +===Resource limits=== + +In addition to changing the semantics of a number of opcodes, there are also some changes to the resource limitations: +* '''Script size limit''' The maximum script size of 10000 bytes does not apply. Their size is only implicitly bounded by the block weight limit.<ref>'''Why is a limit on script size no longer needed?''' Since there is no <code>scriptCode</code> directly included in the signature hash (only indirectly through a precomputable tapleaf hash), the CPU time spent on a signature check is no longer proportional to the size of the script being executed.</ref> +* '''Non-push opcodes limit''' The maximum non-push opcodes limit of 201 per script does not apply.<ref>'''Why is a limit on the number of opcodes no longer needed?''' An opcode limit only helps to the extent that it can prevent data structures from growing unboundedly during execution (both because of memory usage, and because of time that may grow in proportion to the size of those structures). The size of stack and altstack is already independently limited. By using O(1) logic for <code>OP_IF</code>, <code>OP_NOTIF</code>, <code>OP_ELSE</code>, and <code>OP_ENDIF</code> as suggested [https://bitslog.com/2017/04/17/new-quadratic-delays-in-bitcoin-scripts/ here] and implemented [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/16902 here], the only other instance can be avoided as well.</ref> +* '''Sigops limit''' The sigops in tapscripts do not count towards the block-wide limit of 80000 (weighted). Instead, there is a per-script sigops ''budget''. The budget equals 50 + the total serialized size in bytes of the transaction input's witness (including the <code>CompactSize</code> prefix). Executing a signature opcode (<code>OP_CHECKSIG</code>, <code>OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY</code>, or <code>OP_CHECKSIGADD</code>) with a non-empty signature decrements the budget by 50. If that brings the budget below zero, the script fails immediately. Signature opcodes with unknown public key type and non-empty signature are also counted.<ref>'''The tapscript sigop limit''' The signature opcode limit protects against scripts which are slow to verify due to excessively many signature operations. In tapscript the number of signature opcodes does not count towards the BIP141 or legacy sigop limit. The old sigop limit makes transaction selection in block construction unnecessarily difficult because it is a second constraint in addition to weight. Instead, the number of tapscript signature opcodes is limited by witness weight. Additionally, the limit applies to the transaction input instead of the block and only actually executed signature opcodes are counted. Tapscript execution allows one signature opcode per 50 witness weight units plus one free signature opcode.</ref><ref>'''Parameter choice of the sigop limit''' Regular witnesses are unaffected by the limit as their weight is composed of public key and (<code>SIGHASH_ALL</code>) signature pairs with ''33 + 65'' weight units each (which includes a 1 weight unit <code>CompactSize</code> tag). This is also the case if public keys are reused in the script because a signature's weight alone is 65 or 66 weight units. However, the limit increases the fees of abnormal scripts with duplicate signatures (and public keys) by requiring additional weight. The weight per sigop factor 50 corresponds to the ratio of BIP141 block limits: 4 mega weight units divided by 80,000 sigops. The "free" signature opcode permitted by the limit exists to account for the weight of the non-witness parts of the transaction input.</ref><ref>'''Why are only signature opcodes counted toward the budget, and not for example hashing opcodes or other expensive operations?''' It turns out that the CPU cost per witness byte for verification of a script consisting of the maximum density of signature checking opcodes (taking the 50 WU/sigop limit into account) is already very close to that of scripts packed with other opcodes, including hashing opcodes (taking the 520 byte stack element limit into account) and <code>OP_ROLL</code> (taking the 1000 stack element limit into account). That said, the construction is very flexible, and allows adding new signature opcodes like <code>CHECKSIGFROMSTACK</code> to count towards the limit through a soft fork. Even if in the future new opcodes are introduced which change normal script cost there is no need to stuff the witness with meaningless data. Instead, the taproot annex can be used to add weight to the witness without increasing the actual witness size.</ref>. +* '''Stack + altstack element count limit''' The existing limit of 1000 elements in the stack and altstack together after every executed opcode remains. It is extended to also apply to the size of initial stack. +* '''Stack element size limit''' The existing limit of maximum 520 bytes per stack element remains, both in the initial stack and in push opcodes. + +==Rationale== + +<references /> + +==Deployment== + +This proposal is deployed identically to Taproot ([[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP341]]). + +==Examples== + +The Taproot ([[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP341]]) test vectors also contain examples for Tapscript execution. + +==Acknowledgements== + +This document is the result of many discussions and contains contributions by a number of people. The authors wish to thank all those who provided valuable feedback and reviews, including the participants of the [https://github.com/ajtowns/taproot-review structured reviews]. diff --git a/bip-0343.mediawiki b/bip-0343.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a47edc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0343.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 343 + Layer: Consensus (soft fork) + Title: Mandatory activation of taproot deployment + Author: Shinobius <quantumedusa@gmail.com> + Michael Folkson <michaelfolkson@gmail.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0343 + Status: Final + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2021-04-25 + License: BSD-3-Clause + CC0-1.0 +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This document specifies a BIP8 (LOT=true) deployment to activate taproot. + +==Motivation== + +The Taproot soft fork upgrade has been assessed to have overwhelming community consensus and hence should attempt to be activated. Lessons have been learned from the BIP148 and BIP91 deployments in 2017 with regards to giving many months of advance warning before the mandatory signaling is attempted. The mandatory signaling is only required if miners have failed to meet the signaling threshold during the BIP8 deployment. It is important that mandatory signaling is included as without it miners would effectively have the ability to indefinitely block the activation of a soft fork with overwhelming consensus. + +==Specification== + +This BIP will begin an activation signaling period using bit 2 at blockheight 681408 with a minimum activation height of 709632 and an activation threshold of 90%. The signaling period will timeout at blockheight 760032 with a latest activation height of 762048. Lockinontimeout (LOT) is set to true so mandatory signaling will be enforced in the last signaling period before the timeout height. Blocks without the signaling bit 2 set run the risk of being rejected during this period if taproot is not locked in prior. This BIP will cease to be active when taproot is locked in. + +==Reference implementation== + +*[[https://github.com/BitcoinActivation/bitcoin]] + +==Backward Compatibility== + +As a soft fork, older software will continue to operate without modification. Non-upgraded nodes, however, will consider all SegWit version 1 witness programs as anyone-can-spend scripts. They are strongly encouraged to upgrade in order to fully validate the new programs. + +==Compatibility with later alternative activations== + +The activation mechanism “Speedy Trial” as proposed by Russell O’Connor and outlined in this bitcoin-dev mailing list [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2021-March/018583.html post] by David Harding was released in Bitcoin Core. It is effectively a BIP8 activation mechanism with one exception: start height and timeout height were defined using median time past (MTP) rather than block heights. It uses signaling bit 2, was deployed between midnight April 24th 2021 and midnight August 11th 2021, has a minimum activation height of 709632 and intends to activate BIPs 340, 341, and 342. The BIP8(LOT=true) deployment is compatible with the “Speedy Trial” deployment in Bitcoin Core as there was not a discrepancy between MTP and block height for the defined start heights. + +The BIP8 (LOT=true) deployment has also been deliberately designed to be compatible with a future BIP8(LOT=false) or BIP8(LOT=true) deployment in Bitcoin Core assuming Bitcoin Core releases one of these activation mechanisms in the event of the Speedy Trial deployment failing to activate. + +==Rationale== + +The deployment of BIP148 demonstrated that multiple implementations with different activation mechanisms can incentivize the necessary actors to act so that the different deployments activate in sync. A BIP8 LOT=true deployment can run in parallel with other BIP8 activation mechanisms that have eventual mandatory signaling or no mandatory signaling. Eventual mandatory signaling ensures that miners cannot prevent the activation of a desired feature with community consensus indefinitely. + +==Acknowledgements== + +Thanks to Shaolin Fry and Luke Dashjr for their work on BIP148 and BIP8 which were important prerequisites for this proposal. + +==References== + +*[[bip-0008.mediawiki|BIP8 Version bits with lock-in by height]] +*[[bip-0148.mediawiki|BIP148 Mandatory activation of segwit deployment]] +*[[bip-0340.mediawiki|BIP340 Schnorr Signatures for secp256k1]] +*[[bip-0341.mediawiki|BIP341 Taproot: SegWit version 1 spending rules]] +*[[bip-0342.mediawiki|BIP342 Validation of Taproot Scripts]] +*[https://taproot.works/taproot-faq/ Taproot benefits] + +==Copyright== + +This document is dual licensed as BSD 3-clause, and Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal. + diff --git a/bip-0345.mediawiki b/bip-0345.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a6ead31 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0345.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,688 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 345 + Layer: Consensus (soft fork) + Title: OP_VAULT + Author: James O'Beirne <vaults@au92.org> + Greg Sanders <gsanders87@gmail.com> + Anthony Towns <aj@erisian.com.au> + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0345 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2023-02-03 + License: BSD-3-Clause + Post-History: 2023-01-09: https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2023-January/021318.html [bitcoin-dev] OP_VAULT announcment + 2023-03-01: https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2023-March/021510.html [bitcoin-dev] BIP for OP_VAULT +</pre> + + +== Introduction == + +This BIP proposes two new tapscript opcodes that add consensus support for a specialized +covenant: <code>OP_VAULT</code> and <code>OP_VAULT_RECOVER</code>. These opcodes, in conjunction with +<code>OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY</code> +([https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0119.mediawiki BIP-0119]), +allow users to enforce a delay period before designated coins may be spent to +an arbitrary destination, with the exception of a prespecified "recovery" path. +At any time prior to final withdrawal, the coins can be spent to the +recovery path. + +=== Copyright === + +This document is licensed under the 3-clause BSD license. + + +=== Motivation === + +The hazard of custodying Bitcoin is well-known. Users of Bitcoin must go to +significant effort to secure their private keys, and hope that once provisioned +their custody system does not yield to any number of evolving and +persistent threats. Users have little means to intervene once a compromise is +detected. This proposal introduces a mechanism that significantly +mitigates the worst-case outcome of key compromise: coin loss. + +Introducing a way to intervene during unexpected spends allows users to +incorporate highly secure key storage methods or unusual fallback strategies +that are only exercised in the worst case, and which may otherwise be +operationally prohibitive. The goal of this proposal is to make this strategy +usable for custodians of any size with minimal complication. + +==== Example uses ==== + +A common configuration for an individual custodying Bitcoin is "single +signature and passphrase" using a hardware wallet. A user with such a +configuration might be concerned about the risk associated with relying on a +single manufacturer for key management, as well as physical access to the +hardware. + +This individual can use <code>OP_VAULT</code> to make use of a highly secure +key as the unlikely recovery path, while using their existing signing procedure +as the withdrawal trigger key with a configured spend delay of e.g. 1 day. + +The recovery path key can be of a highly secure nature that might otherwise +make it impractical for daily use. For example, the key could be generated in +some analog fashion, or on an old computer that is then destroyed, with the +private key replicated only in paper form. Or the key could be a 2-of-3 +multisig using devices from different manufacturers. Perhaps the key is +geographically or socially distributed. + +Since it can be any Bitcoin script policy, the recovery key can include a +number of spending conditions, e.g. a time-delayed fallback to an "easier" +recovery method, in case the highly secure key winds up being ''too'' highly +secure. + +The user can run software on their mobile device that monitors the blockchain +for spends of the vault outpoints. If the vaulted coins move in an unexpected +way, the user can immediately sweep them to the recovery path, but spending the +coins on a daily basis works in the same way it did prior to vaulting (aside +from the spend delay). + +Institutional custodians of Bitcoin may use vaults in similar fashion. + +===== Provable timelocks ===== + +This proposal provides a mitigation to the +[https://web.archive.org/web/20230210123933/https://xkcd.com/538/ "$5 wrench attack."] By +setting the spend delay to, say, a week, and using as the recovery path a +script that enforces a longer relative timelock, the owner of the vault can +prove that he is unable to access its value immediately. To the author's +knowledge, this is the only way to configure this defense without rolling +timelocked coins for perpetuity or relying on a trusted third party. + +== Goals == + +[[File:bip-0345/vaults-Basic.png|frame|center]] + +Vaults in Bitcoin have been discussed formally since 2016 +([http://fc16.ifca.ai/bitcoin/papers/MES16.pdf MES16]) and informally since [https://web.archive.org/web/20160220215151/https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=511881.0 2014]. The value of +having a configurable delay period with recovery capability in light of an +unexpected spend has been widely recognized. + +The only way to implement vaults given the existing consensus rules, aside from +[https://github.com/revault emulating vaults with large multisig +configurations], is to use presigned transactions created with a one-time-use +key. This approach was first demonstrated +[https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2020-April/017755.html in 2020]. + +Unfortunately, this approach has a number of practical shortcomings: +* generating and securely deleting ephemeral keys, which are used to emulate the vault covenant, is required, +* amounts and withdrawal patterns must be precommitted to, +* there is a necessity to precommit to an address that the funds must pass through on their way to the final withdrawal target, which is likely only known at unvault time, +* the particular fee management technique or wallet must be decided upon vault creation, +* coin loss follows if a vault address is reused, +* the transaction data that represents the "bearer asset" of the vault must be stored for perpetuity, otherwise value is lost, and +* the vault creation ceremony must be performed each time a new balance is to be deposited. + +The deployment of a "precomputed" covenant mechanism like +[https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0119.mediawiki OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY] or +[https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0118.mediawiki SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT] +would both remove the necessity to use an ephemeral key, since the +covenant is enforced on-chain, and lessen the burden of sensitive data storage, +since the necessary transactions can be generated from a set of compact +parameters. This approach was demonstrated [https://github.com/jamesob/simple-ctv-vault in +2022]. + +However, the limitations of precomputation still apply: amounts, +destinations, and fee management are all fixed. Funds must flow through a fixed +intermediary to their final destination. Batch operations, which may be vital +for successful recovery during fee spikes or short spend delay, are not possible. + +[[File:bip-0345/withdrawal-comparison.drawio.png|frame|center]] + +Having a "general" covenant mechanism that can encode arbitrary transactional +state machines would allow us to solve these issues, but at the cost of complex +and large scripts that would probably be duplicated many times over in the +blockchain. The particular design and deployment timeline of such a general +framework is also uncertain. This approach was demonstrated +[https://blog.blockstream.com/en-covenants-in-elements-alpha/ in 2016]. + +This proposal intends to address the problems outlined above by +providing a delay period/recovery path use with minimal transactional and +operational overhead using a specialized covenant. + +The design goals of the proposal are: + +* '''efficient reuse of an existing vault configuration.'''<ref>'''Why does this support address reuse?''' The proposal doesn't rely on or encourage address reuse, but certain uses are unsafe if address reuse cannot be handled - for example, if a custodian gives its users a vault address to deposit to, it cannot enforce that those users make a single deposit for each address.</ref> A single vault configuration, whether the same literal <code>scriptPubKey</code> or not, should be able to “receive” multiple deposits. + +* '''batched operations''' for recovery and withdrawal to allow managing multiple vault coins efficiently. + +* '''unbounded partial withdrawals''', which allows users to withdraw partial vault balances without having to perform the setup ceremony for a new vault. + +* '''dynamic unvault targets''', which allow the proposed withdrawal target for a vault to be specified at withdrawal time rather than when the vault is first created. This would remove the need for a prespecified, intermediate wallet that only exists to route unvaulted funds to their desired destination. + +* '''dynamic fee management''' that, like dynamic targets, defers the specification of fee rates and source to unvault time rather than vault creation time. + +These goals are accompanied by basic safety considerations (e.g. not being +vulnerable to mempool pinning) and a desire for concision, both in terms of the number +of outputs created as well as script sizes. + +This proposal is designed to be compatible with any future sighash modes (e.g. <code>SIGHASH_GROUP</code>) or fee management strategies (e.g. [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2020-September/018168.html transaction sponsors]) that may be introduced. Use of these opcodes will benefit from, but do not strictly rely on, [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2022-September/020937.html v3 transaction relay] and [https://github.com/instagibbs/bips/blob/ephemeral_anchor/bip-ephemeralanchors.mediawiki ephemeral anchors]. + +== Design == + +In typical usage, a vault is created by encumbering coins under a +taptree [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0341.mediawiki (BIP-341)] +containing at least two leaves: one with an <code>OP_VAULT</code>-containing script that +facilitates the expected withdrawal process, and another leaf with +<code>OP_VAULT_RECOVER</code> which ensures the coins can be recovered +at any time prior to withdrawal finalization. + +The rules of <code>OP_VAULT</code> ensure the timelocked, interruptible +withdrawal by allowing a spending transaction to replace the +<code>OP_VAULT</code> tapleaf with a prespecified script template, allowing for +some parameters to be set at spend (trigger) time. All other leaves in the +taptree must be unchanged in the destination output, which preserves the recovery path as well as any +other spending conditions originally included in the vault. This is similar to +the <code>TAPLEAF_UPDATE_VERIFY</code> design that was proposed +[https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2021-September/019419.html in 2021]. + +These tapleaf replacement rules, described more precisely below, ensure a +timelocked withdrawal, where the timelock is fixed by the original +<code>OP_VAULT</code> parameters, to a fixed set of outputs (via +<code>OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY</code><ref>'''Why is <code>OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY</code> (BIP-119) relied upon for this proposal?''' During the withdrawal process, the proposed final destination for value being withdrawn must be committed to. <code>OP_CTV</code> is the simplest, safest way to commit the spend of some coins to a particular set of outputs. An earlier version of this proposal attempted to use a simpler, but similar method, of locking the spend of coins to a set of outputs, but this method introduced txid malleability.<br />Note that if some other method of locking spends to a particular set of outputs should be deployed, that method can be used in the <code>OP_VAULT</code> <code><leaf-update-script-body></code> with no changes.</ref>) which is chosen when the withdrawal +process is triggered. + +While <code>OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY</code> is used in this proposal as the +preferred method to bind the proposed withdrawal to a particular set of final +outputs, <code>OP_VAULT</code> is composable with other (and future) opcodes to +facilitate other kinds of withdrawal processes. + +[[File:bip-0345/opvault.drawio.png|frame|center]] + + +=== Transaction types === + +The vault has a number of stages, some of them optional: + +* '''vault transaction''': encumbers some coins into a Taproot structure that includes at least one <code>OP_VAULT</code> leaf and one <code>OP_VAULT_RECOVER</code> leaf. + +* '''trigger transaction''': spends one or more <code>OP_VAULT</code>-tapleaf inputs into an output which is encumbered by a timelocked withdrawal to a fixed set of outputs, chosen at trigger time. This publicly broadcasts the intent to withdraw to some specific set of outputs.<br /><br />The trigger transaction may have an additional output which allocates some of the vault balance into a partial "revault," which simply encumbers the revaulted portion of the value into the same <code>scriptPubKey</code> as the <code>OP_VAULT</code>-containing input(s) being spent. + +* '''withdrawal transaction''': spends the timelocked, destination-locked trigger inputs into a compatible set of final withdrawal outputs (per, e.g., a <code>CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY</code> hash), after the trigger inputs have matured per the spend delay. Timelocked CTV transactions are the motivating usage of OP_VAULT, but any script template can be specified during the creation of the vault. + +* '''recovery transaction''': spends one or more vault inputs via <code>OP_VAULT_RECOVER</code> tapleaf to the prespecified recovery path, which can be done at any point before the withdrawal transaction confirms. Each input can optionally require a witness satisfying a specified ''recovery authorization'' script, an optional script prefixing the <code>OP_VAULT_RECOVER</code> fragment. The use of recovery authorization has certain trade-offs discussed later. + + +=== Fee management === + +A primary consideration of this proposal is how fee management is handled. +Providing dynamic fee management is critical to the operation of a vault, since + +* precalculated fees are prone to making transactions unconfirmable in high fee environments, and +* a fee wallet that is prespecified might be compromised or lost before use. + +But dynamic fee management can introduce +[https://bitcoinops.org/en/topics/transaction-pinning/ pinning vectors]. Care +has been taken to avoid unnecessarily introducing these vectors when using the new +destination-based spending policies that this proposal introduces. + +Originally, this proposal had a hard dependency on reformed transaction +nVersion=3 policies, including ephemeral anchors, but it has since been revised +to simply benefit from these changes in policy as well as other potential fee +management mechanisms. + + +== Specification == + +The tapscript opcodes <code>OP_SUCCESS187</code> (<code>0xbb</code>) and +<code>OP_SUCCESS188</code> (<code>0xbc</code>) are constrained with new rules +to implement <code>OP_VAULT</code> and <code>OP_VAULT_RECOVER</code>, +respectively. + +=== <code>OP_VAULT</code> evaluation === + +When evaluating <code>OP_VAULT</code> (<code>OP_SUCCESS187</code>, +<code>0xbb</code>), the expected format of the stack, shown top to bottom, is: + +<source> +<leaf-update-script-body> +<push-count> +[ <push-count> leaf-update script data items ... ] +<trigger-vout-idx> +<revault-vout-idx> +<revault-amount> +</source> + +where + +* <code><leaf-update-script-body></code> is a minimally-encoded data push of a serialized script. <ref>In conjunction with the leaf-update data items, it dictates the tapleaf script in the output taptree that will replace the one currently executing.</ref> +** Otherwise, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. + +* <code><push-count></code> is an up to 4-byte minimally encoded <code>CScriptNum</code> indicating how many leaf-update script items should be popped off the stack. <ref>'''Why only prefix with data pushes?''' Prefixing the <code>leaf-update-script-body</code> with opcodes opens up the door to prefix OP_SUCCESSX opcodes, to name a single issue only, side-stepping the validation that was meant to be run by the committed script.</ref> +** If this value does not decode to a valid CScriptNum, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. +** If this value is less than 0, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. +** If there are fewer than 3 items following the <code><push-count></code> items on the stack, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. In other words, after popping <code><leaf-update-script-body></code>, there must be at least <code>3 + <push-count></code> items remaining on the stack. + +* The following <code><push-count></code> stack items are popped off the stack and prefixed as minimally-encoded push-data arguments to the <code><leaf-update-script-body></code> to construct the expected tapleaf replacement script. + +* <code><trigger-vout-idx></code> is an up to 4-byte minimally encoded <code>CScriptNum</code> indicating the index of the output which, in conjunction with an optional revault output, carries forward the value of this input, and has an identical taptree aside from the currently executing leaf. +** If this value does not decode to a valid CScriptNum, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. +** If this value is less than 0 or is greater than or equal to the number of outputs, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. + +* <code><revault-vout-idx></code> is an up to 4-byte minimally encoded <code>CScriptNum</code> optionally indicating the index of an output which, in conjunction with the trigger output, carries forward the value of this input, and has an identical scriptPubKey to the current input. +** If this value does not decode to a valid CScriptNum, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. +** If this value is greater than or equal to the number of outputs, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. +** If this value is negative and not equal to -1, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.<ref>'''Why is -1 the only allowable negative value for revault-vout-idx?''' A negative revault index indicates that no revault output exists; if this value were allowed to be any negative number, the witness could be malleated (and bloated) while a transaction is waiting for confirmation.</ref> + +* <code><revault-amount></code> is an up to 7-byte minimally encoded CScriptNum indicating the number of satoshis being revaulted. +** If this value does not decode to a valid CScriptNum, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. +** If this value is not greater than or equal to 0, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. +** If this value is non-zero but <code><revault-vout-idx></code> is negative, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. +** If this value is zero but <code><revault-vout-idx></code> is not -1, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. + +After the stack is parsed, the following validation checks are performed: + +* Decrement the per-script sigops budget (see [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0342.mediawiki#user-content-Resource_limits BIP-0342]) by 60<ref>'''Why is the sigops cost for OP_VAULT set to 60?''' To determine the validity of a trigger output, OP_VAULT must perform an EC multiplication and hashing proportional to the length of the control block in order to generate the output's expected TapTweak. This has been measured to have a cost in the worst case (max length control block) of roughly twice a Schnorr verification. Because the hashing cost could be mitigated by caching midstate, the cost is 60 and not 100.</ref>; if the budget is brought below zero, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. +* Let the output designated by <code><trigger-vout-idx></code> be called ''triggerOut''. +* If the scriptPubKey of ''triggerOut'' is not a version 1 witness program, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. +* Let the script constructed by taking the <code><leaf-update-script-body></code> and prefixing it with minimally-encoded data pushes of the <code><push-count></code> leaf-update script data items be called the ''leaf-update-script''. +* If the scriptPubKey of ''triggerOut'' does not match that of a taptree that is identical to that of the currently evaluated input, but with the leaf script substituted for ''leaf-update-script'', script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. +** Note: the parity bit of the resulting taproot output is allowed to vary, so both values for the new output must be checked. +* Let the output designated by <code><revault-vout-idx></code> (if the index value is non-negative) be called ''revaultOut''. +* If the scriptPubKey of ''revaultOut'' is not equal to the scriptPubKey of the input being spent, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. +* Implementation recommendation: if the sum of the amounts of ''triggerOut'' and ''revaultOut'' (if any) are not greater than or equal to the value of this input, script execution SHOULD fail and terminate immediately. This ensures that (at a minimum) the vaulted value for this input is carried through. +** Amount checks are ultimately done with deferred checks, but this check can help short-circuit obviously invalid spends. +* Queue a deferred check<ref>'''What is a deferred check and why does this proposal require them for correct script evaluation?''' A deferred check is a validation check that is executed only after all input scripts have been validated, and is based on aggregate information collected during each input's EvalScript run.<br /><br />Currently, the validity of each input is (usually) checked concurrently across all inputs in a transaction. Because this proposal allows batching the spend of multiple vault inputs into a single recovery or withdrawal output, we need a mechanism to ensure that all expected values per output can be summed and then checked. This necessitates the introduction of an "aggregating" set of checks which can only be executed after each input's script is evaluated. Note that similar functionality would be required for batch input validation or cross-input signature aggregation.</ref> that ensures the satoshis for this input's <code>nValue</code> minus <code><revault-amount></code> are included within the output <code>nValue</code> found at <code><trigger-vout-idx></code>. +* Queue a deferred check that ensures <code><revault-amount></code> satoshis, if non-zero, are included within the output's <code>nValue</code> found at <code><revault-vout-idx></code>. +** These deferred checks could be characterized in terms of the pseudocode below (in ''Deferred checks'') as<br /><code>TriggerCheck(input_amount, <revault-amount>, <trigger-vout-idx>, <revault-vout-idx>)</code>. + +If none of the conditions fail, a single true value (<code>0x01</code>) is left on the stack. + +=== <code>OP_VAULT_RECOVER</code> evaluation === + +When evaluating <code>OP_VAULT_RECOVER</code> (<code>OP_SUCCESS188</code>, +<code>0xbb</code>), the expected format of the stack, shown top to bottom, is: + +<source> +<recovery-sPK-hash> +<recovery-vout-idx> +</source> + +where + +* <code><recovery-sPK-hash></code> is a 32-byte data push. +** If this is not 32 bytes in length, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. +* <code><recovery-vout-idx></code> is an up to 4-byte minimally encoded <code>CScriptNum</code> indicating the index of the recovery output. +** If this value does not decode to a valid CScriptNum, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. +** If this value is less than 0 or is greater than or equal to the number of outputs, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. + +After the stack is parsed, the following validation checks are performed: + +* Let the output at index <code><recovery-vout-idx></code> be called ''recoveryOut''. +* If the scriptPubKey of ''recoveryOut'' does not have a tagged hash equal to <code><recovery-sPK-hash></code> (<code>tagged_hash("VaultRecoverySPK", recoveryOut.scriptPubKey) == recovery-sPK-hash</code>, where <code>tagged_hash()</code> is from the [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0340/reference.py BIP-0340 reference code]), script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. +** Implementation recommendation: if ''recoveryOut'' does not have an <code>nValue</code> greater than or equal to this input's amount, the script SHOULD fail and terminate immediately. +* Queue a deferred check that ensures the <code>nValue</code> of ''recoveryOut'' contains the entire <code>nValue</code> of this input.<ref>'''How do recovery transactions pay for fees?''' If the recovery is unauthorized, fees are attached either via CPFP with an ephemeral anchor or as inputs which are solely spent to fees (i.e. no change output). If the recovery is authorized, fees can be attached in any manner, e.g. unrelated inputs and outputs or CPFP via anchor.</ref> +** This deferred check could be characterized in terms of the pseudocode below as <code>RecoveryCheck(<recovery-vout-idx>, input_amount)</code>. + +If none of the conditions fail, a single true value (<code>0x01</code>) is left on the stack. + +=== Deferred check evaluation === + +Once all inputs for a transaction are validated per the rules above, any +deferred checks queued MUST be evaluated. + +The Python pseudocode for this is as follows: + +<source lang="python"> +class TriggerCheck: + """Queued by evaluation of OP_VAULT (withdrawal trigger).""" + input_amount: int + revault_amount: int + trigger_vout_idx: int + revault_vout_idx: int + + +class RecoveryCheck: + """Queued by evaluation of OP_VAULT_RECOVER.""" + input_amount: int + vout_idx: int + + +def validate_deferred_checks(checks: [DeferredCheck], tx: Transaction) -> bool: + """ + Ensure that all value from vault inputs being triggered or recovered is preserved + in suitable output nValues. + """ + # Map to hold expected output values. + out_map: Dict[int, int] = defaultdict(lambda: 0) + + for c in checks: + if isinstance(c, TriggerCheck): + out_map[c.trigger_vout_idx] += (c.input_amount - c.revault_amount) + + if c.revault_amount > 0: + out_map[c.revault_vout_idx] += c.revault_amount + + elif isinstance(c, RecoveryCheck): + out_map[c.vout_idx] += c.input_amount + + for (vout_idx, amount_sats) in out_map.items(): + # Trigger/recovery value can be greater than the constituent vault input + # amounts. + if tx.vout[vout_idx].nValue < amount_sats: + return False + + return True +</source> + +If the above procedure, or an equivalent, returns false, script execution MUST fail and terminate +immediately. + +This ensures that all compatible vault inputs can be batched into shared +corresponding trigger or recovery outputs while preserving their entire input value. + + +== Policy changes == + +In order to prevent possible pinning attacks, recovery transactions must be replaceable. + +* When validating an <code>OP_VAULT_RECOVER</code> input being spent, the script MUST fail (by policy, not consensus) and terminate immediately if both<ref>'''Why are recovery transactions required to be replaceable?''' In the case of unauthorized recoveries, an attacker may attempt to pin recovery transactions by broadcasting a "rebundled" version with a low fee rate. Vault owners must be able to overcome this with replacement. In the case of authorized recovery, if an attacker steals the recovery authorization key, the attacker may try to pin the recovery transaction during theft. Requiring replaceability ensures that the owner can always raise the fee rate of the recovery transaction, even if they are RBF rule #3 griefed in the process.</ref> +*# the input is not marked as opt-in replaceable by having an nSequence number less than <code>0xffffffff - 1</code>, per [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0125.mediawiki BIP-0125], and +*# the version of the recovery transaction has an nVersion other than 3. + +If the script containing <code>OP_VAULT_RECOVER</code> is 34 bytes or less<ref>34 bytes is the length of a recovery script that consists solely of <code><recovery-sPK-hash> OP_VAULT_RECOVER</code>.</ref>, let +it be called "unauthorized," because there is no script guarding the recovery +process. In order to prevent pinning attacks in the case of unauthorized +recovery - since the spend of the input (and the structure of the +transaction) is not authorized by a signed signature message - the output structure of +unauthorized recovery transaction is limited. + +* If the recovery is unauthorized, the recovery transaction MUST (by policy) abide by the following constraints: +** If the spending transaction has more than two outputs, the script MUST fail and terminate immediately. +** If the spending transaction has two outputs, and the output which is not ''recoveryOut'' is not an [https://github.com/instagibbs/bips/blob/ephemeral_anchor/bip-ephemeralanchors.mediawiki ephemeral anchor], the script MUST fail and terminate immediately.<ref>'''Why can unauthorized recoveries only process a single recovery path?''' Because there is no signature required for unauthorized recoveries, if additional outputs were allowed, someone observing a recovery in the mempool would be able to rebundle and broadcast the recovery with a lower fee rate.</ref> + +== Implementation == + +A sample implementation is available on bitcoin-inquisition [https://github.com/jamesob/bitcoin/tree/2023-01-opvault-inq here], with an associated [https://github.com/bitcoin-inquisition/bitcoin/pull/21 pull request]. + + +== Applications == + +The specification above, perhaps surprisingly, does not specifically cover how a relative timelocked withdrawal process with a fixed target is implemented. The tapleaf update semantics specified in <code>OP_VAULT</code> as well as the output-based authorization enabled by <code>OP_VAULT_RECOVER</code> can be used to implement a vault, but they are incomplete without two other pieces: + +* a way to enforce relative timelocks, like <code>OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY</code>, and +* a way to enforce that proposed withdrawals are ultimately being spent to a precise set of outputs, like <code>OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY</code>. + +These two pieces are combined with the tapleaf update capabilities of +<code>OP_VAULT</code> to create a vault, described below. + +=== Creating a vault === + +In order to vault coins, they can be spent into a witness v1 <code>scriptPubKey</code> +that contains a taptree of the form + +<source> +tr(<internal-pubkey>, + leaves = { + recover: + <recovery-sPK-hash> OP_VAULT_RECOVER, + + trigger: + <trigger-auth-pubkey> OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY (i) + <spend-delay> 2 $leaf-update-script-body OP_VAULT, (ii) + + ... [ possibly other leaves ] + } +) +</source> +where +* <code>$leaf-update-script-body</code> is, for example, <code>OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY OP_DROP OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY</code>. +** This is one example of a trigger script, but ''any'' script fragment can be used, allowing the creation of different types of vaults. For example, you could use <code>OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY OP_DROP OP_CHECKSIG</code> to do a time-delayed transfer of the coins to another key. This also future-proofs <code>OP_VAULT</code> for future scripting capabilities. +* The script fragment in <code>(i)</code> is called the "trigger authorization," because it gates triggering the withdrawal. This can be done in whatever manner the wallet designer would like. +* The script fragment in <code>(ii)</code> is the incomplete <code>OP_VAULT</code> invocation - it will be completed once the rest of the parameters (the CTV target hash, trigger vout index, and revault vout index) are provided by the trigger transaction witness. + +Typically, the internal key for the vault taproot output will be specified so +that it is controlled by the same descriptor as the recovery path, which +facilitates another (though probably unused) means of recovering the vault +output to the recovery path. This has the potential advantage of recovering the +coin without ever revealing it was a vault. + +Otherwise, the internal key can be chosen to be an unspendable NUMS point to +force execution of the taptree contents. + +=== Triggering a withdrawal === + +To make use of the vault, and spend it towards some output, we construct a spend +of the above <code>tr()</code> output that simply replaces the "trigger" leaf with the +full leaf-update script (in this case, a timelocked CTV script): + +<source> +Witness stack: + +- <revault-amount> +- <revault-vout-idx> (-1 if none) +- <trigger-vout-idx> +- <target-CTV-hash> +- <trigger-auth-pubkey-signature> +- [ "trigger" leaf script contents ] +- [ taproot control block prompting a script-path spend to "trigger" leaf ] + +Output scripts: + +[ + tr(<internal-pubkey>, + leaves = { + recover: + <recovery-sPK-hash> OP_VAULT_RECOVER, <-- unchanged + + trigger: + <target-CTV-hash> <spend-delay> + OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY OP_DROP OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY <-- changed per the + leaf-update + rules of OP_VAULT + ... [ possibly other leaves ] + } + ), + + [ optional revault output with the + same sPK as the original vault output ], +] +</source> + +<code>OP_VAULT</code> has allowed the taptree to be transformed so that the trigger leaf +becomes a timelocked CTV script, which is what actually facilitates the announced +withdrawal. The withdrawal is interruptible by the recovery path because the +"recover" leaf is preserved exactly from the original taptree. + +Note that the CTV hash is specified at spend time using the witness stack, and +"locked in" via the <code>OP_VAULT</code> spend rules which assert its existence in the output. + +The vault funds can be recovered at any time prior to the spend of the +timelocked CTV script by way of a script-path spend using the "recover" leaf. + + +=== Recovery authorization === + +When configuring a vault, the user must decide if they want to have the +recovery process gated by a script fragment prefixing the +<code>OP_VAULT_RECOVER</code> instruction in the "recover" leaf. Its use +entails trade-offs. + +==== Unauthorized recovery ==== + +Unauthorized recovery simplifies vault use in that recovery never requires additional information aside from the location of the vault outpoints and the recovery path - the "authorization" is simply the reveal of the recovery path, i.e. the preimage of <code><recovery-sPK-hash></code>. + +But because this reveal is the only authorization necessary to spend the vault coins to recovery, the user must expect to recover all such vaults at once, since an observer can replay this recovery (provided they know the outpoints). + +Additionally, unauthorized recovery across multiple distinct recovery paths +cannot be done in the same transaction, and fee control is more constrained: +because the output structure is limited for unauthorized recovery, fee +management relies either on inputs which are completely spent to fees or the +use of the optional ephemeral anchor and package relay. + +These limitations are to avoid pinning attacks. + +==== Authorized recovery ==== + +With authorized recovery, the user must keep track of an additional piece of information: how to solve the recovery authorization script fragment when recovery is required. + +If this key is lost, the user will be unable to initiate the recovery process for their coins. If an attacker obtains the recovery key, they may grief the user during the recovery process by constructing a low fee rate recovery transaction and broadcasting it (though they will not be able to pin because of the replaceability requirement on recovery transactions). + +However, authorized recovery configurations have significant benefits. Batched recoveries are possible for vaults with otherwise incompatible recovery parameters. Fee management is much more flexible, since authorized recovery transactions are "free form" and unrelated inputs and outputs can be added, potentially to handle fees. + +==== Recommendation: use a simple, offline recovery authorization key seed ==== + +The benefits of batching and fee management that authorized recovery provides are significant. If the recovery authorization key falls into the hands of an attacker, the outcome is not catastrophic, whereas if the user loses their recovery authorization key as well as their trigger key, the result is likely coin loss. Consequently, the author's recommendation is to use a simple seed for the recovery authorization key that can be written down offline and replicated. + +Note that the recovery authorization key '''is not''' the recovery path key, and +this is '''much different''' than any recommendation on how to generate the +recovery path key itself. + +=== Address reuse and recovery === + +When creating a vault, four factors affect the resulting P2TR address: +# The internal pubkey (likely belonging to the recovery wallet) +# The recovery leaf +# The trigger leaf +# Any other leaves that exist in the taptree + +The end user has the option of varying certain contents along descriptors in +order to avoid reusing vault addresses without affecting key management, e.g. +the trigger authorization pubkeys. + +Note that when using unauthorized recovery, the reveal of the +recovery scriptPubKey will allow any observer to initiate the recovery process +for any vault with matching recovery params, provided they are able to locate +the vault outpoints. As a result, it is recommended to expect that +'''all outputs sharing an identical unauthorized <code><recovery-sPK-hash></code> should be recovered together'''. + +This situation can be avoided with a comparable key management model by varying +the generation of each vault's recovery scriptPubKey along a single descriptor, +but note that this will prevent recovering multiple separate vaults into a single +recovery output. + +Varying the internal pubkey will prevent batching the trigger of multiple vault +inputs into a single trigger output; consequently it is recommended that users +instead vary some component of the trigger leaf script if address reuse is +undesirable. Users could vary the trigger pubkey along a descriptor, keeping +the recovery path and internal-pubkey the same, which both avoids reusing +addresses and allows batched trigger and recovery operations. + +==== Recommendation: generate new recovery addresses for new trigger keys ==== + +If using unauthorized recovery, it is recommended that you do not share recovery scriptPubKeys +across separate trigger keys. If one trigger key is compromised, that will necessitate the (unauthorized) +recovery of all vaults with that trigger key, which will reveal the recovery path preimage. This +means that an observer might be able to initiate recovery for vaults controlled by an uncompromised +trigger key. + +==== Fee management ==== + +Fees can be managed in a variety of ways, but it's worth noting that both +trigger and recovery transactions must preserve the total value of vault +inputs, so vaulted values cannot be repurposed to pay for fees. This does not +apply to the withdrawal transaction, which can allocate value arbitrarily. + +In the case of vaults that use recovery authorization, all transactions can +"bring their own fees" in the form of unrelated inputs and outputs. These +transactions are also free to specify ephemeral anchors, once the related relay +policies are deployed. This means that vaults using recovery authorization have +no dependence on the deploy of v3 relay policy. + +For vaults using unauthorized recovery, the recovery +transaction relies on the use of either fully-spent fee inputs or an ephemeral +anchor output. This means that vaults which do not use recovery authorization +are essentially dependent on v3 transaction relay policy being deployed. + +=== Batching === + +==== During trigger ==== + +<code>OP_VAULT</code> outputs with the same taptree, aside from slightly +different trigger leaves, can be batched together in the same withdrawal +process. Two "trigger" leaves are compatible if they have the same +<code>OP_VAULT</code> arguments. + +Note that this allows the trigger authorization -- the script prefixing the +<code>OP_VAULT</code> invocation -- to differ while still allowing batching. + +Trigger transactions can act on multiple incompatible <code>OP_VAULT</code> +input sets, provided each set has a suitable associated ''triggerOut'' +output. + +Since <code>SIGHASH_DEFAULT</code> can be used to sign the trigger +authorization, unrelated inputs and outputs can be included, possibly to +facilitate fee management or the batch withdrawal of incompatible vaults. + +==== During withdrawal ==== + +During final withdrawal, multiple trigger outputs can be used towards the same +withdrawal transaction provided that they share identical +<code><target-CTV-hash></code> parameters. This facilitates batched +withdrawals. + +==== During recovery ==== + +<code>OP_VAULT_RECOVER</code> outputs with the same <code><recovery-sPK-hash></code> +can be recovered into the same output. + +Recovery-incompatible vaults which have authorized recovery can be recovered in +the same transaction, so long as each set (grouped by +<code><recovery-sPK-hash></code>) has an associated ''recoveryOut''. This allows +unrelated recoveries to share common fee management. + +=== Watchtowers === + +The value of vaults is contingent upon having monitoring in place that will +alert the owner when unexpected spends are taking place. This can be done in a +variety of ways, with varying degrees of automation and trust in the +watchtower. + +In the maximum-trust case, the watchtower can be fully aware of all vaulted +coins and has the means to initiate the recovery process if spends are not +pre-reported to the watchtower. + +In the minimum-trust case, the user can supply a probabilistic filter of which +coins they wish to monitor; the watchtower would then alert the user if any +coins matching the filter move, and the user would be responsible for ignoring +false positives and handling recovery initiation. + +=== Output descriptors === + +Output descriptors for vault-related outputs will be covered in a subsequent BIP. + +== Deployment == + +Activation mechanism is to be determined. + +This BIP should be deployed concurrently with BIP-0119 to enable full use of vaults. + +== Backwards compatibility == + +<code>OP_VAULT</code> and <code>OP_VAULT_RECOVER</code> replace, respectively, +the witness v1-only opcodes OP_SUCCESS187 and OP_SUCCESS188 with stricter +verification semantics. Consequently, scripts using those opcodes which +previously were valid will cease to be valid with this change. + +Stricter verification semantics for an OP_SUCCESSx opcode are a soft fork, so +existing software will be fully functional without upgrade except for mining +and block validation. + +Backwards compatibility considerations are very comparable to previous +deployments for OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY and OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY (see +[https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0065.mediawiki BIP-0065] and +[https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0112.mediawiki BIP-0112]). + + +== Rationale == + +<references /> + +== References == + +* [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2016-February/012470.html [bitcoin-dev] Bitcoin Vaults (2016)] +* [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2018-February/015793.html [bitcoin-dev] Simple lock/unlock mechanism (2018)] +* [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2020-April/017755.html [bitcoin-dev] On-chain vaults prototype (2020)] +* [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2021-September/019419.html [bitcoin-dev] TAPLEAF_UPDATE_VERIFY covenant opcode (2021)] +* [https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.11776 Custody Protocols Using Bitcoin Vaults (2020)] +* [https://jameso.be/vaults.pdf Vaults and Covenants (2023)] + +== Acknowledgements == + +The author would like to thank + +* AJ Towns and Greg Sanders for discussion, numerous suggestions that improved the proposal, and advice. +* Jeremy Rubin for inspiration, advice, and mentorship. +* BL for discussion and insight. +* John Moffett for early feedback and a test case demonstrating a recursive script evaluation attack. +* Johan Halseth for providing conceptual review and pointing out a pinning attack. +* Pieter Wuille for implementation advice. diff --git a/bip-0345/opvault.drawio.png b/bip-0345/opvault.drawio.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..702189d --- /dev/null +++ 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-0,0 +1,336 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 350 + Layer: Applications + Title: Bech32m format for v1+ witness addresses + Author: Pieter Wuille <pieter@wuille.net> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0350 + Status: Final + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2020-12-16 + License: BSD-2-Clause + Replaces: 173 + Post-History: 2021-01-05: https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2021-January/018338.html [bitcoin-dev] Bech32m BIP: new checksum, and usage for segwit address +</pre> + +==Introduction== + +===Abstract=== + +This document defines an improved variant of Bech32 called '''Bech32m''', and amends BIP173 to use Bech32m for native segregated witness outputs of version 1 and later. Bech32 remains in use for segregated witness outputs of version 0. + +===Copyright=== + +This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. + +===Motivation=== + +[[bip-0173.mediawiki|BIP173]] defined a generic checksummed base 32 encoded format called Bech32. It is in use for segregated witness outputs of version 0 (P2WPKH and P2WSH, see [[bip-0141.mediawiki|BIP141]]), and other applications. + +Bech32 has an unexpected [https://github.com/sipa/bech32/issues/51 weakness]: whenever the final character is a 'p', inserting or deleting any number of 'q' characters immediately preceding it does not invalidate the checksum. This does not affect existing uses of witness version 0 BIP173 addresses due to their restriction to two specific lengths, but may affect future uses and/or other applications using the Bech32 encoding. + +This document addresses that by specifying Bech32m, a variant of Bech32 that mitigates this insertion weakness and related issues. + +==Specification== + +We first specify the new checksum algorithm, and then document how it should be used for future Bitcoin addresses. + +===Bech32m=== + +Bech32m modifies the checksum of the Bech32 specification, replacing the constant ''1'' that is xored into the checksum at the end with ''0x2bc830a3''. The resulting checksum verification and creation algorithm (in Python, cf. the code in [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0173.mediawiki#Bech32|BIP173 Bech32 section]): + +<pre> +BECH32M_CONST = 0x2bc830a3 + +def bech32m_polymod(values): + GEN = [0x3b6a57b2, 0x26508e6d, 0x1ea119fa, 0x3d4233dd, 0x2a1462b3] + chk = 1 + for v in values: + b = (chk >> 25) + chk = (chk & 0x1ffffff) << 5 ^ v + for i in range(5): + chk ^= GEN[i] if ((b >> i) & 1) else 0 + return chk + +def bech32m_hrp_expand(s): + return [ord(x) >> 5 for x in s] + [0] + [ord(x) & 31 for x in s] + +def bech32m_verify_checksum(hrp, data): + return bech32m_polymod(bech32m_hrp_expand(hrp) + data) == BECH32M_CONST + +def bech32m_create_checksum(hrp, data): + values = bech32m_hrp_expand(hrp) + data + polymod = bech32m_polymod(values + [0,0,0,0,0,0]) ^ BECH32M_CONST + return [(polymod >> 5 * (5 - i)) & 31 for i in range(6)] +</pre> + +All other aspects of Bech32 remain unchanged, including its human-readable parts (HRPs). + +A combined function to decode both Bech32 and Bech32m simultaneously could be written using: + +<pre> +class Encoding(Enum): + BECH32 = 1 + BECH32M = 2 + +def bech32_bech32m_verify_checksum(hrp, data): + check = bech32_polymod(bech32_hrp_expand(hrp) + data) + if check == 1: + return Encoding.BECH32 + elif check == BECH32M_CONST: + return Encoding.BECH32M + else: + return None +</pre> + +which returns either None for failure, or one of the BECH32 / BECH32M enumeration values to indicate successful decoding according to the respective standard. + +===Addresses for segregated witness outputs=== + +Version 0 outputs (specifically, P2WPKH and P2WSH addresses) continue to use Bech32<ref>'''Why not permit both Bech32 and Bech32m for v0 addresses?''' Permitting both encodings reduces the error detection capabilities (it makes it equivalent to only have 29 bits of checksum).</ref> as specified in BIP173. Addresses for segregated witness outputs version 1 through 16 use Bech32m. Again, all other aspects of the encoding remain the same, including the 'bc' HRP. + +To generate an address for a segregated witness output: + +* If its witness version is 0, encode it using Bech32. +* If its witness version is 1 or higher, encode it using Bech32m. + +To decode an address, client software should either decode with both a Bech32 and a Bech32m decoder<ref>'''Can a single string simultaneously be valid as Bech32 and Bech32m?''' No, a valid Bech32 and Bech32m string will always differ by at least 3 characters if they are the same length.</ref>, or use a decoder that supports both simultaneously. In both cases, the address decoder has to verify that the encoding matches what is expected for the decoded witness version (Bech32 for version 0, Bech32m for others). + +The following code demonstrates the checks that need to be performed. Refer to the Python code linked in the reference implementation section below for full details of the called functions. + +<pre> +def decode(hrp, addr): + hrpgot, data, spec = bech32_decode(addr) + if hrpgot != hrp: + return (None, None) + decoded = convertbits(data[1:], 5, 8, False) + # Witness programs are between 2 and 40 bytes in length. + if decoded is None or len(decoded) < 2 or len(decoded) > 40: + return (None, None) + # Witness versions are in range 0..16. + if data[0] > 16: + return (None, None) + # Witness v0 programs must be exactly length 20 or 32. + if data[0] == 0 and len(decoded) != 20 and len(decoded) != 32: + return (None, None) + # Witness v0 uses Bech32; v1 through v16 use Bech32m. + if data[0] == 0 and spec != Encoding.BECH32 or data[0] != 0 and spec != Encoding.BECH32M: + return (None, None) + # Success. + return (data[0], decoded) +</pre> + +'''Error locating''' + +Bech32m, like Bech32, does support locating<ref>'''What about error correction?''' As explained in BIP173, introducing error correction reduces the ability to detect errors. While it is technically possible to correct a small number of errors due to Bech32(m)'s nature as a BCH code, implementations should refrain from using this for more than indicating where an error may be present.</ref> the positions of a few substitution errors. To combine this functionality with +the segregated witness addresses proposed by this document, simply try locating errors for both Bech32 and Bech32m. If only one finds error locations, report that one. If both do (which should be very rare), +there are a number of options: +* Report the one that needs fewer corrections (if they differ). +* Eliminate the response(s) that are inconsistent. Any symbol that isn't on an error location can be checked. For example, if the witness version symbol is not an error location, and it doesn't correspond to the specification used (0 for Bech32, 1+ for Bech32m), that response can be eliminated. + +See the fancy Javascript decoder below for example of the above. + +==Compatibility== + +This document introduces a new encoding for v1 segregated witness outputs and higher versions. There should not be any compatibility issues on the receiver side; no wallets are creating v1 segregated witness addresses yet, as the output type is not usable on mainnet. + +On the other hand, the Bech32m proposal breaks forward-compatibility for sending to v1 and higher version segregated witness addresses. This incompatibility is [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2020-October/018236.html intentional]. An alternative design was [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2019-November/017460.html considered] where Bech32 remained in use for certain subsets of future addresses, but ultimately [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2020-December/018293.html discarded]. By introducing a clean break, we protect not only new software but also existing senders from the mutation issue, as new addresses will be incompatible with the existing Bech32 address validation. [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2020-November/018268.html Experiments] by Taproot proponents had shown that hardly any wallets and services supported sending to higher segregated witness output versions, so little is lost by [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2020-December/018298.html breaking] forward-compatibility. Furthermore, those experiments identified cases in which segregated witness implementations would have caused wallets to burn funds when sending to version 1 addresses. In case it is still in use, the chosen approach will prevent such software from destroying funds when attempting to send to a Bech32m address. + +==Reference implementations== + +* Reference encoder and decoder: +** [https://github.com/sipa/bech32/blob/master/ref/python Reference Python implementation] +** [https://github.com/sipa/bech32/blob/master/ref/c Reference C implementation] +** [https://github.com/sipa/bech32/blob/master/ref/c++ Reference C++ implementation] +** [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/20861 Bitcoin Core C++ implementation] +** [https://github.com/sipa/bech32/blob/master/ref/javascript Reference Javascript implementation] + +* Fancy decoder that localizes errors: +** [https://github.com/sipa/bech32/blob/master/ecc/javascript For JavaScript] ([http://bitcoin.sipa.be/bech32/demo/demo.html demo website]) + +==Test vectors== + +'''Implementation advice''' Experiments testing BIP173 implementations found that many wallets and services did not support sending to higher version segregated witness outputs. In anticipation of the proposed [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0341.mediawiki Taproot] soft fork introducing v1 segregated witness outputs on the network, we emphatically recommend employing the complete set of test vectors provided below as well as ensuring that your implementation supports sending to v1 '''and higher versions'''. All higher versions of native segregated witness outputs should be recognized as valid recipients. As higher versions are not defined on the network, no wallet should ever create them and no recipient should ever provide them to a sender. Nor should a recipient ever want to falsely provide them as the recipient would simply see a payment intended to themselves burned instead. However, by defining higher versions as valid recipients now, future soft forks introducing higher versions of native segwit outputs will be forward-compatible to all wallets correctly implementing the Bech32m specification. + +===Test vectors for Bech32m=== + +The following strings are valid Bech32m: +* <tt>A1LQFN3A</tt> +* <tt>a1lqfn3a</tt> +* <tt>an83characterlonghumanreadablepartthatcontainsthetheexcludedcharactersbioandnumber11sg7hg6</tt> +* <tt>abcdef1l7aum6echk45nj3s0wdvt2fg8x9yrzpqzd3ryx</tt> +* <tt>11llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllludsr8</tt> +* <tt>split1checkupstagehandshakeupstreamerranterredcaperredlc445v</tt> +* <tt>?1v759aa</tt> + +No string can be simultaneously valid Bech32 and Bech32m, so the above examples also serve as invalid test vectors for Bech32. + +The following string are not valid Bech32m (with reason for invalidity): +* 0x20 + <tt>1xj0phk</tt>: HRP character out of range +* 0x7F + <tt>1g6xzxy</tt>: HRP character out of range +* 0x80 + <tt>1vctc34</tt>: HRP character out of range +* <tt>an84characterslonghumanreadablepartthatcontainsthetheexcludedcharactersbioandnumber11d6pts4</tt>: overall max length exceeded +* <tt>qyrz8wqd2c9m</tt>: No separator character +* <tt>1qyrz8wqd2c9m</tt>: Empty HRP +* <tt>y1b0jsk6g</tt>: Invalid data character +* <tt>lt1igcx5c0</tt>: Invalid data character +* <tt>in1muywd</tt>: Too short checksum +* <tt>mm1crxm3i</tt>: Invalid character in checksum +* <tt>au1s5cgom</tt>: Invalid character in checksum +* <tt>M1VUXWEZ</tt>: checksum calculated with uppercase form of HRP +* <tt>16plkw9</tt>: empty HRP +* <tt>1p2gdwpf</tt>: empty HRP + +===Test vectors for v0-v16 native segregated witness addresses=== + +The following list gives valid segwit addresses and the scriptPubKey that they +translate to in hex. +* <tt>BC1QW508D6QEJXTDG4Y5R3ZARVARY0C5XW7KV8F3T4</tt>: <tt>0014751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6</tt> +* <tt>tb1qrp33g0q5c5txsp9arysrx4k6zdkfs4nce4xj0gdcccefvpysxf3q0sl5k7</tt>: <tt>00201863143c14c5166804bd19203356da136c985678cd4d27a1b8c6329604903262</tt> +* <tt>bc1pw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kt5nd6y</tt>: <tt>5128751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6</tt> +* <tt>BC1SW50QGDZ25J</tt>: <tt>6002751e</tt> +* <tt>bc1zw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvaryvaxxpcs</tt>: <tt>5210751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323</tt> +* <tt>tb1qqqqqp399et2xygdj5xreqhjjvcmzhxw4aywxecjdzew6hylgvsesrxh6hy</tt>: <tt>0020000000c4a5cad46221b2a187905e5266362b99d5e91c6ce24d165dab93e86433</tt> +* <tt>tb1pqqqqp399et2xygdj5xreqhjjvcmzhxw4aywxecjdzew6hylgvsesf3hn0c</tt>: <tt>5120000000c4a5cad46221b2a187905e5266362b99d5e91c6ce24d165dab93e86433</tt> +* <tt>bc1p0xlxvlhemja6c4dqv22uapctqupfhlxm9h8z3k2e72q4k9hcz7vqzk5jj0</tt>: <tt>512079be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798</tt> + +The following list gives invalid segwit addresses and the reason for +their invalidity. +* <tt>tc1p0xlxvlhemja6c4dqv22uapctqupfhlxm9h8z3k2e72q4k9hcz7vq5zuyut</tt>: Invalid human-readable part +* <tt>bc1p0xlxvlhemja6c4dqv22uapctqupfhlxm9h8z3k2e72q4k9hcz7vqh2y7hd</tt>: Invalid checksum (Bech32 instead of Bech32m) +* <tt>tb1z0xlxvlhemja6c4dqv22uapctqupfhlxm9h8z3k2e72q4k9hcz7vqglt7rf</tt>: Invalid checksum (Bech32 instead of Bech32m) +* <tt>BC1S0XLXVLHEMJA6C4DQV22UAPCTQUPFHLXM9H8Z3K2E72Q4K9HCZ7VQ54WELL</tt>: Invalid checksum (Bech32 instead of Bech32m) +* <tt>bc1qw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kemeawh</tt>: Invalid checksum (Bech32m instead of Bech32) +* <tt>tb1q0xlxvlhemja6c4dqv22uapctqupfhlxm9h8z3k2e72q4k9hcz7vq24jc47</tt>: Invalid checksum (Bech32m instead of Bech32) +* <tt>bc1p38j9r5y49hruaue7wxjce0updqjuyyx0kh56v8s25huc6995vvpql3jow4</tt>: Invalid character in checksum +* <tt>BC130XLXVLHEMJA6C4DQV22UAPCTQUPFHLXM9H8Z3K2E72Q4K9HCZ7VQ7ZWS8R</tt>: Invalid witness version +* <tt>bc1pw5dgrnzv</tt>: Invalid program length (1 byte) +* <tt>bc1p0xlxvlhemja6c4dqv22uapctqupfhlxm9h8z3k2e72q4k9hcz7v8n0nx0muaewav253zgeav</tt>: Invalid program length (41 bytes) +* <tt>BC1QR508D6QEJXTDG4Y5R3ZARVARYV98GJ9P</tt>: Invalid program length for witness version 0 (per BIP141) +* <tt>tb1p0xlxvlhemja6c4dqv22uapctqupfhlxm9h8z3k2e72q4k9hcz7vq47Zagq</tt>: Mixed case +* <tt>bc1p0xlxvlhemja6c4dqv22uapctqupfhlxm9h8z3k2e72q4k9hcz7v07qwwzcrf</tt>: zero padding of more than 4 bits +* <tt>tb1p0xlxvlhemja6c4dqv22uapctqupfhlxm9h8z3k2e72q4k9hcz7vpggkg4j</tt>: Non-zero padding in 8-to-5 conversion +* <tt>bc1gmk9yu</tt>: Empty data section + + +==Appendix: checksum design & properties== + +Checksums are used to detect errors introduced into data during transfer. A hash function-based checksum such as Base58Check detects any type of error uniformly, but not all classes of errors are equally likely to occur in practice. Bech32 prioritizes detection of substitution errors, but improving detection of one error class inevitably worsens detection of other error classes. During the design of Bech32, it was assumed that other simple error patterns beside substitutions would have a similar detection rate as in a hash function-based design, and detection would only be worse for complex, impractical errors. The discovered insertion weakness shows that this is not the case. + +For Bech32m, we aim to retain Bech32's guarantees for substitution errors, but make sure that other common errors don't perform worse than a hash function-based checksum would. To make sure the new standard is easy to implement, we restrict the design space to only amending the final constant that is xored in, as it was [https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2019-December/017521.html observed] that that is sufficient to mitigate the 'q' insertion issue while retaining the intended substitution error detection. In what follows, we explain how the new constant ''0x2bc830a3'' was chosen. + +===Error patterns & detection probability=== + +We define an error pattern as a sequence of first one or more deletions, then swaps of adjacent characters, followed by substitutions, insertions, and duplications, in that order, all in specific positions, applied to a string with valid checksum that is otherwise randomly chosen. For insertions and substitutions we assume a uniformly random new character. For example, "delete the 17th character, swap the 11th character with the 12th character, and insert a random character in the 24th position" is an error pattern. "Replace the 43rd through 48th character with 'aardvark'" is not a valid error pattern, because the new characters are not random and there is no reason why this particular string is more likely than any other to be substituted. + +A hash function-based checksum design with a 30-bit hash would have a probability of incorrectly accepting equal to ''2<sup>-30</sup>'', for every error pattern. Bech32 has a probability of 0 to incorrectly accept error patterns consisting of up to 4 substitutions—they are always detected. The 'q'-insertion issue shows that for Bech32 a simple error pattern ("insert a random character in the penultimate position") with probability ''2<sup>-10</sup>'' exists: it requires the final character to be 'p' (leaving only 1 in 32 strings), and requires the inserted character to be 'q' (permitting only 1 of 32 possible inserted characters). + +Note that the choice of ''what'' the error pattern is (which types of errors, and where) isn't part of our probabilities: we try to make sure that ''every'' pattern behaves well, not just randomly chosen ones, because presumably humans +make some kinds of errors more than others, and we cannot easily model which ones. + +===Detection properties of Bech32m=== + +The table below shows the error detection properties of Bech32m, and a comparison with Bech32. The code used for this analysis can be found [https://gist.github.com/sipa/14c248c288c3880a3b191f978a34508e#file-const_analysis-cpp here]. Every row specifies one error pattern via the constraints in the left four columns. The remaining columns report what percentage of those patterns have certain probabilities of not being detected. The columns are: + +* '''errors''' The maximum number of individual errors considered +* '''of type''' What type of errors are considered (either "subst. only" for just substitutions, or "any" to also include deletions, swaps, insertions, and duplications) +* '''window''' The maximum size of the window in which the errors have to occur<ref>'''What is an error pattern’s window size?''' The window size of an error pattern is the length of the smallest consecutive range of characters that contains all modified characters (on input or output; whichever is larger). For example, an error pattern that turns "abcdef" into "accdbef" has a window size of 4, as it is replacing "bcd" with "ccdb", a 4 character string. Window size is only meaningful when the pattern consists of two or more errors.</ref> +* '''code/verifier''' Whether this line is about Bech32 or Bech32m encoded strings, and whether those are evaluated regarding their probability of being accepted by either a Bech32 or a Bech32m verifier.<ref>'''Why do we care about probability of accepting Bech32m strings in Bech32 verifiers?''' For applications where Bech32m replaces an existing use of Bech32 (such as segregated witness addresses), we want to make sure that a Bech32m string created by new software won’t be erroneously accepted by old software that assumes Bech32 - even when a small number of errors were introduced as well.</ref><ref>'''Should we also take into account failures that occur due to taking a valid Bech32m string, and after errors it becoming acceptable to a Bech32 verifier?''' This situation may in theory occur for segregated witness addresses when errors occur that change the version number in a v1+ address to v0. Due to the specificity of this type of error, plus the additional constraints that apply for v0 addresses, this is both unlikely and hard to analyze.</ref> +* '''error patterns with failure probability''' For each probability (''0'', ''2<sup>-30</sup>'', ''2<sup>-25</sup>'', ''2<sup>-20</sup>'', ''2<sup>-15</sup>'', and ''2<sup>-10</sup>'') this reports what percentage of error patterns restricted by the constraints in the previous columns have those probabilities of being incorrectly accepted. + +The properties are divided into two classes: those that hold over all strings when averaged over all possible HRPs (human readable parts), and those specific to the "bc1" HRP with the length restrictions imposed by segregated witness addresses<ref>'''What restrictions were taken into account for the "bc1"-specific analysis?''' The minimum length (due to witness programs being at least 2 bytes), the maximum length (due to witness programs being at most 40 bytes), and the fact that the witness programs are a multiple of 8 bits. The fact that the first data symbol cannot be over 16, or that the padding has to be 0, is not taken into account.</ref>. + +{| class="wikitable" +! rowspan="2" | errors +! rowspan="2" | of type +! rowspan="2" | window +! rowspan="2" | code/verifier +! colspan="6" | error patterns with failure probability +|- +! ''0'' !! ''2<sup>-30</sup>'' !! ''2<sup>-25</sup>'' !! ''2<sup>-20</sup>'' !! ''2<sup>-15</sup>'' !! ''2<sup>-10</sup>'' +|- +! colspan="10" | Properties averaged over all HRPs +|- +| ≤ 4 || only subst. || any || rowspan="6" | Bech32m/Bech32m || 100.00%|| colspan="5" | none<sup>(a)</sup> +|- +| any || any || ≤ 4 || 56.16%|| 43.84%|| colspan="4" | none<sup>(b)</sup> +|- +| ≤ 2 || any || ≤ 68 || 7.71%|| 92.28%|| colspan="4" | none<sup>(b)</sup> +|- +| ≤ 2 || any || any || 7.79%|| 92.20%|| 0.004%|| colspan="3" | none<sup>(b)</sup> +|- +| ≤ 3 || any || ≤ 69 || 7.73%|| 92.23%|| 0.033%<sup>(d)</sup> || colspan="3" | none<sup>(b)</sup> +|- +| ≤ 3 || any || any || 7.77%|| 92.19%|| 0.034%|| 0.000065% || colspan="2" | none<sup>(b)</sup> +|- +| ≤ 4 || only subst. || any || rowspan="6" | Bech32/Bech32 || 100.00%|| colspan="5" | none +|- +| any || any || ≤ 4 || 54.00%|| 43.84%|| 1.08%|| 0.90%|| 0.17%|| 0.0091% +|- +| ≤ 2 || any || ≤ 68 || 4.59%|| 92.29%|| 1.09%|| 1.01%|| 0.99%|| 0.039% +|- +| ≤ 2 || any || any || 4.58%|| 92.21%|| 1.11%|| 1.04%|| 1.02%|| 0.038% +|- +| ≤ 3 || any || ≤ 69 || 6.69%|| 92.23%|| 0.56%|| 0.48%|| 0.041%|| 0.00055% +|- +| ≤ 3 || any || any || 6.66%|| 92.19%|| 0.59%|| 0.52%|| 0.041%|| 0.00053% +|- +| 0 || - || - || rowspan="3" | Bech32m/Bech32 || 100.00%|| colspan="5" | none<sup>(a)</sup> +|- +| 1 || any || - || 46.53%|| 53.46%|| colspan="4" | none<sup>(b)</sup> +|- +| ≤ 2 || any || any || 22.18%|| 77.77%|| 0.048%|| colspan="3" | none<sup>(b)</sup> +|- +! colspan="10" | Properties for segregated witness addresses with HRP "bc" +|- +| ≤ 4 || only subst. || any || rowspan="6" | Bech32m/Bech32m || 100.00%|| colspan="5" | none<sup>(a)</sup> +|- +| 1 || any || - || 24.34%|| 75.66%|| colspan="4" | none<sup>(c)</sup> +|- +| ≤ 2 || any || ≤ 28 || 16.85%|| 83.15%|| colspan="4" | none<sup>(c)</sup> +|- +| any || any || ≤ 4 || 74.74%|| 25.25%|| 0.0016%|| colspan="3" | none<sup>(c)</sup> +|- +| ≤ 2 || any || any || 15.72%|| 84.23%|| 0.039%|| 0.0053%|| colspan="2" | none<sup>(c)</sup> +|- +| ≤ 3 || any || any || 13.98%|| 85.94%|| 0.078%|| 0.00063%|| colspan="2" | none<sup>(c)</sup> +|- +| ≤ 4 || only subst. || any || rowspan="6" | Bech32/Bech32 || 100.00%|| colspan="5" | none +|- +| 1 || any || - || 14.63%|| 75.71%|| 2.43%|| 2.43%|| 2.43%|| 2.38% +|- +| ≤ 2 || any || ≤ 28 || 14.22%|| 83.15%|| 0.94%|| 0.84%|| 0.79%|| 0.054% +|- +| any || any || ≤ 4 || 73.23%|| 25.26%|| 0.76%|| 0.63%|| 0.12%|| 0.0064% +|- +| ≤ 2 || any || any || 12.79%|| 84.24%|| 1.06%|| 0.95%|| 0.92%|| 0.041% +|- +| ≤ 3 || any || any || 13.00%|| 85.94%|| 0.57%|| 0.45%|| 0.044%|| 0.00067% +|- +| ≤ 3 || only subst. || any || rowspan="3" | Bech32m/Bech32 || 100.00%|| colspan="5" | none<sup>(c)</sup> +|- +| 1 || any || - || 70.89%|| 29.11%|| colspan="4" | none<sup>(c)</sup> +|- +| ≤ 2 || any || any || 36.12%|| 63.79%|| 0.092%|| 0.00049%|| colspan="2" | none<sup>(c)</sup> +|} + +The numbers in this table, as well as a comparison with the numbers for the ‘’1’’ constant and earlier proposed improved constants, can be found [https://gist.github.com/sipa/14c248c288c3880a3b191f978a34508e#file-results_final-txt here]. + + +===Selection process=== + +The details of the selection process can be found [https://gist.github.com/sipa/14c248c288c3880a3b191f978a34508e here], but in short: +* Start with the set of all ''2<sup>30</sup>-1'' constants different from Bech32's ''1''. All of these satisfy the properties marked <sup>(a)</sup> in the table above. +* Through exhaustive analysis, reject all constants that do not exhibit the properties<ref>'''How were the properties to select for chosen?''' All these properties are as strong as they can be without rejecting every constant: rejecting constants with lower probabilities, or more errors, or wider windows all result in nothing left.</ref> marked <sup>(b)</sup> in the table above (e.g. all constants that permit any error pattern of 2 errors or less in a window of 68 characters or less with a detection probability ''≥ 2<sup>-20</sup>''). This selection leaves us with 12054 candidates. +* Reject all constants that do not exhibit the <sup>(c)</sup> properties in the table above<ref>'''Why optimize for segregated witness addresses (with HRP "bc1") specifically?''' Our analysis for generic HRP has limitations (see the detailed description [https://gist.github.com/sipa/14c248c288c3880a3b191f978a34508e#file-bech32m_mail-txt here], under "Technical details"). We optimize for generic usage first, but optimize for segregated witness addresses as a tiebreaker.</ref>. This leaves us with 79 candidates. +* Finally, select the candidate that minimizes the number of error classes matching <sup>(d)</sup> in the table above as a final tiebreaker. The result is the single constant ''0x2bc830a3''. + +==Footnotes== + +<references /> + +==Acknowledgements== + +Thanks to Greg Maxwell for doing most of the computation for code selection and analysis, and comments. +Thanks to Mark Erhardt for help with writing and editing this document. +Thanks to Rusty Russell and others on the bitcoin-dev list for the discussion around intentionally breaking compatibility with existing senders, which is used in this specification. diff --git a/bip-0351.mediawiki b/bip-0351.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a31ca8 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0351.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,263 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 351 + Layer: Applications + Title: Private Payments + Author: Alfred Hodler <alfred_hodler@protonmail.com> + Clark Moody <clark@clarkmoody.com> + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0351 + Status: Draft + Type: Informational + Created: 2022-07-10 + License: MIT +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This BIP makes it possible for two parties to transact using addresses that only they can calculate. This is done using exclusively on-chain methods and in a manner that minimizes blockchain footprint. Receiving parties can share their payment codes publicly without a loss of privacy, as every sender will calculate a unique set of addresses for each payment code. + +==Motivation== + +A recipient that wishes to receive funds privately has several options. Each has tradeoffs in terms of chain analysis potential, recoverability, and wallet complexity. + +'''Sharing a static address''' works well enough for one-time payments between two parties as long as the address is shared through a private channel. It does not work well for recurring payments because address reuse leads to a loss of privacy. Using this method for donations exacerbates the problem since the address will serve as a focal point for data collection and analysis. Wallets must not reissue the same address to multiple recipients. + +'''Sharing a BIP32 extended public key''' works for recurring payments between two parties only. The same key cannot be shared to any other party without leaking the chain of payments. Furthermore, an extended public key does not say anything about address types and makes it possible for a sender to send to a script that a recipient cannot spend from. Alternate [https://github.com/satoshilabs/slips/blob/master/slip-0132.md version bytes] have been proposed to specify address types, but wallet adoption is limited. + +'''Sharing a BIP380 descriptor containing an extended public key''' solves the address type issue from sharing a raw BIP32 extended key. The drawback is that descriptor support is not widespread, especially in mobile wallets. + +'''Using a payment server''' works in the case of recipients that have the resources to set up and maintain a payment server that will generate a fresh address for each payment. These are usually businesses and the method is usually out of reach for the average user. The centralized server is vulnerable to takedown remotely and physically. + +'''Sharing a BIP47 payment code''' addresses most of the above shortcomings. However, it introduces the following problems: + +* The BIP uses a notification mechanism that relies on publicly known per-recipient notification addresses. If Alice wants to send funds to Bob, she has to use the same notification address that everyone else uses to notify Bob. If Alice is not careful with coin selection, i.e. ensuring that her notification UTXO is not linked to her, she will publicly expose herself as someone who is trying to send funds to Bob and their relationship becomes permanently visible on the blockchain. + +* The BIP does not say anything about address types. Receiving wallets therefore have to watch all address types that can be created from a single public key. Even then, a sender could send to a script that a receipient cannot spend from. + +==Method== + +When Alice wants to start paying Bob in private, she imports his payment code into a compatible wallet. Her wallet extracts Bob's public key from the payment code and sends a notification transaction. If Bob finds a notification transaction addressed to himself, he imports Alice's public key contained therein and stores it. Bob then performs ECDH using Alice's public key and his own private key in order to calculate a common set of addresses to watch. Alice calculates the same set of addresses on her end and uses them to send coins to Bob. If Alice engages in coin control, both the initial notification transaction and subsequent payment transactions cannot be attributed to either party. Even if Alice uses coins that are already associated with her, chain analysis will identify her as a sender but Bob's privacy will remain entirely preserved. + +==Specification== + +===Definitions=== + +* Alice: sender +* Bob: recipient +* Payment code: static string that Bob generates and shares with others so that he can receive payments +* ''P'': public key contained in Bob's payment code +* ''p'': private key associated with Bob's public key ''P'' +* ''N'': extended public key used by Alice to derive child keys for each Bob she wants to transact with +* ''n'': private key associated with Alice's public key ''N'' +* ''x'': Alice's secret recipient index, unique for each Bob +* ''N<sub>x</sub>'': child public key derived from ''N'' at index ''x'' (non-hardened) +* ''n<sub>x</sub>'': private key associated with ''N<sub>x</sub>'' +* ''c'': Alice's transaction count toward Bob +* ''P<sub>c</sub>'': Bob's public key at index ''c'' +* ''p<sub>c</sub>'': Bob's private key at index ''c'' +* ''A<sub>c</sub>'': Bob's receive address at index ''c'' +* ''H'': SHA256 hash function +* ''*'': EC multiplication +* ''+'': EC addition +* ''|'': string concatenation +* ''[a..b]'': string slicing (inclusive of ''a'', exclusive of ''b'') + +===Public Key Derivation Path=== + +The derivation path for this BIP follows BIP44. The following BIP32 path levels are defined: + +<code> +m / purpose' / coin_type' / account' +</code> + +<code>purpose</code> is set to 351. + +''(p, P)'' and ''(n, N)'' are keys associated with the above path, depending on which side is performing the calculation. + +''N<sub>x</sub>'' keys are the direct non-hardened children of ''N''. For instance, the path of ''N<sub>0</sub>'' from ''N'' is ''m / 0''. + +===Payment Code Structure and Encoding=== + +* bytes <code>[0..2]</code>: address type flags (2 bytes) +* bytes <code>[2..35]</code>: compressed public key P (33 bytes) + +Payment codes are encoded in bech32m and the human readable part is "pay" for mainnet and "payt" for testnet (all types), resulting in payment codes that look like "pay1cqqq8d29g0a7m8ghmycqk5yv24mfh3xg8ptzqcn8xz6d2tjl8ccdnfkpjl7p84". + +===Address Types=== + +Address type flags determine which address types a payment code accepts. This is represented by big-endian ordered 16 bits. For instance, a hypothetical payment code that handles all address types will have all defined bits set to 1 (<code>0xffff</code>). + +Currently defined flags: + +{| class="wikitable" +! Address Type !! Flag !! Flag Value !! Ordinal Value +|- +| P2PKH || <code>1 << 0</code> || <code>0x0001</code> || 0 +|- +| P2WPKH || <code>1 << 1</code> || <code>0x0002</code> || 1 +|- +| P2TR || <code>1 << 2</code> || <code>0x0004</code> || 2 +|} + +The remaining flags are reserved for future address types. + +While payment codes use 2-byte bitflag arrays, notifications use ordinal values in the form of a single byte. + +All keys are compressed. Using uncompressed keys at any point is illegal. + +===Notifications=== + +Notifications are performed by publishing transactions that contain a 40-byte <code>OP_RETURN</code> output. The value of the <code>OP_RETURN</code> is constructed using the following formula: + +''search_key | notification_code | N<sub>x</sub> | address_type'' + +* ''search_key'' equals "PP" and is a static ASCII-encoded string (2 bytes) +* ''notification_code'' is ''H(n<sub>x</sub> * P)[0..4]'' (4 bytes) +* ''N<sub>x</sub>'' is the unique public key a sender is using for a particular recipient (33 bytes) +* ''address_type'' is the '''ordinal''' value of a single address type that a sender wants to send to (1 byte). This must be selected from the recepient's accepted address types. + +When Alice wants to notify Bob that he will receive future payments from her, she performs the following procedure: + +# Assigns an unused, unique index ''x'' to Bob (''0'' if Bob is the first party she is notifying). +# Calculates a 4-byte notification code: ''notification_code = H(n<sub>x</sub> * P)[0..4]'' +# Commits to one of Bob's accepted address types by choosing its ordinal value. Going forward Alice must not send to address types other than the one she committed to in the notification. +# Constructs a notification payload by concatenating the above values according to the formula. +# Selects any UTXO in her wallet, preferably not associated with her. +# Sends a transaction including an <code>OP_RETURN</code> output whose value is set to the constructed payload. + +When Bob notices a 40-byte <code>OP_RETURN</code> starting with ''search key'', he performs the following procedure: + +# Breaks down the payload into its four constituent parts. +# Discards the ''search_key'' (item #0). +# Selects ''N<sub>x</sub>'' (item #2) and performs ''H(N<sub>x</sub> * p)'' (Bob does not know the value of ''x''). Bob takes the first four bytes of the calculated value. +# If the four bytes match the notification value (item #1), Bob found a notification addressed to himself and stores ''N<sub>x</sub>'' together with ''address_type''. +# If this process fails for any reason, Bob assumes a spurious notification or one not addressed to himself and gives up. + +Since changing ''x'' yields a completely different sender identity, Alice can always re-notify Bob from a different index when she does not want to be associated with her previous identity. Alice can also re-notify Bob when she wants to start sending to a different address type. Bob must be able to update his watchlist in that case and he can stop watching addresses associated with the old address type. + +Out-of-band notifications between Alice and Bob are legal (in fact, they may not be prevented), but in that case Bob loses the ability to restore his wallet from <code>OP_RETURN</code> outputs embedded in the blockchain. In that case, Bob has the burden of keeping a valid backup of any out-of-band notifications. + +===Allowing Notification Collisions=== + +Since ''notification_code'' is a 4-byte truncation of the full value, Bob has a 1 in ~4.3 billion chance of detecting a spurious notification. This is considered acceptable because the cost of doing so is adding a few more addresses to Bob's watchlist. The benefit of this approach is that is saves 28 bytes per notification. + +===Scanning Requirement=== + +There is a scanning requirement on the recipient side in that the recipient must have access to full blocks in order to be able to search them for OP_RETURN outputs containing notifications. For more information on how light clients can get around this limitation and still use the standard, see Appendix B. + +Recipients that do not want to decode raw block data can quickly search for notifications in a block by looking for the following byte array: <code>[106, 40, 80, 80]</code>. The first two bytes represent ''OP_RETURN'' and ''OP_PUSHBYTES_40'', followed by the ASCII value of ''search_key''. + +===Transacting=== + +Alice initializes counter ''c'' which is unique to Bob and increments with each transaction. ''c'' is a 64-bit integer and must be inputted into a hasher as a big-endian encoded array of 8 bytes. + +1. Alice calculates a secret point (constant between Alice and Bob): + +''S = n<sub>x</sub> * P'' + +2. Alice calculates a shared secret: + +''s = H(S | c)'' + +3. Alice calculates Bob's ephemeral public key and its associated address where the funds will be sent: + +''P<sub>c</sub> = P + s*G'' + +4. Alice constructs an address using the key ''P<sub>c</sub>'', using one of the address types she committed to in the notification transaction. + +Bob constructs his watchlist by mirroring this process on his end, except that his method of calculating ''S'' is: + +''S = N<sub>x</sub> * p'' + +When Bob wants to spend from such addresses, he calculates his private keys in the following manner: + +''p<sub>c</sub> = p + s'' + +==Backward Compatibility== + +Private Payments is a new standard which is not compatible with any previous standard based on static payment codes, such as BIP47. + +While the standard does not support versioning, it reserves unused bits in the address type bitflag array which can be allocated to new address types once they are deemed ubiquitous. Older payment codes (i.e. those generated when fewer address types were available) are readable by software supporting new address types. The reverse is also supported since older software will ignore newer address type flags that are not understood. + +==Appendix A: Test Vectors== + +===Alice's Wallet=== + +'''BIP32 seed:''' 0xfe + +'''Master xprv:''' xprv9s21ZrQH143K2qVytoy3eZSSuc1gfzFrkV4bgoHzYTkgge4UoNP62eV8jkHYNqddaaefpnjwkz71P5m4EW6RuQBJeP9pdfa9WBnjP6XUivG + +'''n:''' xprv9zNFGn56Wm1s89ycTCg4hB615ehu6ZvNL4mxUEAL28pNhBAb6SZgLdsgmQd1ECgAiCjy6XxTTRyBdPAhH1oMfLhv2bSwfiCYhL9s9ahEehf + +'''N:''' xpub6DMbgHbzM8aALe45ZED54K2jdgYPW2eDhHhZGcZwaUMMZyVjdysvtSCAcfPYiqB5Zw41EyLWPxCXko6iEckwRdF5CD2ZKdTxUKigPXsnpaE + +'''x:''' 0 + +'''n<sub>x</sub>:''' be9518016ec15762877de7d2ce7367a2087cf5682e72bbffa89535d73bb42f40 + +'''N<sub>x</sub>:''' 02e3217349724307eed5514b53b1f53f0802672a9913d9bbb76afecc86be23f464 + + +===Bob's Wallet=== +'''BIP32 seed:''' 0xff + +'''Master xprv:''' xprv9s21ZrQH143K47bRNtc26e8Gb3wkUiJ4fH3ewYgJeiGABp7vQtTKsLBzHM2fsfiK7Er6uMrWbdDwwrdcVn5TDC1T1npTFFkdEVoMgTwfVuR + +'''p:''' 0x26c610e7d0ed4395be3f0664073d66b0a3442b49e1ec13faf2dd9b7d3c335441 + +'''P:''' 0x0302be8bff520f35fae3439f245c52afb9085a7bf62d099c1f5e9e1b15a7e2121a + +'''Accepted scripts:''' 0x03 (legacy + segwit) (0x01 | 0x02) + +'''Payment code:''' pay1qqpsxq4730l4yre4lt3588eyt3f2lwggtfalvtgfns04a8smzkn7yys6xv2gs8 + + +===Alice notifying Bob=== +'''S:''' 0x02c0892d6ba30b5b1eafebd47172e46d358721f294698f9f59b4d96b781da09a62 + +'''Notification code:''' 0x49cb55bb + +'''Address type commitment:''' 1 (segwit) + +'''Notification output script:''' OP_RETURN OP_PUSHBYTES_40 505049cb55bb02e3217349724307eed5514b53b1f53f0802672a9913d9bbb76afecc86be23f46401 + + +===Alice sending to Bob=== +'''c:''' 0 + +'''s:''' 0x5dbe5efee4a5b9df73708241858f2bf7ec65f141dbd229ea8e2f9f51804a18f2 + +'''s*G:''' 0x039362033c1bc3f05e081d4d7f76d5ffebde349b0f6a4d2e8ffc5c065c17233247 + +'''P<sub>c</sub>:''' 0x03e669bd1705691a080840b07d76713d040934a37f2e8dde2fe02f5d3286a49219 + +'''A<sub>c</sub>:''' bc1qw7ld5h9tj2ruwxqvetznjfq9g5jyp0gjhrs30w + + +===Bob spending=== +'''c:''' 0 + +'''p<sub>c</sub>:''' 0x84846fe6b592fd7531af88a58ccc92a88faa1c8bbdbe3de5810d3acebc7d6d33 + +==Appendix B: Potential OP_RETURN Services== + +Compact Block Filters, as formulated in BIP-0158, do not cover <code>OP_RETURN</code> data payloads. In support of light wallets, an external service could publish transaction proofs for all transactions that include the tagged notification payload. Light wallets would download all such transactions, filter for matches against their payment code, then verify the transaction proofs against the block headers obtained over the P2P network. + +==Appendix C: Potential Notification Transaction Services== + +No specific instruction is given as to the details of the notification transaction beyond simply including the single <code>OP_RETURN</code> payload. Since no restriction exists for other inputs or outputs of this transaction, there is an opportunity for an external service to include this payload in a transaction completely unrelated to Alice's wallet. Such a service could charge a fee out-of-band to help cover fees. + +Another opportunity exists for an existing business to attach notification payloads to transactions sent during the normal course of operations. Large withdrawal transactions from mining pools or exchanges could include a marginal notification payload without affecting overall fees. + +==Reference Implementation== + +Reference implementation is available at https://github.com/private-payments/rust-private-payments + +==Reference== +* [[bip-0032.mediawiki|BIP32 - Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets]] +* [[bip-0043.mediawiki|BIP43 - Purpose Field for Deterministic Wallets]] +* [[bip-0044.mediawiki|BIP44 - Multi-Account Hierarchy for Deterministic Wallets]] +* [[bip-0047.mediawiki|BIP47 - Reusable Payment Codes for Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets]] +* [[bip-0157.mediawiki|BIP157 - Client Side Block Filtering]] +* [[bip-0158.mediawiki|BIP158 - Compact Block Filters for Light Clients]] +* [https://gist.github.com/RubenSomsen/21c477c90c942acf45f8e8f5c1ad4fae BIP47 Prague Discussion (acknowledgements: @rubensomsen, @afilini, @kixunil]) + diff --git a/bip-0370.mediawiki b/bip-0370.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd448cc --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0370.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,500 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 370 + Layer: Applications + Title: PSBT Version 2 + Author: Ava Chow <me@achow101.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0370 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2021-01-14 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Introduction== + +===Abstract=== + +This document proposes a second version of the Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction format +described in BIP 174 which allows for inputs and outputs to be added to the PSBT after creation. + +===Copyright=== + +This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. + +===Motivation=== + +Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction Version 0 as described in BIP 174 is unable to have new +inputs and outputs be added to the transaction. The fixed global unsigned transaction +cannot be changed which prevents any additional inputs or outputs to be added. +PSBT Version 2 is intended to rectify this problem. + +An additional beneficial side effect is that all information for a given input or output will be +provided by its <tt><input-map></tt> or <tt><output-map></tt>. With Version 0, to retrieve +all of the information for an input or output, data would need to be found in two locations: +the <tt><input-map></tt>/<tt><output-map></tt> and the global unsigned transaction. PSBT +Version 2 now moves all related information to one place. + +==Specification== + +PSBT Version 2 (PSBTv2) only specifies new fields and field inclusion/exclusion requirements. + +<tt>PSBT_GLOBAL_UNSIGNED_TX</tt> must be excluded in PSBTv2. +<tt>PSBT_GLOBAL_VERSION</tt> must be included in PSBTv2 and set to version number 2<ref>'''What happened to version number 1?''' +Version number 1 is skipped because PSBT Version 0 has been colloquially referred to as version 1. Originally this BIP was to be +version 1, but because it has been colloquially referred to as version 2 during its design phrase, it was decided to change the +version number to 2 so that there would not be any confusion</ref>. + +The new global types for PSBT Version 2 are as follows: + +{| +! Name +! <tt><keytype></tt> +! <tt><keydata></tt> +! <tt><keydata></tt> Description +! <tt><valuedata></tt> +! <tt><valuedata></tt> Description +! Versions Requiring Inclusion +! Versions Requiring Exclusion +! Versions Allowing Inclusion +|- +| Transaction Version +| <tt>PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_VERSION = 0x02</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32-bit little endian int version></tt> +| The 32-bit little endian signed integer representing the version number of the transaction being created. Note that this is not the same as the PSBT version number specified by the PSBT_GLOBAL_VERSION field. +| 2 +| 0 +| 2 +|- +| Fallback Locktime +| <tt>PSBT_GLOBAL_FALLBACK_LOCKTIME = 0x03</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32-bit little endian uint locktime></tt> +| The 32-bit little endian unsigned integer representing the transaction locktime to use if no inputs specify a required locktime. +| +| 0 +| 2 +|- +| Input Count +| <tt>PSBT_GLOBAL_INPUT_COUNT = 0x04</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><compact size uint input count></tt> +| Compact size unsigned integer representing the number of inputs in this PSBT. +| 2 +| 0 +| 2 +|- +| Output Count +| <tt>PSBT_GLOBAL_OUTPUT_COUNT = 0x05</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><compact size uint output count></tt> +| Compact size unsigned integer representing the number of outputs in this PSBT. +| 2 +| 0 +| 2 +|- +| Transaction Modifiable Flags +| <tt>PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_MODIFIABLE = 0x06</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><8-bit uint flags></tt> +| An 8 bit unsigned integer as a bitfield for various transaction modification flags. Bit 0 is the Inputs Modifiable Flag, set to 1 to indicate whether inputs can be added or removed. Bit 1 is the Outputs Modifiable Flag, set to 1 to indicate whether outputs can be added or removed. Bit 2 is the Has SIGHASH_SINGLE flag, set to 1 to indicate whether the transaction has a SIGHASH_SINGLE signature who's input and output pairing must be preserved. Bit 2 essentially indicates that the Constructor must iterate the inputs to determine whether and how to add or remove an input. +| +| 0 +| 2 +|} + +The new per-input types for PSBT Version 2 are defined as follows: + +{| +! Name +! <tt><keytype></tt> +! <tt><keydata></tt> +! <tt><keydata></tt> Description +! <tt><valuedata></tt> +! <tt><valuedata></tt> Description +! Versions Requiring Inclusion +! Versions Requiring Exclusion +! Versions Allowing Inclusion +|- +| Previous TXID +| <tt>PSBT_IN_PREVIOUS_TXID = 0x0e</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32 byte txid></tt> +| 32 byte txid of the previous transaction whose output at PSBT_IN_OUTPUT_INDEX is being spent. +| 2 +| 0 +| 2 +|- +| Spent Output Index +| <tt>PSBT_IN_OUTPUT_INDEX = 0x0f</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32-bit little endian uint index></tt> +| 32 bit little endian integer representing the index of the output being spent in the transaction with the txid of PSBT_IN_PREVIOUS_TXID. +| 2 +| 0 +| 2 +|- +| Sequence Number +| <tt>PSBT_IN_SEQUENCE = 0x10</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32-bit little endian uint sequence></tt> +| The 32 bit unsigned little endian integer for the sequence number of this input. If omitted, the sequence number is assumed to be the final sequence number (0xffffffff). +| +| 0 +| 2 +|- +| Required Time-based Locktime +| <tt>PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_TIME_LOCKTIME = 0x11</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32-bit little endian uint locktime></tt> +| 32 bit unsigned little endian integer greater than or equal to 500000000 representing the minimum Unix timestamp that this input requires to be set as the transaction's lock time. +| +| 0 +| 2 +|- +| Required Height-based Locktime +| <tt>PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME = 0x12</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32-bit uint locktime></tt> +| 32 bit unsigned little endian integer greater than 0 and less than 500000000 representing the minimum block height that this input requires to be set as the transaction's lock time. +| +| 0 +| 2 +|} + +The new per-output types for PSBT Version 2 are defined as follows: + +{| +! Name +! <tt><keytype></tt> +! <tt><keydata></tt> +! <tt><keydata></tt> Description +! <tt><valuedata></tt> +! <tt><valuedata></tt> Description +! Versions Requiring Inclusion +! Versions Requiring Exclusion +! Versions Allowing Inclusion +|- +| Output Amount +| <tt>PSBT_OUT_AMOUNT = 0x03</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><64-bit little endian int amount></tt> +| 64 bit signed little endian integer representing the output's amount in satoshis. +| 2 +| 0 +| 2 +|- +| Output Script +| <tt>PSBT_OUT_SCRIPT = 0x04</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><bytes script></tt> +| The script for this output, also known as the scriptPubKey. Must be omitted in PSBTv0. Must be provided in PSBTv2. +| 2 +| 0 +| 2 +|} + +===Determining Lock Time=== + +The nLockTime field of a transaction is determined by inspecting the PSBT_GLOBAL_FALLBACK_LOCKTIME and each input's PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_TIME_LOCKTIME and PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME fields. +If none of the inputs have a PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_TIME_LOCKTIME and PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME, then PSBT_GLOBAL_FALLBACK_LOCKTIME must be used. +If PSBT_GLOBAL_FALLBACK_LOCKTIME is not provided, then it is assumed to be 0. + +If one or more inputs have a PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_TIME_LOCKTIME or PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME, then the field chosen is the one which is supported by all of the inputs. +This can be determined by looking at all of the inputs which specify a locktime in either of those fields, and choosing the field which is present in all of those inputs. +Inputs not specifying a lock time field can take both types of lock times, as can those that specify both. +The lock time chosen is then the maximum value of the chosen type of lock time. + +If a PSBT has both types of locktimes possible because one or more inputs specify both PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_TIME_LOCKTIME and PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME, then locktime determined by looking at the PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME fields of the inputs must be chosen.<ref>'''Why choose the height based locktime?''' +In the event of a tie for the locktime type, signers need to be able to know which locktime to use as their signatures will commit to the locktime in the transaction, so choosing the wrong one will result in an invalid transaction. +Height based locktime is preferred over time based as Bitcoin's unit of time is the block height, so a height makes more sense in the context of Bitcoin.</ref> + +===Unique Identification=== + +PSBTv2s can be uniquely identified by constructing an unsigned transaction given the information provided in the PSBT and computing the transaction ID of that transaction. +Since PSBT_IN_SEQUENCE can be changed by Updaters and Combiners, the sequence number in this unsigned transaction must be set to 0 (not final, nor the sequence in PSBT_IN_SEQUENCE). +The lock time in this unsigned transaction must be computed as described previously. + +==Roles== + +PSBTv2 introduces new roles and modifies some existing roles. + +===Creator=== + +In PSBTv2, the Creator initializes the PSBT with 0 inputs and 0 outputs. +The PSBT version number is set to 2. +The Creator should also set PSBT_GLOBAL_FALLBACK_LOCKTIME. +If the Creator is not also a Constructor and will be giving the PSBT to others to add inputs and outputs, the PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_MODIFIABLE field must be present and the Inputs Modifiable and Outputs Modifiable flags set appropriately; moreover, the transaction version number must be set to at least 2. <ref>'''Why does the transaction version number need to be at least 2?''' The transaction version number is part of the validation rules for some features such as OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY. Since it is backwards compatible, and there are other ways to disable those features (e.g. through sequence numbers), it is easier to require transactions be able to support these features than to try to negotiate the transaction version number.</ref> +If the Creator is a Constructor and no inputs and outputs will be added by other entities, PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_MODIFIABLE may be omitted. + +===Constructor=== + +This Constructor is only present for PSBTv2. +Once a Creator initializes the PSBT, a constructor will add inputs and outputs. +Before any input or output may be added, the constructor must check the PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_MODIFIABLE field. +Inputs may only be added if the Inputs Modifiable flag is True. +Outputs may only be added if the Outputs Modifiable flag is True. + +When an input or output is added, the corresponding PSBT_GLOBAL_INPUT_COUNT or PSBT_GLOBAL_OUTPUT_COUNT must be incremeted to reflect the number of inputs and outputs in the PSBT. +When an input is added, it must have PSBT_IN_PREVIOUS_TXID and PSBT_IN_OUTPUT_INDEX set. +When an output is added, it must have PSBT_OUT_VALUE and PSBT_OUT_OUTPUT_SCRIPT set. +If the input has a required timelock, Constructors must set the requisite timelock field. +If the input has a required time based timelock, then PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_TIME_TIMELOCK must be set +If the input has a required height based timelock, then PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_TIMELOCK must be set. +If an input has both types of timelocks, then both may be set. +In some cases, an input that can allow both types, but a particular branch supporting only one type of timelock will be taken, then the type of timelock that will be used can be the only one set. + +If an input being added specifies a required time lock, then the Constructor must iterate through all of the existing inputs and ensure that the time lock types are compatible. +Additionally, if during this iteration, it finds that any inputs have signatures, it must ensure that the newly added input does not change the transaction's locktime. +If the newly added input has an incompatible time lock, then it must not be added. +If it changes the transaction's locktime when there are existing signatures, it must not be added. + +If the Has SIGHASH_SINGLE flag is True, then the Constructor must iterate through the inputs and find the inputs which have signatures that use SIGHASH_SINGLE. +The same number of inputs and outputs must be added before those inputs and their corresponding outputs. + +A Constructor may choose to declare that no further inputs and outputs can be added to the transaction by setting the appropriate bits in PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_MODIFIABLE to 0 or by removing the field entirely. + +A single entity is likely to be both a Creator and Constructor. + +===Updater=== + +For PSBTv2, an Updater can set the sequence number. + +===Signer=== + +For PSBTv2s, a signer must update the PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_MODIFIABLE field after signing inputs so that it accurately reflects the state of the PSBT. +If the Signer added a signature that does not use SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY, the Input Modifiable flag must be set to False. +If the Signer added a signature that does not use SIGHASH_NONE, the Outputs Modifiable flag must be set to False. +If the Signer added a signature that uses SIGHASH_SINGLE, the Has SIGHASH_SINGLE flag must be set to True. + +===Transaction Extractor=== + +For PSBTv2s, the transaction is constructed using the PSBTv2 fields. +The lock time for this transaction is determined as described in the Determining Lock Time section. +The Extractor should produce a fully valid, network serialized transaction if all inputs are complete. + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +PSBTv2 shares the same generic format as PSBTv0 as defined in BIP 174. Parsers for PSBTv0 should +be able to deserialize PSBTv2 with only changes to support the new fields. + +However PSBTv2 is incompatible with PSBTv0, and vice versa due to the use of the PSBT_GLOBAL_VERSION. +This incompatibility is intentional so that PSBT_GLOBAL_UNSIGNED_TX could be removed in PSBTv2. +However it is possible to convert a PSBTv2 to a PSBTv0 by creating an unsigned +transaction from the PSBTv2 fields. + +==Test Vectors== + +The following are invalid PSBTs: + +* Case: PSBTv0 but with PSBT_GLOBAL_VERSION set to 2. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff01007102000000010b0ad921419c1c8719735d72dc739f9ea9e0638d1fe4c1eef0f9944084815fc80000000000feffffff020008af2f00000000160014c430f64c4756da310dbd1a085572ef299926272c8bbdeb0b00000000160014a07dac8ab6ca942d379ed795f835ba71c9cc68850000000001fb0402000000000100520200000001c1aa256e214b96a1822f93de42bff3b5f3ff8d0519306e3515d7515a5e805b120000000000ffffffff0118c69a3b00000000160014b0a3af144208412693ca7d166852b52db0aef06e0000000001011f18c69a3b00000000160014b0a3af144208412693ca7d166852b52db0aef06e01086b02473044022005275a485734e0ae1f3b971237586f0e72dc85833d278c0e474cd23112c0fa5e02206b048c83cebc3c41d0b93cc7da76185cedbd030d005b08018be2b98bbacbdf7b012103760dcca05f3997dc65b293060f7f29f1514c8c527048e12802b041d4fc340a2700220202d601f84846a6755f776be00e3d9de8fb10acc935fb83c45fb0162d4cad5ab79218f69d873e540000800100008000000080000000002a000000002202036efe2c255621986553ba9d65c3ddc64165ca1436e05aa35a4c6eb02451cf796d18f69d873e540000800100008000000080010000006200000000</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv0 but with PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_VERSION. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv0 but with PSBT_GLOBAL_FALLBACK_LOCKTIME. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv0 but with PSBT_GLOBAL_INPUT_COUNT. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv0 but with PSBT_GLOBAL_OUTPUT_COUNT. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv0 but with PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_MODIFIABLE. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff01007102000000010b0ad921419c1c8719735d72dc739f9ea9e0638d1fe4c1eef0f9944084815fc80000000000feffffff020008af2f00000000160014c430f64c4756da310dbd1a085572ef299926272c8bbdeb0b00000000160014a07dac8ab6ca942d379ed795f835ba71c9cc68850000000001060100000100520200000001c1aa256e214b96a1822f93de42bff3b5f3ff8d0519306e3515d7515a5e805b120000000000ffffffff0118c69a3b00000000160014b0a3af144208412693ca7d166852b52db0aef06e0000000001011f18c69a3b00000000160014b0a3af144208412693ca7d166852b52db0aef06e01086b02473044022005275a485734e0ae1f3b971237586f0e72dc85833d278c0e474cd23112c0fa5e02206b048c83cebc3c41d0b93cc7da76185cedbd030d005b08018be2b98bbacbdf7b012103760dcca05f3997dc65b293060f7f29f1514c8c527048e12802b041d4fc340a2700220202d601f84846a6755f776be00e3d9de8fb10acc935fb83c45fb0162d4cad5ab79218f69d873e540000800100008000000080000000002a000000002202036efe2c255621986553ba9d65c3ddc64165ca1436e05aa35a4c6eb02451cf796d18f69d873e540000800100008000000080010000006200000000</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv0 but with PSBT_IN_PREVIOUS_TXID. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv0 but with PSBT_IN_OUTPUT_INDEX. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAHECAAAAAQsK2SFBnByHGXNdctxzn56p4GONH+TB7vD5lECEgV/IAAAAAAD+////AgAIry8AAAAAFgAUxDD2TEdW2jENvRoIVXLvKZkmJyyLvesLAAAAABYAFKB9rIq2ypQtN57Xlfg1unHJzGiFAAAAAAABAFICAAAAAcGqJW4hS5ahgi+T3kK/87Xz/40FGTBuNRXXUVpegFsSAAAAAAD/////ARjGmjsAAAAAFgAUsKOvFEIIQSaTyn0WaFK1LbCu8G4AAAAAAQEfGMaaOwAAAAAWABSwo68UQghBJpPKfRZoUrUtsK7wbgEIawJHMEQCIAUnWkhXNOCuHzuXEjdYbw5y3IWDPSeMDkdM0jESwPpeAiBrBIyDzrw8QdC5PMfadhhc7b0DDQBbCAGL4rmLusvfewEhA3YNzKBfOZfcZbKTBg9/KfFRTIxScEjhKAKwQdT8NAonAQ8EAAAAAAAiAgLWAfhIRqZ1X3dr4A49nej7EKzJNfuDxF+wFi1MrVq3khj2nYc+VAAAgAEAAIAAAACAAAAAACoAAAAAIgIDbv4sJVYhmGVTup1lw93GQWXKFDbgWqNaTG6wJFHPeW0Y9p2HPlQAAIABAACAAAAAgAEAAABiAAAAAA==</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv0 but with PSBT_IN_SEQUENCE. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv0 but with PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_TIME_LOCKTIME. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv0 but with PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv0 but with PSBT_OUT_AMOUNT. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv0 but with PSBT_OUT_SCRIPT. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv2 missing PSBT_GLOBAL_INPUT_COUNT. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv2 missing PSBT_GLOBAL_OUTPUT_COUNT. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv2 missing PSBT_IN_PREVIOUS_TXID. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAgQCAAAAAQMEAAAAAAEEAQEBBQECAfsEAgAAAAABAFICAAAAAcGqJW4hS5ahgi+T3kK/87Xz/40FGTBuNRXXUVpegFsSAAAAAAD/////ARjGmjsAAAAAFgAUsKOvFEIIQSaTyn0WaFK1LbCu8G4AAAAAAQEfGMaaOwAAAAAWABSwo68UQghBJpPKfRZoUrUtsK7wbgEPBAAAAAABEAT+////ACICAtYB+EhGpnVfd2vgDj2d6PsQrMk1+4PEX7AWLUytWreSGPadhz5UAACAAQAAgAAAAIAAAAAAKgAAAAEDCAAIry8AAAAAAQQWABTEMPZMR1baMQ29GghVcu8pmSYnLAAiAgLjb7/1PdU0Bwz4/TlmFGgPNXqbhdtzQL8c+nRdKtezQBj2nYc+VAAAgAEAAIAAAACAAQAAAGQAAAABAwiLvesLAAAAAAEEFgAUTdGTrJZKVqwbnhzKhFT+L0dPhRMA</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv2 missing PSBT_IN_OUTPUT_INDEX. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff0102040200000001030400000000010401010105010201fb0402000000000100520200000001c1aa256e214b96a1822f93de42bff3b5f3ff8d0519306e3515d7515a5e805b120000000000ffffffff0118c69a3b00000000160014b0a3af144208412693ca7d166852b52db0aef06e0000000001011f18c69a3b00000000160014b0a3af144208412693ca7d166852b52db0aef06e010e200b0ad921419c1c8719735d72dc739f9ea9e0638d1fe4c1eef0f9944084815fc8011004feffffff00220202d601f84846a6755f776be00e3d9de8fb10acc935fb83c45fb0162d4cad5ab79218f69d873e540000800100008000000080000000002a0000000103080008af2f000000000104160014c430f64c4756da310dbd1a085572ef299926272c00220202e36fbff53dd534070cf8fd396614680f357a9b85db7340bf1cfa745d2ad7b34018f69d873e54000080010000800000008001000000640000000103088bbdeb0b0000000001041600144dd193ac964a56ac1b9e1cca8454fe2f474f851300</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv2 missing PSBT_OUT_AMOUNT. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAgQCAAAAAQMEAAAAAAEEAQEBBQECAfsEAgAAAAABAFICAAAAAcGqJW4hS5ahgi+T3kK/87Xz/40FGTBuNRXXUVpegFsSAAAAAAD/////ARjGmjsAAAAAFgAUsKOvFEIIQSaTyn0WaFK1LbCu8G4AAAAAAQEfGMaaOwAAAAAWABSwo68UQghBJpPKfRZoUrUtsK7wbgEOIAsK2SFBnByHGXNdctxzn56p4GONH+TB7vD5lECEgV/IAQ8EAAAAAAEQBP7///8AIgIC1gH4SEamdV93a+AOPZ3o+xCsyTX7g8RfsBYtTK1at5IY9p2HPlQAAIABAACAAAAAgAAAAAAqAAAAAQQWABTEMPZMR1baMQ29GghVcu8pmSYnLAAiAgLjb7/1PdU0Bwz4/TlmFGgPNXqbhdtzQL8c+nRdKtezQBj2nYc+VAAAgAEAAIAAAACAAQAAAGQAAAABAwiLvesLAAAAAAEEFgAUTdGTrJZKVqwbnhzKhFT+L0dPhRMA</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv2 missing PSBT_OUT_SCRIPT. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAgQCAAAAAQMEAAAAAAEEAQEBBQECAfsEAgAAAAABAFICAAAAAcGqJW4hS5ahgi+T3kK/87Xz/40FGTBuNRXXUVpegFsSAAAAAAD/////ARjGmjsAAAAAFgAUsKOvFEIIQSaTyn0WaFK1LbCu8G4AAAAAAQEfGMaaOwAAAAAWABSwo68UQghBJpPKfRZoUrUtsK7wbgEOIAsK2SFBnByHGXNdctxzn56p4GONH+TB7vD5lECEgV/IAQ8EAAAAAAEQBP7///8AIgIC1gH4SEamdV93a+AOPZ3o+xCsyTX7g8RfsBYtTK1at5IY9p2HPlQAAIABAACAAAAAgAAAAAAqAAAAAQMIAAivLwAAAAAAIgIC42+/9T3VNAcM+P05ZhRoDzV6m4Xbc0C/HPp0XSrXs0AY9p2HPlQAAIABAACAAAAAgAEAAABkAAAAAQMIi73rCwAAAAABBBYAFE3Rk6yWSlasG54cyoRU/i9HT4UTAA==</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv2 with PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_TIME_LOCKTIME less than 500000000. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff01020402000000010401010105010201fb0402000000000100520200000001c1aa256e214b96a1822f93de42bff3b5f3ff8d0519306e3515d7515a5e805b120000000000ffffffff0118c69a3b00000000160014b0a3af144208412693ca7d166852b52db0aef06e0000000001011f18c69a3b00000000160014b0a3af144208412693ca7d166852b52db0aef06e010e200b0ad921419c1c8719735d72dc739f9ea9e0638d1fe4c1eef0f9944084815fc8010f0400000000011104ff64cd1d00220202d601f84846a6755f776be00e3d9de8fb10acc935fb83c45fb0162d4cad5ab79218f69d873e540000800100008000000080000000002a0000000103080008af2f000000000104160014c430f64c4756da310dbd1a085572ef299926272c00220202e36fbff53dd534070cf8fd396614680f357a9b85db7340bf1cfa745d2ad7b34018f69d873e54000080010000800000008001000000640000000103088bbdeb0b0000000001041600144dd193ac964a56ac1b9e1cca8454fe2f474f851300</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBTv2 with PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME greater than or equal to 500000000. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +The following are valid PSBTs + +* Case: 1 input, 2 output PSBTv2, required fields only. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff01020402000000010401010105010201fb040200000000010e200b0ad921419c1c8719735d72dc739f9ea9e0638d1fe4c1eef0f9944084815fc8010f0400000000000103080008af2f000000000104160014c430f64c4756da310dbd1a085572ef299926272c000103088bbdeb0b0000000001041600144dd193ac964a56ac1b9e1cca8454fe2f474f851300</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAgQCAAAAAQQBAQEFAQIB+wQCAAAAAAEOIAsK2SFBnByHGXNdctxzn56p4GONH+TB7vD5lECEgV/IAQ8EAAAAAAABAwgACK8vAAAAAAEEFgAUxDD2TEdW2jENvRoIVXLvKZkmJywAAQMIi73rCwAAAAABBBYAFE3Rk6yWSlasG54cyoRU/i9HT4UTAA==</pre> + +* Case: 1 input, 2 output updated PSBTv2. +** Bytes in HEx: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAgQCAAAAAQQBAQEFAQIB+wQCAAAAAAEAUgIAAAABwaolbiFLlqGCL5PeQr/ztfP/jQUZMG41FddRWl6AWxIAAAAAAP////8BGMaaOwAAAAAWABSwo68UQghBJpPKfRZoUrUtsK7wbgAAAAABAR8Yxpo7AAAAABYAFLCjrxRCCEEmk8p9FmhStS2wrvBuAQ4gCwrZIUGcHIcZc11y3HOfnqngY40f5MHu8PmUQISBX8gBDwQAAAAAACICAtYB+EhGpnVfd2vgDj2d6PsQrMk1+4PEX7AWLUytWreSGPadhz5UAACAAQAAgAAAAIAAAAAAKgAAAAEDCAAIry8AAAAAAQQWABTEMPZMR1baMQ29GghVcu8pmSYnLAAiAgLjb7/1PdU0Bwz4/TlmFGgPNXqbhdtzQL8c+nRdKtezQBj2nYc+VAAAgAEAAIAAAACAAQAAAGQAAAABAwiLvesLAAAAAAEEFgAUTdGTrJZKVqwbnhzKhFT+L0dPhRMA</pre> + +* Case: 1 input, 2 output updated PSBTv2, with PSBT_IN_SEQUENCE. +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: 1 input, 2 output updated PSBTv2, with PSBT_IN_SEQUENCE, and all locktime fields +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff0102040200000001030400000000010401010105010201fb0402000000000100520200000001c1aa256e214b96a1822f93de42bff3b5f3ff8d0519306e3515d7515a5e805b120000000000ffffffff0118c69a3b00000000160014b0a3af144208412693ca7d166852b52db0aef06e0000000001011f18c69a3b00000000160014b0a3af144208412693ca7d166852b52db0aef06e010e200b0ad921419c1c8719735d72dc739f9ea9e0638d1fe4c1eef0f9944084815fc8010f0400000000011004feffffff0111048c8dc4620112041027000000220202d601f84846a6755f776be00e3d9de8fb10acc935fb83c45fb0162d4cad5ab79218f69d873e540000800100008000000080000000002a0000000103080008af2f000000000104160014c430f64c4756da310dbd1a085572ef299926272c00220202e36fbff53dd534070cf8fd396614680f357a9b85db7340bf1cfa745d2ad7b34018f69d873e54000080010000800000008001000000640000000103088bbdeb0b0000000001041600144dd193ac964a56ac1b9e1cca8454fe2f474f851300</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: 1 input, 2 output updated PSBTv2, with Inputs Modifiable Flag (bit 0) of PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_MODIFIABLE set +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: 1 input, 2 output updated PSBTv2, with Outputs Modifiable Flag (bit 1) of PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_MODIFIABLE set +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: 1 input, 2 output updated PSBTv2, with Has SIGHASH_SINGLE Flag (bit 2) of PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_MODIFIABLE set +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: 1 input, 2 output updated PSBTv2, with an undefined flag (bit 3) of PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_MODIFIABLE set +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: 1 input, 2 output updated PSBTv2, with both Inputs Modifiable Flag (bit 0) and Outputs Modifiable Flag (bit 1) of PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_MODIFIABLE set +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff0102040200000001040101010501020106010301fb0402000000000100520200000001c1aa256e214b96a1822f93de42bff3b5f3ff8d0519306e3515d7515a5e805b120000000000ffffffff0118c69a3b00000000160014b0a3af144208412693ca7d166852b52db0aef06e0000000001011f18c69a3b00000000160014b0a3af144208412693ca7d166852b52db0aef06e010e200b0ad921419c1c8719735d72dc739f9ea9e0638d1fe4c1eef0f9944084815fc8010f040000000000220202d601f84846a6755f776be00e3d9de8fb10acc935fb83c45fb0162d4cad5ab79218f69d873e540000800100008000000080000000002a0000000103080008af2f000000000104160014c430f64c4756da310dbd1a085572ef299926272c00220202e36fbff53dd534070cf8fd396614680f357a9b85db7340bf1cfa745d2ad7b34018f69d873e54000080010000800000008001000000640000000103088bbdeb0b0000000001041600144dd193ac964a56ac1b9e1cca8454fe2f474f851300</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: 1 input, 2 output updated PSBTv2, with both Inputs Modifiable Flag (bit 0) and Has SIGHASH_SINGLE Flag (bit 2) of PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_MODIFIABLE set +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: 1 input, 2 output updated PSBTv2, with both Outputs Modifiable Flag (bit 1) and Has SIGHASH_SINGLE FLag (bit 2) of PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_MODIFIABLE set +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: 1 input, 2 output updated PSBTv2, with all defined PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_MODIFIABLE flags set +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: 1 input, 2 output updated PSBTv2, with all possible PSBT_GLOBAL_TX_MODIFIABLE flags set +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: 1 input, 2 output updated PSBTv2, with all PSBTv2 fields +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff010204020000000103040000000001040101010501020106010701fb0402000000000100520200000001c1aa256e214b96a1822f93de42bff3b5f3ff8d0519306e3515d7515a5e805b120000000000ffffffff0118c69a3b00000000160014b0a3af144208412693ca7d166852b52db0aef06e0000000001011f18c69a3b00000000160014b0a3af144208412693ca7d166852b52db0aef06e010e200b0ad921419c1c8719735d72dc739f9ea9e0638d1fe4c1eef0f9944084815fc8010f0400000000011004feffffff0111048c8dc4620112041027000000220202d601f84846a6755f776be00e3d9de8fb10acc935fb83c45fb0162d4cad5ab79218f69d873e540000800100008000000080000000002a0000000103080008af2f000000000104160014c430f64c4756da310dbd1a085572ef299926272c00220202e36fbff53dd534070cf8fd396614680f357a9b85db7340bf1cfa745d2ad7b34018f69d873e54000080010000800000008001000000640000000103088bbdeb0b0000000001041600144dd193ac964a56ac1b9e1cca8454fe2f474f851300</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +The following tests are the timelock determination algorithm. + +The timelock for the following PSBTs should be computed to be 0: + +* Case: No locktimes specified +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff01020402000000010401010105010201fb040200000000010e200b0ad921419c1c8719735d72dc739f9ea9e0638d1fe4c1eef0f9944084815fc8010f0400000000000103080008af2f000000000104160014c430f64c4756da310dbd1a085572ef299926272c000103088bbdeb0b0000000001041600144dd193ac964a56ac1b9e1cca8454fe2f474f851300</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAgQCAAAAAQQBAQEFAQIB+wQCAAAAAAEOIAsK2SFBnByHGXNdctxzn56p4GONH+TB7vD5lECEgV/IAQ8EAAAAAAABAwgACK8vAAAAAAEEFgAUxDD2TEdW2jENvRoIVXLvKZkmJywAAQMIi73rCwAAAAABBBYAFE3Rk6yWSlasG54cyoRU/i9HT4UTAA==</pre> + +* Case: Fallback locktime of 0 +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff0102040200000001030400000000010401020105010101fb040200000000010e200f758dbfbd4da7c16c8a3309c3c81e1100f561ea646db5b01752c485e1bdde9f010f040100000000010e203a1b3b3c837d6489ea7a31d8e6c7dd503c001bef3e06958e7574808d68ca78a5010f0400000000000103084f9335770000000001041600140b1352cacd03cf6aa1b7f3c8d6388671b34a5e1100</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAgQCAAAAAQMEAAAAAAEEAQIBBQEBAfsEAgAAAAABDiAPdY2/vU2nwWyKMwnDyB4RAPVh6mRttbAXUsSF4b3enwEPBAEAAAAAAQ4gOhs7PIN9ZInqejHY5sfdUDwAG+8+BpWOdXSAjWjKeKUBDwQAAAAAAAEDCE+TNXcAAAAAAQQWABQLE1LKzQPPaqG388jWOIZxs0peEQA=</pre> + +The timelock for the following PSBTs should be computed to be 10000: + +* Case: Input 1 has PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME of 10000, Input 2 has no locktime fields +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff0102040200000001030400000000010401020105010101fb040200000000010e200f758dbfbd4da7c16c8a3309c3c81e1100f561ea646db5b01752c485e1bdde9f010f04010000000112041027000000010e203a1b3b3c837d6489ea7a31d8e6c7dd503c001bef3e06958e7574808d68ca78a5010f0400000000000103084f9335770000000001041600140b1352cacd03cf6aa1b7f3c8d6388671b34a5e1100</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAgQCAAAAAQMEAAAAAAEEAQIBBQEBAfsEAgAAAAABDiAPdY2/vU2nwWyKMwnDyB4RAPVh6mRttbAXUsSF4b3enwEPBAEAAAABEgQQJwAAAAEOIDobOzyDfWSJ6nox2ObH3VA8ABvvPgaVjnV0gI1oynilAQ8EAAAAAAABAwhPkzV3AAAAAAEEFgAUCxNSys0Dz2qht/PI1jiGcbNKXhEA</pre> + +* Case: Input 1 has PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME of 10000, Input 2 has PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME of 9000 +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff0102040200000001030400000000010401020105010101fb040200000000010e200f758dbfbd4da7c16c8a3309c3c81e1100f561ea646db5b01752c485e1bdde9f010f04010000000112041027000000010e203a1b3b3c837d6489ea7a31d8e6c7dd503c001bef3e06958e7574808d68ca78a5010f040000000001120428230000000103084f9335770000000001041600140b1352cacd03cf6aa1b7f3c8d6388671b34a5e1100</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAgQCAAAAAQMEAAAAAAEEAQIBBQEBAfsEAgAAAAABDiAPdY2/vU2nwWyKMwnDyB4RAPVh6mRttbAXUsSF4b3enwEPBAEAAAABEgQQJwAAAAEOIDobOzyDfWSJ6nox2ObH3VA8ABvvPgaVjnV0gI1oynilAQ8EAAAAAAESBCgjAAAAAQMIT5M1dwAAAAABBBYAFAsTUsrNA89qobfzyNY4hnGzSl4RAA==</pre> + +* Case: Input 1 has PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME of 10000, Input 2 has PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME of 9000 and PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_TIME_LOCKTIME of 1657048460 +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff0102040200000001030400000000010401020105010101fb040200000000010e200f758dbfbd4da7c16c8a3309c3c81e1100f561ea646db5b01752c485e1bdde9f010f04010000000112041027000000010e203a1b3b3c837d6489ea7a31d8e6c7dd503c001bef3e06958e7574808d68ca78a5010f04000000000111048c8dc46201120428230000000103084f9335770000000001041600140b1352cacd03cf6aa1b7f3c8d6388671b34a5e1100</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAgQCAAAAAQMEAAAAAAEEAQIBBQEBAfsEAgAAAAABDiAPdY2/vU2nwWyKMwnDyB4RAPVh6mRttbAXUsSF4b3enwEPBAEAAAABEgQQJwAAAAEOIDobOzyDfWSJ6nox2ObH3VA8ABvvPgaVjnV0gI1oynilAQ8EAAAAAAERBIyNxGIBEgQoIwAAAAEDCE+TNXcAAAAAAQQWABQLE1LKzQPPaqG388jWOIZxs0peEQA=</pre> + +* Case: Input 1 has PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME of 10000 and PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_TIME_LOCKTIME of 1657048459, Input 2 has PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME of 9000 and PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_TIME_LOCKTIME of 1657048460 +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff0102040200000001030400000000010401020105010101fb040200000000010e200f758dbfbd4da7c16c8a3309c3c81e1100f561ea646db5b01752c485e1bdde9f010f04010000000111048b8dc4620112041027000000010e203a1b3b3c837d6489ea7a31d8e6c7dd503c001bef3e06958e7574808d68ca78a5010f04000000000111048c8dc46201120428230000000103084f9335770000000001041600140b1352cacd03cf6aa1b7f3c8d6388671b34a5e1100</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAgQCAAAAAQMEAAAAAAEEAQIBBQEBAfsEAgAAAAABDiAPdY2/vU2nwWyKMwnDyB4RAPVh6mRttbAXUsSF4b3enwEPBAEAAAABEQSLjcRiARIEECcAAAABDiA6Gzs8g31kiep6Mdjmx91QPAAb7z4GlY51dICNaMp4pQEPBAAAAAABEQSMjcRiARIEKCMAAAABAwhPkzV3AAAAAAEEFgAUCxNSys0Dz2qht/PI1jiGcbNKXhEA</pre> + +The timelock for the following PSBTs should be computed to be 1657048460: + +* Case: Input 1 has PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_TIME_LOCKTIME of 1657048459, Input 2 has PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME of 9000 and PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_TIME_LOCKTIME of 1657048460 +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff0102040200000001030400000000010401020105010101fb040200000000010e200f758dbfbd4da7c16c8a3309c3c81e1100f561ea646db5b01752c485e1bdde9f010f04010000000111048b8dc46200010e203a1b3b3c837d6489ea7a31d8e6c7dd503c001bef3e06958e7574808d68ca78a5010f04000000000111048c8dc46201120428230000000103084f9335770000000001041600140b1352cacd03cf6aa1b7f3c8d6388671b34a5e1100</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAgQCAAAAAQMEAAAAAAEEAQIBBQEBAfsEAgAAAAABDiAPdY2/vU2nwWyKMwnDyB4RAPVh6mRttbAXUsSF4b3enwEPBAEAAAABEQSLjcRiAAEOIDobOzyDfWSJ6nox2ObH3VA8ABvvPgaVjnV0gI1oynilAQ8EAAAAAAERBIyNxGIBEgQoIwAAAAEDCE+TNXcAAAAAAQQWABQLE1LKzQPPaqG388jWOIZxs0peEQA=</pre> + +* Case: Input 1 has PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME of 10000 and PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_TIME_LOCKTIME of 1657048459, Input 2 has PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_TIME_LOCKTIME of 1657048460 +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff0102040200000001030400000000010401020105010101fb040200000000010e200f758dbfbd4da7c16c8a3309c3c81e1100f561ea646db5b01752c485e1bdde9f010f04010000000111048b8dc4620112041027000000010e203a1b3b3c837d6489ea7a31d8e6c7dd503c001bef3e06958e7574808d68ca78a5010f04000000000111048c8dc462000103084f9335770000000001041600140b1352cacd03cf6aa1b7f3c8d6388671b34a5e1100</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAgQCAAAAAQMEAAAAAAEEAQIBBQEBAfsEAgAAAAABDiAPdY2/vU2nwWyKMwnDyB4RAPVh6mRttbAXUsSF4b3enwEPBAEAAAABEQSLjcRiARIEECcAAAABDiA6Gzs8g31kiep6Mdjmx91QPAAb7z4GlY51dICNaMp4pQEPBAAAAAABEQSMjcRiAAEDCE+TNXcAAAAAAQQWABQLE1LKzQPPaqG388jWOIZxs0peEQA=</pre> + +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff0102040200000001030400000000010401020105010101fb040200000000010e200f758dbfbd4da7c16c8a3309c3c81e1100f561ea646db5b01752c485e1bdde9f010f040100000000010e203a1b3b3c837d6489ea7a31d8e6c7dd503c001bef3e06958e7574808d68ca78a5010f04000000000111048c8dc462000103084f9335770000000001041600140b1352cacd03cf6aa1b7f3c8d6388671b34a5e1100</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAgQCAAAAAQMEAAAAAAEEAQIBBQEBAfsEAgAAAAABDiAPdY2/vU2nwWyKMwnDyB4RAPVh6mRttbAXUsSF4b3enwEPBAEAAAAAAQ4gOhs7PIN9ZInqejHY5sfdUDwAG+8+BpWOdXSAjWjKeKUBDwQAAAAAAREEjI3EYgABAwhPkzV3AAAAAAEEFgAUCxNSys0Dz2qht/PI1jiGcbNKXhEA</pre> + +The timelock for the following PSBTs cannot be computed: + +* Case: Input 1 has PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_HEIGHT_LOCKTIME of 10000, Input 2 has PSBT_IN_REQUIRED_TIME_LOCKTIME of 1657048460 +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff0102040200000001030400000000010401020105010101fb040200000000010e200f758dbfbd4da7c16c8a3309c3c81e1100f561ea646db5b01752c485e1bdde9f010f04010000000112041027000000010e203a1b3b3c837d6489ea7a31d8e6c7dd503c001bef3e06958e7574808d68ca78a5010f04000000000111048c8dc462000103084f9335770000000001041600140b1352cacd03cf6aa1b7f3c8d6388671b34a5e1100</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAgQCAAAAAQMEAAAAAAEEAQIBBQEBAfsEAgAAAAABDiAPdY2/vU2nwWyKMwnDyB4RAPVh6mRttbAXUsSF4b3enwEPBAEAAAABEgQQJwAAAAEOIDobOzyDfWSJ6nox2ObH3VA8ABvvPgaVjnV0gI1oynilAQ8EAAAAAAERBIyNxGIAAQMIT5M1dwAAAAABBBYAFAsTUsrNA89qobfzyNY4hnGzSl4RAA==</pre> + +==Rationale== + +<references/> + +==Reference implementation== + +The reference implementation of the PSBT format is available at https://github.com/achow101/bitcoin/tree/psbt2. diff --git a/bip-0371.mediawiki b/bip-0371.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..45b69f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0371.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,250 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 371 + Layer: Applications + Title: Taproot Fields for PSBT + Author: Ava Chow <me@achow101.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0371 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2021-06-21 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Introduction== + +===Abstract=== + +This document proposes additional fields for BIP 174 PSBTv0 and BIP 370 PSBTv2 that allow for +BIP 340/341/342 Taproot data to be included in a PSBT of any version. These will be fields for +signatures and scripts that are relevant to the creation of Taproot inputs. + +===Copyright=== + +This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. + +===Motivation=== + +BIPs 340, 341, and 342 specify Taproot which provides a wholly new way to create and spend Bitcoin outputs. +The existing PSBT fields are unable to support Taproot due to the new signature algorithm and the method +by which scripts are embedded inside of a Taproot output. Therefore new fields must be defined to allow +PSBTs to carry the information necessary for signing Taproot inputs. + +==Specification== + +The new per-input types are defined as follows: + +{| +! Name +! <tt><keytype></tt> +! <tt><keydata></tt> +! <tt><keydata></tt> Description +! <tt><valuedata></tt> +! <tt><valuedata></tt> Description +! Versions Requiring Inclusion +! Versions Requiring Exclusion +! Versions Allowing Inclusion +|- +| Taproot Key Spend Signature +| <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_KEY_SIG = 0x13</tt> +| None +| No key data <ref>'''Why is there no key data for <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_KEY_SIG</tt>'''The signature in a key path spend corresponds directly with the pubkey provided in the output script. Thus it is not necessary to provide any metadata that attaches the key path spend signature to a particular pubkey.</ref> +| <tt><64 or 65 byte signature></tt> +| The 64 or 65 byte Schnorr signature for key path spending a Taproot output. Finalizers should remove this field after <tt>PSBT_IN_FINAL_SCRIPTWITNESS</tt> is constructed. +| +| +| 0, 2 +|- +| Taproot Script Spend Signature +| <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_SCRIPT_SIG = 0x14</tt> +| <tt><xonlypubkey> <leafhash></tt> +| A 32 byte X-only public key involved in a leaf script concatenated with the 32 byte hash of the leaf it is part of. +| <tt><64 or 65 byte signature></tt> +| The 64 or 65 byte Schnorr signature for this pubkey and leaf combination. Finalizers should remove this field after <tt>PSBT_IN_FINAL_SCRIPTWITNESS</tt> is constructed. +| +| +| 0, 2 +|- +| Taproot Leaf Script +| <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_LEAF_SCRIPT = 0x15</tt> +| <tt><bytes control block></tt> +| The control block for this leaf as specified in BIP 341. The control block contains the merkle tree path to this leaf. +| <tt><bytes script> <8-bit uint leaf version></tt> +| The script for this leaf as would be provided in the witness stack followed by the single byte leaf version. Note that the leaves included in this field should be those that the signers of this input are expected to be able to sign for. Finalizers should remove this field after <tt>PSBT_IN_FINAL_SCRIPTWITNESS</tt> is constructed. +| +| +| 0, 2 +|- +| Taproot Key BIP 32 Derivation Path +| <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_BIP32_DERIVATION = 0x16</tt> +| <tt><32 byte xonlypubkey></tt> +| A 32 byte X-only public key involved in this input. It may be the output key, the internal key, or a key present in a leaf script. +| <tt><compact size uint number of hashes> <32 byte leaf hash>* <4 byte fingerprint> <32-bit little endian uint path element>*</tt> +| A compact size unsigned integer representing the number of leaf hashes, followed by a list of leaf hashes, followed by the 4 byte master key fingerprint concatenated with the derivation path of the public key. The derivation path is represented as 32-bit little endian unsigned integer indexes concatenated with each other. Public keys are those needed to spend this output. The leaf hashes are of the leaves which involve this public key. The internal key does not have leaf hashes, so can be indicated with a <tt>hashes len</tt> of 0. Finalizers should remove this field after <tt>PSBT_IN_FINAL_SCRIPTWITNESS</tt> is constructed. +| +| +| 0, 2 +|- +| Taproot Internal Key +| <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_INTERNAL_KEY = 0x17</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32 byte xonlypubkey></tt> +| The X-only pubkey used as the internal key in this output.<ref>'''Why is the internal key provided?'''The internal key is not necessarily the same key as in the Taproot output script. BIP 341 recommends tweaking the key with the hash of itself. It may be necessary for signers to know what the internal key actually is so that they are able to determine whether an input can be signed by it.</ref> Finalizers should remove this field after <tt>PSBT_IN_FINAL_SCRIPTWITNESS</tt> is constructed. +| +| +| 0, 2 +|- +| Taproot Merkle Root +| <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_MERKLE_ROOT = 0x18</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32-byte hash></tt> +| The 32 byte Merkle root hash. Finalizers should remove this field after <tt>PSBT_IN_FINAL_SCRIPTWITNESS</tt> is constructed. +| +| +| 0, 2 +|} + +The new per-output types are defined as follows: + +{| +! Name +! <tt><keytype></tt> +! <tt><keydata></tt> +! <tt><keydata></tt> Description +! <tt><valuedata></tt> +! <tt><valuedata></tt> Description +! Versions Requiring Inclusion +! Versions Requiring Exclusion +! Versions Allowing Inclusion +|- +| Taproot Internal Key +| <tt>PSBT_OUT_TAP_INTERNAL_KEY = 0x05</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt><32 byte xonlypubkey></tt> +| The X-only pubkey used as the internal key in this output. +| +| +| 0, 2 +|- +| Taproot Tree +| <tt>PSBT_OUT_TAP_TREE = 0x06</tt> +| None +| No key data +| <tt>{<8-bit uint depth> <8-bit uint leaf version> <compact size uint scriptlen> <bytes script>}*</tt> +| One or more tuples representing the depth, leaf version, and script for a leaf in the Taproot tree, allowing the entire tree to be reconstructed. The tuples must be in depth first search order so that the tree is correctly reconstructed. Each tuple is an 8-bit unsigned integer representing the depth in the Taproot tree for this script, an 8-bit unsigned integer representing the leaf version, the length of the script as a compact size unsigned integer, and the script itself. +| +| +| 0, 2 +|- +| Taproot Key BIP 32 Derivation Path +| <tt>PSBT_OUT_TAP_BIP32_DERIVATION = 0x07</tt> +| <tt><32 byte xonlypubkey></tt> +| A 32 byte X-only public key involved in this output. It may be the output key, the internal key, or a key present in a leaf script. +| <tt><compact size uint number of hashes> <32 byte leaf hash>* <4 byte fingerprint> <32-bit little endian uint path element>*</tt> +| A compact size unsigned integer representing the number of leaf hashes, followed by a list of leaf hashes, followed by the 4 byte master key fingerprint concatenated with the derivation path of the public key. The derivation path is represented as 32-bit little endian unsigned integer indexes concatenated with each other. Public keys are those needed to spend this output. The leaf hashes are of the leaves which involve this public key. The internal key does not have leaf hashes, so can be indicated with a <tt>hashes len</tt> of 0. Finalizers should remove this field after <tt>PSBT_IN_FINAL_SCRIPTWITNESS</tt> is constructed. +| +| +| 0, 2 +|} + +===UTXO Types=== + +BIP 174 recommends using <tt>PSBT_IN_NON_WITNESS_UTXO</tt> for all inputs because of potential attacks involving +an updater lying about the amounts in an output. Because a Taproot signature will commit to all of the amounts +and output scripts spent by the inputs of the transaction, such attacks are prevented as any such lying would +result in an invalid signature. Thus Taproot inputs can use just <tt>PSBT_IN_WITNESS_UTXO</tt>. + +==Compatibility== + +These are simply new fields added to the existing PSBT format. Because PSBT is designed to be extensible, old +software will ignore the new fields. + +==Test Vectors== + +The following are invalid PSBTs: + +* Case: PSBT With <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_INTERNAL_KEY</tt> key that is too long (incorrectly serialized as compressed DER) +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff010071020000000127744ababf3027fe0d6cf23a96eee2efb188ef52301954585883e69b6624b2420000000000ffffffff02787c01000000000016001483a7e34bd99ff03a4962ef8a1a101bb295461ece606b042a010000001600147ac369df1b20e033d6116623957b0ac49f3c52e8000000000001012b00f2052a010000002251205a2c2cf5b52cf31f83ad2e8da63ff03183ecd8f609c7510ae8a48e03910a075701172102fe349064c98d6e2a853fa3c9b12bd8b304a19c195c60efa7ee2393046d3fa232000000 +</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAHECAAAAASd0Srq/MCf+DWzyOpbu4u+xiO9SMBlUWFiD5ptmJLJCAAAAAAD/////Anh8AQAAAAAAFgAUg6fjS9mf8DpJYu+KGhAbspVGHs5gawQqAQAAABYAFHrDad8bIOAz1hFmI5V7CsSfPFLoAAAAAAABASsA8gUqAQAAACJRIFosLPW1LPMfg60ujaY/8DGD7Nj2CcdRCuikjgORCgdXARchAv40kGTJjW4qhT+jybEr2LMEoZwZXGDvp+4jkwRtP6IyAAAA</pre> + +* Case: PSBT With <tt>PSBT_KEY_PATH_SIG</tt> signature that is too short +** Bytes in Hex: <pre><70736274ff010071020000000127744ababf3027fe0d6cf23a96eee2efb188ef52301954585883e69b6624b2420000000000ffffffff02787c01000000000016001483a7e34bd99ff03a4962ef8a1a101bb295461ece606b042a010000001600147ac369df1b20e033d6116623957b0ac49f3c52e8000000000001012b00f2052a010000002251205a2c2cf5b52cf31f83ad2e8da63ff03183ecd8f609c7510ae8a48e03910a075701133f173bb3d36c074afb716fec6307a069a2e450b995f3c82785945ab8df0e24260dcd703b0cbf34de399184a9481ac2b3586db6601f026a77f7e4938481bc3475000000</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAHECAAAAASd0Srq/MCf+DWzyOpbu4u+xiO9SMBlUWFiD5ptmJLJCAAAAAAD/////Anh8AQAAAAAAFgAUg6fjS9mf8DpJYu+KGhAbspVGHs5gawQqAQAAABYAFHrDad8bIOAz1hFmI5V7CsSfPFLoAAAAAAABASsA8gUqAQAAACJRIFosLPW1LPMfg60ujaY/8DGD7Nj2CcdRCuikjgORCgdXARM/Fzuz02wHSvtxb+xjB6BpouRQuZXzyCeFlFq43w4kJg3NcDsMvzTeOZGEqUgawrNYbbZgHwJqd/fkk4SBvDR1AAAA</pre> + +* Case: PSBT With <tt>PSBT_KEY_PATH_SIG</tt> signature that is too long +** Bytes in Hex: <pre><70736274ff010071020000000127744ababf3027fe0d6cf23a96eee2efb188ef52301954585883e69b6624b2420000000000ffffffff02787c01000000000016001483a7e34bd99ff03a4962ef8a1a101bb295461ece606b042a010000001600147ac369df1b20e033d6116623957b0ac49f3c52e8000000000001012b00f2052a010000002251205a2c2cf5b52cf31f83ad2e8da63ff03183ecd8f609c7510ae8a48e03910a0757011342173bb3d36c074afb716fec6307a069a2e450b995f3c82785945ab8df0e24260dcd703b0cbf34de399184a9481ac2b3586db6601f026a77f7e4938481bc34751701aa000000</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAHECAAAAASd0Srq/MCf+DWzyOpbu4u+xiO9SMBlUWFiD5ptmJLJCAAAAAAD/////Anh8AQAAAAAAFgAUg6fjS9mf8DpJYu+KGhAbspVGHs5gawQqAQAAABYAFHrDad8bIOAz1hFmI5V7CsSfPFLoAAAAAAABASsA8gUqAQAAACJRIFosLPW1LPMfg60ujaY/8DGD7Nj2CcdRCuikjgORCgdXARNCFzuz02wHSvtxb+xjB6BpouRQuZXzyCeFlFq43w4kJg3NcDsMvzTeOZGEqUgawrNYbbZgHwJqd/fkk4SBvDR1FwGqAAAA</pre> + +* Case: PSBT With <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_BIP32_DERIVATION</tt> key that is too long (incorrectly serialized as compressed DER) +** Bytes in Hex: <pre><70736274ff010071020000000127744ababf3027fe0d6cf23a96eee2efb188ef52301954585883e69b6624b2420000000000ffffffff02787c01000000000016001483a7e34bd99ff03a4962ef8a1a101bb295461ece606b042a010000001600147ac369df1b20e033d6116623957b0ac49f3c52e8000000000001012b00f2052a010000002251205a2c2cf5b52cf31f83ad2e8da63ff03183ecd8f609c7510ae8a48e03910a0757221602fe349064c98d6e2a853fa3c9b12bd8b304a19c195c60efa7ee2393046d3fa2321900772b2da75600008001000080000000800100000000000000000000</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAHECAAAAASd0Srq/MCf+DWzyOpbu4u+xiO9SMBlUWFiD5ptmJLJCAAAAAAD/////Anh8AQAAAAAAFgAUg6fjS9mf8DpJYu+KGhAbspVGHs5gawQqAQAAABYAFHrDad8bIOAz1hFmI5V7CsSfPFLoAAAAAAABASsA8gUqAQAAACJRIFosLPW1LPMfg60ujaY/8DGD7Nj2CcdRCuikjgORCgdXIhYC/jSQZMmNbiqFP6PJsSvYswShnBlcYO+n7iOTBG0/ojIZAHcrLadWAACAAQAAgAAAAIABAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==</pre> + +* Case: PSBT With <tt>PSBT_OUT_TAP_INTERNAL_KEY</tt> key that is too long (incorrectly serialized as compressed DER) +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff01007d020000000127744ababf3027fe0d6cf23a96eee2efb188ef52301954585883e69b6624b2420000000000ffffffff02887b0100000000001600142382871c7e8421a00093f754d91281e675874b9f606b042a010000002251205a2c2cf5b52cf31f83ad2e8da63ff03183ecd8f609c7510ae8a48e03910a0757000000000001012b00f2052a010000002251205a2c2cf5b52cf31f83ad2e8da63ff03183ecd8f609c7510ae8a48e03910a0757000001052102fe349064c98d6e2a853fa3c9b12bd8b304a19c195c60efa7ee2393046d3fa23200</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAH0CAAAAASd0Srq/MCf+DWzyOpbu4u+xiO9SMBlUWFiD5ptmJLJCAAAAAAD/////Aoh7AQAAAAAAFgAUI4KHHH6EIaAAk/dU2RKB5nWHS59gawQqAQAAACJRIFosLPW1LPMfg60ujaY/8DGD7Nj2CcdRCuikjgORCgdXAAAAAAABASsA8gUqAQAAACJRIFosLPW1LPMfg60ujaY/8DGD7Nj2CcdRCuikjgORCgdXAAABBSEC/jSQZMmNbiqFP6PJsSvYswShnBlcYO+n7iOTBG0/ojIA</pre> + +* Case: PSBT With <tt>PSBT_OUT_TAP_BIP32_DERIVATION</tt> key that is too long (incorrectly serialized as compressed DER) +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff01007d020000000127744ababf3027fe0d6cf23a96eee2efb188ef52301954585883e69b6624b2420000000000ffffffff02887b0100000000001600142382871c7e8421a00093f754d91281e675874b9f606b042a010000002251205a2c2cf5b52cf31f83ad2e8da63ff03183ecd8f609c7510ae8a48e03910a0757000000000001012b00f2052a010000002251205a2c2cf5b52cf31f83ad2e8da63ff03183ecd8f609c7510ae8a48e03910a07570000220702fe349064c98d6e2a853fa3c9b12bd8b304a19c195c60efa7ee2393046d3fa2321900772b2da7560000800100008000000080010000000000000000</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAH0CAAAAASd0Srq/MCf+DWzyOpbu4u+xiO9SMBlUWFiD5ptmJLJCAAAAAAD/////Aoh7AQAAAAAAFgAUI4KHHH6EIaAAk/dU2RKB5nWHS59gawQqAQAAACJRIFosLPW1LPMfg60ujaY/8DGD7Nj2CcdRCuikjgORCgdXAAAAAAABASsA8gUqAQAAACJRIFosLPW1LPMfg60ujaY/8DGD7Nj2CcdRCuikjgORCgdXAAAiBwL+NJBkyY1uKoU/o8mxK9izBKGcGVxg76fuI5MEbT+iMhkAdystp1YAAIABAACAAAAAgAEAAAAAAAAAAA==</pre> + +* Case: PSBT With <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_SCRIPT_SIG</tt> key that is too long (incorrectly serialized as compressed DER) +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAF4CAAAAAZvUh2UjC/mnLmYgAflyVW5U8Mb5f+tWvLVgDYF/aZUmAQAAAAD/////AUjmBSoBAAAAIlEgAw2k/OT32yjCyylRYx4ANxOFZZf+ljiCy1AOaBEsymMAAAAAAAEBKwDyBSoBAAAAIlEgwiR++/2SrEf29AuNQtFpF1oZ+p+hDkol1/NetN2FtpJCFAIssTrGgkjegGqmo2Wc88A+toIdCcgRSk6Gj+vehlu20s2XDhX1P8DIL5UP1WD/qRm3YXK+AXNoqJkTrwdPQAsJQIl1aqNznMxonsD886NgvjLMC1mxbpOh6LtGBXJrLKej/3BsQXZkljKyzGjh+RK4pXjjcZzncQiFx6lm9JvNQ8sAAA==</pre> + +* Case: PSBT With <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_SCRIPT_SIG</tt> signature that is too long +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff01005e02000000019bd48765230bf9a72e662001f972556e54f0c6f97feb56bcb5600d817f6995260100000000ffffffff0148e6052a01000000225120030da4fce4f7db28c2cb2951631e003713856597fe963882cb500e68112cca63000000000001012b00f2052a01000000225120c2247efbfd92ac47f6f40b8d42d169175a19fa9fa10e4a25d7f35eb4dd85b69241142cb13ac68248de806aa6a3659cf3c03eb6821d09c8114a4e868febde865bb6d2cd970e15f53fc0c82f950fd560ffa919b76172be017368a89913af074f400b094289756aa3739ccc689ec0fcf3a360be32cc0b59b16e93a1e8bb4605726b2ca7a3ff706c4176649632b2cc68e1f912b8a578e3719ce7710885c7a966f49bcd43cb01010000</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAF4CAAAAAZvUh2UjC/mnLmYgAflyVW5U8Mb5f+tWvLVgDYF/aZUmAQAAAAD/////AUjmBSoBAAAAIlEgAw2k/OT32yjCyylRYx4ANxOFZZf+ljiCy1AOaBEsymMAAAAAAAEBKwDyBSoBAAAAIlEgwiR++/2SrEf29AuNQtFpF1oZ+p+hDkol1/NetN2FtpJBFCyxOsaCSN6AaqajZZzzwD62gh0JyBFKToaP696GW7bSzZcOFfU/wMgvlQ/VYP+pGbdhcr4Bc2iomROvB09ACwlCiXVqo3OczGiewPzzo2C+MswLWbFuk6Hou0YFcmssp6P/cGxBdmSWMrLMaOH5ErileONxnOdxCIXHqWb0m81DywEBAAA=</pre> + +* Case: PSBT With <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_SCRIPT_SIG</tt> signature that is too short +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAF4CAAAAAZvUh2UjC/mnLmYgAflyVW5U8Mb5f+tWvLVgDYF/aZUmAQAAAAD/////AUjmBSoBAAAAIlEgAw2k/OT32yjCyylRYx4ANxOFZZf+ljiCy1AOaBEsymMAAAAAAAEBKwDyBSoBAAAAIlEgwiR++/2SrEf29AuNQtFpF1oZ+p+hDkol1/NetN2FtpJBFCyxOsaCSN6AaqajZZzzwD62gh0JyBFKToaP696GW7bSzZcOFfU/wMgvlQ/VYP+pGbdhcr4Bc2iomROvB09ACwk/iXVqo3OczGiewPzzo2C+MswLWbFuk6Hou0YFcmssp6P/cGxBdmSWMrLMaOH5ErileONxnOdxCIXHqWb0m81DAAA=</pre> + +* Case: PSBT With <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_LEAF_SCRIPT</tt> Control block that is too long +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAF4CAAAAAZvUh2UjC/mnLmYgAflyVW5U8Mb5f+tWvLVgDYF/aZUmAQAAAAD/////AUjmBSoBAAAAIlEgAw2k/OT32yjCyylRYx4ANxOFZZf+ljiCy1AOaBEsymMAAAAAAAEBKwDyBSoBAAAAIlEgwiR++/2SrEf29AuNQtFpF1oZ+p+hDkol1/NetN2FtpJjFcFQkpt0waBJVLeLS2A16XpeB4paDyjsltVHv+6azoA6wG99YgWelJehpKJnVp2YdtpgEBr/OONSm5uTnOf5GulwEV8uSQr3zEXE94UR82BXzlxaXFYyWin7RN/CA/NW4fgAIyAssTrGgkjegGqmo2Wc88A+toIdCcgRSk6Gj+vehlu20qzAAAA=</pre> + +* Case: PSBT With <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_LEAF_SCRIPT</tt> Control block that is too short +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAF4CAAAAAZvUh2UjC/mnLmYgAflyVW5U8Mb5f+tWvLVgDYF/aZUmAQAAAAD/////AUjmBSoBAAAAIlEgAw2k/OT32yjCyylRYx4ANxOFZZf+ljiCy1AOaBEsymMAAAAAAAEBKwDyBSoBAAAAIlEgwiR++/2SrEf29AuNQtFpF1oZ+p+hDkol1/NetN2FtpJhFcFQkpt0waBJVLeLS2A16XpeB4paDyjsltVHv+6azoA6wG99YgWelJehpKJnVp2YdtpgEBr/OONSm5uTnOf5GulwEV8uSQr3zEXE94UR82BXzlxaXFYyWin7RN/CA/NW4SMgLLE6xoJI3oBqpqNlnPPAPraCHQnIEUpOho/r3oZbttKswAAA</pre> + +The following are valid PSBTs: + +* Case: PSBT with one P2TR key only input with internal key and its derivation path +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAFICAAAAASd0Srq/MCf+DWzyOpbu4u+xiO9SMBlUWFiD5ptmJLJCAAAAAAD/////AUjmBSoBAAAAFgAUdo4e60z0IIZgM/gKzv8PlyB0SWkAAAAAAAEBKwDyBSoBAAAAIlEgWiws9bUs8x+DrS6Npj/wMYPs2PYJx1EK6KSOA5EKB1chFv40kGTJjW4qhT+jybEr2LMEoZwZXGDvp+4jkwRtP6IyGQB3Ky2nVgAAgAEAAIAAAACAAQAAAAAAAAABFyD+NJBkyY1uKoU/o8mxK9izBKGcGVxg76fuI5MEbT+iMgAiAgNrdyptt02HU8mKgnlY3mx4qzMSEJ830+AwRIQkLs5z2Bh3Ky2nVAAAgAEAAIAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAA</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with one P2TR key only input with internal key, its derivation path, and signature +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAFICAAAAASd0Srq/MCf+DWzyOpbu4u+xiO9SMBlUWFiD5ptmJLJCAAAAAAD/////AUjmBSoBAAAAFgAUdo4e60z0IIZgM/gKzv8PlyB0SWkAAAAAAAEBKwDyBSoBAAAAIlEgWiws9bUs8x+DrS6Npj/wMYPs2PYJx1EK6KSOA5EKB1cBE0C7U+yRe62dkGrxuocYHEi4as5aritTYFpyXKdGJWMUdvxvW67a9PLuD0d/NvWPOXDVuCc7fkl7l68uPxJcl680IRb+NJBkyY1uKoU/o8mxK9izBKGcGVxg76fuI5MEbT+iMhkAdystp1YAAIABAACAAAAAgAEAAAAAAAAAARcg/jSQZMmNbiqFP6PJsSvYswShnBlcYO+n7iOTBG0/ojIAIgIDa3cqbbdNh1PJioJ5WN5seKszEhCfN9PgMESEJC7Oc9gYdystp1QAAIABAACAAAAAgAAAAAAAAAAAAA==</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with one P2TR key only output with internal key and its derivation path +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff01005e020000000127744ababf3027fe0d6cf23a96eee2efb188ef52301954585883e69b6624b2420000000000ffffffff0148e6052a0100000022512083698e458c6664e1595d75da2597de1e22ee97d798e706c4c0a4b5a9823cd743000000000001012b00f2052a010000002251205a2c2cf5b52cf31f83ad2e8da63ff03183ecd8f609c7510ae8a48e03910a07572116fe349064c98d6e2a853fa3c9b12bd8b304a19c195c60efa7ee2393046d3fa2321900772b2da75600008001000080000000800100000000000000011720fe349064c98d6e2a853fa3c9b12bd8b304a19c195c60efa7ee2393046d3fa232000105201124da7aec92ccd06c954562647f437b138b95721a84be2bf2276bbddab3e67121071124da7aec92ccd06c954562647f437b138b95721a84be2bf2276bbddab3e6711900772b2da7560000800100008000000080000000000500000000</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>cHNidP8BAF4CAAAAASd0Srq/MCf+DWzyOpbu4u+xiO9SMBlUWFiD5ptmJLJCAAAAAAD/////AUjmBSoBAAAAIlEgg2mORYxmZOFZXXXaJZfeHiLul9eY5wbEwKS1qYI810MAAAAAAAEBKwDyBSoBAAAAIlEgWiws9bUs8x+DrS6Npj/wMYPs2PYJx1EK6KSOA5EKB1chFv40kGTJjW4qhT+jybEr2LMEoZwZXGDvp+4jkwRtP6IyGQB3Ky2nVgAAgAEAAIAAAACAAQAAAAAAAAABFyD+NJBkyY1uKoU/o8mxK9izBKGcGVxg76fuI5MEbT+iMgABBSARJNp67JLM0GyVRWJkf0N7E4uVchqEvivyJ2u92rPmcSEHESTaeuySzNBslUViZH9DexOLlXIahL4r8idrvdqz5nEZAHcrLadWAACAAQAAgAAAAIAAAAAABQAAAAA=</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with one P2TR script path only input with dummy internal key, scripts, derivation paths for keys in the scripts, and merkle root +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with one P2TR script path only output with dummy internal key, taproot tree, and script key derivation paths +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>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</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +* Case: PSBT with one P2TR script path only input with dummy internal key, scripts, script key derivation paths, merkle root, and script path signatures +** Bytes in Hex: <pre>70736274ff01005e02000000019bd48765230bf9a72e662001f972556e54f0c6f97feb56bcb5600d817f6995260100000000ffffffff0148e6052a0100000022512083698e458c6664e1595d75da2597de1e22ee97d798e706c4c0a4b5a9823cd743000000000001012b00f2052a01000000225120c2247efbfd92ac47f6f40b8d42d169175a19fa9fa10e4a25d7f35eb4dd85b69241142cb13ac68248de806aa6a3659cf3c03eb6821d09c8114a4e868febde865bb6d2cd970e15f53fc0c82f950fd560ffa919b76172be017368a89913af074f400b0940bf818d9757d6ffeb538ba057fb4c1fc4e0f5ef186e765beb564791e02af5fd3d5e2551d4e34e33d86f276b82c99c79aed3f0395a081efcd2cc2c65dd7e693d7941144320b0bf16f011b53ea7be615924aa7f27e5d29ad20ea1155d848676c3bad1b2115f2e490af7cc45c4f78511f36057ce5c5a5c56325a29fb44dfc203f356e1f840e1f1ab6fabfa26b236f21833719dc1d428ab768d80f91f9988d8abef47bfb863bb1f2a529f768c15f00ce34ec283cdc07e88f8428be28f6ef64043c32911811a4114fa0f7a3cef3b1d0c0a6ce7d26e17ada0b2e5c92d19efad48b41859cb8a451ca96f7d62059e9497a1a4a267569d9876da60101aff38e3529b9b939ce7f91ae97040ec1f0379206461c83342285423326708ab031f0da4a253ee45aafa5b8c92034d8b605490f8cd13e00f989989b97e215faa36f12dee3693d2daccf3781c1757f66215c150929b74c1a04954b78b4b6035e97a5e078a5a0f28ec96d547bfee9ace803ac06f7d62059e9497a1a4a267569d9876da60101aff38e3529b9b939ce7f91ae970115f2e490af7cc45c4f78511f36057ce5c5a5c56325a29fb44dfc203f356e1f823202cb13ac68248de806aa6a3659cf3c03eb6821d09c8114a4e868febde865bb6d2acc04215c150929b74c1a04954b78b4b6035e97a5e078a5a0f28ec96d547bfee9ace803ac097c6e6fea5ff714ff5724499990810e406e98aa10f5bf7e5f6784bc1d0a9a6ce23204320b0bf16f011b53ea7be615924aa7f27e5d29ad20ea1155d848676c3bad1b2acc06215c150929b74c1a04954b78b4b6035e97a5e078a5a0f28ec96d547bfee9ace803ac0cd970e15f53fc0c82f950fd560ffa919b76172be017368a89913af074f400b09115f2e490af7cc45c4f78511f36057ce5c5a5c56325a29fb44dfc203f356e1f82320fa0f7a3cef3b1d0c0a6ce7d26e17ada0b2e5c92d19efad48b41859cb8a451ca9acc021162cb13ac68248de806aa6a3659cf3c03eb6821d09c8114a4e868febde865bb6d23901cd970e15f53fc0c82f950fd560ffa919b76172be017368a89913af074f400b09772b2da7560000800100008002000080000000000000000021164320b0bf16f011b53ea7be615924aa7f27e5d29ad20ea1155d848676c3bad1b23901115f2e490af7cc45c4f78511f36057ce5c5a5c56325a29fb44dfc203f356e1f8772b2da75600008001000080010000800000000000000000211650929b74c1a04954b78b4b6035e97a5e078a5a0f28ec96d547bfee9ace803ac005007c461e5d2116fa0f7a3cef3b1d0c0a6ce7d26e17ada0b2e5c92d19efad48b41859cb8a451ca939016f7d62059e9497a1a4a267569d9876da60101aff38e3529b9b939ce7f91ae970772b2da7560000800100008003000080000000000000000001172050929b74c1a04954b78b4b6035e97a5e078a5a0f28ec96d547bfee9ace803ac0011820f0362e2f75a6f420a5bde3eb221d96ae6720cf25f81890c95b1d775acb515e65000105201124da7aec92ccd06c954562647f437b138b95721a84be2bf2276bbddab3e67121071124da7aec92ccd06c954562647f437b138b95721a84be2bf2276bbddab3e6711900772b2da7560000800100008000000080000000000500000000</pre> +** Base64 String: <pre>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</pre> + +==Rationale== + +<references/> + +==Reference implementation== + +The reference implementation of the PSBT format is available at https://github.com/achow101/bitcoin/tree/taproot-psbt. + +==Acknowledgements== + +TBD diff --git a/bip-0372.mediawiki b/bip-0372.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf98b7c --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0372.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,191 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 372 + Layer: Applications + Title: Pay-to-contract tweak fields for PSBT + Author: Maxim Orlovsky <orlovsky@lnp-bp.org> + Discussions-To: <bitcoin-dev@lists.linuxfoundation.org> + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0372 + Status: Draft + Type: Standards Track + Created: 2022-01-16 + License: BSD-2-Clause + Requires: BIP-174 +</pre> + +==Introduction== + +===Abstract=== + +This document proposes additional fields for BIP 174 PSBTv0 and BIP 370 PSBTv2 +that allow for pay-to-contract key tweaking data data to be included in a PSBT +of any version. These will represent an extra-transaction information required +for the signer to produce valid signatures spending previous outputs. + +===Copyright=== + +This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license. + +===Background=== + +Key tweaking is a procedure for creating a cryptographic commitment to some +message using elliptic curve properties. The procedure uses the discrete log +problem (DLP) to commit to an extra-transaction message. This is done by adding +to a public key (for which the output owner knows the corresponding private key) +a hash of the message multiplied on the generator point G of the elliptic curve. +This produces a tweaked public key, containing the commitment. Later, in order +to spend an output containing P2C commitment, the same commitment should be +added to the corresponding private key. + +This type of commitment was originally proposed as a part of the pay to contract +concept by Ilja Gerhardt and Timo Hanke in [1] and later used by Eternity Wall +[2] for the same purpose. Since that time multiple different protocols for P2C +has been developed, including OpenTimeStamps [3], Elements sidechain P2C tweaks +[4] and LNPBP-1 [5], used in for constructing Peter Todd's single-use-seals [6] +in client-side-validation protocols like RGB. + +===Motivation=== + +P2C outputs can be detected onchain and spent only if the output owner +not just knows the corresponding original private key, but also is aware about +P2C tweak applied to the public key. In order to produce a valid signature, the +same tweak value must be added (modulo group order) to the original private key +by a signer device. This represents a challenge for external signers, which may +not have any information about such commitment. This proposal addresses this +issue by adding relevant fields to the PSBT input information. + +The proposal abstracts details of specific P2C protocols and provides universal +method for spending previous outputs containing P2C tweaks, applied to the public +key contained within any standard form of the <tt>scriptPubkey</tt>, including +bare scripts and P2PK, P2PKH, P2SH, witness v0 P2WPKH, P2WSH, nested witness v0 +P2WPKH-P2SH, P2WSH-P2SH and witness v1 P2TR outputs. + + +==Design== + +P2C-tweaked public keys are already exposed in the +<tt>PSBT_IN_REDEEM_SCRIPT</tt>, <tt>PSBT_IN_WITNESS_SCRIPT</tt>, +<tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_INTERNAL_KEY</tt> and <tt>PSBT_IN_TAP_LEAF_SCRIPT</tt> fields; +the only information signer is needed to recognize which keys it should sign +with is from which of the original keys they were generated. This is achieved by +introducing new `PSBT_IN_P2C_TWEAK` field which has the original key as a field +key and the tweak as a field value. The signer will recognize the keys which are +available to it, apply the tweak to them and see in which scripts it was used -- +and use this information to apply tweaks for the corresponding private keys and +produce valid signatures. + + +==Specification== + +The new per-input type is defined as follows: + +{| +! Name +! <tt><keytype></tt> +! <tt><keydata></tt> +! <tt><keydata></tt> Description +! <tt><valuedata></tt> +! <tt><valuedata></tt> Description +! Versions Requiring Inclusion +! Versions Requiring Exclusion +! Versions Allowing Inclusion +|- +| P2C Key Tweak +| <tt>PSBT_IN_P2C_TWEAK = 0x19</tt> +| <tt><pubkey></tt> +| 33 bytes of compact public key serialization specifying to which of keys the +P2C tweak may be applied (i.e. this MUST be a value of a public key before the +tweak is applied). BIP-340 keys are serialized by appending `02` +byte.<ref>'''Why compressed public keys are not distinguished from BIP-340 +public keys'''We follow the logic of BIP32 key derivation which does not +performs that distinguishment. The type of the key is defined by the input type, +and adding additional PSBT field type will just create the need for handling +errors when the input type does not match the provided key type.</ref> +| <tt><tweak></tt> +| The 32 byte value which MUST be added to a private key to produce correct +ECDSA and/or Schnorr signature ("key tweak"). Signers SHOULD remove this field +after <tt>PSBT_IN_PARTIAL_SIG</tt> is constructed. +| +| +| 0, 2 +| BIP-P2C +|} + + +==Security considerations== + +The scope of this proposal is deliberately kept narrow; it addresses +only spending of transaction outputs containing P2C tweaks - and does not +addresses construction of a new P2C commitments or transactions containing them +in their outputs.<ref>'''Why only spending of P2C tweaked outputs is covered''' +P2C tweaks commit to external data, some of which may represent certain value +(like in some sidechains, single-use-seal applications like RGB etc). Creation +of such outputs much allow hardware devices to understand the structure of such +extra-transaction data, which may be in different formats and constantly +involve. Thus, this should be addresses with a separate standards (or be a +vendor-based). The current proposal only touches the question of spending an +output which contained previously created P2C commitment, which does not creates +a new commitment and does not provides that kind of risk of extra-blockchain +value loses.</ref> + + +==Rationale== + +<references/> + + +==Compatibility== + +The proposal is compatible with the existing consensus rules and does not +require any of their modifications. + +The proposed P2C PSBT fields provides sufficient information for creating a +valid signatures for spendings of the following output types containing tweaked +public keys: +- bare scripts, +- P2PK, +- P2PKH, +- P2SH, +- witness v0 P2WPKH and P2WSH, +- nested witness v0 P2WPKH-P2SH and P2WSH-P2SH, + +Post-0 witness versions, including taproot outputs and future witness versions, +may not be supported or covered by this BIP and may require addition of new +fields to the PSBT inputs. + + +==Reference implementation== + +WIP + + +==Acknowledgements== + +Author is grateful to Andrew Poelstra, who provided an initial set of ideas +and information on his previous work on the topic basing on which this standard +was designed. + + +==Test vectors== + +TBD + + +==References== + +[1] Ilja Gerhardt, Timo Hanke. Homomorphic Payment Addresses and the + Pay-to-Contract Protocol. arXiv:1212.3257 \[cs.CR\] + <https://arxiv.org/pdf/1212.3257.pdf> +[2] Eternity Wall's "sign-to-contract" article. + <https://blog.eternitywall.com/2018/04/13/sign-to-contract/> +[3] Peter Todd. OpenTimestamps: Scalable, Trust-Minimized, Distributed + Timestamping with Bitcoin. + <https://petertodd.org/2016/opentimestamps-announcement> +[4] Adam Back, Matt Corallo, Luke Dashjr, et al. Enabling Blockchain + Innovations with Pegged Sidechains (commit5620e43). Appenxix A. + <https://blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf>;. +[5] Maxim Orlovsky, Rene Pickhardt, Federico Tenga, et al. Key + tweaking: collision- resistant elliptic curve-based commitments. + LNPBP-1 Standard. + <https://github.com/LNP-BP/LNPBPs/blob/master/lnpbp-0001.md> +[6] Peter Todd. Single-use-seals. LNPBP-8 Standard. + <https://github.com/LNP-BP/LNPBPs/blob/master/lnpbp-0008.md> diff --git a/bip-0380.mediawiki b/bip-0380.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..27b7908 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0380.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,335 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 380 + Layer: Applications + Title: Output Script Descriptors General Operation + Author: Pieter Wuille <pieter@wuille.net> + Ava Chow <me@achow101.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0380 + Status: Draft + Type: Informational + Created: 2021-06-27 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +Output Script Descriptors are a simple language which can be used to describe collections of output scripts. +There can be many different descriptor fragments and functions. +This document describes the general syntax for descriptors, descriptor checksums, and common expressions. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license. + +==Motivation== + +Bitcoin wallets traditionally have stored a set of keys which are later serialized and mutated to produce the output scripts that the wallet watches and the addresses it provides to users. +Typically backups have consisted of solely the private keys, nowadays primarily in the form of BIP 39 mnemonics. +However this backup solution is insufficient, especially since the introduction of Segregated Witness which added new output types. +Given just the private keys, it is not possible for restored wallets to know which kinds of output scripts and addresses to produce. +This has lead to incompatibilities between wallets when restoring a backup or exporting data for a watch only wallet. + +Further complicating matters are BIP 32 derivation paths. +Although BIPs 44, 49, and 84 have specified standard BIP 32 derivation paths for different output scripts and addresses, not all wallets support them nor use those derivation paths. +The lack of derivation path information in these backups and exports leads to further incompatibilities between wallets. + +Current solutions to these issues have not been generic and can be viewed as being layer violations. +Solutions such as introducing different version bytes for extended key serialization both are a layer violation (key derivation should be separate from script type meaning) and specific only to a particular derivation path and script type. + +Output Script Descriptors introduces a generic solution to these issues. +Script types are specified explicitly through the use of Script Expressions. +Key derivation paths are specified explicitly in Key Expressions. +These allow for creating wallet backups and exports which specify the exact scripts, subscripts (redeemScript, witnessScript, etc.), and keys to produce. +With the general structure specified in this BIP, new Script Expressions can be introduced as new script types are added. +Lastly, the use of common terminology and existing standards allow for Output Script Descriptors to be engineer readable so that the results can be understood at a glance. + +==Specification== + +Descriptors consist of several types of expressions. +The top level expression is a <tt>SCRIPT</tt>. +This expression may be followed by <tt>#CHECKSUM</tt>, where <tt>CHECKSUM</tt> is an 8 character alphanumeric descriptor checksum. +Although the checksum is optional for parsing, applications may choose to reject descriptors that do not contain a checksum. + +===Script Expressions=== + +Script Expressions (denoted <tt>SCRIPT</tt>) are expressions which correspond directly with a Bitcoin script. +These expressions are written as functions and take arguments. +Such expressions have a script template which is filled with the arguments correspondingly. +Expressions are written with a human readable identifier string with the arguments enclosed with parentheses. +The identifier string should be alphanumeric and may include underscores. + +The arguments to a script expression are defined by that expression itself. +They could be a script expression, a key expression, or some other expression entirely. + +===Key Expressions=== + +A common expression used as an argument to script expressions are key expressions (denoted <tt>KEY</tt>). +These represent a public or private key and, optionally, information about the origin of that key. +Key expressions can only be used as arguments to script expressions. + +Key expressions consist of: +* Optionally, key origin information, consisting of: +** An open bracket <tt>[</tt> +** Exactly 8 hex characters for the fingerprint of the key where the derivation starts (see BIP 32 for details) +** Followed by zero or more <tt>/NUM</tt> or <tt>/NUMh</tt> path elements to indicate the unhardened or hardened derivation steps between the fingerprint and the key that follows. +** A closing bracket <tt>]</tt> +* Followed by the actual key, which is either: +** A hex encoded public key, which depending the script expression, may be either: +*** 66 hex character string beginning with <tt>02</tt> or <tt>03</tt> representing a compressed public key +*** 130 hex character string beginning with <tt>04</tt> representing an uncompressed public key +** A [[https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format|WIF]] encoded private key +** <tt>xpub</tt> encoded extended public key or <tt>xprv</tt> encoded extended private key (as defined in BIP 32) +*** Followed by zero or more <tt>/NUM</tt> or <tt>/NUMh</tt> path elements indicating BIP 32 derivation steps to be taken after the given extended key. +*** Optionally followed by a single <tt>/*</tt> or <tt>/*h</tt> final step to denote all direct unhardened or hardened children. + +If the <tt>KEY</tt> is a BIP 32 extended key, before output scripts can be created, child keys must be derived using the derivation information that follows the extended key. +When the final step is <tt>/*</tt> or <tt>/*'</tt>, an output script will be produced for every child key index. +The derived key must be not be serialized as an uncompressed public key. +Script Expressions may have further requirements on how derived public keys are serialized for script creation. + +In the above specification, the hardened indicator <tt>h</tt> may be replaced with alternative hardened indicators of <tt>H</tt> or <tt>'</tt>. + +====Normalization of Key Expressions with Hardened Derivation==== + +When a descriptor is exported without private keys, it is necessary to do additional derivation to remove any intermediate hardened derivation steps for the exported descriptor to be useful. +The exporter should derive the extended public key at the last hardened derivation step and use that extended public key as the key in the descriptor. +The derivation steps that were taken to get to that key must be added to the previous key origin information. +If there is no key origin information, then one must be added for the newly derived extended public key. +If the final derivation is hardened, then it is not necessary to do additional derivation. + +===Character Set=== + +The expressions used in descriptors must only contain characters within this character set so that the descriptor checksum will work. + +The allowed characters are: +<pre> +0123456789()[],'/*abcdefgh@:$%{} +IJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ&+-.;<=>?!^_|~ +ijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGH`#"\<space> +</pre> +Note that <tt><space></tt> on the last line is a space character. + +This character set is written as 3 groups of 32 characters in this specific order so that the checksum below can identify more errors. +The first group are the most common "unprotected" characters (i.e. things such as hex and keypaths that do not already have their own checksums). +Case errors cause an offset that is a multiple of 32 while as many alphabetic characters are in the same group while following the previous restrictions. + +===Checksum=== + +Following the top level script expression is a single octothorpe (<tt>#</tt>) followed by the 8 character checksum. +The checksum is an error correcting checksum similar to bech32. + +The checksum has the following properties: +* Mistakes in a descriptor string are measured in "symbol errors". The higher the number of symbol errors, the harder it is to detect: +** An error substituting a character from <tt>0123456789()[],'/*abcdefgh@:$%{}</tt> for another in that set always counts as 1 symbol error. +*** Note that hex encoded keys are covered by these characters. Extended keys (<tt>xpub</tt> and <tt>xprv</tt>) use other characters too, but also have their own checksum mechanism. +*** <tt>SCRIPT</tt> expression function names use other characters, but mistakes in these would generally result in an unparsable descriptor. +** A case error always counts as 1 symbol error. +** Any other 1 character substitution error counts as 1 or 2 symbol errors. +* Any 1 symbol error is always detected. +* Any 2 or 3 symbol error in a descriptor of up to 49154 characters is always detected. +* Any 4 symbol error in a descriptor of up to 507 characters is always detected. +* Any 5 symbol error in a descriptor of up to 77 characters is always detected. +* Is optimized to minimize the chance of a 5 symbol error in a descriptor up to 387 characters is undetected +* Random errors have a chance of 1 in 2<super>40</super> of being undetected. + +The checksum itself uses the same character set as bech32: <tt>qpzry9x8gf2tvdw0s3jn54khce6mua7l</tt> + +Valid descriptor strings with a checksum must pass the criteria for validity specified by the Python3 code snippet below. +The function <tt>descsum_check</tt> must return true when its argument <tt>s</tt> is a descriptor consisting in the form <tt>SCRIPT#CHECKSUM</tt>. + +<pre> +INPUT_CHARSET = "0123456789()[],'/*abcdefgh@:$%{}IJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ&+-.;<=>?!^_|~ijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGH`#\"\\ " +CHECKSUM_CHARSET = "qpzry9x8gf2tvdw0s3jn54khce6mua7l" +GENERATOR = [0xf5dee51989, 0xa9fdca3312, 0x1bab10e32d, 0x3706b1677a, 0x644d626ffd] + +def descsum_polymod(symbols): + """Internal function that computes the descriptor checksum.""" + chk = 1 + for value in symbols: + top = chk >> 35 + chk = (chk & 0x7ffffffff) << 5 ^ value + for i in range(5): + chk ^= GENERATOR[i] if ((top >> i) & 1) else 0 + return chk + +def descsum_expand(s): + """Internal function that does the character to symbol expansion""" + groups = [] + symbols = [] + for c in s: + if not c in INPUT_CHARSET: + return None + v = INPUT_CHARSET.find(c) + symbols.append(v & 31) + groups.append(v >> 5) + if len(groups) == 3: + symbols.append(groups[0] * 9 + groups[1] * 3 + groups[2]) + groups = [] + if len(groups) == 1: + symbols.append(groups[0]) + elif len(groups) == 2: + symbols.append(groups[0] * 3 + groups[1]) + return symbols + +def descsum_check(s): + """Verify that the checksum is correct in a descriptor""" + if s[-9] != '#': + return False + if not all(x in CHECKSUM_CHARSET for x in s[-8:]): + return False + symbols = descsum_expand(s[:-9]) + [CHECKSUM_CHARSET.find(x) for x in s[-8:]] + return descsum_polymod(symbols) == 1 +</pre> + +This implements a BCH code that has the properties described above. +The entire descriptor string is first processed into an array of symbols. +The symbol for each character is its position within its group. +After every 3rd symbol, a 4th symbol is inserted which represents the group numbers combined together. +This means that a change that only affects the position within a group, or only a group number change, will only affect a single symbol. + +To construct a valid checksum given a script expression, the code below can be used: + +<pre> +def descsum_create(s): + """Add a checksum to a descriptor without""" + symbols = descsum_expand(s) + [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] + checksum = descsum_polymod(symbols) ^ 1 + return s + '#' + ''.join(CHECKSUM_CHARSET[(checksum >> (5 * (7 - i))) & 31] for i in range(8)) + +</pre> + +==Test Vectors== + +The following tests cover the checksum and character set: + +* Valid checksum: <tt>raw(deadbeef)#89f8spxm</tt> +* No checksum: <tt>raw(deadbeef)</tt> +* Missing checksum: <tt>raw(deadbeef)#</tt> +* Too long checksum (9 chars): <tt>raw(deadbeef)#89f8spxmx</tt> +* Too short checksum (7 chars): <tt>raw(deadbeef)#89f8spx</tt> +* Error in payload: <tt>raw(deedbeef)#89f8spxm</tt> +* Error in checksum: <tt>raw(deedbeef)##9f8spxm</tt> +* Invalid characters in payload: <tt>raw(Ü)#00000000</tt> + +The following tests cover key expressions: + +Valid expressions: + +* Compressed public key: <tt>0260b2003c386519fc9eadf2b5cf124dd8eea4c4e68d5e154050a9346ea98ce600</tt> +* Uncompressed public key: <tt>04a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea235</tt> +* Public key with key origin: <tt>[deadbeef/0h/0h/0h]0260b2003c386519fc9eadf2b5cf124dd8eea4c4e68d5e154050a9346ea98ce600</tt> +* Public key with key origin (<tt>'</tt> as hardened indicator): <tt>[deadbeef/0'/0'/0']0260b2003c386519fc9eadf2b5cf124dd8eea4c4e68d5e154050a9346ea98ce600</tt> +* Public key with key origin (mixed hardened indicator): <tt>[deadbeef/0'/0h/0']0260b2003c386519fc9eadf2b5cf124dd8eea4c4e68d5e154050a9346ea98ce600</tt> +* WIF uncompressed private key <tt>5KYZdUEo39z3FPrtuX2QbbwGnNP5zTd7yyr2SC1j299sBCnWjss</tt> +* WIF compressed private key <tt>L4rK1yDtCWekvXuE6oXD9jCYfFNV2cWRpVuPLBcCU2z8TrisoyY1</tt> +* Extended public key: <tt>xpub6ERApfZwUNrhLCkDtcHTcxd75RbzS1ed54G1LkBUHQVHQKqhMkhgbmJbZRkrgZw4koxb5JaHWkY4ALHY2grBGRjaDMzQLcgJvLJuZZvRcEL</tt> +* Extended public key with key origin: <tt>[deadbeef/0h/1h/2h]xpub6ERApfZwUNrhLCkDtcHTcxd75RbzS1ed54G1LkBUHQVHQKqhMkhgbmJbZRkrgZw4koxb5JaHWkY4ALHY2grBGRjaDMzQLcgJvLJuZZvRcEL</tt> +* Extended public key with derivation: <tt>[deadbeef/0h/1h/2h]xpub6ERApfZwUNrhLCkDtcHTcxd75RbzS1ed54G1LkBUHQVHQKqhMkhgbmJbZRkrgZw4koxb5JaHWkY4ALHY2grBGRjaDMzQLcgJvLJuZZvRcEL/3/4/5</tt> +* Extended public key with derivation and children: <tt>[deadbeef/0h/1h/2h]xpub6ERApfZwUNrhLCkDtcHTcxd75RbzS1ed54G1LkBUHQVHQKqhMkhgbmJbZRkrgZw4koxb5JaHWkY4ALHY2grBGRjaDMzQLcgJvLJuZZvRcEL/3/4/5/*</tt> +* Extended public key with hardened derivation and unhardened children: <tt>xpub6ERApfZwUNrhLCkDtcHTcxd75RbzS1ed54G1LkBUHQVHQKqhMkhgbmJbZRkrgZw4koxb5JaHWkY4ALHY2grBGRjaDMzQLcgJvLJuZZvRcEL/3h/4h/5h/*</tt> +* Extended public key with hardened derivation and children: <tt>xpub6ERApfZwUNrhLCkDtcHTcxd75RbzS1ed54G1LkBUHQVHQKqhMkhgbmJbZRkrgZw4koxb5JaHWkY4ALHY2grBGRjaDMzQLcgJvLJuZZvRcEL/3h/4h/5h/*h</tt> +* Extended public key with key origin, hardened derivation and children: <tt>[deadbeef/0h/1h/2]xpub6ERApfZwUNrhLCkDtcHTcxd75RbzS1ed54G1LkBUHQVHQKqhMkhgbmJbZRkrgZw4koxb5JaHWkY4ALHY2grBGRjaDMzQLcgJvLJuZZvRcEL/3h/4h/5h/*h</tt> +* Extended private key: <tt>xprvA1RpRA33e1JQ7ifknakTFpgNXPmW2YvmhqLQYMmrj4xJXXWYpDPS3xz7iAxn8L39njGVyuoseXzU6rcxFLJ8HFsTjSyQbLYnMpCqE2VbFWc</tt> +* Extended private key with key origin: <tt>[deadbeef/0h/1h/2h]xprvA1RpRA33e1JQ7ifknakTFpgNXPmW2YvmhqLQYMmrj4xJXXWYpDPS3xz7iAxn8L39njGVyuoseXzU6rcxFLJ8HFsTjSyQbLYnMpCqE2VbFWc</tt> +* Extended private key with derivation: <tt>[deadbeef/0h/1h/2h]xprvA1RpRA33e1JQ7ifknakTFpgNXPmW2YvmhqLQYMmrj4xJXXWYpDPS3xz7iAxn8L39njGVyuoseXzU6rcxFLJ8HFsTjSyQbLYnMpCqE2VbFWc/3/4/5</tt> +* Extended private key with derivation and children: <tt>[deadbeef/0h/1h/2h]xprvA1RpRA33e1JQ7ifknakTFpgNXPmW2YvmhqLQYMmrj4xJXXWYpDPS3xz7iAxn8L39njGVyuoseXzU6rcxFLJ8HFsTjSyQbLYnMpCqE2VbFWc/3/4/5/*</tt> +* Extended private key with hardened derivation and unhardened children: <tt>xprvA1RpRA33e1JQ7ifknakTFpgNXPmW2YvmhqLQYMmrj4xJXXWYpDPS3xz7iAxn8L39njGVyuoseXzU6rcxFLJ8HFsTjSyQbLYnMpCqE2VbFWc/3h/4h/5h/*</tt> +* Extended private key with hardened derivation and children: <tt>xprvA1RpRA33e1JQ7ifknakTFpgNXPmW2YvmhqLQYMmrj4xJXXWYpDPS3xz7iAxn8L39njGVyuoseXzU6rcxFLJ8HFsTjSyQbLYnMpCqE2VbFWc/3h/4h/5h/*h</tt> +* Extended private key with key origin, hardened derivation and children: <tt>[deadbeef/0h/1h/2]xprvA1RpRA33e1JQ7ifknakTFpgNXPmW2YvmhqLQYMmrj4xJXXWYpDPS3xz7iAxn8L39njGVyuoseXzU6rcxFLJ8HFsTjSyQbLYnMpCqE2VbFWc/3h/4h/5h/*h</tt> + +Invalid expression: + +* Children indicator in key origin: <tt>[deadbeef/0h/0h/0h/*]0260b2003c386519fc9eadf2b5cf124dd8eea4c4e68d5e154050a9346ea98ce600</tt> +* Trailing slash in key origin: <tt>[deadbeef/0h/0h/0h/]0260b2003c386519fc9eadf2b5cf124dd8eea4c4e68d5e154050a9346ea98ce600</tt> +* Too short fingerprint: <tt>[deadbef/0h/0h/0h]0260b2003c386519fc9eadf2b5cf124dd8eea4c4e68d5e154050a9346ea98ce600</tt> +* Too long fingerprint: <tt>[deadbeeef/0h/0h/0h]0260b2003c386519fc9eadf2b5cf124dd8eea4c4e68d5e154050a9346ea98ce600</tt> +* Invalid hardened indicators: <tt>[deadbeef/0f/0f/0f]0260b2003c386519fc9eadf2b5cf124dd8eea4c4e68d5e154050a9346ea98ce600</tt> +* Invalid hardened indicators: <tt>[deadbeef/0H/0H/0H]0260b2003c386519fc9eadf2b5cf124dd8eea4c4e68d5e154050a9346ea98ce600</tt> +* Invalid hardened indicators: <tt>[deadbeef/-0/-0/-0]0260b2003c386519fc9eadf2b5cf124dd8eea4c4e68d5e154050a9346ea98ce600</tt> +* Private key with derivation: <tt>L4rK1yDtCWekvXuE6oXD9jCYfFNV2cWRpVuPLBcCU2z8TrisoyY1/0</tt> +* Private key with derivation children: <tt>L4rK1yDtCWekvXuE6oXD9jCYfFNV2cWRpVuPLBcCU2z8TrisoyY1/*</tt> +* Derivation index out of range: <tt>xprv9s21ZrQH143K31xYSDQpPDxsXRTUcvj2iNHm5NUtrGiGG5e2DtALGdso3pGz6ssrdK4PFmM8NSpSBHNqPqm55Qn3LqFtT2emdEXVYsCzC2U/2147483648</tt> +* Invalid derivation index: <tt>xprv9s21ZrQH143K31xYSDQpPDxsXRTUcvj2iNHm5NUtrGiGG5e2DtALGdso3pGz6ssrdK4PFmM8NSpSBHNqPqm55Qn3LqFtT2emdEXVYsCzC2U/1aa</tt> +* Multiple key origins: <tt>[aaaaaaaa][aaaaaaaa]xprv9s21ZrQH143K31xYSDQpPDxsXRTUcvj2iNHm5NUtrGiGG5e2DtALGdso3pGz6ssrdK4PFmM8NSpSBHNqPqm55Qn3LqFtT2emdEXVYsCzC2U/2147483647'/0</tt> +* Missing key origin start: <tt>aaaaaaaa]xprv9s21ZrQH143K31xYSDQpPDxsXRTUcvj2iNHm5NUtrGiGG5e2DtALGdso3pGz6ssrdK4PFmM8NSpSBHNqPqm55Qn3LqFtT2emdEXVYsCzC2U/2147483647'/0</tt> +* Non hex fingerprint: <tt>[gaaaaaaa]xprv9s21ZrQH143K31xYSDQpPDxsXRTUcvj2iNHm5NUtrGiGG5e2DtALGdso3pGz6ssrdK4PFmM8NSpSBHNqPqm55Qn3LqFtT2emdEXVYsCzC2U/2147483647'/0</tt> +* Key origin with no public key: <tt>[deadbeef]</tt> + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +Output script descriptors are an entirely new language which is not compatible with any existing software. +However many components of the expressions reuse encodings and serializations defined by previous BIPs. + +Output script descriptors are designed for future extension with further fragment types and new script expressions. +These will be specified in additional BIPs. + +==Reference Implementation== + +Descriptors have been implemented in Bitcoin Core since version 0.17. + +==Appendix A: Index of Expressions== + +Future BIPs may specify additional types of expressions. +All available expression types are listed in this table. + +{| +! Name +! Denoted As +! BIP +|- +| Script +| <tt>SCRIPT</tt> +| 380 +|- +| Key +| <tt>KEY</tt> +| 380 +|- +| Tree +| <tt>TREE</tt> +| [[bip-0386.mediawiki|386]] +|} + +==Appendix B: Index of Script Expressions== + +Script expressions will be specified in additional BIPs. +This Table lists all available Script expressions and the BIPs specifying them. + +{| +! Expression +! BIP +|- +| <tt>pk(KEY)</tt> +| [[bip-0381.mediawiki|381]] +|- +| <tt>pkh(KEY)</tt> +| [[bip-0381.mediawiki|381]] +|- +| <tt>sh(SCRIPT)</tt> +| [[bip-0381.mediawiki|381]] +|- +| <tt>wpkh(KEY)</tt> +| [[bip-0382.mediawiki|382]] +|- +| <tt>wsh(SCRIPT)</tt> +| [[bip-0382.mediawiki|382]] +|- +| <tt>multi(NUM, KEY, ..., KEY)</tt> +| [[bip-0383.mediawiki|383]] +|- +| <tt>sortedmulti(NUM, KEY, ..., KEY)</tt> +| [[bip-0383.mediawiki|383]] +|- +| <tt>combo(KEY)</tt> +| [[bip-0384.mediawiki|384]] +|- +| <tt>raw(HEX)</tt> +| [[bip-0385.mediawiki|385]] +|- +| <tt>addr(ADDR)</tt> +| [[bip-0385.mediawiki|385]] +|- +| <tt>tr(KEY)</tt>, <tt>tr(KEY, TREE)</tt> +| [[bip-0386.mediawiki|386]] +|} diff --git a/bip-0381.mediawiki b/bip-0381.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bfda2c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0381.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 381 + Layer: Applications + Title: Non-Segwit Output Script Descriptors + Author: Pieter Wuille <pieter@wuille.net> + Ava Chow <me@achow101.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0381 + Status: Draft + Type: Informational + Created: 2021-06-27 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This document specifies <tt>pk()</tt>, <tt>pkh()</tt>, and <tt>sh()</tt> output script descriptors. +<tt>pk()</tt> descriptors take a key and produces a P2PK output script. +<tt>pkh()</tt> descriptors take a key and produces a P2PKH output script. +<tt>sh()</tt> descriptors take a script and produces a P2SH output script. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license. + +==Motivation== + +Prior to the activation of Segregated Witness, there were 3 main standard output script formats: P2PK, P2PKH, and P2SH. +These expressions allow specifying those formats as a descriptor. + +==Specification== + +Three new script expressions are defined: <tt>pk()</tt>, <tt>pkh()</tt>, and <tt>sh()</tt>. + +===<tt>pk()</tt>=== + +The <tt>pk(KEY)</tt> expression can be used in any context or level of a descriptor. +It takes a single key expression as an argument and produces a P2PK output script. +Depending on the higher level descriptors, there may be restrictions on the type of public keys that can be included. +Such restrictions will be specified by those descriptors. + +The output script produced is: +<pre> +<KEY> OP_CHECKSIG +</pre> + +===<tt>pkh()</tt>=== + +The <tt>pkh(KEY)</tt> expression can be used as a top level expression, or inside of either a <tt>sh()</tt> or <tt>wsh()</tt> descriptor. +It takes a single key expression as an argument and produces a P2PKH output script. +Depending on the higher level descriptors, there may be restrictions on the type of public keys that can be included. +Such restrictions will be specified by those descriptors. + +The output script produced is: +<pre> +OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <KEY_hash160> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG +</pre> + +===<tt>sh()</tt>=== + +The <tt>sh(SCRIPT)</tt> expression can only be used as a top level expression. +It takes a single script expression as an argument and produces a P2SH output script. +<tt>sh()</tt> expressions also create a redeemScript which is required in order to spend outputs which use its output script. +This redeemScript is the output script produced by the <tt>SCRIPT</tt> argument to <tt>sh()</tt>. + +The output script produced is: +<pre> +OP_HASH160 <SCRIPT_hash160> OP_EQUAL +</pre> + +==Test Vectors== + +Valid descriptors followed by the scripts they produce. Descriptors involving derived child keys will have the 0th, 1st, and 2nd scripts listed. + +* <tt>pk(L4rK1yDtCWekvXuE6oXD9jCYfFNV2cWRpVuPLBcCU2z8TrisoyY1)</tt> +** <tt>2103a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bdac</tt> +* <tt>pk(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd)</tt> +** <tt>2103a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bdac</tt> +* <tt>pkh([deadbeef/1/2'/3/4']L4rK1yDtCWekvXuE6oXD9jCYfFNV2cWRpVuPLBcCU2z8TrisoyY1)</tt> +** <tt>76a9149a1c78a507689f6f54b847ad1cef1e614ee23f1e88ac</tt> +* <tt>pkh([deadbeef/1/2'/3/4']03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd)</tt> +** <tt>76a9149a1c78a507689f6f54b847ad1cef1e614ee23f1e88ac</tt> +* <tt>pkh([deadbeef/1/2h/3/4h]03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd)</tt> +** <tt>76a9149a1c78a507689f6f54b847ad1cef1e614ee23f1e88ac</tt> +* <tt>pk(5KYZdUEo39z3FPrtuX2QbbwGnNP5zTd7yyr2SC1j299sBCnWjss)</tt> +** <tt>4104a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea235ac</tt> +* <tt>pk(04a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea235)</tt> +** <tt>4104a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea235ac</tt> +* <tt>pkh(5KYZdUEo39z3FPrtuX2QbbwGnNP5zTd7yyr2SC1j299sBCnWjss)</tt> +** <tt>76a914b5bd079c4d57cc7fc28ecf8213a6b791625b818388ac</tt> +* <tt>pkh(04a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea235)</tt> +** <tt>76a914b5bd079c4d57cc7fc28ecf8213a6b791625b818388ac</tt> +* <tt>sh(pk(L4rK1yDtCWekvXuE6oXD9jCYfFNV2cWRpVuPLBcCU2z8TrisoyY1))</tt> +** <tt>a9141857af51a5e516552b3086430fd8ce55f7c1a52487</tt> +* <tt>sh(pk(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd))</tt> +** <tt>a9141857af51a5e516552b3086430fd8ce55f7c1a52487</tt> +* <tt>sh(pkh(L4rK1yDtCWekvXuE6oXD9jCYfFNV2cWRpVuPLBcCU2z8TrisoyY1))</tt> +** <tt>a9141a31ad23bf49c247dd531a623c2ef57da3c400c587</tt> +* <tt>sh(pkh(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd))</tt> +** <tt>a9141a31ad23bf49c247dd531a623c2ef57da3c400c587</tt> +* <tt>pkh(xprv9s21ZrQH143K31xYSDQpPDxsXRTUcvj2iNHm5NUtrGiGG5e2DtALGdso3pGz6ssrdK4PFmM8NSpSBHNqPqm55Qn3LqFtT2emdEXVYsCzC2U/2147483647'/0)</tt> +** <tt>76a914ebdc90806a9c4356c1c88e42216611e1cb4c1c1788ac</tt> +* <tt>pkh([bd16bee5/2147483647h]xpub69H7F5dQzmVd3vPuLKtcXJziMEQByuDidnX3YdwgtNsecY5HRGtAAQC5mXTt4dsv9RzyjgDjAQs9VGVV6ydYCHnprc9vvaA5YtqWyL6hyds/0)</tt> +** <tt>76a914ebdc90806a9c4356c1c88e42216611e1cb4c1c1788ac</tt> +* <tt>pk(xprv9uPDJpEQgRQfDcW7BkF7eTya6RPxXeJCqCJGHuCJ4GiRVLzkTXBAJMu2qaMWPrS7AANYqdq6vcBcBUdJCVVFceUvJFjaPdGZ2y9WACViL4L/0)</tt> +** <tt>210379e45b3cf75f9c5f9befd8e9506fb962f6a9d185ac87001ec44a8d3df8d4a9e3ac</tt> +* <tt>pk(xpub68NZiKmJWnxxS6aaHmn81bvJeTESw724CRDs6HbuccFQN9Ku14VQrADWgqbhhTHBaohPX4CjNLf9fq9MYo6oDaPPLPxSb7gwQN3ih19Zm4Y/0)</tt> +** <tt>210379e45b3cf75f9c5f9befd8e9506fb962f6a9d185ac87001ec44a8d3df8d4a9e3ac</tt> + +Invalid descriptors + +* <tt>pk()</tt> only accepts key expressions: <tt>pk(pk(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd))</tt> +* <tt>pkh()</tt> only accepts key expressions: <tt>pkh(pk(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd))</tt> +* <tt>sh()</tt> only acceps script expressions: <tt>sh(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd)</tt> +* <tt>sh()</tt> is top level only: <tt>sh(sh(pkh(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd)))</tt> + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +<tt>pk()</tt>, <tt>pkh()</tt>, and <tt>sh()</tt> descriptors use the format and general operation specified in [[bip-0380.mediawiki|380]]. +As these are a wholly new descriptors, they are not compatible with any implementation. +However the scripts produced are standard scripts so existing software are likely to be familiar with them. + +==Reference Implementation== + +<tt>pk()</tt>, <tt>pkh()</tt>, and <tt>sh()</tt> descriptors have been implemented in Bitcoin Core since version 0.17. diff --git a/bip-0382.mediawiki b/bip-0382.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb1951d --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0382.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 382 + Layer: Applications + Title: Segwit Output Script Descriptors + Author: Pieter Wuille <pieter@wuille.net> + Ava Chow <me@achow101.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0382 + Status: Draft + Type: Informational + Created: 2021-06-27 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This document specifies <tt>wpkh()</tt>, and <tt>wsh()</tt> output script descriptors. +<tt>wpkh()</tt> descriptors take a key and produces a P2WPKH output script. +<tt>wsh()</tt> descriptors take a script and produces a P2WSH output script. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license. + +==Motivation== + +Segregated Witness added 2 additional standard output script formats: P2WPKH and P2WSH. +These expressions allow specifying those formats as a descriptor. + +==Specification== + +Two new script expressions are defined: <tt>wpkh()</tt>, and <tt>wsh()</tt>. + +===<tt>wpkh()</tt>=== + +The <tt>wpkh(KEY)</tt> expression can be used as a top level expression, or inside of a <tt>sh()</tt> descriptor. +It takes a single key expression as an argument and produces a P2WPKH output script. +Only keys which are/has compressed public keys can be contained in a <tt>wpkh()</tt> expression. + +The output script produced is: +<pre> +OP_0 <KEY_hash160> +</pre> + +===<tt>wsh()</tt>=== + +The <tt>wsh(SCRIPT)</tt> expression can be used as a top level expression, or inside of a <tt>sh()</tt> descriptor. +It takes a single script expression as an argument and produces a P2WSH output script. +<tt>wsh()</tt> expressions also create a witnessScript which is required in order to spend outputs which use its output script. +This redeemScript is the output script produced by the <tt>SCRIPT</tt> argument to <tt>wsh()</tt>. +Any key expression found in any script expression contained by a <tt>wsh()</tt> expression must only produce compressed public keys. + +The output script produced is: +<pre> +OP_0 <SCRIPT_sha256> +</pre> + +==Test Vectors== + +Valid descriptors followed by the scripts they produce. Descriptors involving derived child keys will have the 0th, 1st, and 2nd scripts listed. + +* <tt>wpkh(L4rK1yDtCWekvXuE6oXD9jCYfFNV2cWRpVuPLBcCU2z8TrisoyY1)</tt> +** <tt>00149a1c78a507689f6f54b847ad1cef1e614ee23f1e</tt> +* <tt>wpkh(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd)</tt> +** <tt>00149a1c78a507689f6f54b847ad1cef1e614ee23f1e</tt> +* <tt>wpkh([ffffffff/13']xprv9vHkqa6EV4sPZHYqZznhT2NPtPCjKuDKGY38FBWLvgaDx45zo9WQRUT3dKYnjwih2yJD9mkrocEZXo1ex8G81dwSM1fwqWpWkeS3v86pgKt/1/2/0)</tt> +** <tt>0014326b2249e3a25d5dc60935f044ee835d090ba859</tt> +* <tt>wpkh([ffffffff/13']xpub69H7F5d8KSRgmmdJg2KhpAK8SR3DjMwAdkxj3ZuxV27CprR9LgpeyGmXUbC6wb7ERfvrnKZjXoUmmDznezpbZb7ap6r1D3tgFxHmwMkQTPH/1/2/*)</tt> +** <tt>0014326b2249e3a25d5dc60935f044ee835d090ba859</tt> +** <tt>0014af0bd98abc2f2cae66e36896a39ffe2d32984fb7</tt> +** <tt>00141fa798efd1cbf95cebf912c031b8a4a6e9fb9f27</tt> +* <tt>sh(wpkh(xprv9s21ZrQH143K3QTDL4LXw2F7HEK3wJUD2nW2nRk4stbPy6cq3jPPqjiChkVvvNKmPGJxWUtg6LnF5kejMRNNU3TGtRBeJgk33yuGBxrMPHi/10/20/30/40/*'))</tt> +** <tt>a9149a4d9901d6af519b2a23d4a2f51650fcba87ce7b87</tt> +** <tt>a914bed59fc0024fae941d6e20a3b44a109ae740129287</tt> +** <tt>a9148483aa1116eb9c05c482a72bada4b1db24af654387</tt> +* <tt>sh(wpkh(xprv9s21ZrQH143K3QTDL4LXw2F7HEK3wJUD2nW2nRk4stbPy6cq3jPPqjiChkVvvNKmPGJxWUtg6LnF5kejMRNNU3TGtRBeJgk33yuGBxrMPHi/10/20/30/40/*h))</tt> +** <tt>a9149a4d9901d6af519b2a23d4a2f51650fcba87ce7b87</tt> +** <tt>a914bed59fc0024fae941d6e20a3b44a109ae740129287</tt> +** <tt>a9148483aa1116eb9c05c482a72bada4b1db24af654387</tt> +* <tt>wsh(pkh(L4rK1yDtCWekvXuE6oXD9jCYfFNV2cWRpVuPLBcCU2z8TrisoyY1))</tt> +** <tt>0020338e023079b91c58571b20e602d7805fb808c22473cbc391a41b1bd3a192e75b</tt> +* <tt>wsh(pkh(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd))</tt> +** <tt>0020338e023079b91c58571b20e602d7805fb808c22473cbc391a41b1bd3a192e75b</tt> +* <tt>wsh(pk(L4rK1yDtCWekvXuE6oXD9jCYfFNV2cWRpVuPLBcCU2z8TrisoyY1))</tt> +** <tt>00202e271faa2325c199d25d22e1ead982e45b64eeb4f31e73dbdf41bd4b5fec23fa</tt> +* <tt>wsh(pk(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd))</tt> +** <tt>00202e271faa2325c199d25d22e1ead982e45b64eeb4f31e73dbdf41bd4b5fec23fa</tt> +* <tt>sh(wsh(pkh(L4rK1yDtCWekvXuE6oXD9jCYfFNV2cWRpVuPLBcCU2z8TrisoyY1)))</tt> +** <tt>a914b61b92e2ca21bac1e72a3ab859a742982bea960a87</tt> +* <tt>sh(wsh(pkh(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd)))</tt> +** <tt>a914b61b92e2ca21bac1e72a3ab859a742982bea960a87</tt> + +Invalid descriptors with descriptions + +* Uncompressed public key in <tt>wpkh()</tt>: <tt>wpkh(5KYZdUEo39z3FPrtuX2QbbwGnNP5zTd7yyr2SC1j299sBCnWjss)</tt> +* Uncompressed public key in <tt>wpkh()</tt>: <tt>sh(wpkh(5KYZdUEo39z3FPrtuX2QbbwGnNP5zTd7yyr2SC1j299sBCnWjss))</tt> +* Uncompressed public key in <tt>wpkh()</tt>: <tt>wpkh(04a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea235)</tt> +* Uncompressed public key in <tt>wpkh()</tt>: <tt>sh(wpkh(04a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea235))</tt> +* Uncompressed public keys under <tt>wsh()</tt>: <tt>wsh(pk(5KYZdUEo39z3FPrtuX2QbbwGnNP5zTd7yyr2SC1j299sBCnWjss))</tt> +* Uncompressed public keys under <tt>wsh()</tt>: <tt>wsh(pk(04a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea235))</tt> +* <tt>wpkh()</tt> nested in <tt>wsh()</tt>: <tt>wsh(wpkh(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd))</tt> +* <tt>wsh()</tt> nested in <tt>wsh()</tt>: <tt>wsh(wsh(pkh(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd)))</tt> +* <tt>wsh()</tt> nested in <tt>wsh()</tt>: <tt>sh(wsh(wsh(pkh(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd))))</tt> +* Script in <tt>wpkh()</tt>: <tt>wpkh(wsh(pkh(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd)))</tt> +* Key in <tt>wsh()</tt>: <tt>wsh(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd)</tt> + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +<tt>wpkh()</tt>, and <tt>wsh()</tt> descriptors use the format and general operation specified in [[bip-0380.mediawiki|380]]. +As these are a wholly new descriptors, they are not compatible with any implementation. +However the scripts produced are standard scripts so existing software are likely to be familiar with them. + +==Reference Implementation== + +<tt>wpkh()</tt>, and <tt>wsh()</tt> descriptors have been implemented in Bitcoin Core since version 0.17. diff --git a/bip-0383.mediawiki b/bip-0383.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..66e2f16 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0383.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 383 + Layer: Applications + Title: Multisig Output Script Descriptors + Author: Pieter Wuille <pieter@wuille.net> + Ava Chow <me@achow101.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0383 + Status: Draft + Type: Informational + Created: 2021-06-27 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This document specifies <tt>multi()</tt>, and <tt>sortedmulti()</tt> output script descriptors. +Both functions take a threshold and one or more public keys and produce a multisig output script. +<tt>multi()</tt> specifies the public keys in the output script in the order given in the descriptor while <tt>sortedmulti()</tt> sorts the public keys lexicographically when the output script is produced. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license. + +==Motivation== + +The most common complex script used in Bitcoin is a threshold multisig. +These expressions allow specifying multisig scripts as a descriptor. + +==Specification== + +Two new script expressions are defined: <tt>multi()</tt>, and <tt>sortedmulti()</tt>. +Both expressions produce the scripts of the same template and take the same arguments. +They are written as <tt>multi(k,KEY_1,KEY_2,...,KEY_n)</tt>. +<tt>k</tt> is the threshold - the number of keys that must sign the input for the script to be valid. +<tt>KEY_1,KEY_2,...,KEY_n</tt> are the key expressions for the multisig. <tt>k</tt> must be less than or equal to <tt>n</tt>. + +<tt>multi()</tt> and <tt>sortedmulti()</tt> expressions can be used as a top level expression, or inside of either a <tt>sh()</tt> or <tt>wsh()</tt> descriptor. +Depending on the higher level descriptors, there may be restrictions on the type of public keys that can be included. + +Depending on the higher level descriptors, there are also restrictions on the number of keys that can be present, i.e. the maximum value of <tt>n</tt>. +When used at the top level, there can only be at most 3 keys. +When used inside of a <tt>sh()</tt> expression, there can only be most 15 compressed public keys (this is limited by the P2SH script limit). +Otherwise the maximum number of keys is 20. + +The output script produced also depends on the value of <tt>k</tt>. If <tt>k</tt> is less than or equal to 16: +<pre> +OP_k KEY_1 KEY_2 ... KEY_n OP_CHECKMULTISIG +</pre> + +if <tt>k</tt> is greater than 16: +<pre> +k KEY_1 KEY_2 ... KEY_n OP_CHECKMULTISIG +</pre> + +===<tt>sortedmulti()</tt>=== + +The only change for <tt>sortedmulti()</tt> is that the keys are sorted lexicographically prior to the creation of the output script. +This sorting is on the keys that are to be put into the output script, i.e. after all extended keys are derived. + +===Multiple Extended Keys</tt>=== + +When one or more the key expressions in a <tt>multi()</tt> or <tt>sortedmulti()</tt> expression are extended keys, the derived keys use the same child index. +This changes the keys in lockstep and allows for output scripts to be indexed in the same way that the derived keys are indexed. + +==Test Vectors== + +Valid descriptors followed by the scripts they produce. Descriptors involving derived child keys will have the 0th, 1st, and 2nd scripts listed. + +* <tt>multi(1,L4rK1yDtCWekvXuE6oXD9jCYfFNV2cWRpVuPLBcCU2z8TrisoyY1,5KYZdUEo39z3FPrtuX2QbbwGnNP5zTd7yyr2SC1j299sBCnWjss)</tt> +** <tt>512103a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd4104a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea23552ae</tt> +* <tt>multi(1,03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd,04a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea235)</tt> +** <tt>512103a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd4104a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea23552ae</tt> +* <tt>sortedmulti(1,04a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea235,03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd)</tt> +** <tt>512103a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd4104a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea23552ae</tt> +* <tt>sh(multi(2,[00000000/111'/222]xprvA1RpRA33e1JQ7ifknakTFpgNXPmW2YvmhqLQYMmrj4xJXXWYpDPS3xz7iAxn8L39njGVyuoseXzU6rcxFLJ8HFsTjSyQbLYnMpCqE2VbFWc,xprv9uPDJpEQgRQfDcW7BkF7eTya6RPxXeJCqCJGHuCJ4GiRVLzkTXBAJMu2qaMWPrS7AANYqdq6vcBcBUdJCVVFceUvJFjaPdGZ2y9WACViL4L/0))</tt> +** <tt>a91445a9a622a8b0a1269944be477640eedc447bbd8487</tt> +* <tt>sortedmulti(2,xpub6ERApfZwUNrhLCkDtcHTcxd75RbzS1ed54G1LkBUHQVHQKqhMkhgbmJbZRkrgZw4koxb5JaHWkY4ALHY2grBGRjaDMzQLcgJvLJuZZvRcEL/*,xpub68NZiKmJWnxxS6aaHmn81bvJeTESw724CRDs6HbuccFQN9Ku14VQrADWgqbhhTHBaohPX4CjNLf9fq9MYo6oDaPPLPxSb7gwQN3ih19Zm4Y/0/0/*)</tt> +** <tt>5221025d5fc65ebb8d44a5274b53bac21ff8307fec2334a32df05553459f8b1f7fe1b62102fbd47cc8034098f0e6a94c6aeee8528abf0a2153a5d8e46d325b7284c046784652ae</tt> +** <tt>52210264fd4d1f5dea8ded94c61e9641309349b62f27fbffe807291f664e286bfbe6472103f4ece6dfccfa37b211eb3d0af4d0c61dba9ef698622dc17eecdf764beeb005a652ae</tt> +** <tt>5221022ccabda84c30bad578b13c89eb3b9544ce149787e5b538175b1d1ba259cbb83321024d902e1a2fc7a8755ab5b694c575fce742c48d9ff192e63df5193e4c7afe1f9c52ae</tt> +* <tt>wsh(multi(2,xprv9s21ZrQH143K31xYSDQpPDxsXRTUcvj2iNHm5NUtrGiGG5e2DtALGdso3pGz6ssrdK4PFmM8NSpSBHNqPqm55Qn3LqFtT2emdEXVYsCzC2U/2147483647'/0,xprv9vHkqa6EV4sPZHYqZznhT2NPtPCjKuDKGY38FBWLvgaDx45zo9WQRUT3dKYnjwih2yJD9mkrocEZXo1ex8G81dwSM1fwqWpWkeS3v86pgKt/1/2/*,xprv9s21ZrQH143K3QTDL4LXw2F7HEK3wJUD2nW2nRk4stbPy6cq3jPPqjiChkVvvNKmPGJxWUtg6LnF5kejMRNNU3TGtRBeJgk33yuGBxrMPHi/10/20/30/40/*'))</tt> +** <tt>0020b92623201f3bb7c3771d45b2ad1d0351ea8fbf8cfe0a0e570264e1075fa1948f</tt> +** <tt>002036a08bbe4923af41cf4316817c93b8d37e2f635dd25cfff06bd50df6ae7ea203</tt> +** <tt>0020a96e7ab4607ca6b261bfe3245ffda9c746b28d3f59e83d34820ec0e2b36c139c</tt> +* <tt>sh(wsh(multi(16,03669b8afcec803a0d323e9a17f3ea8e68e8abe5a278020a929adbec52421adbd0,0260b2003c386519fc9eadf2b5cf124dd8eea4c4e68d5e154050a9346ea98ce600,0362a74e399c39ed5593852a30147f2959b56bb827dfa3e60e464b02ccf87dc5e8,0261345b53de74a4d721ef877c255429961b7e43714171ac06168d7e08c542a8b8,02da72e8b46901a65d4374fe6315538d8f368557dda3a1dcf9ea903f3afe7314c8,0318c82dd0b53fd3a932d16e0ba9e278fcc937c582d5781be626ff16e201f72286,0297ccef1ef99f9d73dec9ad37476ddb232f1238aff877af19e72ba04493361009,02e502cfd5c3f972fe9a3e2a18827820638f96b6f347e54d63deb839011fd5765d,03e687710f0e3ebe81c1037074da939d409c0025f17eb86adb9427d28f0f7ae0e9,02c04d3a5274952acdbc76987f3184b346a483d43be40874624b29e3692c1df5af,02ed06e0f418b5b43a7ec01d1d7d27290fa15f75771cb69b642a51471c29c84acd,036d46073cbb9ffee90473f3da429abc8de7f8751199da44485682a989a4bebb24,02f5d1ff7c9029a80a4e36b9a5497027ef7f3e73384a4a94fbfe7c4e9164eec8bc,02e41deffd1b7cce11cde209a781adcffdabd1b91c0ba0375857a2bfd9302419f3,02d76625f7956a7fc505ab02556c23ee72d832f1bac391bcd2d3abce5710a13d06,0399eb0a5487515802dc14544cf10b3666623762fbed2ec38a3975716e2c29c232)))</tt> +** <tt>a9147fc63e13dc25e8a95a3cee3d9a714ac3afd96f1e87</tt> +* <tt>wsh(multi(20,KzoAz5CanayRKex3fSLQ2BwJpN7U52gZvxMyk78nDMHuqrUxuSJy,KwGNz6YCCQtYvFzMtrC6D3tKTKdBBboMrLTsjr2NYVBwapCkn7Mr,KxogYhiNfwxuswvXV66eFyKcCpm7dZ7TqHVqujHAVUjJxyivxQ9X,L2BUNduTSyZwZjwNHynQTF14mv2uz2NRq5n5sYWTb4FkkmqgEE9f,L1okJGHGn1kFjdXHKxXjwVVtmCMR2JA5QsbKCSpSb7ReQjezKeoD,KxDCNSST75HFPaW5QKpzHtAyaCQC7p9Vo3FYfi2u4dXD1vgMiboK,L5edQjFtnkcf5UWURn6UuuoFrabgDQUHdheKCziwN42aLwS3KizU,KzF8UWFcEC7BYTq8Go1xVimMkDmyNYVmXV5PV7RuDicvAocoPB8i,L3nHUboKG2w4VSJ5jYZ5CBM97oeK6YuKvfZxrefdShECcjEYKMWZ,KyjHo36dWkYhimKmVVmQTq3gERv3pnqA4xFCpvUgbGDJad7eS8WE,KwsfyHKRUTZPQtysN7M3tZ4GXTnuov5XRgjdF2XCG8faAPmFruRF,KzCUbGhN9LJhdeFfL9zQgTJMjqxdBKEekRGZX24hXdgCNCijkkap,KzgpMBwwsDLwkaC5UrmBgCYaBD2WgZ7PBoGYXR8KT7gCA9UTN5a3,KyBXTPy4T7YG4q9tcAM3LkvfRpD1ybHMvcJ2ehaWXaSqeGUxEdkP,KzJDe9iwJRPtKP2F2AoN6zBgzS7uiuAwhWCfGdNeYJ3PC1HNJ8M8,L1xbHrxynrqLKkoYc4qtoQPx6uy5qYXR5ZDYVYBSRmCV5piU3JG9,KzRedjSwMggebB3VufhbzpYJnvHfHe9kPJSjCU5QpJdAW3NSZxYS,Kyjtp5858xL7JfeV4PNRCKy2t6XvgqNNepArGY9F9F1SSPqNEMs3,L2D4RLHPiHBidkHS8ftx11jJk1hGFELvxh8LoxNQheaGT58dKenW,KyLPZdwY4td98bKkXqEXTEBX3vwEYTQo1yyLjX2jKXA63GBpmSjv))</tt> +** <tt>0020376bd8344b8b6ebe504ff85ef743eaa1aa9272178223bcb6887e9378efb341ac</tt> +* <tt>sh(wsh(multi(20,KzoAz5CanayRKex3fSLQ2BwJpN7U52gZvxMyk78nDMHuqrUxuSJy,KwGNz6YCCQtYvFzMtrC6D3tKTKdBBboMrLTsjr2NYVBwapCkn7Mr,KxogYhiNfwxuswvXV66eFyKcCpm7dZ7TqHVqujHAVUjJxyivxQ9X,L2BUNduTSyZwZjwNHynQTF14mv2uz2NRq5n5sYWTb4FkkmqgEE9f,L1okJGHGn1kFjdXHKxXjwVVtmCMR2JA5QsbKCSpSb7ReQjezKeoD,KxDCNSST75HFPaW5QKpzHtAyaCQC7p9Vo3FYfi2u4dXD1vgMiboK,L5edQjFtnkcf5UWURn6UuuoFrabgDQUHdheKCziwN42aLwS3KizU,KzF8UWFcEC7BYTq8Go1xVimMkDmyNYVmXV5PV7RuDicvAocoPB8i,L3nHUboKG2w4VSJ5jYZ5CBM97oeK6YuKvfZxrefdShECcjEYKMWZ,KyjHo36dWkYhimKmVVmQTq3gERv3pnqA4xFCpvUgbGDJad7eS8WE,KwsfyHKRUTZPQtysN7M3tZ4GXTnuov5XRgjdF2XCG8faAPmFruRF,KzCUbGhN9LJhdeFfL9zQgTJMjqxdBKEekRGZX24hXdgCNCijkkap,KzgpMBwwsDLwkaC5UrmBgCYaBD2WgZ7PBoGYXR8KT7gCA9UTN5a3,KyBXTPy4T7YG4q9tcAM3LkvfRpD1ybHMvcJ2ehaWXaSqeGUxEdkP,KzJDe9iwJRPtKP2F2AoN6zBgzS7uiuAwhWCfGdNeYJ3PC1HNJ8M8,L1xbHrxynrqLKkoYc4qtoQPx6uy5qYXR5ZDYVYBSRmCV5piU3JG9,KzRedjSwMggebB3VufhbzpYJnvHfHe9kPJSjCU5QpJdAW3NSZxYS,Kyjtp5858xL7JfeV4PNRCKy2t6XvgqNNepArGY9F9F1SSPqNEMs3,L2D4RLHPiHBidkHS8ftx11jJk1hGFELvxh8LoxNQheaGT58dKenW,KyLPZdwY4td98bKkXqEXTEBX3vwEYTQo1yyLjX2jKXA63GBpmSjv)))</tt> +** <tt>a914c2c9c510e9d7f92fd6131e94803a8d34a8ef675e87</tt> + +Invalid descriptors + +* More than 15 keys in P2SH multisig: <tt>sh(multi(16,03669b8afcec803a0d323e9a17f3ea8e68e8abe5a278020a929adbec52421adbd0,0260b2003c386519fc9eadf2b5cf124dd8eea4c4e68d5e154050a9346ea98ce600,0362a74e399c39ed5593852a30147f2959b56bb827dfa3e60e464b02ccf87dc5e8,0261345b53de74a4d721ef877c255429961b7e43714171ac06168d7e08c542a8b8,02da72e8b46901a65d4374fe6315538d8f368557dda3a1dcf9ea903f3afe7314c8,0318c82dd0b53fd3a932d16e0ba9e278fcc937c582d5781be626ff16e201f72286,0297ccef1ef99f9d73dec9ad37476ddb232f1238aff877af19e72ba04493361009,02e502cfd5c3f972fe9a3e2a18827820638f96b6f347e54d63deb839011fd5765d,03e687710f0e3ebe81c1037074da939d409c0025f17eb86adb9427d28f0f7ae0e9,02c04d3a5274952acdbc76987f3184b346a483d43be40874624b29e3692c1df5af,02ed06e0f418b5b43a7ec01d1d7d27290fa15f75771cb69b642a51471c29c84acd,036d46073cbb9ffee90473f3da429abc8de7f8751199da44485682a989a4bebb24,02f5d1ff7c9029a80a4e36b9a5497027ef7f3e73384a4a94fbfe7c4e9164eec8bc,02e41deffd1b7cce11cde209a781adcffdabd1b91c0ba0375857a2bfd9302419f3,02d76625f7956a7fc505ab02556c23ee72d832f1bac391bcd2d3abce5710a13d06,0399eb0a5487515802dc14544cf10b3666623762fbed2ec38a3975716e2c29c232))</tt> +* Invalid threshold: <tt>multi(a,03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd,04a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea235)</tt> +* Threshold of 0: <tt>multi(0,03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd,04a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea235)</tt> +* Threshold larger than keys: <tt>multi(3,L4rK1yDtCWekvXuE6oXD9jCYfFNV2cWRpVuPLBcCU2z8TrisoyY1,5KYZdUEo39z3FPrtuX2QbbwGnNP5zTd7yyr2SC1j299sBCnWjss)</tt> + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +<tt>multi()</tt>, and <tt>sortedmulti()</tt> descriptors use the format and general operation specified in [[bip-0380.mediawiki|380]]. +As these are a wholly new descriptors, they are not compatible with any implementation. +However the scripts produced are standard scripts so existing software are likely to be familiar with them. + +==Reference Implementation== + +<tt>multi()</tt>, and <tt>sortedmulti()</tt> descriptors have been implemented in Bitcoin Core since version 0.17. diff --git a/bip-0384.mediawiki b/bip-0384.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba12b55 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0384.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 384 + Layer: Applications + Title: combo() Output Script Descriptors + Author: Pieter Wuille <pieter@wuille.net> + Ava Chow <me@achow101.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0384 + Status: Draft + Type: Informational + Created: 2021-06-27 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This document specifies <tt>combo()</tt> output script descriptors. +These take a key and produce P2PK, P2PKH, P2WPKH, and P2SH-P2WPKH output scripts if applicable to the key. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license. + +==Motivation== + +In order to make the transition from traditional key based wallets to descriptor based wallets easier, it is useful to be able to take a key and produce the scripts which have traditionally been produced by wallet software. + +==Specification== + +A new top level script expression is defined: <tt>combo(KEY)</tt>. +This expression can only be used as a top level expression. +It takes a single key expression as an argument and produces either 2 or 4 output scripts, depending on the key. +A <tt>combo()</tt> expression always produces a P2PK and P2PKH script, the same as putting the key in both a <tt>pk()</tt> and a <tt>pkh()</tt> expression. +If the key is/has a compressed public key, then P2WPKH and P2SH-P2WPKH scripts are also produced, the same as putting the key in both a <tt>wpkh()</tt> and <tt>sh(wpkh())</tt> expression. + +==Test Vectors== + +Valid descriptors followed by the scripts they produce. Descriptors involving derived child keys will have the 0th, and 1st scripts in additional sub-bullets. + +* <tt>combo(L4rK1yDtCWekvXuE6oXD9jCYfFNV2cWRpVuPLBcCU2z8TrisoyY1)</tt> +** <tt>2103a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bdac</tt> +** <tt>76a9149a1c78a507689f6f54b847ad1cef1e614ee23f1e88ac</tt> +** <tt>00149a1c78a507689f6f54b847ad1cef1e614ee23f1e</tt> +** <tt>a91484ab21b1b2fd065d4504ff693d832434b6108d7b87</tt> +* <tt>combo(04a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea235)</tt> +** <tt>4104a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea235ac</tt> +** <tt>76a914b5bd079c4d57cc7fc28ecf8213a6b791625b818388ac</tt> +* <tt>combo([01234567]xpub6ERApfZwUNrhLCkDtcHTcxd75RbzS1ed54G1LkBUHQVHQKqhMkhgbmJbZRkrgZw4koxb5JaHWkY4ALHY2grBGRjaDMzQLcgJvLJuZZvRcEL)</tt> +** <tt>2102d2b36900396c9282fa14628566582f206a5dd0bcc8d5e892611806cafb0301f0ac</tt> +** <tt>76a91431a507b815593dfc51ffc7245ae7e5aee304246e88ac</tt> +** <tt>001431a507b815593dfc51ffc7245ae7e5aee304246e</tt> +** <tt>a9142aafb926eb247cb18240a7f4c07983ad1f37922687</tt> +* <tt>combo(xprvA2JDeKCSNNZky6uBCviVfJSKyQ1mDYahRjijr5idH2WwLsEd4Hsb2Tyh8RfQMuPh7f7RtyzTtdrbdqqsunu5Mm3wDvUAKRHSC34sJ7in334/*)</tt> +** Child 0 +*** <tt>2102df12b7035bdac8e3bab862a3a83d06ea6b17b6753d52edecba9be46f5d09e076ac</tt> +*** <tt>76a914f90e3178ca25f2c808dc76624032d352fdbdfaf288ac</tt> +*** <tt>0014f90e3178ca25f2c808dc76624032d352fdbdfaf2</tt> +*** <tt>a91408f3ea8c68d4a7585bf9e8bda226723f70e445f087</tt> +** Child 1 +*** <tt>21032869a233c9adff9a994e4966e5b821fd5bac066da6c3112488dc52383b4a98ecac</tt> +*** <tt>76a914a8409d1b6dfb1ed2a3e8aa5e0ef2ff26b15b75b788ac</tt> +*** <tt>0014a8409d1b6dfb1ed2a3e8aa5e0ef2ff26b15b75b7</tt> +*** <tt>a91473e39884cb71ae4e5ac9739e9225026c99763e6687</tt> + +Invalid descriptors + +* <tt>combo()</tt> in <tt>sh</tt> : <tt>sh(combo(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd))</tt> +* <tt>combo()</tt> in <tt>wsh</tt> : <tt>wsh(combo(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd))</tt> +* Script in <tt>combo()</tt>: <tt>combo(pkh(03a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd))</tt> + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +<tt>combo()</tt> descriptors use the format and general operation specified in [[bip-0380.mediawiki|380]]. +As this is a wholly new descriptor, it is not compatible with any implementation. +However the scripts produced are standard scripts so existing software are likely to be familiar with them. + +==Reference Implementation== + +<tt>combo()</tt> descriptors have been implemented in Bitcoin Core since version 0.17. diff --git a/bip-0385.mediawiki b/bip-0385.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3e922b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0385.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 385 + Layer: Applications + Title: raw() and addr() Output Script Descriptors + Author: Pieter Wuille <pieter@wuille.net> + Ava Chow <me@achow101.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0385 + Status: Draft + Type: Informational + Created: 2021-06-27 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This document specifies <tt>raw()</tt> and <tt>addr()</tt> output script descriptors. +<tt>raw()</tt> encapsulates a raw script as a descriptor. +<tt>addr()</tt> encapsulates an address as a descriptor. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license. + +==Motivation== + +In order to make descriptors maximally compatible with scripts in use today, it is useful to be able to wrap any arbitrary output script or an address into a descriptor. + +==Specification== + +Two new script expressions are defined: <tt>raw()</tt> and <tt>addr()</tt>. + +===<tt>raw()</tt>=== + +The <tt>raw(HEX)</tt> expression can only be used as a top level descriptor. +As the argument, it takes a hex string representing a Bitcoin script. +The output script produced by this descriptor is the script represented by <tt>HEX</tt>. + +===<tt>addr()</tt>=== + +The <tt>addr(ADDR)</tt> expression can only be used as a top level descriptor. +It takes an address as its single argument. +The output script produced by this descriptor is the output script produced by the address <tt>ADDR</tt>. + +==Test Vectors== + +Valid descriptors followed by the scripts they produce. + +* <tt>raw(deadbeef)</tt> +** <tt>deadbeef</tt> +* <tt>raw(512103a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd4104a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea23552ae)</tt> +** <tt>512103a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd4104a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea23552ae</tt> +* <tt>raw(a9149a4d9901d6af519b2a23d4a2f51650fcba87ce7b87)</tt> +** <tt>a9149a4d9901d6af519b2a23d4a2f51650fcba87ce7b87</tt> +* <tt>addr(3PUNyaW7M55oKWJ3kDukwk9bsKvryra15j)</tt> +** <tt>a914eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee87</tt> + +Invalid descriptors + +* Non-hex script: <tt>raw(asdf)</tt> +* Invalid address: <tt>addr(asdf)</tt> +* <tt>raw</tt> nested in <tt>sh</tt>: <tt>sh(raw(deadbeef))</tt> +* <tt>raw</tt> nested in <tt>wsh</tt>: <tt>wsh(raw(deadbeef))</tt> +* <tt>addr</tt> nested in <tt>sh</tt>: <tt>sh(addr(3PUNyaW7M55oKWJ3kDukwk9bsKvryra15j))</tt> +* <tt>addr</tt> nested in <tt>wsh</tt>: <tt>wsh(addr(3PUNyaW7M55oKWJ3kDukwk9bsKvryra15j))</tt> + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +<tt>raw()</tt> and <tt>addr()</tt> descriptors use the format and general operation specified in [[bip-0380.mediawiki|380]]. +As this is a wholly new descriptor, it is not compatible with any implementation. +The reuse of existing Bitcoin addresses allows for this to be more easily implemented. + +==Reference Implementation== + +<tt>raw()</tt> and <tt>addr()</tt> descriptors have been implemented in Bitcoin Core since version 0.17. diff --git a/bip-0386.mediawiki b/bip-0386.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..759887d --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0386.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 386 + Layer: Applications + Title: tr() Output Script Descriptors + Author: Pieter Wuille <pieter@wuille.net> + Ava Chow <me@achow101.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0386 + Status: Draft + Type: Informational + Created: 2021-06-27 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This document specifies <tt>tr()</tt> output script descriptors. +<tt>tr()</tt> descriptors take a key and optionally a tree of scripts and produces a P2TR output script. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license. + +==Motivation== + +Taproot added one additional standard output script format: P2TR. +These expressions allow specifying those formats as a descriptor. + +==Specification== + +A new script expression is defined: <tt>tr()</tt>. +A new expression is defined: Tree Expressions + +===Tree Expression=== + +A Tree Expression (denoted <tt>TREE</tt>) is an expression which represents a tree of scripts. +The way the tree is represented in an output script is dependent on the higher level expressions. + +A Tree Expression is: +* Any Script Expression that is allowed at the level this Tree Expression is in. +* A pair of Tree Expressions consisting of: +** An open brace <tt>{</tt> +** A Tree Expression +** A comma <tt>,</tt> +** A Tree Expression +** A closing brace <tt>}</tt> + +===<tt>tr()</tt>=== + +The <tt>tr(KEY)</tt> or <tt>tr(KEY, TREE)</tt> expression can only be used as a top level expression. +All key expressions under any <tt>tr()</tt> expression must create x-only public keys. + +<tt>tr(KEY)</tt> takes a single key expression as an argument and produces a P2TR output script which does not have a script path. +Each key produced by the key expression is used as the internal key of a P2TR output as specified by [[bip-0341.mediawiki#cite_ref-22-0|BIP 341]]. +Specifically, "If the spending conditions do not require a script path, the output key should commit to an unspendable script path instead of having no script path. +This can be achieved by computing the output key point as ''Q = P + int(hash<sub>TapTweak</sub>(bytes(P)))G''." + +<pre> +internal_key: lift_x(KEY) +32_byte_output_key: internal_key + int(HashTapTweak(bytes(internal_key)))G +scriptPubKey: OP_1 <32_byte_output_key> +</pre> + +<tt>tr(KEY, TREE)</tt> takes a key expression as the first argument, and a tree expression as the second argument and produces a P2TR output script which has a script path. +The keys produced by the first key expression are used as the internal key as specified by [[bip-0341.mediawiki#Constructing_and_spending_Taproot_outputs|BIP 341]]. +The Tree expression becomes the Taproot script tree as described in BIP 341. +A merkle root is computed from this tree and combined with the internal key to create the Taproot output key. + +<pre> +internal_key: lift_x(KEY) +merkle_root: HashTapBranch(TREE) +32_byte_output_key: internal_key + int(HashTapTweak(bytes(internal_key) || merkle_root))G +scriptPubKey: OP_1 <32_byte_output_key> +</pre> + +===Modified Key Expression=== + +Key Expressions within a <tt>tr()</tt> expression must only create x-only public keys. +Uncompressed public keys are not allowed, but compressed public keys would be implicitly converted to x-only public keys. +The keys derived from extended keys must be serialized as x-only public keys. +An additional key expression is defined only for use within a <tt>tr()</tt> descriptor: + +* A 64 hex character string representing an x-only public key + +==Test Vectors== + +Valid descriptors followed by the scripts they produce. Descriptors involving derived child keys will have the 0th, 1st, and 2nd scripts listed. + +* <tt>tr(a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd)</tt> +** <tt>512077aab6e066f8a7419c5ab714c12c67d25007ed55a43cadcacb4d7a970a093f11</tt> +* <tt>tr(L4rK1yDtCWekvXuE6oXD9jCYfFNV2cWRpVuPLBcCU2z8TrisoyY1)</tt> +** <tt>512077aab6e066f8a7419c5ab714c12c67d25007ed55a43cadcacb4d7a970a093f11</tt> +* <tt>tr(xprvA1RpRA33e1JQ7ifknakTFpgNXPmW2YvmhqLQYMmrj4xJXXWYpDPS3xz7iAxn8L39njGVyuoseXzU6rcxFLJ8HFsTjSyQbLYnMpCqE2VbFWc/0/*,pk(xprvA1RpRA33e1JQ7ifknakTFpgNXPmW2YvmhqLQYMmrj4xJXXWYpDPS3xz7iAxn8L39njGVyuoseXzU6rcxFLJ8HFsTjSyQbLYnMpCqE2VbFWc/1/*))</tt> +** <tt>512078bc707124daa551b65af74de2ec128b7525e10f374dc67b64e00ce0ab8b3e12</tt> +** <tt>512001f0a02a17808c20134b78faab80ef93ffba82261ccef0a2314f5d62b6438f11</tt> +** <tt>512021024954fcec88237a9386fce80ef2ced5f1e91b422b26c59ccfc174c8d1ad25</tt> +* <tt>tr(a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd,pk(669b8afcec803a0d323e9a17f3ea8e68e8abe5a278020a929adbec52421adbd0))</tt> +** <tt>512017cf18db381d836d8923b1bdb246cfcd818da1a9f0e6e7907f187f0b2f937754</tt> +* <tt>tr(a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd,{pk(xprvA2JDeKCSNNZky6uBCviVfJSKyQ1mDYahRjijr5idH2WwLsEd4Hsb2Tyh8RfQMuPh7f7RtyzTtdrbdqqsunu5Mm3wDvUAKRHSC34sJ7in334/0),{{pk(xpub6ERApfZwUNrhLCkDtcHTcxd75RbzS1ed54G1LkBUHQVHQKqhMkhgbmJbZRkrgZw4koxb5JaHWkY4ALHY2grBGRjaDMzQLcgJvLJuZZvRcEL),pk(02df12b7035bdac8e3bab862a3a83d06ea6b17b6753d52edecba9be46f5d09e076)},pk(L4rK1yDtCWekvXuE6oXD9jCYfFNV2cWRpVuPLBcCU2z8TrisoyY1)}})</tt> +** <tt>512071fff39599a7b78bc02623cbe814efebf1a404f5d8ad34ea80f213bd8943f574</tt> + +Invalid Descriptors + +* Uncompressed private key: <tt>tr(5kyzdueo39z3fprtux2qbbwgnnp5ztd7yyr2sc1j299sbcnwjss)</tt> +* Uncompressed public key: <tt>tr(04a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd5b8dec5235a0fa8722476c7709c02559e3aa73aa03918ba2d492eea75abea235)</tt> +* <tt>tr()</tt> nested in <tt>wsh</tt>: <tt>wsh(tr(a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd))</tt> +* <tt>tr()</tt> nested in <tt>sh</tt>: <tt>sh(tr(a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd))</tt> +* <tt>pkh()</tt> nested in <tt>tr</tt>: <tt>tr(a34b99f22c790c4e36b2b3c2c35a36db06226e41c692fc82b8b56ac1c540c5bd, pkh(L4rK1yDtCWekvXuE6oXD9jCYfFNV2cWRpVuPLBcCU2z8TrisoyY1))</tt> + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +<tt>tr()</tt> descriptors use the format and general operation specified in [[bip-0380.mediawiki|380]]. +As these are a set of wholly new descriptors, they are not compatible with any implementation. +However the scripts produced are standard scripts so existing software are likely to be familiar with them. + +Tree Expressions are largely incompatible with existing script expressions due to the restrictions in those expressions. +As of 2021-06-27, the only allowed script expression that can be used in a tree expression is <tt>pk()</tt>. +However there will be future BIPs that specify script expressions that can be used in tree expressions. + +==Reference Implementation== + +<tt>tr()</tt> descriptors have been implemented in Bitcoin Core since version 22.0. diff --git a/bip-0389.mediawiki b/bip-0389.mediawiki new file mode 100644 index 0000000..500d7e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/bip-0389.mediawiki @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +<pre> + BIP: 389 + Layer: Applications + Title: Multipath Descriptor Key Expressions + Author: Ava Chow <me@achow101.com> + Comments-Summary: No comments yet. + Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0389 + Status: Draft + Type: Informational + Created: 2022-07-26 + License: BSD-2-Clause +</pre> + +==Abstract== + +This document specifies a modification to Key Expressions of Descriptors that are described in BIP 380. +This modification allows Key Expressions to indicate BIP 32 derivation path steps that can have multiple values. + +==Copyright== + +This BIP is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license. + +==Motivation== + +Descriptors can describe the scripts that are used in a wallet, but wallets often require at least two descriptors for all of the scripts that they watch for. +Wallets typically have one descriptor for producing receiving addresses, and the other for change addresses. +These descriptors are often extremely similar - they produce the same types of scripts, derive keys from the same master key, and use derivation paths that are almost identical. +The only differences are in the derivation path where one of the steps will be different between the descriptors. +Thus it is useful to have a notation to represent both descriptors as a single descriptor where one of the derivation steps is a pair of values. + +==Specification== + +For extended keys and their derivations paths in a Key Expression, BIP 380 states: + +* <tt>xpub</tt> encoded extended public key or <tt>xprv</tt> encoded extended private key (as defined in BIP 32) +** Followed by zero or more <tt>/NUM</tt> or <tt>/NUMh</tt> path elements indicating BIP 32 derivation steps to be taken after the given extended key. +** Optionally followed by a single <tt>/*</tt> or <tt>/*h</tt> final step to denote all direct unhardened or hardened children. + +This is modifed to state: + +* <tt>xpub</tt> encoded extended public key or <tt>xprv</tt> encoded extended private key (as defined in BIP 32) +** Followed by zero or more <tt>/NUM</tt> (may be followed by <tt>h</tt>, <tt>H</tt>, or <tt>'</tt> to indicate a hardened step) path elements indicating BIP 32 derivation steps to be taken after the given extended key. +** Followed by zero or one <tt>/<NUM;NUM</tt> (each <tt>NUM</tt> may be followed by <tt>h</tt>, <tt>H</tt>, or <tt>'</tt> to indicate a hardened step) path element indicating a tuple of BIP 32 derivation steps to be taken after the given extended key. +*** Followed by zero or more <tt>;NUM</tt> (may be followed by <tt>h</tt>, <tt>H</tt>, or <tt>'</tt> to indicate a hardened step) additional tuple values of BIP 32 derivation steps +*** Followed by a single <tt>>/</tt> +** Followed by zero or more <tt>/NUM</tt> (may be followed by <tt>h</tt>, <tt>H</tt>, or <tt>'</tt> to indicate a hardened step) path elements indicating BIP 32 derivation steps to be taken after the given extended key. +** Optionally followed by a single <tt>/*</tt> (may be followed by <tt>h</tt>, <tt>H</tt>, or <tt>'</tt> to indicate a hardened step) final step to denote all direct unhardened or hardened children. + +When a <tt>/<NUM;NUM;...;NUM></tt> is encountered, parsers should account for a presence of multiple descriptors where the first descriptor uses the first <tt>NUM</tt>, and a second descriptor uses the second <tt>NUM</tt>, and so on, until each <tt>NUM</tt> is accounted for in the production of public keys, scripts, and addresses, as well as descriptor import and export operations. +Descriptors that contain multiple Key Expressions that each have a <tt>/<NUM;NUM;...;NUM></tt> must have tuples of exactly the same length so that they are derived in lockstep in the same way that <tt>/*</tt> paths in multiple Key expressions are handled. + +The common use case for this is to represent descriptors for producing receiving and change addresses. +When interpreting for this use case, wallets should use the first descriptor for producing receiving addresses, and the second descriptor for producing change addresses. +For this use case, the element will commonly be the value <tt>/<0;1></tt> + +Note that only one <tt>/<NUM;NUM;...;NUM></tt> specifier is allowed in a Key Expression. + +==Test Vectors== + +Valid multipath descriptors followed by the descriptors they expand into as sub-bullets + +* <tt>pk(xpub68NZiKmJWnxxS6aaHmn81bvJeTESw724CRDs6HbuccFQN9Ku14VQrADWgqbhhTHBaohPX4CjNLf9fq9MYo6oDaPPLPxSb7gwQN3ih19Zm4Y/<0;1>)</tt> +** <tt>pk(xpub68NZiKmJWnxxS6aaHmn81bvJeTESw724CRDs6HbuccFQN9Ku14VQrADWgqbhhTHBaohPX4CjNLf9fq9MYo6oDaPPLPxSb7gwQN3ih19Zm4Y/0)</tt> +** <tt>pk(xpub68NZiKmJWnxxS6aaHmn81bvJeTESw724CRDs6HbuccFQN9Ku14VQrADWgqbhhTHBaohPX4CjNLf9fq9MYo6oDaPPLPxSb7gwQN3ih19Zm4Y/1)</tt> +* <tt>pkh(xprv9s21ZrQH143K31xYSDQpPDxsXRTUcvj2iNHm5NUtrGiGG5e2DtALGdso3pGz6ssrdK4PFmM8NSpSBHNqPqm55Qn3LqFtT2emdEXVYsCzC2U/<2147483647h;0>/0)</tt> +** <tt>pkh(xprv9s21ZrQH143K31xYSDQpPDxsXRTUcvj2iNHm5NUtrGiGG5e2DtALGdso3pGz6ssrdK4PFmM8NSpSBHNqPqm55Qn3LqFtT2emdEXVYsCzC2U/2147483647h/0)</tt> +** <tt>pkh(xprv9s21ZrQH143K31xYSDQpPDxsXRTUcvj2iNHm5NUtrGiGG5e2DtALGdso3pGz6ssrdK4PFmM8NSpSBHNqPqm55Qn3LqFtT2emdEXVYsCzC2U/0/0)</tt> +* <tt>wpkh([ffffffff/13h]xpub69H7F5d8KSRgmmdJg2KhpAK8SR3DjMwAdkxj3ZuxV27CprR9LgpeyGmXUbC6wb7ERfvrnKZjXoUmmDznezpbZb7ap6r1D3tgFxHmwMkQTPH/<1;3>/2/*</tt> +** <tt>wpkh([ffffffff/13h]xpub69H7F5d8KSRgmmdJg2KhpAK8SR3DjMwAdkxj3ZuxV27CprR9LgpeyGmXUbC6wb7ERfvrnKZjXoUmmDznezpbZb7ap6r1D3tgFxHmwMkQTPH/1/2/*)</tt> +** <tt>wpkh([ffffffff/13h]xpub69H7F5d8KSRgmmdJg2KhpAK8SR3DjMwAdkxj3ZuxV27CprR9LgpeyGmXUbC6wb7ERfvrnKZjXoUmmDznezpbZb7ap6r1D3tgFxHmwMkQTPH/3/2/*)</tt> +* <tt>multi(2,xpub6ERApfZwUNrhLCkDtcHTcxd75RbzS1ed54G1LkBUHQVHQKqhMkhgbmJbZRkrgZw4koxb5JaHWkY4ALHY2grBGRjaDMzQLcgJvLJuZZvRcEL/<1;2>/*,xpub68NZiKmJWnxxS6aaHmn81bvJeTESw724CRDs6HbuccFQN9Ku14VQrADWgqbhhTHBaohPX4CjNLf9fq9MYo6oDaPPLPxSb7gwQN3ih19Zm4Y/<3;4>/0/*)</tt> +** <tt>multi(2,xpub6ERApfZwUNrhLCkDtcHTcxd75RbzS1ed54G1LkBUHQVHQKqhMkhgbmJbZRkrgZw4koxb5JaHWkY4ALHY2grBGRjaDMzQLcgJvLJuZZvRcEL/1/*,xpub68NZiKmJWnxxS6aaHmn81bvJeTESw724CRDs6HbuccFQN9Ku14VQrADWgqbhhTHBaohPX4CjNLf9fq9MYo6oDaPPLPxSb7gwQN3ih19Zm4Y/3/0/*)</tt> +** <tt>multi(2,xpub6ERApfZwUNrhLCkDtcHTcxd75RbzS1ed54G1LkBUHQVHQKqhMkhgbmJbZRkrgZw4koxb5JaHWkY4ALHY2grBGRjaDMzQLcgJvLJuZZvRcEL/2/*,xpub68NZiKmJWnxxS6aaHmn81bvJeTESw724CRDs6HbuccFQN9Ku14VQrADWgqbhhTHBaohPX4CjNLf9fq9MYo6oDaPPLPxSb7gwQN3ih19Zm4Y/4/0/*)</tt> +* <tt>pkh(xpub661MyMwAqRbcFW31YEwpkMuc5THy2PSt5bDMsktWQcFF8syAmRUapSCGu8ED9W6oDMSgv6Zz8idoc4a6mr8BDzTJY47LJhkJ8UB7WEGuduB/<0;1;2>)</tt> +** <tt>pkh(xpub661MyMwAqRbcFW31YEwpkMuc5THy2PSt5bDMsktWQcFF8syAmRUapSCGu8ED9W6oDMSgv6Zz8idoc4a6mr8BDzTJY47LJhkJ8UB7WEGuduB/0)</tt> +** <tt>pkh(xpub661MyMwAqRbcFW31YEwpkMuc5THy2PSt5bDMsktWQcFF8syAmRUapSCGu8ED9W6oDMSgv6Zz8idoc4a6mr8BDzTJY47LJhkJ8UB7WEGuduB/1)</tt> +** <tt>pkh(xpub661MyMwAqRbcFW31YEwpkMuc5THy2PSt5bDMsktWQcFF8syAmRUapSCGu8ED9W6oDMSgv6Zz8idoc4a6mr8BDzTJY47LJhkJ8UB7WEGuduB/2)</tt> +* <tt>sh(multi(2,xpub6ERApfZwUNrhLCkDtcHTcxd75RbzS1ed54G1LkBUHQVHQKqhMkhgbmJbZRkrgZw4koxb5JaHWkY4ALHY2grBGRjaDMzQLcgJvLJuZZvRcEL/<1;2;3>/0/*,xpub68NZiKmJWnxxS6aaHmn81bvJeTESw724CRDs6HbuccFQN9Ku14VQrADWgqbhhTHBaohPX4CjNLf9fq9MYo6oDaPPLPxSb7gwQN3ih19Zm4Y/0/*,xpub661MyMwAqRbcGDZQUKLqmWodYLcoBQnQH33yYkkF3jjxeLvY8qr2wWGEWkiKFaaQfJCoi3HeEq3Dc5DptfbCyjD38fNhSqtKc1UHaP4ba3t/0/0/<3;4;5>/*))</tt> +** <tt>sh(multi(2,xpub6ERApfZwUNrhLCkDtcHTcxd75RbzS1ed54G1LkBUHQVHQKqhMkhgbmJbZRkrgZw4koxb5JaHWkY4ALHY2grBGRjaDMzQLcgJvLJuZZvRcEL/1/0/*,xpub68NZiKmJWnxxS6aaHmn81bvJeTESw724CRDs6HbuccFQN9Ku14VQrADWgqbhhTHBaohPX4CjNLf9fq9MYo6oDaPPLPxSb7gwQN3ih19Zm4Y/0/*,xpub661MyMwAqRbcGDZQUKLqmWodYLcoBQnQH33yYkkF3jjxeLvY8qr2wWGEWkiKFaaQfJCoi3HeEq3Dc5DptfbCyjD38fNhSqtKc1UHaP4ba3t/0/0/3/*))</tt> +** <tt>sh(multi(2,xpub6ERApfZwUNrhLCkDtcHTcxd75RbzS1ed54G1LkBUHQVHQKqhMkhgbmJbZRkrgZw4koxb5JaHWkY4ALHY2grBGRjaDMzQLcgJvLJuZZvRcEL/2/0/*,xpub68NZiKmJWnxxS6aaHmn81bvJeTESw724CRDs6HbuccFQN9Ku14VQrADWgqbhhTHBaohPX4CjNLf9fq9MYo6oDaPPLPxSb7gwQN3ih19Zm4Y/0/*,xpub661MyMwAqRbcGDZQUKLqmWodYLcoBQnQH33yYkkF3jjxeLvY8qr2wWGEWkiKFaaQfJCoi3HeEq3Dc5DptfbCyjD38fNhSqtKc1UHaP4ba3t/0/0/4/*))</tt> +** <tt>sh(multi(2,xpub6ERApfZwUNrhLCkDtcHTcxd75RbzS1ed54G1LkBUHQVHQKqhMkhgbmJbZRkrgZw4koxb5JaHWkY4ALHY2grBGRjaDMzQLcgJvLJuZZvRcEL/3/0/*,xpub68NZiKmJWnxxS6aaHmn81bvJeTESw724CRDs6HbuccFQN9Ku14VQrADWgqbhhTHBaohPX4CjNLf9fq9MYo6oDaPPLPxSb7gwQN3ih19Zm4Y/0/*,xpub661MyMwAqRbcGDZQUKLqmWodYLcoBQnQH33yYkkF3jjxeLvY8qr2wWGEWkiKFaaQfJCoi3HeEq3Dc5DptfbCyjD38fNhSqtKc1UHaP4ba3t/0/0/5/*))</tt> + +Invalid descriptors + +* Multiple multipath specifiers: <tt>pkh(xprv9s21ZrQH143K31xYSDQpPDxsXRTUcvj2iNHm5NUtrGiGG5e2DtALGdso3pGz6ssrdK4PFmM8NSpSBHNqPqm55Qn3LqFtT2emdEXVYsCzC2U/<0;1>/<2;3>)</tt> +* Multipath specifier in origin: <tt>pkh([deadbeef/<0;1>]xpub661MyMwAqRbcFW31YEwpkMuc5THy2PSt5bDMsktWQcFF8syAmRUapSCGu8ED9W6oDMSgv6Zz8idoc4a6mr8BDzTJY47LJhkJ8UB7WEGuduB/0)</tt> +* Multipath specifiers of mismatched lengths: <tt>tr(xpub661MyMwAqRbcF3yVrV2KyYetLMYA5mCbv4BhrKwUrFE9LZM6JRR1AEt8Jq4V4C8LwtTke6YEEdCZqgXp85YRk2j74EfJKhe3QybQ9kcUjs4/<6;7;8;9>/*,{pk(xpub6ERApfZwUNrhLCkDtcHTcxd75RbzS1ed54G1LkBUHQVHQKqhMkhgbmJbZRkrgZw4koxb5JaHWkY4ALHY2grBGRjaDMzQLcgJvLJuZZvRcEL/<1;2;3>/0/*),pk(xpub661MyMwAqRbcGDZQUKLqmWodYLcoBQnQH33yYkkF3jjxeLvY8qr2wWGEWkiKFaaQfJCoi3HeEq3Dc5DptfbCyjD38fNhSqtKc1UHaP4ba3t/0/0/<3;4;5>/*)})</tt> +* Multipath specifiers of mismatched lengths: <tt>sh(multi(2,xprvA1RpRA33e1JQ7ifknakTFpgNXPmW2YvmhqLQYMmrj4xJXXWYpDPS3xz7iAxn8L39njGVyuoseXzU6rcxFLJ8HFsTjSyQbLYnMpCqE2VbFWc/<1;2;3>/0/*,xprv9uPDJpEQgRQfDcW7BkF7eTya6RPxXeJCqCJGHuCJ4GiRVLzkTXBAJMu2qaMWPrS7AANYqdq6vcBcBUdJCVVFceUvJFjaPdGZ2y9WACViL4L/0/*,xprv9s21ZrQH143K3jUwNHoqQNrtzJnJmx4Yup8NkNLdVQCymYbPbJXnPhwkfTfxZfptcs3rLAPUXS39oDLgrNKQGwbGsEmJJ8BU3RzQuvShEG4/0/0/<3;4>/*))</tt> +* Empty multipath specifier: <tt>wpkh(xpub661MyMwAqRbcFW31YEwpkMuc5THy2PSt5bDMsktWQcFF8syAmRUapSCGu8ED9W6oDMSgv6Zz8idoc4a6mr8BDzTJY47LJhkJ8UB7WEGuduB/<>/*)</tt> +* Missing multipath start: <tt>wpkh(xpub661MyMwAqRbcFW31YEwpkMuc5THy2PSt5bDMsktWQcFF8syAmRUapSCGu8ED9W6oDMSgv6Zz8idoc4a6mr8BDzTJY47LJhkJ8UB7WEGuduB/0>/*)</tt> +* Missing multipath end: <tt>wpkh(xpub661MyMwAqRbcFW31YEwpkMuc5THy2PSt5bDMsktWQcFF8syAmRUapSCGu8ED9W6oDMSgv6Zz8idoc4a6mr8BDzTJY47LJhkJ8UB7WEGuduB/<0/*)</tt> +* Missing index in multipath specifier: <tt>wpkh(xpub661MyMwAqRbcFW31YEwpkMuc5THy2PSt5bDMsktWQcFF8syAmRUapSCGu8ED9W6oDMSgv6Zz8idoc4a6mr8BDzTJY47LJhkJ8UB7WEGuduB/<0;>/*)</tt> + +==Backwards Compatibility== + +This is an addition to the Key Expressions defined in BIP 380. +Key Expressions using the format described in BIP 380 are compatible with this modification and parsers that implement this will still be able to parse such descriptors. +However as this is an addition to Key Expressions, older parsers will not be able to understand such descriptors. + +This modification to Key Expressions uses two new characters: <tt><</tt> and <tt>;</tt>. +These are part of the descriptor character set and so are covered by the checksum algorithm. +As these are previously unused characters, old parsers will not accidentally mistake them for indicating something else. + +This proposal is in contrast to similar proposals such as BIP 88 which allow for multiple derivation indexes in a single element. +This limitation exists in order to reduce the number of descriptors that are expanded, avoid confusion about how to expand the descriptor, and avoid having expanded descriptors that users are not expecting. + +==Reference Implementation== + +https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/22838 diff --git a/scripts/buildtable.pl b/scripts/buildtable.pl index 5589abb..292f1ee 100755 --- a/scripts/buildtable.pl +++ b/scripts/buildtable.pl @@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ my %RequiredFields = ( BIP => undef, Title => undef, Author => undef, - 'Comments-Summary' => undef, 'Comments-URI' => undef, Status => undef, Type => undef, @@ -20,6 +19,7 @@ my %MayHaveMulti = ( Author => undef, 'Comments-URI' => undef, License => undef, + 'License-Code' => undef, 'Post-History' => undef, ); my %DateField = ( @@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ my %MiscField = ( 'Discussions-To' => undef, 'Post-History' => undef, 'Replaces' => undef, + 'Requires' => undef, 'Superseded-By' => undef, ); @@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ my %ValidStatus = ( Final => "background-color: #cfffcf", Active => "background-color: #cfffcf", Replaced => "background-color: #ffcfcf", + Obsolete => "background-color: #ffcfcf", ); my %ValidType = ( 'Standards Track' => 'Standard', @@ -87,6 +89,7 @@ my %DefinedLicenses = ( ); my %GrandfatheredPD = map { $_ => undef } qw(9 36 37 38 42 49 50 60 65 67 69 74 80 81 83 90 99 105 107 109 111 112 113 114 122 124 125 126 130 131 132 133 140 141 142 143 144 146 147 150 151 152); my %TolerateMissingLicense = map { $_ => undef } qw(1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 21 31 33 34 35 39 43 44 45 47 61 64 68 70 71 72 73 101 102 106 120 121); +my %TolerateTitleTooLong = map { $_ => undef } qw(39 44 45 47 49 60 67 68 69 73 74 75 80 81 99 105 106 109 113 122 126 131 143 145 147 173 327); my %emails; @@ -121,8 +124,10 @@ while (++$bipnum <= $topbip) { die "$fn claims to be BIP $val" if $val ne $bipnum; } elsif ($field eq 'Title') { $title = $val; + my $title_len = length($title); + die "$fn has too-long Title ($title_len > 44 char max)" if $title_len > 44 and not exists $TolerateTitleTooLong{$bipnum}; } elsif ($field eq 'Author') { - $val =~ m/^(\S[^<@>]*\S) \<([^@>]*\@[\w.]+\.\w+)\>$/ or die "Malformed Author line in $fn"; + $val =~ m/^(\S[^<@>]*\S) \<([^@>]*\@[\w.-]+\.\w+)\>$/ or die "Malformed Author line in $fn"; my ($authorname, $authoremail) = ($1, $2); $authoremail =~ s/(?<=\D)$bipnum(?=\D)/<BIPNUM>/g; $emails{$authorname}->{$authoremail} = undef; @@ -147,14 +152,15 @@ while (++$bipnum <= $topbip) { } elsif ($field eq 'Layer') { # BIP 123 die "Invalid layer $val in $fn" unless exists $ValidLayer{$val}; $layer = $val; - } elsif ($field eq 'License') { + } elsif ($field =~ /^License(?:\-Code)?$/) { die "Undefined license $val in $fn" unless exists $DefinedLicenses{$val}; - if (not $found{License}) { + if (not $found{$field}) { die "Unacceptable license $val in $fn" unless exists $AcceptableLicenses{$val} or ($val eq 'PD' and exists $GrandfatheredPD{$bipnum}); } } elsif ($field eq 'Comments-URI') { if (not $found{'Comments-URI'}) { - die unless $val eq sprintf('https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-%04d', $bipnum); + my $first_comments_uri = sprintf('https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-%04d', $bipnum); + die "First Comments-URI must be exactly \"$first_comments_uri\" in $fn" unless $val eq $first_comments_uri; } } elsif (exists $DateField{$field}) { die "Invalid date format in $fn" unless $val =~ /^20\d{2}\-(?:0\d|1[012])\-(?:[012]\d|30|31)$/; diff --git a/scripts/diffcheck.sh b/scripts/diffcheck.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000..4e4c459 --- /dev/null +++ b/scripts/diffcheck.sh @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +diff README.mediawiki /tmp/table.mediawiki | grep '^[<>] |' >/tmp/after.diff || true +if git checkout HEAD^ && scripts/buildtable.pl >/tmp/table.mediawiki 2>/dev/null; then + diff README.mediawiki /tmp/table.mediawiki | grep '^[<>] |' >/tmp/before.diff || true + newdiff=$(diff -s /tmp/before.diff /tmp/after.diff -u | grep '^+') + if [ -n "$newdiff" ]; then + echo "$newdiff" + exit 1 + fi +else + echo 'Cannot build previous commit table for comparison' +fi diff --git a/scripts/link-format-chk.sh b/scripts/link-format-chk.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000..e3f0f6d --- /dev/null +++ b/scripts/link-format-chk.sh @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env bash +# +# Copyright (c) 2019 The Bitcoin Core developers +# Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying +# file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php. +# +# Check wrong mediawiki link format + +ECODE=0 +FILES="" +for fname in $(git diff --name-only HEAD $(git merge-base HEAD master)); do + if [[ $fname == *.mediawiki ]]; then + GRES=$(grep -n '](http' $fname) + if [ "$GRES" != "" ]; then + if [ $ECODE -eq 0 ]; then + >&2 echo "Github Mediawiki format writes link as [URL text], not as [text](url):" + fi + ECODE=1 + echo "- $fname:$GRES" + fi + fi +done +exit $ECODE |
