BIP: 39
Layer: Applications
Title: Mnemonic code for generating deterministic keys
Author: Marek Palatinus
Pavol Rusnak
Aaron Voisine
Sean Bowe
Comments-Summary: Unanimously Discourage for implementation
Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0039
Status: Proposed
Type: Standards Track
Created: 2013-09-10
==Abstract==
This BIP describes the implementation of a mnemonic code or mnemonic sentence --
a group of easy to remember words -- for the generation of deterministic wallets.
It consists of two parts: generating the mnemonic and converting it into a
binary seed. This seed can be later used to generate deterministic wallets using
BIP-0032 or similar methods.
==Motivation==
A mnemonic code or sentence is superior for human interaction compared to the
handling of raw binary or hexadecimal representations of a wallet seed. The
sentence could be written on paper or spoken over the telephone.
This guide is meant to be a way to transport computer-generated randomness with
a human-readable transcription. It's not a way to process user-created
sentences (also known as brainwallets) into a wallet seed.
==Generating the mnemonic==
The mnemonic must encode entropy in a multiple of 32 bits. With more entropy
security is improved but the sentence length increases. We refer to the
initial entropy length as ENT. The allowed size of ENT is 128-256 bits.
First, an initial entropy of ENT bits is generated. A checksum is generated by
taking the first ENT / 32
bits of its SHA256 hash. This checksum is
appended to the end of the initial entropy. Next, these concatenated bits
are split into groups of 11 bits, each encoding a number from 0-2047, serving
as an index into a wordlist. Finally, we convert these numbers into words and
use the joined words as a mnemonic sentence.
The following table describes the relation between the initial entropy
length (ENT), the checksum length (CS), and the length of the generated mnemonic
sentence (MS) in words.
CS = ENT / 32
MS = (ENT + CS) / 11
| ENT | CS | ENT+CS | MS |
+-------+----+--------+------+
| 128 | 4 | 132 | 12 |
| 160 | 5 | 165 | 15 |
| 192 | 6 | 198 | 18 |
| 224 | 7 | 231 | 21 |
| 256 | 8 | 264 | 24 |
==Wordlist==
An ideal wordlist has the following characteristics:
a) smart selection of words
- the wordlist is created in such a way that it's enough to type the first four
letters to unambiguously identify the word
b) similar words avoided
- word pairs like "build" and "built", "woman" and "women", or "quick" and "quickly"
not only make remembering the sentence difficult but are also more error
prone and more difficult to guess
c) sorted wordlists
- the wordlist is sorted which allows for more efficient lookup of the code words
(i.e. implementations can use binary search instead of linear search)
- this also allows trie (a prefix tree) to be used, e.g. for better compression
The wordlist can contain native characters, but they must be encoded in UTF-8
using Normalization Form Compatibility Decomposition (NFKD).
==From mnemonic to seed==
A user may decide to protect their mnemonic with a passphrase. If a passphrase is not
present, an empty string "" is used instead.
To create a binary seed from the mnemonic, we use the PBKDF2 function with a mnemonic
sentence (in UTF-8 NFKD) used as the password and the string "mnemonic" + passphrase (again
in UTF-8 NFKD) used as the salt. The iteration count is set to 2048 and HMAC-SHA512 is used as
the pseudo-random function. The length of the derived key is 512 bits (= 64 bytes).
This seed can be later used to generate deterministic wallets using BIP-0032 or
similar methods.
The conversion of the mnemonic sentence to a binary seed is completely independent
from generating the sentence. This results in a rather simple code; there are no
constraints on sentence structure and clients are free to implement their own
wordlists or even whole sentence generators, allowing for flexibility in wordlists
for typo detection or other purposes.
Although using a mnemonic not generated by the algorithm described in "Generating the
mnemonic" section is possible, this is not advised and software must compute a
checksum for the mnemonic sentence using a wordlist and issue a warning if it is
invalid.
The described method also provides plausible deniability, because every passphrase
generates a valid seed (and thus a deterministic wallet) but only the correct one
will make the desired wallet available.
==Wordlists==
Since the vast majority of BIP39 wallets supports only the English wordlist,
it is '''strongly discouraged''' to use non-English wordlists for generating
the mnemonic sentences.
If you still feel your application really needs to use a localized wordlist,
use one of the following instead of inventing your own.
* [[bip-0039/bip-0039-wordlists.md|Wordlists]]
==Test vectors==
The test vectors include input entropy, mnemonic and seed. The
passphrase "TREZOR" is used for all vectors.
https://github.com/trezor/python-mnemonic/blob/master/vectors.json
Also see https://github.com/bip32JP/bip32JP.github.io/blob/master/test_JP_BIP39.json
(Japanese wordlist test with heavily normalized symbols as passphrase)
==Reference Implementation==
Reference implementation including wordlists is available from
http://github.com/trezor/python-mnemonic
==Other Implementations==
Go:
* https://github.com/tyler-smith/go-bip39
Python:
* https://github.com/meherett/python-hdwallet
Elixir:
* https://github.com/aerosol/mnemo
Objective-C:
* https://github.com/nybex/NYMnemonic
Haskell:
* https://github.com/haskoin/haskoin
.NET C# (PCL):
* https://github.com/Thashiznets/BIP39.NET
.NET C# (PCL):
* https://github.com/NicolasDorier/NBitcoin
JavaScript:
* https://github.com/bitpay/bitcore-mnemonic
* https://github.com/bitcoinjs/bip39 (used by [[https://github.com/blockchain/My-Wallet-V3/blob/v3.8.0/src/hd-wallet.js#L121-L146|blockchain.info]])
Java:
* https://github.com/bitcoinj/bitcoinj/blob/master/core/src/main/java/org/bitcoinj/crypto/MnemonicCode.java
Ruby:
* https://github.com/sreekanthgs/bip_mnemonic
Rust:
* https://github.com/maciejhirsz/tiny-bip39/
* https://github.com/koushiro/bip0039-rs
Swift:
* https://github.com/CikeQiu/CKMnemonic
* https://github.com/yuzushioh/WalletKit
* https://github.com/pengpengliu/BIP39
* https://github.com/matter-labs/web3swift/blob/develop/Sources/web3swift/KeystoreManager/BIP39.swift
* https://github.com/zcash-hackworks/MnemonicSwift
C++:
* https://github.com/libbitcoin/libbitcoin-system/blob/master/include/bitcoin/system/wallet/mnemonic.hpp
C (with Python/Java/Javascript bindings):
* https://github.com/ElementsProject/libwally-core